Description of the Archaeological Collections in Museum Het Valkhof at Nijmegen XV The Late Roman Cemeteries of Nijmegen Stray Finds and Excavations 1947-1983 Text D.C. Steures Based on documentations by H. Brunsting†, S.L. Wynia†, P.A.M. Zoetbrood With contributions by C.C. Bakels, H. Brunsting†, H. van Enckevort R.C.G.M. Lauwerier, G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, P.A.M. Zoetbrood With coin identiications by R.W. Reijnen, H. Enno van Gelder† and by J. Raap under supervision of J.S. Boersma With bead identiications by W. van der Sluijs To El Zo is’t naar genoegen... HB Thus it’s to my liking... HB H. Brunsting, under the ink drawing of B 26.1 Monendus mihi magis es Lector, mecum ut mireris, post tot secula, in oppido pluribus mutationibus obnoxio, quo tot aedium parietumque fundamenta jacta, tot putei, cellae, cisternae, cloacae efossae, quicquam adhuc terrae gremio vetustum contineri, quod non olim sit reclusum. More you must be exhorted by me to wonder with me, Reader, that ater so many centuries, in a city subject to a good many changes, in which so many foundations of houses and walls have been laid, so many wells, cellars, cisterns and sewers have been dug, something ancient is still held in the womb of the earth that has not come to light earlier. Johannes Smetius, Oppidum Batavorum, seu Noviomagum, Amsterdam 1644, 31 Important notice In the present study, the dates IVab and IVAB indicate diferent periods. See Abbreviations, section Subdivision of centuries. Colofon Cover design: Photos cover: Drawings: H. van Teeseling, M. Kriek, W. Euverman (excavations Brunsting) J.C.A. Hulst, A.M. Nijs, M. Kriek, W. Euverman (excavations Bloemers) Printed by: © Museum Het Valkhof ISBN ……………………… V — Foreword In 1990, professor H. Brunsting, by then an octogenarian, asked me to help him publish his excavation results. We published several articles (Brunsting/Steures 1995, 1997 and two others). Then one great subject remained: the late Roman cemetery of the inner city of Nijmegen, called cemetery B in the present study, large parts of which he had excavated from 1947 until 1963. In that time, the centre of Nijmegen was being rebuilt ater the bombardment of 22 February 1944 by allied airplanes. We leafed together through every notebook, excercise-book, portfolio and envelopes full of loose slips of paper. The core of that immense documentation was a series of eleven brown excercise-books of the State Service for Archaeological Research (ROB), in which Brunsting had described all graves with inds and had added small photographs of every object; and three portfolios with photocopies of ink drawings of the potery and all other artefacts, made by Mr H. van Teeseling. Brunsting explained everything that was not immediately clear to me. I began writing the ind catalogue. As I was doing so, Mr Simon Wynia, who had been Brunsting’s assistant at the Free University (VU) of Amsterdam, was of great help by supplying his hand-writen documentation of all graves in ten portfolios, the original notebooks of the ield technicians who had had the daily supervision of the excavations, the original object drawings, and many other documents. In February 1997, a few months before he suddenly died at the age of 95, I took Brunsting to Nijmegen, where I was to give a lecture at the Symposium of Roman Potery at the University of Nijmegen. We took the opportunity of walking through the centre, where he pointed out all sites where he had been excavating. The central announcement of my lecture was: work on the cemetery of the inner city of Nijmegen has been resumed. That same day, Mr H. van Enckevort, then specialist at the ROB for the Roman period, told me that Mr P.A.M. Zoetbrood had discontinued work on the other late Roman cemetery of Nijmegen, called cemetery OO in the present study. The ROB already had reserved money for someone to take over. I was the lucky one. The money was enough for hundred working-days, and so I became an ROB employee for one day per week during two years. Ater that period, the Bureau for Archaeology of the municipality of Nijmegen, where Mr Van Enckevort was now a municipal archaeologist, supplied money for another year of happy Thursdays. Ater that year, I was aged enough to be entitled to one free aternoon per week, and the maker of the time-table at the school where I am a teacher of Latin and Greek was so friendly as to supply a free morning on the same day. A few years later, I was entitled to a complete day of. Work has been steadily going on since then for many years on Thursdays and in long school holidays: renumbering graves, writing the typology, making many lists, translating into English, keeping up with the literature, pasting together the illustrations, asking specialists to write chapters, writing lectures and articles, and interpreting. Many people have helped me. I mention them in alphabetical order, without titles apart from professor, and with the institute where they worked or place where they lived when I was in contact with them: prof. C.C. Bakels (Universiteit Leiden); prof. J. Bazelmans (ROB/RCE, Amersfoort); prof. R.S.P. Beekes (Universiteit Leiden); Paul Beliën (Geldmuseum, Utrecht); Paul Bijvoet (Leiden); Hans Blom (Lisse); Ronald Bockius (RGZM, Mainz); Georgete van Boekel (Vught); prof. H.W. Böhme (PhilippsUniversität, Marburg); Ina Boike (Konstantin-Ausstellung, Trier); J. Bonhof (Nunspeet); Floris Bosch (Leiden); Madeleine Bosch† (Leiden); Marijke Brouwer (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen); Tom Buijtendorp (Laren); Hillary Cool (Notingham); Ton Derks (VU, Amsterdam); Joop Derksen (Vianen); Menno Dijkstra (UvA, Amsterdam); Marlous van Domburg (Ede); Carol van Driel-Murray (UvA, Amsterdam); prof. Michael Erdrich (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); prof. W.A. van Es (Opende); Paul Franzen (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Antoinete Gerhartl-Witeveen (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen); Ralf Grüßinger (KonstantinAusstellung, Trier); Stijn Heeren (Hazenberg VI — Archeologie, Leiden); Paul van der Heijden (Westerheem, Nijmegen); Wilfried Hessing (ROB Amersfoort); Jens Hock (Xanten); Constanze Höpken (Universität, Köln); Wim van Horssen (Westerheem, Voorburg); Gerard IJzereef (Amersfoort); prof. Ina Isings (Soest); Monique Jacobs (Ovimex, Deventer); Fleur Kemmers (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Philip Kiernan (Universität Heidelberg); Ria Koning (Boxmeer); Anthony Kropf (Den Haag); Lizet Kruyf (Westerheem, Bruchem); Frits Laarman (ROB Amersfoort); prof. E.N. Lane† (Missouri University); Roel Lauwerier (ROB/RCE, Amerdsfoort); Catharina de Leur (ROB, Amersfoort); Ester van der Linden (Hazenberg Archeologie, Leiden); prof. George Maat (Universiteit Leiden); V. Meddens (Nieuw Scheemda); Ronny Meijers (Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen); Kai Mückenberger (NIHK, Wilhelmshafen); Ryan Niemeijer (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Rudi van der Paardt (University Leiden); Charlote Peen (Westerheem, Wageningen); Rutger Perizonius (Den Haag); prof. Renate Pirling (Burg Linn, Krefeld); Rien Polak (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen); Jelle Prins (Amsterdam); Richard Reece (University London); Tim de Ridder (Westerheem, Vlaardingen); Sebastian Ristow (Universität Bonn); Charlote Roberts (University Durham); Jan Romkes van der Wal (Bolsward); Ton van Rooijen (archeologie provincie Utrecht); Peter Schut (ROB/ RCE, Amersfoort); Wil van der Sluijs (Lochem); Liesbeth Smits (UvA, Amsterdam); Ellen Swit (University London); Jan Thijssen (Bureau Archeologie Nijmegen); Theo Toebosch (NRC Handelsblad, Amsterdam); Lauran Toorians (Loon op Zand); Anouk Veldman (ADC Archeoprojecten, Amersfoort); prof. H.S. Versnel (Universiteit Leiden); Jos van der Vin (Koninklijk Penningkabinet, Leiden); Marieke van Vlierden (Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht); Gillian VogelsangEastwood (Textile Research Centre, Leiden); Katja Zee (Bureau Archeologie Nijmegen); Paul Zoetbrood (ROB, Amersfoort); J.C. Zwaan (Nederlands Edelsteen Laboratorium, Leiden); Anjolein Zwart (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen); R. de Zwarte (Tricht). I cherish the memory of professor Henk Brunsting and his wife Marina Brunsting-Dorsman and of Simon Wynia. Special thanks are due to Annelies Koster and Louis Swinkels (curators) and Marieke Helsen (registrar) of the archaeological collections at the Nijmegen Museum Het Valkhof, who were always helpful and stimultating; to Rob Reijnen, who revised and updated the coin identiications; to Harry van Enckevort, municipal archaeologist of Nijmegen, who provided maps and found many new graves in cemetery OO by close study of the excavation records; to Carol van Driel-Murray, who corrected my English; to Trinete Constandse-Westermann, who advised me on the human bones. Any error in this book is of course my own fault. I dedicate this book to my wife El de Meijer, who lovingly endured everything. Leiden, March 2011 Dé Steures VII — Contents V Foreword VII Contents XIII Abbreviations 1 4 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-Inner City Catalogue of the stray inds 16 Cemetery B 17 A 17th-19th- century inds 17 B 19th-20th- century inds 18 C 19th-20th century, ind-spots inaccurate 25 D Possibly earlier Roman inds 27 E Stray inds in the excavation trenches 28 29 (Cemetery B) H. Brunsting 1 Cemetery OO Earlier inds in the cemetery 3 Remainder: other late Roman stray inds from graves 2 3 36 Introduction to Cemetery Nijmegen-East (CemeCemeFind catalogue of the excavations of Cemetery B 38 tery OO) P.A.M. Zoetbrood 5 Modern topography 5 Area D: graves B 1-176 38 Subsoil and relief 5 Area LN: graves B 177-560 60 Proile of the subsoil 5 Area G: graves B 561-673 98 Situation in the Roman period 6 Area M: graves B 674-833 108 Period Ia: 12 BC - AD 25 6 Kelkensbos/St Josephhof: grave B 834 126 Period Ib-c: AD 25-70 6 Period Id-IIa: AD 70 - early second century 6 Period IV: Late Roman 7 Period V: post-Roman 7 Research history 7 Ways of excavating 8 Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue Graves 10 10 Measurements 10 5 6 7 Find catalogue of the excavations of Cemetery OO with H. van Enckevort 127 The living population 191 Introduction 191 The condition of the human bones 191 The sad history of the investigations 191 Analyses by Dr I.A. Lengyel 192 Determinations by Mr Tj. Pot 193 Figures 10 Determinations by Mr J. Bonhof for Scales 11 Dr G.F. IJzereef Beads 11 Determinations by Marlous van Domburg and Renumbering the graves 11 194 Anouk Veldman 195 First and second-century coins and ibulae: Archaeological indicators 195 intrusions? 11 Many judgements on age standardized by using Assessing the dates of the graves in real years 12 Dating hitherto undated types of median years 195 An approach to life expectancy at birth for dress accessories 14 cemetery OO 196 Assessing the original depths of the graves 14 Combining the data 203 VIII — An approach to a survival curve for 8 Typology 237 cemetery OO 203 Sizes and volumes 237 Comparison to similar populations 206 Drinking habits 238 Motoes and one graito 238 241 Food as gravegits R.C.G.M. Lauwerier 207 Chronology Introduction 207 D1 Ochre-coloured sherd, reddish Dishes and bones 207 brown slip Cemetery OO 209 D3 Light reddish brown sherd, Cemetery B 210 ochre-coloured slip 249 E1 Brown-marbled potery 249 F1 Smooth potery with yellowish white sherd 252 The relation between the setlement and the cemetery 213 249 F2 Smooth potery, reddish ochre-coloured 9 10 Plant remains from grave B 298 C.C. Bakels Roman textiles from cemetery OO G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood 11 218 219 sherd 255 F3 Smooth potery, dark grey sherd 257 F4 Smooth potery, brownish grey sherd 257 F7 Terra nigra 257 G Coarse potery 260 Typology of the potery and glass vessels 220 Handmade potery 270 Introduction 220 Roman glass 271 Gellep typology 220 Frankish potery 284 Problems in the Gellep typology 220 Uncertain potery 287 Problem 1: type numbers 220 Problem 2: the Trier beakers 221 Problem 3: terra nigra 221 Problem 4: association with glazed ware 12 Typology of dress accessories and small objects 289 Atributes and origin 289 in Gellep 222 Gender atributes 289 Gellep types not in Nijmegen 223 Male atributes 289 Nijmegen types not in Gellep 223 Hinge ibula with long hinge arms 289 Numbered drawings on type plates 224 Crossbow ibulae 289 Potery wares 224 Bow knob ibulae 292 Roman potery 225 Tweezers 292 B1 Terra sigillata 225 Iron axes 292 B2 Imitations of terra sigillata 234 Unique pieces from male burials 293 B3 Reddish sherd, red or white slip 235 Wooden barrel-shaped bucket 293 C4 Reddish brown sherd, greyish black coating 235 Iron hook 293 The Trier beakers 236 Female atributes 293 The Latin word for beaker 236 Short bone pins 293 IX — Bronze pins 294 Snakeshead bracelets 310 Silver pins 294 F Hollow bronze sheet bracelets 311 Long pins 295 G Bone bracelets 311 Wire earrings 296 Finger-rings 311 Metal-wire necklaces 296 A Gold inger-rings 311 Pendants 297 B Silver inger-ring 312 Beads 299 C Bronze inger-rings 312 Pectoral 303 D Iron inger-ring 312 Fibulae 303 E Opaque glass inger-rings 312 A Germanic and other ibulae 303 Rings of unknown function 312 Armbrust ibulae 303 Sapropelite make-up box 313 Support-arm ibula 304 Bone combs 313 Tutulus ibulae 304 Mirrors 313 East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet ibulae 305 Cosmetic paletes 313 Composite dish ibulae with Preßblech 305 Wooden chests 314 Gold open-work disk ibula 306 Iron shears 317 Frankish bow ibula 306 Ear-pick 317 B Earlier Roman ibulae, deliberately put in 306 Bronze sewing-needles 317 Aucissa ibulae 307 Glass game counters 317 Wire ibula 307 Unique pieces from female burials 318 Knee ibula 307 Bronze spatula 318 C Earlier Roman ibulae in grave illing or stray 307 Iron stilus 318 Eye ibulae 307 Tambourine sticks 318 Rosete ibula 307 Boar’s tusk 320 Hinge ibula with lateral knobs 308 Miniature pair of bronze scales 320 Trumpet ibula Almgren 101 308 North Sea shells 323 Other ibulae 308 Sweet chestnuts 325 Bracelets 308 Conclusion of the last four sections 326 A Sapropelite bracelets 308 Priestess’ sceptre 326 B Glass bracelets 309 Silver agrafe with four hooks and christogram 326 C Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire 309 Small textile bag with handle 328 Small bells with clapper 309 Miniature pantomime mask 328 Distaf? 329 D Undecorated bracelets with expanding fastening 309 Atributes for both genders 330 E Bronze bracelets 310 Coins 330 Strip bracelets 310 Metal belt sets in diferent variants 330 Solid penannular bracelets 310 First-century soldier’s buckle 331 X — 13 Buckle Sommer 1Aa and c 331 Remaining iron parts of coins 344 Buckle Sommer 1Cb 331 Coins P.A.M. Zoetbrood 344 Buckle Sommer 2B 331 Coin type 1 345 Belt set Sommer series 2, variant 1, shape c 331 Coin type 2 346 Belt stifeners 333 Coin type 3 347 Strap ends of diferent shapes 333 Coin type 4 348 Two rings against each other (belt fastening?) 333 Coin type 5 348 Iron buckles 333 Stone 348 Small rectangular bronze buckles 334 Brick 349 Remaining buckles 334 Stone sarcophagi 350 Belt pendant 334 Iron knives 334 Interpretation 352 Shoes 335 Time 352 Decorative nails and rivets 336 Before: was there a ‘gap of Unique pieces 336 Nijmegen’ AD 270-313? 352 Bronze heart-shaped pendant 336 Coins 353 Bronze basin 336 Potery 354 Stone spindle whorl 337 Literary evidence 355 Cameo 337 Constantius Chlorus’ campaign AD 293 355 Lamps 337 Constantine’s irst Frankish Lead lamp 337 campaign AD 306 356 Bronze statuete 337 Conclusion 357 Organic 337 The beginning: AD 313 360 Wooden plank 337 Two potery periods 359 Textile remains 337 Potery period 1: AD 313-355/367 360 Animal bones, not on plates 339 Potery period 2: AD 355/367-500 362 Cow’s molar 339 Ater: continuity between Roman and Deteriorated organic remains 339 Carolingian Nijmegen? 364 Shapeless metal 339 Space 364 Shapeless lead 339 The fortress 364 Shapeless bronze 340 The roads 365 Shapeless iron 340 Growth of the cemeteries 366 Cemetery OO 366 14 Typology of the graves 341 Cemetery B 366 Niches 341 Family plots 367 Iron nails 343 Population size 367 XI — The number of burials 367 Three argumenta e silentio against Cemetery OO 367 Christianity Cemetery B 368 Excursus 2: Christianity near late Roman Calculations, results and comparisons 368 Nijmegen? Estimates without calculations 370 Excursus 3: Recent remarks on Christianity Graves and their contents 370 in the NW 394 Graves, niches and coins 370 The Nijmegen opposition is unique 395 Grave goods 371 A new look at the orientations Excursus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?! 373 Who were they? 396 Status 373 Local people 396 Number of dishes 374 Newcomers 397 Number of drinks 374 What was it like to live in late Number of glass vessels 375 Roman Nijmegen? Expensive ways of burying 376 Sarcophagi 376 Outer coins 376 Expensive objects 376 For women 376 Tutulus ibulae 376 Wooden chests 377 For men 377 Appendix 1a: Concordance from catalogue Crossbow ibulae 377 grave number to excavation grave number Unique pieces 377 393 393 95 398 Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers 399 Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins 405 Coin list 3: per coin ater its latest minting date 411 416 Overall status analysis: calculations and results 377 Appendix 1b: Concordance from excavation Status and space 380 grave number to catalogue grave number Orientations 381 The traditional view 381 Appendix 2a: Concordance from catalogue The facts 382 numbers to numbers on the objects Relative chronology: cuts between graves 382 When did the custom of W-E graves start? 387 Appendix 2b: Concordance from numbers Possible causes 388 on the objects to catalogue numbers Do status, sex or age explain orientations? 388 W-E graves: a Christian orientation? 390 Appendix 3: Index to vessel types & Van Es’ counter-arguments 391 short typochronology 464 More counter-arguments 391 Nijmegen and Van Es’ counter-arguments 391 Appendix 4: Overview of dated graves 468 425 434 449 XII — References 472 Type numbers 472 Dutch bibliographic abbreviations 472 Bibliographical references 472 XIII — Abbreviations Cemeteries In this study, the cemetery of the Inner City of Nijmegen is indicated with B (ater Dutch binnenstad = inner city), and the cemetery of NijmegenEast with OO (ater Dutch oost = east; moreover, these leters OO for part of this cemetery were already used by the Nijmegen collectionneur Gerard Kam in the beginning of the twentieth century, when stray inds turned up in great numbers). Stray inds are indicated with stray preceded by B or OO and followed by a number: B stray 1 is the irst of the list of stray inds from the inner city. Subdivision of centuries Centuries (AD unless otherwise stated) are indicated with Roman numerals. Quarter-centuries are indicated with lower case leters a, b, c, d. So IVa means ‘irst quarter of the fourth century, i.e. AD 301-325’, IVb means ‘second quarter of the fourth century, i.e. AD 326-350’, IVcd means ‘second half of the fourth century, i.e. AD 351-400’. In this study, Renate Pirling’s typology of the cemetery of Krefeld is followed. She oten dates ‘middle IV’ and frequently dates by one-third centuries, Dritel. For that reason, capital leters ater Roman numerals are used in a way diferent from the usual one: they indicate one-thirds of centuries. So IVA means ‘irst third of the fourth century, i.e. AD 301-333’; IVAB means ‘irst twothirds of the fourth century, i.e. AD 301-367’. When Pirling dates something to the middle of the fourth century, then it is translated here to IVB, i.e. AD 334-367. Measurements Measurements above NAP (see below, All abbreviations) are given in meters. All other measurements are given in cm, the abbreviation cm being omited. Institutions RMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden ROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Amersfoort Other abbreviations Β cemetery of the inner city (for Dutch binnenstad) c. circa d diameter D area Dominican Broerkerk in cemetery B E east G area Grutberg in cemetery B h height intr. intrusion IVa irst quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD 301-325 IVA irst third of fourth century, i.e. AD 301333 IVb second quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD 326-350 IVB second third of fourth century, i.e. AD 334-367 IVc third quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD 351-375 IVC third third of fourth century, i.e. AD 368-400 IVd fourth quarter of fourth century, i.e. AD 376-400 l length LN area Lange Nieuwstraat in cemetery B M area Mariënburg in cemetery B max maximum N north or number no number n note NAP Normal Amsterdam Level (Dutch: Normaal Amsterdams Peil): the Dutch OD (ordnance datum) n.d. (of publications:) not dated n.p. (of publications:) no place mentioned OO cemetery Nijmegen-East (Kam’s name; and for Dutch oost) RMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities), Leiden ROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek (State Service of Archaeology) S south taq terminus ante quem XIV — th tpq TrD TrG TrLN TrM w W thickness terminus post quem Trenches in area D of cemetery B Trenches in area G of cemetery B Trenches in area LN of cemetery B Trenches in area M of cemetery B width west Type numbers and bibliographical abbreviations For type numbers and bibliographical abbreviations, see the beginning of References. 1 Introduction to Cemetery NijmegenInner City (Cemetery B) H. Brunsting† Apart from the Valkhof with immediate surroundings and the bank of the river Waal, the medieval city of Nijmegen does not occupy the site of a Roman town. However, the Roman inds in the inner city are among the earliest made in Nijmegen. The protestant clergyman Johannis Smith, appointed in Nijmegen in 1618, informs us in his book (Smetius 1644) of more than one ind of potery made near his house on the Broerstraat. At the same time, these are the irst ind reports from the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen, to which we dedicate this study. Earlier generations apparently took for granted that Noviomagus and Nijmegen were identical, even if remains of setlement with the belonging rubbish were missing in most of the medieval city. The last time this identiication was made, was in 1906 by H.D.J. van Schevichaven (1827-1918), who was the municipal archivist of Nijmegen from 1897 until his death. He knew the structure of Roman fortresses and saw their main lines (cardo and decumanus) perpetuated in the crossing streets of the Nijmegen city plan. According to him, even two of the by then demolished thirteenth-century city gates had been Roman buildings. Van Schevichaven also failed to appreciate the nature of the Roman inds he knew. This was the result of the still lasting collectionneurs’ mentality of both collectors and museum keepers. They did not work with closed inds and therefore were not able to date most of the objects. It did not occur to them that nearly all inner city inds, as a rule intact potery, came from graves, and that setlement traces were missing. Only his successor, the former mathematics teacher at the grammar school in Rolduc M.P.M. Daniëls (1877-1952; municipal archivist 1919-1942) tried to interpret and date the inds. Diligently collecting from 1911 onwards (Daniëls 1955, 129), he made contacts with the archaeologists J.H. Holwerda and W. Goossens. The later was a school colleague of his, who in his leasure time assisted Holwerda. With the help of the frequently appearing archaeological literature he made himself familiar with the provincial Roman archaeology. Already in his 1921 article on the Valkhof, he presented the solution of the setlement history of Nijmegen and surroundings (Daniëls 1921). De Waele does not yet know of a fourth-century Nijmegen in 1931, and a litle in 1936 (De Waele 1931; 1936). Although there were many stray inds, lack of systematic excavations prevented the Late Roman cemetery of the inner city from being recognized. In 1937, however, Daniëls produced a beter ‘fourth period’ of Roman Nijmegen and recognized the inds from the E half of the inner city as a large Late Roman cemetery (Daniëls 1937; Daniëls 1955, 43 and 226). He produced a distribution map of Holwerda’s inds. The W half of the inner city appeared to be the site of a cremation cemetery of the second and third centuries AD. His ideas were proven right when digging for a new wing of the town hall was started in 1940, just before the outbreak of war. A systematic excavation along the Lange Nieuwstraat proved impossible, but Daniëls managed to coax a mass of various inds, mostly intact potery, from the workmen and their bosses for his beloved Municipal Museum, then in the Mariënburg chapel (Daniëls 1955, 232-236; inds B stray 77-127). Daniëls had proven his long-standing idea that large part of the medieval inner city had not been inhabited in Roman times, but had been a cemetery. Sporadic skeletal inds suggested inhumations, but no inhumation of the kind to be expected in a fourth-century Roman cemetery had been studied in situ yet; grave goods were the only things to go by. Daniëls, being a science man, dared not speak of an inhumation cemetery yet. Ater the 1944 devastations of Nijmegen, there was an opportunity to begin systematic excavations between and under the ruined buildings. The excavations always followed the old cadastral maps: foundations and cellars of ruined and demolished buildings mainly dictated were excavations could be done; so did the thirteenth-century townmoat. Rebuilding ater 1945 altered the street plan in this central area almost completely (cf. Figs. 1 and 3). The Korte Nieuwstraat and the Oude Stadsgracht have completely gone; the already 1 — 2 — Figure 1.1. Excavation between the walls of the Broerkerk, 1950. existing names Grutberg, Pauwelstraat and partly Oude Koningsstraat have been given to streets of a completely diferent layout. The Mariënburg square got completely new limits on the N side. The irst acquaintance did not yet lead to recognition: a trial trench to the S of the Burchtstraat and N of the St Louis schools brought W-E inhumations (i.e. with the heads pointing W) without grave goods to light in October of 1947 (see Appendix 1b for years, trenches and street names). They had about the same orientation as that of the Broerkerk on the other side of the Lange Nieuwstraat. A small Christian cemetery? Daniëls could not ind any indication of a Christian building there in the archives. It was clear from the proiles, though, that the thirteenth-century and later brick buildings did not heed the graves. A setlement stratum with thirteenth-century and later inds was lying undisturbed over a brown humus layer; neither in this humus, nor in the illing of the graves there was any dating ind. Sherds and other arte- facts showed the terrain to be regularly inhabited from the thirteenth century onwards. A few Pingsdorf and globular ware sherds pointed to an earlier period. Badorf potery is all but absent. Firstcentury AD Roman activity on the spot was clear from sherds, coins, postholes, outlets and pits. A irst-century AD sunken road with cart-ruts, globally running from the Mariënburg chapel to the Grotestraat, was also found in these excavations. It is cut by fourth-century graves. The search irst went on in another area, the Kerkegasje, W of the town hall, in 1949. Here also inhumation graves, some thirty, but very diferently oriented, and this time with fourth-century grave goods. Earlier stray inds on the spot had already caused the archaeologists to expect them there. Slowly the conviction grew that the graves found in 1947 belonged to the same cemetery. Stray inds from elsewhere in the E inner city made it grow to unsuspected proportions. In the autumn of 1950 excavations went on both 3 — near the Kerkegasje and the St Louis schools. Trial trenches were made, one E of the Broerkerk, which was then still standing, and one on the spot of the vanished small street Halve Trom, W of the Broerstraat. The later trench indeed brought an inhumation to light (grave B 1). This proved that the cemetery had reached this far W. The ground was disturbed to a great depth here. In 1951 and 1952, the ground on which the medieval Broerkerk and its cloister had stood (demolished in the meantime because of instability ater the 1944 bombardment) was excavated. Also in 1952, when part of the Mariënburg square was lowered to the same level as that of the streets that came out on it (Lange Koningsstraat, Houtmarkt, Oude Stadsgracht), excavations were held there; they went on in 1953. In the same area, in the since then vanished street Grutberg, excavations took place in 1955. In 1956, excavations followed on both sides of the town hall: to the W, a small addition near the former Broerkerk, to the E on a by then empty terrain on the (Lange) Nieuwstraat. In 1957, excavations took place on the E side of the Lange Nieuwstraat, on the Grutberg and on the Pauwelstraat, parallel to it. In 1960 and 1961 a third terrain on the E side of the Lange Nieuwstraat was excavated. In 1963, when again part of the Mariënburg square was lowered, a rescue excavation took place on its S side. When the police headquarters was built there in 1966 and the social services building in 1967, some archaeological supervision took place, without much result for the Late Roman cemetery. As for the numbering of the graves (and other inds): reorganisation appeared necessary and not all grave numbers given during excavation could be maintained. In order to maintain as many as possible, the terrain was divided in four parts, named D, G, LN and M: D Dominican church and cloister (Broerkerk) and surroundings, which include the Kerkegasje and the vanished Kaaskorversgas, between the Lange Nieuwstraat, the vanished Korte Nieuwstraat, Broerstraat and Korte LN G M Burchtstraat with some additions to W and N: Figs. 8-10. Lange Nieuwstraat E side and the terrain further E: Figs. 11-15. Grutberg and surroundings: the area S and SE of area D. The original numbering here was chaotic for three reasons: the irst graves excavated under the name Mariënburg were later redivided over areas G and M; in 1955, continuous numbers were given in two excavations that took place in the same time; as a result, graves went ‘missing’ and artiicial numbers were given in order to give them a place: Figs. 16-17. See under G for Mariënburg and surroundings: Fig. 18. When a second campaign took place in an area and the daily supervisor began again numbering the graves from number 1, this was redressed by adding 100 or 200 to the grave numbers. This was done in the case of the campaigns 1960-1 in the Lange Nieuwstraat and 1963 on the Mariënburg. Had, however, a grave already atracted atention of another archaeologist, both numbers may have appeared in the literature. Thus, LN 46 in an early publication = LN 246 in a later one. (Its deinitive number in this study is B 465.) Not every original ind number represented a grave: also pits and stray inds received a number; not every oblong pit could be identiied as a grave with certainty; some clusters got one number. This caused the irst group of original excavation numbers, D 1-32, to consist of 37 graves. Up to 1963, 587 certain and 30 uncertain graves were found. 177 of these contained grave goods: 61 in area D, 10 in G, 47 in LN, and 58 in M. Complete renumbering took place when this study was being prepared; see the section ‘Renumbering the graves’ in the Chapter 3, Explanatory Notes to the Find Catalogue. Earlier inds in the cemetery When cellars were dug under the town hall, ‘plu- 4 — rima et varia antiquitatis monumenta’ were found, as Smetius heard around 1640 from old people (Smetius 1644, 29-30; 1999, 66). It is not clear whether this took place when the town hall was built in 1554-1555, or in the second half of the 16th century, under the already standing building. Smetius’ words (‘cum cellae foderentur sub curia urbica’) suggest the later possibility. This happened frequently in Nijmegen. Although this part of the city was densely inhabited from the 13th century onwards and even the townmoat was dug through the cemetery, this is the earliest ind report concerning the cemetery that has come to us. Apparently, Smetius was the irst to take an interest in this kind of trivial inds. Before that time, only Latin inscriptions in stone had been preserved - and even these sporadically. Around 1625, and later, new inds had come to light in the cloister of the Broerkerk, i.e. next to the house where Smetius himself had been living since 1618: red and white ‘vases’ of diferent shapes. In 1641, when Petrus Herzog had a cistern dug on the other side of the cloister, three beakers came to light; two came into Smetius’ possession. Undoubtedly, we must think of beakers of Symond’s group 61, the most numerous category of those found in the cemetery. Apparently, they wore no motoes: Smetius would undoubtedly have mentioned them. The year before, the baker Rudolf Jansen had found two beakers when he dug a cellar under his house on the corner of the Lange Burchtstraat and the Lange Nieuwstraat, on the Burchtstraat side. One was red and oblong (terra sigillata?), the other short and black. Many Roman coins had been found, especially on the Mariënburg. Smetius perhaps knew a stone sarcophagus (‘labrum balneare’ = bath tub) from the surroundings of the Barbarossastraat with a coin of Constantius II (Smetius 1644, 34; 1999, 71). One and a half century later, Johan in de Betouw knew a ‘black jug’ with moto DA BIBERE, in the possession of viscount Jacob van Randwijk, from this quarter of the city. He himself possessed a ‘jug’ with moto VIVAS. Both will have been bea- kers, this time with drinking motoes - although jugs with such motoes do occur. The chronicle manuscript of Van Druynen mentions, for the year 1823, a coin of Magnentius (350-353), found on the Kannenmarkt ‘when a cistern was dug next to the house of G. Heuvel’ (Kannenmarkt 7, according to Daniëls 1955, 269) - outside the known area of the cemetery. Under September 1826 he mentions ‘some antiquities’, found when a wall was built near the Jewish cemetery, i.e. on the Mariënburg. None of the inds mentioned so far can be identiied now. Things got beter, when in 1850 a municipal collection was formed through a legacy of Mr Guyot. Already in 1852, when again a cellar was being dug, this time on the Korte Nieuwstraat near the Kerkegasje, new inds came to light on a depth of ‘2½ Dutch ell’, i.e. 2.5 meters. The owner of the house, J.A.J. van den Ult, donated them to the new museum. Apparently, we have a closed grave ind here, in which also a skeleton was found. Since then, new inds reached the Municipal Collection from time to time. The Municipal Museum Commitee saw to it from then on, that ind spots were written down: for instance when the water works were installed in 1879, and the municipal sewerage in 1908. This way, the objects became archaeological material instead of mere curiosities. Here Brunsting’s notes break of. For a further description of the terrain, see the last section of Chapter 3, Assessing the original depths of the graves. The inds mentioned and all later inds that came to light during later non-systematic excavations are catalogued in topographical order in Chapter 4. The leter under which they are mentioned igures on the map of Fig. 3. All objects are now part of the collections of Museum Het Valkhof in Nijmegen. Their inventory numbers are given in Appendices 2a and 2b in the present study. 2 Introduction to Cemetery NijmegenEast (Cemetery OO) P.A.M. Zoetbrood Modern topography The cemetery of Nijmegen-East is also called cemetery Hugo de Grootstraat, OO, or Margriet. These diferent names derive from terrains and periods in which research has taken place, to be treated below, in the section Research history and in Chapter 4 on stray inds. The cemetery lies immediately E of the old inner city of Nijmegen. Its modern limits are the Barbarossastraat on the N, the Jan van Goyenstraat and the Ten Hoetstraat on the S, the Pater Brugmanstraat on the E, and the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat on the W. The area is crossed by the Hugo de Grootstraat and Ten Hoetdwarsstraat, both running N-S: see Figs. 2 and 19. Until the dismantling of the fortiications of Nijmegen, completed in 1882, the area had not been built over apart from the fortiications themselves. From the end of the 19th century onwards, the irst streets were laid out, and around 1925 the area was largely built over in its present-day form. The Wilhelmina Hospital, nowadays Nursing-home Margriet, was built in that period. Subsoil and relief The cemetery is lying near the steep N edge of the Nijmegen-Kleve ice-pushed ridge, which rises over the neighbouring Rhine and Waal valley. The subsoil in which the graves have been dug consists of preglacial and then ice-pushed sediments of coarse sand and ine pebbles, between which layers of ine sands and larger pebbles reach the surface. The terrain rises from 36.50 meters above NAP (Normaal Amsterdams Peil: Normal Amsterdam Level, the Dutch ordnance datum) in the W to 39.50 m in the E. The relief was more accidented in Roman times and has been covered with ground let over from the dismantling of the fortiications. This diference is c.70 cm in the Hugo de Grootstraat; on the S side of Nursinghome Margriet it is c.100 cm, on its N c.200 cm, and in the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat it falls again to c.40 cm. This covering of the Roman surface meant protection of the archaeological features and possibly also from the fury of treasurehunters around 1903, which did hit the terrain E of the Hugo de Grootstraat. Proile of the subsoil A N-S proile as seen during the excavations 1979-1983 near Nursing-home Margriet, along the E section of excavation trenches 209-204203-202-201A and the W section of trenches 197-194-192-189-184-184A, not reproduced in this study, showed the following structure of the subsoil. The surface is at c.39.00 meters above NAP in the N and 38.00 in the S. The top 70-200 cm consists of ground brought up in recent times ater the dismantling of the fortiications and before the houses and the hospital were built. The old surface is a hard black layer, c.5-10 cm thick, at 38.20 meters above NAP in the N, and at 36.10 in the S. The top of the virgin soil is at 37.20 in the N, and 35.80 in the S. The group of layers in between, some 100 cm thick in the N and some 30 cm in the S, shows a clear division in two in its N part, and a faint one in the S, from trench 197 southwards. The lower half of this group of layers consists of dirty black soil in which pits were dug, illed with Flavian and second-century material. This dirty black soil covers the still darker Claudian-Neronian top illing of an Augustan-Tiberian dry moat. Pre-Flavian features have a generally clean yellowish brown illing, which contrasts sharply to the dirty black Flavian layer on top of it. In its turn, the Flavian layer contrasts to the dirty brown layer on top of it, from which the fourth-century graves were dug. Situation in the Roman period (Fig. 20) Large-scale excavations which have taken place in Nijmegen since 1947 make it possible to sketch a rough image of the situation of the cemetery in the Roman period. Although fourthcentury topography takes pride of place, a sketch of the preceding periods is necessary. Not only were features from those preceding periods found during the excavations of the cemetery, some of them have taken part in forming the 5 — 6 — fourth-century landscape: see Fig. 20. Period Ia: 12 BC or earlier- AD 25 Most typical of the features from this period are the V-shaped dry ditch with double ditch on both sides of a rampart behind it, part of the small auxiliary fortress of the Trajanusplein. Parts of this fortress came unexpectedly to light during the excavations near Nursing-home Margriet: its E limit appeared to reach farther E than reconstructed in Noviomagus (1979, 24, ig. 16.5; corrected in Lauwerier 1988, 44-5, ig.6). Its original reconstruction, however, does correspond to irregularities in the double ditch found during the 1979-1983 excavations. There may have been a second phase in the layout of the auxiliary fortress. The ditches are shown in Fig. 20 as bending parallel dark bands. During excavations on the Trajanusplein and in the Hugo de Grootstraat the side ditches were found of an E-W road, which runs both through the actually excavated W gate and the originally reconstructed E gate of the fortiication (Fig. 20). During the excavations of the cemetery near Nursing-home Margriet, a ditch was found which was interpreted as the S side ditch of this road, and as such it appeared in summaries of the periods (Willems 1986, ig. 66; Lauwerier 1988, ig. 6, 7). Some pits in the excavation area belong to this same period. Period Ib-c: AD 25-70 Finds from the top illing of the aforesaid V-shaped ditch certainly belong to this period, and possibly some features that cannot satisfactorily be dated. Some graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat were possibly already dug in the preceding period, but others certainly date to this one. They belong to the irst-century cemetery of Museum Kamstraat. A V-shaped ditch, certainly pre-Flavian and possibly dating to this or the preceding period, was found in the terrain S of Nursing-home Margriet (Fig. 20). Its layout and shape correspond well with the fossa punica interpreted by Bogaers as the possible limit of Oppidum Batavorum (Noviomagus 1979, 32-3, Fig. 23.5). In later maps it is indeed taken as the limit of the early Roman setlement around the Valkhof, but the gate actually found is not indicated on them (Willems 1986, ig. 66; Lauwerier 1988, ig. 7). Apart from handmade sherds of late Iron Age or early Roman date, the clean illing contained no artefacts. As Flavian rubbish pits cut the ditch, its pre-Flavian date is certain. Its layout, parallel to the ditch of the auxiliary fortress, shows there is a connection, but its relative chronology could not be established. The other inds from this period come from a few rubbish pits and from the top illing of the ditch of the auxiliary fortress. They may be ascribed to occupation found farther W around Trajanusplein and Valkhof (Noviomagus 1979, Fig. 23.3; Willems 1986, Fig. 66, site 403; Lauwerier 1988, Fig. 7A). Period Id-IIa: AD 70 - early second century As opposed to the preceding period, Flavian times are well represented on the terrain of the Late Roman cemetery. The N half of the excavation area contained Flavian wells or cisterns and rubbish pits in which many iron slags were found. Both wells and rubbish pits are indications of industrial activity in the SW part of the canabae legionis (Noviomagus 1979, ab. 32.2; Willems 1986, ig.77, site 407; Lauwerier 1988, ig. 10.C.). The ind of a rectangular cellar built of limestone and tufa, c.7.50x4.50 and 1.80 meter deep represents the only remains of buildings. Parallel NW-SE ditches found on the terrain of the Late Roman cemetery and in the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat possibly indicate a road. Period IV: Late Roman Fourth-century features are limited to inhumations and related structures. The irstcentury road seems to have inluenced the topography of the cemetery. The graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat are all lying S of this road (Fig. 20). The same seems to be the case with the ditch found in the excavations around Nursing- 7 — home Margriet, interpreted as the S road ditch, but one grave was found immediately N of this ditch. This may mean no more than that a former ditch no longer functioned: several parallel ditches of probably diferent dates were found in the Hugo de Grootstraat. No limiting features were found on the W and S sides of the cemetery. Cemetery OO is one of three large elements of Late Roman topography of Nijmegen. The other two are cemetry B in the inner city and the Valkhof fortress (Figs. 1 and 22). Period V: post-Roman Apart from 20th-century disturbances, the only post-Roman feature is a town moat, part of the post-medieval fortiications of Nijmegen. The dismantling of the fortiications led to heightening the surface level c.1-2 meter above that of the Late Roman period. Research history The earliest reports of inds in the Late Roman cemetery of Nijmegen-East are from the beginning of the 20th century, and are the direct result of road and house building in this area. Especially in the area between Hugo de Grootstraat and Eleonorastraat (now Museum Kamstraat), many inds came to light due to ‘the digging fury of street urchins’ (Weve 1903, 196; Daniëls 1955, 326) and to explorations ordered by the Nijmegen collectionneur G.M. Kam (Noviomagus 1979, 34, 65; Stuart 1977, 6-8). Kam invented the code OO for this cemetery, a code that is also used in the present study; he called the lower, irst-century cemetery on the same plot, cemetery O. There was one regular excavation then, by Leydekkers in grave group CC (Fig. 2; part of cemetery CC-O-E-S, the subject of Stuart 1977), the inds of which were published in Vermeulen 1932 (Stuart 1977, 6, n. 19). Part of the inds ended up in Museum Kam, part in the Leiden National Museum of Antiquities, but many inds went lost (Stuart 1977, 6-8). The irst archaeological excavations took place in 1975, in the Hugo de Grootstraat, which was then being renovated. Nineteen Late Roman graves and several early Roman ones were found under the road: see Appendix 1b. This excavation led to the name sometimes used: the cemetery of the Hugo de Grootstraat. Renovation of the former Wilhelmina Hospital, nowadays Nursing-home Margriet, on the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat, gave the opportunity for large-scale excavations. Between 1979 and 1983, large part of the terrain between Barbarossastraat, Dr. Claes Noorduynstraat, Ten Hoetstraat and the Hugo de Grootstraat was excavated (JROB 1979, 49; 1980, 34-5; 1981, 30-1; 1982, 33-4; 1983, 32-3). The irst fourth-century graves were found in 1980. That year and the two years ater, the terrain was excavated from S to N, up to the Barbarossastraat. Ater the demolition of the mortuaries of the Nursing-home in 1982, the W extension to the Dr. Claes Noorduijnstraat could be added to the N-S section (trenches 214-217). The work was rounded of with the excavation of a strip next to the E facade of the building (trench 219). 325 graves were recognized and excavated completely, or, on the excavation limits, partly. The total number of recognized graves, inclusive of those in the Hugo de Grootstraat, then was 344. In 2004, mr H. van Enckevort, municipal archaeologist of Nijmegen, studied the records of the Margriet excavations. His analysis yielded 145 unrecognized graves, bringing the total of the excavated graves in cemetery OO to 489. Work was done under scientiic supervision of J.H.F. Bloemers up to 1982, and of W.J.H. Willems in 1983. Daily technical supervision was with A. Buisman in the years 1980-1981, and with K. Greving in the other years. The excavations were made possible by the kind cooperation of the Board of Nursing-home Margriet and workmen of Unemployment Relief Works of Nijmegen and surroundings. Ways of excavating The methods of excavating and registration in a project of several years are generally not uniform. Time and workpower available, external 8 — circumstances such as the weather, and the search for answers to new questions leave their marks. These changes are clearly visible in the detailed plans of the graves in the Hugo de Grootstraat, the original grave numbers 1-189, and 191-327 (see Appendix 1b for these grave numbers), and in the plans of the graves recognized later during analysis of the excavation records. The original grave numbers 190 and 222 were removed from the records: 190 was a niche belonging to the grave with original number 238 (now OO 168); original numbers 222 and 245 were given to two halves of the same grave in diferent excavation trenches (now OO 82). The topsoil was always removed mechanically: from 70 cm in the Hugo de Grootstraat up to 200 cm near the Nursing-home. The few trials to make the irst level on the top of the original surface did not give results that could be interpreted. For that reason, the irst excavation level was made at the top of the virgin soil. Most of the graves were then immediately visible as dark brown to black discolorations in a yellow matrix. Alas, the mechanical diggers in many cases irretrievably removed the tops of ceramic grave goods. Ater drawing the irst level to scale 1:50, the graves and their immediate surroundings were then deepened with a spade that was used as a plane, down to the level where details of the grave became clearly visible. In many cases, this was the irst clear outline of the wooden coin, in some cases skeletal remains and grave goods. Ater drawing this second level the grave was deepened further, mostly with a spade, but near grave goods and skeletal remains with a trowel or iner tools. The last 5-10 cm of the illing were removed with a trowel in those cases that skeletal remains and/or grave goods had been found. Especially in 1982 and 1983, the trowel was used much more frequently than before. The loose sandy illing of the graves, themselves lying in a matrix of coarse sand, made the use of the quadrant method impossible. Moreover, during several trials the vertical discolorations of walls of the coins appeared to be so vague, that it was preferred to try to recognize them in the horizontal plane instead of making vertical sections. In the Hugo de Grootstraat, time pressure caused the graves to be excavated in a hurry, and the data were drawn on the 1:50 scale. Details of coins and skeletal material are generally missing there, and the quality of documentation must be called poor. As against the usual rescue excavations under time pressure in Nijmegen, the excavations around Nursing-home Margriet could be done with relative ease. The result is a beter documentation of the graves. It must, however, be remarked that atention was too much focussed on skeletal material in the irst 189 graves excavated. Detail drawings to the scale 1:20 were deemed suicient. As from the grave with original number 191, atention was much more paid to aspects of the inhumations, especially coin construction. It was then tried to improve documentation by drawing to a scale 1:10, and the position of every single nail of the coin was not only noted down in the horizontal plane, as it had been done before, but also in the vertical section. And in cases where the drawing did not make things clear immediately, the direction of the nail (head/point) was also noted down. These data formed the basis for longitudinal and transverse sections of the coins. In order to support and if needed correct this three-dimensional registration, inked drawings with reconstructed sections were made on the basis of the ield drawings in one or two days, or so it was tried. Corrections and additions repeatedly appeared to be possible during discussions between scientiic and technical staf. The result of this intensive method appears from the drawings of many graves. Mr K. Greving but above all technical draughtsman Mr A.M. Nijs have done their utmost. The paragraph on coins in Chapter 13 is based on their work. 3 Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue Graves Apart from a few cremation graves, enumerated at the end of this section, all graves are inhumations. Coin traces were usually clearly visible during excavation and oten nails were found, though they were not counted in most cases (see the section on nails in Chapter 13). The deceased were always lying supine, sometimes with arms folded. The orientations of the graves and, where there was a diference, of the coins are given in degrees and give the direction in which the head was pointing: N is 0°, E is 90°, S is 180°, and W is 270°. However, the sandy soil of Nijmegen being a very acid matrix, skeleton and coin have disappeared without a trace in many cases: there, two possible directions of the grave are given. These instances were excluded from analysis of the orientation of the graves. The ive or six cremation graves are B 5, B 106, B 140, B 182?, OO 131, and OO 308. Measurements Altitude measurements of grave botoms and niches are given in meters above NAP. Sometimes the altitude measurements could only be taken relatively, in relation to street or excavation level; where possible, these have been calculated in NAP-altitudes aterwards. All other measurements are given in cm, the abbreviation cm being omited; h = height, l = length, d = diameter, w = width. Where no measurements are given, these were absent from the documentations on which this catalogue is based and the objects themselves could not be found in the museum depot. When a grave had been cut through by another grave or a later disturbance, its measurements are given with the sign >, e.g. grave >65x60, coin trace >50x>45. Artefacts in the graves are numbered in typological order 1, 2, 3.. Dates are AD unless otherwise stated. Figures As good as all artefacts found during the 19471963 excavations in cemetery B led by H. Brunsting were drawn by mr H. van Teeseling in the years 1960-1970. He also drew a selection of the stray inds from both cemeteries B and OO. However, very many artefacts found during the 1976-1983 excavations led by J.H.F. Bloemers were not drawn: of his and W.J.H. Willems’ excavations of cemetery B, hardly anything was drawn; frequent potery types from cemetery OO were not drawn. I have inspected and measured all inds by Bloemers and Willems, and decided to try to show everything, in order to do justice to the way such a catalogue is used: whoever is looking for parallels for his own material, browses through the drawings and only starts reading where he sees a similar complex. However, though I drew many potery and glass vessels, there was time nor money to make all new drawings required. This last batch of object drawings were made by Mikko Kriek and Wim Euverman only when the present study was undergoing its inal redaction. It could not be prevented that older and newer drawings, of diferent hands and styles, igure side by side. Drawings in doted lines indicate that the object does igure in the documentations but could not be drawn, usually, in the case of glass vessels, because it had gone completely lost. Plans of graves were made for Brunsting’s excavations in order to give an illustrative selection of graves with grave goods. Plans and sections of selected graves in Bloemers’ excavations in cemetery OO were made for quite a diferent reason in the 1980’s: in order to study the construction of the coins by documenting the positions of the nails. In a few cases, they do not even show the grave goods found (OO 83, OO 134, OO 212). There is of course no unity of style between these two groups of drawings of graves. Scales Scales of the maps difer and are indicated by scale bars in meters. The scale for graves and sarcophagi is 1:40. Perspective drawings of brick and sketches made in doted lines are not to scale. Potery and glass vessels and chests are shown to the scale 1:4. All other objects are shown 1:2. 9 — 10 — Beads In 2006, when the manuscript of the present study was in its inal stages, Mrs Wil van Bommel-van der Sluijs asked permission to use the descriptions of beads in ind catalogue and typology for her Nijmegen University MA thesis on Roman and Germanic beads in the Netherlands (Sluijs 2007). She studied them all. The reader can now proit by her unpublished study via the present ind catalogue and typology. Her study shows that Late Roman Nijmegen is on the border of two beads areas: the Roman and the Germanic ones. For the Roman one, the typology of Riha (1990, referred to as Riha) is followed, for the Germanic, Tempelmann-Maczynska (1985, referred to as TM), Siegmann (2001-3, referred to with her type preix PE) and Koch (1977, 1987, 1997, referred to as Koch). Whenever a bead is not exactly like the type cited, the type number gets the extension Var. Their material is glass, unless stated otherwise. The height of a bead is the length of its threadhole. Renumbering the graves The original numbering of the graves relected the order in which they were found, and showed large lacunas. That way, the graves had no continuous numbers on the map, and as a consequence the map was not easy to be read. All graves have therefore been renumbered. A concordance of original and new grave numbers is found in Appendices 1a and 1b; Appendices 2a and 2b do the same for object numbers. In this study, the maps of both cemeteries are organised like pages of text: the graves are numbered in rows from west to east (= let to right) and, like the lines of a text, these rows must be read from the top of the map down. This was done with the help of a grid, not shown on the maps. The higher the grave number, the lower down on the map it is. In two cases, however, the map became clearer by numbering according to excavation areas, i.e. contiguous excavation trenches. This is the case on the maps of area M (Fig. 18, graves B 674-828) and of the entire cemetery OO, where irst the main area in the west was numbered, and then the trench in the Hugo de Grootstraat in the east. First and second-century coins and ibulae: intrusions? It has been suggested to me that the 33 irst and second-century coins were not intentionally put in the fourth-century graves, but that they are intrusions: Nijmegen had been Roman for more than three centuries when the Late Roman cemeteries came into being, and the ground was litered with coins, so it was said. So, the reasoning went, they got into the graves unintentionally when the illing was thrown in. Admitedly, the coin loss in the irst century on the Kops Plateau, part of the Nijmegen ice-pushed ridge to the east of the Valkhof, was large enough to ill a bulky study by dr J.P. van der Vin (2002). But there is no question of unintentional intruding of early coins in later traces there. I have three reasons for not following the suggestion. Firstly, in the following sixteen cases, there can be no doubt that a irst or second-century coin was put in the grave intentionally: B 14.5 was in the mouth; B 59.9 was on the middle of the body; B 67.5 was in the coin near the foot-end; B 86.6 was near the let elbow, as though it had been held in the right hand; B 140.6 was part of a carefully laid out row of objects; B 227.1 was on the pelvis; B 298.1-6 belong to a purse with 48 other coins the lady needed on her journey to the underworld; B 460.1 was near the right foot; B 486.2 was only 5 cm above the botom of the coin; B 522.1 was between the feet; B 465.10 was in the mouth. Secondly, we publish a long series of excavations, conducted between 1947 and 1983. There is only one early coin mentioned in the ind reports as a stray ind from excavations, B stray 316. There should have been dozens if unintentional intrusion took place so oten, even if we take into account that there were no metal detectors when Brunsting’s excavations took place. Thirdly, Gorecki (1975, 229-230), who studied coins in inhumations in a large area, sees coins 11 — in the illing time and again and interprets them as farewell coins thrown in during the illing of the grave. That picture is too beautiful not to be believed. Especially old coins are very suitable to be thrown in, as they are part of a rite de passage into a timeless state and not of a payment (cf. Hiddink 2003, 199). Aarts (2002) made it even the title of his thesis: Coins or money? A similar presence of many earlier Roman ibulae is for the same reasons considered here not to be an unintentional intrusion, but an intentional farewell git thrown in during the illing of the grave, expressing the bond between the living and the dead. Assessing the dates of the graves in real years The codes used in the chapter on typology for quarter and one-thirds of centuries are translated into real years here. In the case of quarter centuries: IVa = AD 301-325; IVb = 326-350; IVc = 351-375; IVd = 376-400; in the case of one-thirds of centuries, allowing for the Dritel with which German archaeologists frequently reckon, and in the deviating code used in this study: IVA = AD 301-333; IVB = 334-367; IVC = 368-400. Assessing the dates of the graves in real years has been done in several rounds. First round: artefact dates, usually consisting of both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. If a grave contained one artefact (as long as this is not a coin: see below), the artefact date of the grave is equal to the period in which the type present is dated in the chapter on typology, i.e. by study of the literature. If a grave contained at least two artefacts, its artefact date is the overlap of the periods of use of those types. If no overlap can be found, there are two possibilities. Firstly, an old artefact, for instance a irst-century coin, was also put into the grave. The artefact date of the grave then is equal to the overlap of the later artefacts indicated above. Secondly, if there is no overlap to be found for fourth- or ith-century artefacts in the grave, then the date of a type is not correct yet and must be adjusted. Disappointingly many graves get the broad artefact dates of AD 301-350 or AD 301-367. One kind of artefacts plays a special role here: the many decorated dark coloured beakers and other shapes from Trier belonging to Künzl’s decoration group V, dated by her to 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 69). They have been dated here by the production time to AD 300-355, although they may have been deposited several years after AD 355. Second round: coin dates. Since the basic study of Carson, Hill and Kent (1960), the study of fourthcentury coins no longer works with emperors’ reigns, but in periods. New dynasties and coin reforms cause eight periods of circulation, ater each of which the old coins are abolished or anyway disappear from circulation, and new ones appear. These eight periods are given in Table 1. Table 1: Coin periods in the fourth century Period 1 298-307 Period 2 307-318 Period 3 318-330 Period 4 330-341 Period 5 341-348 Period 6 348-364 Period 7 364-378 Period 8 378-402 Do the fourth-century coins of the Nijmegen cemeteries obey the laws of this periodisation? Partially. There are as few as thirteen graves with more than one fourth-century coin. In six cases, the coin groups do obey the periodisation, in seven they do not: see Table 2, where they are presented in the order of the coin periods. In six cases, only one period is represented: cases 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 12. Also in six cases, coins of the preceding period are present with those of the subsequent one: cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11. Apparently, coins could stay on for one other period. Number 13 is, as it should be, the odd one out, where coins of three periods and more than for- 12 — Table 2.1: Fourth-century coin groups (in period order) in thirteen graves Case Grave 1 B 180 2 B 298 N Period 1 1 1 2 3 1 39 2 3 B 620 6 2 4 B 64 9 4 5 OO 288 2 4 1 4-5 6 OO 338 29 4 7 OO 371 2 4 8 OO 199 3 4 2 5 9 OO 277 1 4 1 5 10 OO 242 2 6 11 B 778 2 6 3 7 12 B 787 4 7 13 OO 29 2 4 5 7 1 8 ty years apart occur together. There may have been a sentimental reason for keeping two old coins, such as year of birth of the deceased. This coin group, which otherwise does behave like cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, and 11, is not taken into account in the following. This state of afairs has led to a casuistic approach to the dating of graves by coins in this study, with four possibilities. Firstly, where only one period is represented by more than one coin in the above cases 3, 4, 6, 7, 10 and 12, the evidence is not stretched and the grave is dated between the earliest minting date of its latest coin and the end of the coin period concerned. Secondly, where two subsequent periods are represented, in the above cases 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11, something similar has been done: from the earliest minting date of its latest coin to the end of the second period represented (otherwise, we would stretch the evidence that shows that survival of coins during one period into the next is possible, and we would make those of the irst period represented survive during two periods). Thirdly, in all cases not in Table 2.1, we deal with one fourth-century coin per grave. As we now know that coins in Nijmegen could stay on for another period, coin dates for graves with one coin of periods 1-7 run from the earliest minting date of the coin until the end of the subsequent coin period. This approach, however, does not work for late third-century coins, as appears from the case of grave OO 271: a coin of Probus (276-282) in that grave, which is dated by the other artefacts to AD 325-350. Perhaps, the coin was used not as money in the usual sense, but as an old coin, appropriate for the transition into another realm. Probus’ name (‘the good man’) may have inluenced the choice of this coin. Fourthly and inally, graves with one coin from period 8 get a coin date from the earliest minting date of the coin up to the end, AD 402. The resulting coin dates of the graves with fourth-century coins are given in Table 2.2. In one case where many coins were found, grave B 298, the coins give a more or less precise terminus ad quem: nine of its coins are dated AD 313-317, and one only 319. This makes the terminus ad quem for this grave AD 319 or 320, allowing for one year in which the coin reached Nijmegen. And the lady in B 298, identiied as a Sabazios worshipper from Cologne, was not the only prominent Nijmegen lady to pass away in those years. The sarcophagus of the Grutberg, B 620, containing a rich young lady of eight years old at the most, and famous for her tambourine sticks, is dated to AD 317-318 by this approach. Third round: stratigraphical dates. Graves without artefacts, cuting, or cut by, other graves that were dated in the irst and second rounds, get a derived 13 — Table 2.2: Coin dates of all graves (in catalogue order) with fourth-century coins. Table 2.2: Coin dates of all graves (in catalogue order) with fourth-century coins. The presence of earlier coins, which does not date the graves, is ignored The presence of earlier coins, which does not date the graves, is ignored Grave N coins Period Coin date Grave N coins Period Coin date B 22 1 1 AD 298-318 OO 88 1 2-3 317-330 B 61 1 ? ? OO 149 1 1 301-318 B 64 9 4 337-341 OO 176 1 1 299-318 B 98 1 2 310-330 OO 199 3 4 see below B 122 1 3 323-341 2 5 347-348 B 162 1 6 348-378 OO 234 1 1 302-318 B 164 1 6 348-378 OO 242 2 6 352-364 B 180 1 1 see below OO 250 1 2-3 317-330 1 2 303-318 OO 277 1 4 see below B 218 1 2 307-330 1 5 347-348 B 226 1 3 320-341 OO 283 1 4 330-348 B 257 1 4 330-348 OO 288 2 4 see below B 298 3 1 see below 1 4-5 330-348 39 2 319-320 (see OO 320 1 2 317-330 OO 338 29 4 337-341 OO 339 1 4 332-348 OO 362 1 4 332-348 OO 371 2 4 337-341 OO 382 1 2-3 318-330 OO 480 1 6 350-378 text below) B 364 1 8 383-402 B 402 1 4-8 330-402 B 581 2 ? ? B 620 6 2 317-318 B 633 1 4 335-348 B 651 1 8 388-402 B 660 1 4-6 337-360 B 663 1 5 347-364 B 778 2 6 see below 3 7 367-378 B 781 1 8 378-402 B 787 4 7 367-378 OO 29 2 4 see below 14 — stratigraphical date consisting of either a terminus ante quem or a terminus post quem. An earlier grave cut by another one that has an artefact date of AD 323-350 may have existed (long) before AD 323 and it cannot be later than AD 350, so it gets a stratigraphical date of AD ?-350 here. A later grave cuting one with an artefact date of AD 323-350 only has its terminus post quem within this period, which may be as early as AD 323; as it has no terminus ante quem, its stratigraphical date is given here as AD 323-?. Stratigraphical dates in real years are given in the catalogue only when they provide new information on the date of the grave, not already known from the artefact date. Most stratigraphical dates are unspectacular. The following ones are frequent: AD 301-?, ?-350 and ?-367, being the beginning of the century, the end of the second quarter and the second one-third, respectively. Dating hitherto undated types of dress accessories Finally, dates of hitherto undated types of dress accessories were derived from the dates of the graves they were found in: drawing up a list of dates of the graves and taking the overlap as the date of the type. In graves where they were the only artefact found, this led in turn to dating the grave. Assessing the original depths of the graves In order to assess the original depth of the graves, we must reconstruct the Roman ield level in relation to that of the present-day street. Like the cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), the cemetery of the Inner City is situated on terrain gently sloping down from the edge of the Nijmegen ice-pushed ridge. The north side of the Valkhof, where the Roman camp was whose inhabitants and dependents used the cemetery, is part of the steep slope of this ridge. It overlooks a bend in the river Waal. Today, the terrain slopes up from west to east (where the Valkhof is), and down from north to south: from 29.80 m +NAP near the street side of the city hall in the north of area D, to 27.07 in the south of area LN, and upwards again to 30.50 m around the Mariënburg chapel in southeast area M, and westwards from that chapel down again to 28.30 m, whereas southwards it stays in the 29 metres. Below, the street level above any grave is either taken to be in proportion with the nearest two values recorded, or the same as the value taken immediately at its edge. For cemetery B, the data for the Roman ield level are few and far between. In the south of area LN, graves B 459 and B 462 were in proile seen to have been dug from a Roman ield level at 26.30 m +NAP, i.e. c.0.77 m under the present-day street level. In area LN, a Roman surface was noted in section drawing C-D (Fig. 14) at heights between 28.10 and 28.30 +NAP, i.e. c.0.80 m under presentday street level in its west end, where the two graves B 308 and B 313 are. In the same area LN, the section drawing A-B without graves (Fig. 14) shows a Roman ield level at 28.31 +NAP, c.1.00 m under present-day street level. Still in area LN, more to the east, the Roman ield level in section O-P (Fig. 14) is at c.29.50 +NAP, i.e. c.1.80 m under present-day street level; this section, however, shows no graves. These few data seem to lead to a Roman ield level at 0.77-0.80 m under present-day street level in sections that actually have graves. For the sake of ease this is rounded of at 0.80 m; or, as all measurements (other than NAP heights) in this study are given in centimeters, at 80 cm under street level. So the grave depths below are calculated by subtracting the botom level of the grave from its Roman NAP surface, taken to be 80 cm under the present-day street level. This is of course a rough-and-ready way of assessing, and it may lead to absurd results. The reconstructed level of the surface may end up lower than the recorded level at the botom of the grave. The depth is indicated with a question mark there. In the case of Bloemers’ excavations, executed in several planes, the recorded highest plane in which the grave was observed gives its value to NAP surface when it is higher than the reconstructed surface. In short: whichever of the two NAP top levels was highest was selected. 15 — Many NAP heights, be it street level, Roman ground level, top or botom level of a grave, were not recorded during excavation. Where the bottom level of the grave was not recorded, no attempt at establishing its depth has been made. Anyway, depth appeared not to be correlated with any meaningful factor. 16 — 4 Catalogue of the stray inds The Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen are buried under the modern town: cemetery Β (Nijmegen-Inner City) under the medieval centre, cemetery OO (Nijmegen-East) under a late nineteenth/ early twentieth-century quarter one kilometer E of the centre. Their locations resulted in numerous stray inds. As these stray inds were made before the excavations, their catalogue comes irst. There are no earlier ind reports than the 1640s, even though the late medieval town-moat was dug through the cemetery B of Nijmegen-Inner City. The position of this old town-moat was still indicated by the now vanished street name Oude Stadsgracht when the excavations published in this study started: see Figs. 3 and 16. Part of the adjoining medieval town wall with an inner butress is visible on Fig. 16 near graves B 617, B 619, B 621 and B 629. A possible collection of inds, made when this medieval town-moat was dug, was a large number of ‘Roman urns’, all without bottom, built into the apparently medieval wall of the atic of the house at Lange Burchtstraat 14 (fourth building E of the Lange Nieuwstraat, demolished 1912: see ater B stray 132). Interest for Roman inds in Nijmegen started in the 1640s, due to the work of the protestant clergyman Johannes Smetius (Smetius 1644). He and later students of Roman Nijmegen up to the nineteenth century are cited below in section A of this chapter. Stray inds are important for four reasons. 1 They indicate the extent and limits of the cemeteries. 2 They can be used in the study of the frequency of types. 3 They comprise rare types not (yet) found in regular excavations. 4 They contribute to our knowledge of the history of archaeology in Nijmegen. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, when stray inds began to turn up en masse, the Nijmegen Roman cemeteries on the Hunerberg and further east have been indicated with capital leters, given by the Nijmegen collector of antiquities Gerard Marius Kam (1836-1922): CC, E, OH, KKH, O, OO, R, RK and S (Fig. 2; Daniëls 1955, 309; Stuart 1963, 1; Stuart 1977, 3-5). O is part of the irst-century cemetery CC-E-O-S, OO the Late Roman cemetery identiied under the same building block as O, between the Hugo de Grootstraat in the W, the Jan van Goyenstraat in the S, the Pater Brugmanstraat in the E, and the Barbarossastraat in the N (Fig. 19). In this study, we perpetuate this tradition by indicating the entire cemetery Nijmegen-East with OO (being also the irst leters of Dutch oost = east), and the cemetery of Nijmegen-Inner City with B (Dutch binnenstad = inner city). The stray inds are called B stray and OO stray. As for cemetery B of the inner city, ive groups of stray inds are distinguished here, numbered A-E. A Seventeenth to early nineteenth-century inds; inds not surviving or not to be identiied: numbers B stray I-XII. B Nineteenth and twentieth century, surviving stray inds per site: numbers B stray 1-227. C Nineteenth and twentieth century, surviving stray inds where the ind-spot is not known with precision: numbers B stray 228-271. D Possibly earlier Roman inds from the area of the Late Roman cemetery: numbers B stray 272295. E Stray inds of Roman and Frankish times from the excavation trenches: numbers B stray 296-317. Stray inds from cemetery Nijmegen-East have been reported between 1903, when there was a digging fury in the terrain OO (see below) and 1963, when there were building activities in the Hugo de Grootstraat. They are numbered OO stray 1-313. Late Roman stray inds of complete potery vessels from other sites in Nijmegen, apparently from Late Roman graves, are numbered Remainder stray 1-21, abbreviated Rem. whenever the layout of the page requires it. As opposed to the inds of the excavations, it has not been the intention to draw every artefact of this part of the ind catalogue, but all existing drawings have been reproduced. 17 — CEMETERY B A Seventeenth to early nineteenth-century inds; inds not preserved or not to be identiied Smetius, Oppidum Batavorum, Amsterdam 1644, 29-30 = (Dutch translation) Nijmegen 1999, 66 In ambulacro sacrae Praedicatorum, quam vocant, aedi contiguo, & vicinâ, quam habito domo, variarum formarum vasa rubicantia simul & alba, ante annos viginti, & non ita multos hîc refossa. Nuperrime, anno MDCXLI, in adversa ejusdem ambulacri parte Petrus Hertzog, cum cisternam suis in aedibus pararet, pocula tria, quorum duo apud me sunt, eruit. Accepi à senibus, cum cellae foderentur sub curiâ urbica, plurima & varia antiquitatis monumenta eruta fuisse. Sic nuper anno 1640, Octobre mense, ex adverso curiae trans plateam novam, in aedibus angularibus Rodolphus Iohannides pistor, cum Magistratus permissu cellulam fornaci struendae foderet, quâ platea ad castrum ducit, pocula antiqua duo, alterum oblongum rubrum, alterum brevius & nigricans invenit. Nummi etiam diversis locis hîc inveniuntur. Aliquos nuper in suo ad Mariae montem horto sibi repertos Nicolaus ab Hervelt typographus, & alium in vicino horto Iohannes Broeckhusius armamentarii scriba mihi dedit. Translation of this text with inserted bold Roman numerals in order to enumerate the inds: I Twenty years years ago and more recently, reddish and white beakers of various shapes were dug up in the cloister of the Dominican church [Broerkerk; see Fig. 8], in the adjacent building and the one next to it, the house I live in. II Very recently, in the year 1641, Peter Hertzog dug up three beakers (two now in my possession), when he was making a cistern in his house in the opposite part of the same cloister. III I heard from old men that very many and various ancient objects were found when cellars were being dug under the town hall. IV In a similar way, the baker Rudolf Jansen found two ancient beakers, one long and red, the other shorter and blackish; this happened in October 1640, in the house on the corner of the Nieuwstraat, opposite the town hall, where the street leads to the castle [Burchtstraat], when he was digging a cellar in order to build an oven with permission of the authorities. V Coins are also found here in various places. Recently, the printer Nicolaas van Hervelt gave me several, found in his garden on the Mariënburg; and another one from an adjacent garden was given to me by Johan van Broeckhuijsen, secretary of the Arsenal. In de Betouw (1785, 1797 and 1805/1806) repeats these ind reports. The following ones are of later date. VI Found near the castle: a small black ‘jug [kruikje]’ with the moto DA BIBERE, in possession of viscount Jacob van Randwijck. (Cannegieter 1758, 243; In de Betouw 1805/1806, 15-6). VII Cannegieter (1758, 243) also reports a ‘chalice’ in the possession of Everard Heker with MITEME, interpreted by In de Betouw as MITE MERVM. VIII Small ‘jug [kruikje]’ with moto VIVAS, in possession of In de Betouw (In de Betouw 1805/1806, 16). IX The moto MISCEMI given by Byvanck with Nijmegen as provenance will also have been found in the cemetery of the inner city: if the moto was complete, the vessel probably also was (Byvanck 1931-1947, II, 147, no. 223 = CIL XIII 10018; the other seven motoes there are already listed here). X The Nijmegen chronicle manuscript of Van Druijnen (n.d., 27) notes for the year 1823: a coin of Magnentius (350-353) found with XI a blackish terracota lamp, found on the Kannenmarkt (number of the house 7, according to Daniëls (1955, 269)). XII The same chronicle, for the year 1826 (Van Druijnen n.d., 41), reports the ind of ‘some antiquities’ when a wall was built near the Jewish cemetery on the Mariënburg. Daniëls (1955, 244) 18 — speciies them ater Van Schevichaven n.d.: XIIa a reddish jug, XIIb a reddish plate, XIIc a small blackish bowl and XIId a small glass drinking bowl. ing and immediately ater World War II, apart from, probably, inds by ‘pety dealers who sold them to secretive art dealers’ (Daniëls 1955, 225, 241-2). a Broerstraat B Nineteenth and twentieth century, preserved stray inds per site These stray inds are enumerated here with numbers (B stray) 1-227 per site and where possible with the year of the ind. The sites are indicated a-z and aa-gg on the map. The old ind reports I-XII of part A are, where possible, repeated here pro memoria. Events that led to digging on a large scale in the area of the cemetery, before the systematic archaeological excavations: 1879 construction of waterworks; 1907/1908 construction of general sewerage; 1933 construction of a storehouse for the department store of Van den Borg to the S of the Broerkerk; 1940 enlargement of the town hall; and 22 February 1944 bombardment by allied airplanes, which, on their way back from a planned bombardment on Gotha cancelled because of mist there. The construction of waterworks led in 1879 to inds in Korte and Lange Burchtstraat, Lange Nieuwstraat and Grutberg. The construction of general sewerage in 1907/1908, to inds in Lange Burchtstraat, Lange and Korte Nieuwstraat, Houtmarkt, Pauwelstraat and Ziekerstraat. The construction of the depot of Van den Borg in 1933, to inds in the Broerstraat and the (now vanished) alley Kaaskorversgas, which ran along the S side of the Broerkerk (plan in Daniëls 1955, 231, ig. 90). The enlargement of the town hall in 1940 (indicated consequently as ‘new construction’) brought to light the largest group of inds so far, in the Korte and Lange Nieuwstraat. The devastation of the bombardment of 1944 was the immediate cause of the excavations that began in 1947, but did not result in many inds dur- Broerstaat 19-21, N of the Broerkerk, June 5th, 1928 (Daniëls 1955, 236-239, ig. 97) 1 East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet ibula (‘Blechibula’), l 8.2; fragment of a second one (Van Buchem 1941, nos 1415, 1416, Pl. XIX 7). Broerstraat, footpath NW corner of Broerkerk, 1948 2 Coarse jug, h 21, d 16; handle missing on drawing, not on RMO photos K 857 and K 1035. Gose 516. Broerstraat, autumn 1951 3 Coarse money box Gellep 666, h 9.5, d 12. The sunk-in top is in large part broken away, but in one place the end of the coin slot is preserved. Reportedly but erroneously corner Broerstraat /Burchtstraat, apparently 1957 3a Bow with foot of a bow knob ibula, l. 7.9, with ive double dot-and-circles on each side of the bow (Van Buchem 1966, 103 Fig. 44c, 104 note 83 no. c. Van Buchem, BABesch 50 (1975) 254-5, ig. 18 on 263). There is a mix-up around this beautiful ibula. The inventory number 11.1957.1 is legible on the photograph but does not correspond to a number in the inventory book, where 11.1957.1 = B stray 239, found on the corner Broerstraat/ Burchtstraat, apparently 1957. The description of the ibula its 11.1957.7; it was reportedly found in the river Waal, and its beautiful river patina supports this ind report. It has been decided to keep this ibula in the ind catalogue because it its into the typology of the Nijmegen cemeteries and the erroneous ind report has been published twice. 19 — Broerstraat 1952 4 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 11.5, M•I•S•C•E•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 5 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 11.4, V•I•T•V•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 6 Coarse jar, h 13.8. Gellep 100/101. 6a Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.9. Gellep 106. 7 Terra sigillata plate, d 18.4, h 5.1, with stamp CELSINVSF. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). Cloister N of Broerkerk, 1620-1640 I Variarum formarum vasa rubicantia simul & alba. Brunsting 36b. 25 Terra sigillata jug lacking mouth, h 21, d 16.5. Chenet 348. 26 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 7, d 13. Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c). 27 Bronze crossbow ibula, l 9. Keller 3, Van Buchem V. 28 Bronze coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. (Daniëls also mentions inds now lost or not to be traced: a brown-marbled double-handled jug, two folded beakers, two small globular jars). Probably Kaaskorversgas 1933, construction Van den Borg 29 Open bronze bracelet, round in section, with pointed ends, d 6.2-6.5. Cloister N of Broerkerk, 1641 II Pocula tria b Kaaskorversgas Kaaskorversgas 1897 (Daniëls 1955, 229) 8 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 26.5, d 21. Gellep 71. Kaaskorversgas, S side of the E end, construction of a storehouse for department store Van den Borg, November 1933 (Daniëls 1955, 230) 9 Coarse cooking-pot, h 14.5, d 15.5. Gellep 105. 10 Coarse cooking-pot, lacking rim. Gellep 105. 11 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 20. Symonds 61 smooth. 12 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 13 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 16. Symonds 61 smooth. 14 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 15 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 16 Coarse small botle, h 14, d 9.5. Gellep 97. 17 Neck of a jug, preserved h 7. 18 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 9, d 20.5. Gellep 122. 19 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 9.5, d 18.5. Gellep 122. 20 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 5.5, d 12.5. Gellep 122. 21 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.5. Gellep 106. 22 Large red-slipped plate, d 29.5. Gellep 68. 23 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4.5. Gellep 128. 24 Smooth mortarium, h 9.5, d 33.5. Broerstraat, construction Van den Borg, 20 May 1947 (Daniëls 1955, 241) 30 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 11, M•I•S•C•E• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 31 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 10.3, V•I•V•A•S• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. Broerstraat, reconstruction Van den Borg department store, 1948 32 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 12.2, D•A•M•I• (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 33 Coarse dish, d 15, h 4. Gellep 128. 34 Glass balsamarium, h 10.7. Isings 28a. 35 Glass botle, h 11. Gellep 197? 36 Glass botle, h 9. New type. 37 Terra nigra jar, h 10.1. Holwerda 1941, type 26a. 38 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 19, V•I•V•A•S•. Künzl 1.6.1. 39 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 11.3, M•I•S•C•E•. Künzl 1.4.1m. 40 Fine dark coloured beaker lacking rim, preserved h 12.9. Symonds 61 smooth. 41 Coarse cooking-pot, h 12. Gellep 109. 42 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 20.1. Symonds 61 smooth. 43 Double-handled jug, h 26.2. Gellep 766. 44 Small terra sigillata bowl with low footring, vertical wall, horizontal rim, d 14.2, h 5.3. Nijmegen 18a. 45 Square glass botle with wide handle, sharply bent, h 17.2. Isings 50b. 20 — c Broerstraat Broerstraat, former shop V.d. Baal (next to Van den Borg), 1947 46 Coarse cooking-pot, h 16. Gellep 105. d Broerstraat, corner Korte Nieuwstraat Burchtstraat, construction of waterworks, March 1879 (Verslag 1879; Daniëls 1955, 250) 55 Lamp with two spouts and one handle of white potery with brownish black coating, h 5, w 7. Burchtstraat, ‘waterworks’ (Verslag 1885; Daniëls 1955, 250) Department store Van den Borg, 16 September 1948 47 Coarse cooking-pot, h 11. Gellep 103. 56 Small coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 9.6, d 7.5. Gellep 108. e Korte Burchtstraat f-i Korte Burchtstraat Korte Burchtstraat, second house E of the Kerkegas, 1852 (Daniëls 1955, 227-8) f Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewerage, 1950 (‘Find V’) ‘In the month of July 1852, when a cellar in the house of Mr Van [den] Ult on the Korte Burgstraat was being enlarged, 2.5 meters below ground were found:’ etc. (Verslag 1852). As a skull was also found here, this is the earliest report of a complete inhumation grave. In 1852, the address of this house was Burchtstraat A10; before the 1944 bombardment, Korte Burchtstraat 14. 57 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 24. Gellep 115. 58 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 21. Symonds 61 incised. 59 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15, possibly with traces of white painted bands. Symonds 61 smooth. 60 Coarse dish, h 4.5, d 16.5. Gellep 128. 48 Coarse cooking-pot with handle with shallow lid-seating and proiled lip, handle missing, h 10.8, d 10.2. Gellep 106. 49 Jug of imitation of terra sigillata, h 10.5. Gellep 42. 50 Undecorated terra sigillata bowl, h 6.8, d 14.6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 61 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5, d 10.5. Gellep 29. 62 Terra sigillata plate, h 6.5, d 24.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). Korte Burchtstraat, near town hall, construction of waterworks 1879 (Verslag 1879; Daniëls 1955, 251-2) 63 Fine dark coloured bowl, h 9, d 11.7 with white painted decoration •M•I•S•C•E• (branch). Künzl 7.4. 64 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 4.5, d 9. Gellep 29. 65 Terra sigillata plate, h 6, d 22. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A). 51 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 25. Gellep 72. 52 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.5, d 10.5. Gellep 106. 53 Terra sigillata bowl, h 7.7, d 15.5. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). 54 Bronze irst-century Bügelibula (Van Buchem 1941, 77 no. 184, Pl. V 11). g Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewerage, 1950 (‘Find IV’) h Korte Burchtstraat before the entrance of the town hall, sewerage, 1950 (‘Find III’) i Korte Burchtstraat, before the entrance of the town hall, sewerage, 1950 (‘Find I’) 66 Terra sigillata mortarium with two bat-like 21 — ears above the spout, d 19.5, h 9.5. Gellep 249. 67 Coarse dish, d 19, h 4. Gellep 128. Korte Burchtstraat, July 1951 68 Coarse cooking-pot, h 11.5, d 11. Gellep 105. j Construction of town hall, June-July 1951, 1953 69 Coarse small cooking-pot, h 11.5. Gellep 105. 70 Terra sigillata jug with conical mouthpiece, h 26.5. Gellep 20. 71 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 32.7. Gellep 71. 72 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 25.8. Gellep 72. 73 Coarse jug, h 23.2. Gose 516/517. 74 Coarse cooking-pot, h 12.4. Gellep 106. 75 Coarse dish, d 20.4, h 5.5. Gellep 128. 76 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 21.4. Symonds 61 grooved. Town hall, digging of cellars under town hall (of 1544), several decades before Smetius 1644, 30 III Plurima & varia antiquitatis monumenta. k Lange Nieuwstraat W side, enlargement town hall 1940 (Daniëls 1955, 233-6) 77 Coarse jar with marked neck, h 15. ± Gellep 102. 78 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 24. Symonds 61 smooth. 79 Fine reddish coloured beaker with white painted decoration •:•:•, h 12. Künzl 1.4.1d. 80 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 9.5. Symonds 61 smooth. 81 Fragment of a ine dark coloured beaker, d 11. Symonds 61 smooth. 82 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.5. Symonds 61 incised. 83 Fine dark coloured beaker with oblique narrow dents on the body, h 12.5. Symonds 62. 84 Fine dark coloured folded beaker, h 12.5. Symonds 62. 85 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, h 11.2, E•M•E•M•E (branch). Künzl 1.4.1m. 86 Fine dark coloured jar with nearly vertical lip, h 10.5. Gellep 57. 87 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14. Symonds 61 smooth. 88 Fine dark coloured jar with nearly vertical lip, h 9. Gellep 57. 89 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 smooth. 90 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 26.5. Gellep 72. 91 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 26.5. Gellep 72. 92 Smooth double-handled jug with marked shoulder, h 16. Gellep 85a. 93 Smooth double-handled jug, h 18.5. Gellep 84a. 94 Smooth globular double-handled jug, h 35. Gellep 438. 95 Small terra nigra bowl on low foot, d 11.5, h 5.7. Nijmegen 123. 96 Terra nigra bowl, h 7.7, d 14. Alzei 26. 97 Coarse lid, d 8.5, h 3. Gose 564. 98 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 7.7, d 18. Gellep 120. 99 Coarse cooking-pot, h 12.5. Gellep 105. 100 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.5, d 11.5, Gellep 106; with 101 coarse lid, d 11.2, h 3, Gose 564. 102 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12.5, d 12. Gellep 109. 103 Coarse cooking-pot, h 13, d 13.5. Gellep 105. 104 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 10.5, d 9.5. Gellep 106. 105 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.5, d 19. Gellep 106. 106 Coarse dish, d 20, h 4.5. Gellep 128. 107 Coarse dish, d 13.5, h 3.3. Gellep 128. 108 Coarse dish, d 22, h 6. Gellep 128. 109 Coarse dish, d 21.5, h 6. Gellep 128. 110 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4.5. Gellep 128. 111 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 16.5, h 4.5. Gellep 126. 112 Coarse dish, d 12.5, h 2.5. Gellep 128. 113 Coarse dish, d 19.5, h 4.7. Gellep 128. 114 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 5. Gellep 128. 115 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 17.5, h 3.5. Gellep 126. 116 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 117 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 118 Terra sigillata beaker, h 11. Gellep 14. 119 Terra sigillata bowl, h 6, d 14. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). 120 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5.7, d 13.5. Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a). 121 Terra sigillata plate, d 20.7, h 5.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 122 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5.2, d 10. Gellep 24. 123 Terra sigillata plate, d 18.2, h 4.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 124 Terra sigillata plate, d 26, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 125 Small glass barrel-jug with one handle, h 8.5. Gellep 333. 126 Glass neck with handle, preserved h 11. Isings 122. 127 Small globular glass botle, preserved h 12, d 7.5. Gellep 198. 22 — ‘Ir. Kam, ‘new construction of town hall’, probably also 1940. 128 Fine dark coloured moto-botle with yellow and white barbotine (and white paint for the moto) between three wide grooves: PARCE above white tendrils, divided by groups of three yellow dots (more or less like Künzl element 184); h 19, d 13.2. Künzl 14.1.1. See Steures (2002a, 178 ig. 5). Idem, October 1640 (Smetius 1644, 30) IV Pocula antiqua duo, alterum oblongum rubrum, alterum brevius & nigricans. n Lange Burchtstraat 16 and 14, S side, undated and 1912, respectively. Number of the house 16: found during rebuilding of the house of Mr Spruyt van Rietschoten (ith building E of Lange Nieuwstraat). The ind came in the possession of building contractor G.B. Smits, then living Javastraat 80, Nijmegen. (Daniëls 1955, 251) 132 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 29.7. Gellep 71. W. de Vries, Genealogie van het Nijmeegsch-Emmeriksch geslacht Smits, p.XV, note 2: house Lange Burchtstraat 14 (fourth building E of the Lange Nieuwstraat, demolished 1912; unconirmed oral tradition that a treasure was hidden there; peculiar was a large number of ‘Roman urns’, all without botom, built into the [apparently medieval] wall of the atic. Under the loor of the cellar, a human skeleton was found. Lange Burchtstraat 30, year of the ind unknown (Daniëls 1955, 252) B stray 128 l Lange Nieuwstraat, corner Lange Burchtstraat, sewerage 1950 (‘Find II’) 129 Terra sigillata jug with white painted decoration, h 22.3. Chenet 343a. 130 Terra sigillata plate, d 26. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). m House on corner Lange Nieuwstraat - Lange Burchtstraat, rebuilding 1920 (Daniëls 1955, 228) 133 Coin: sestertius, Vespasian, 71, Lyon, RIC2 1137. 134 Coin: follis, Constantius II, 337-340, Trier, RIC 82. o Lange Nieuwstraat, E side, near the Burchtstraat, later, in 1870, number of the house 5. Found during rebuilding of the house of Mr J.C.J. Riveaux (Daniëls 1955, 228). 135 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 19. Symonds 61 smooth. Lange Nieuwstraat 1879, waterworks 131 Terra nigra ‘urn’, no data. 136 Coarse jug lacking handle and mouth, preserved h 24, d 16. Not to be assigned to a type. 23 — Lange Nieuwstraat 1908, sewerage (Daniëls 1955, 228); there was more found than has been preserved and described below. 137 Fine dark coloured moto-botle, h 15, painted in zones: R E P above Künzl element 187. Künzl 14.4.1. 138 Coin: Domitian, denarius?, Rome?, 88-89, RIC2 683var, for Julia, plated?; or 19th-century Becker copy? 139 Stone bead, no data, not found in museum depot. Lange Nieuwstraat E side, opposite town hall, rebuilding 1913. Fragments of B stray 140 bought from the Nijmegen art dealer Giovannini senior (Found 1913, acquired 1922. Verslag 1922, 10, no 34c; Daniëls later changed its inventory number to BB.III.257). More was found, among which a beaker on proiled foot (‘Zapfenfuss’: Daniëls 1955, 228): that may be B stray 141. 140 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.8, d 9.5. Symonds 61 incised and grooved; incomplete and restored; graito genuine and complete. In the botom a iring crack, on the neck the graito OLATENEBIBE (= ollam tene bibe, ‘take the beaker (and) drink’). The graito turns a kiln waster into an article of fun: whoever followed the advice writen on the beaker would spill wine on his dress, and that was funny. Particularly funny to receive this beaker in one’s grave (Steures 2002a, 175, ig. 1). 141 Terra sigillata moto-beaker: ESCIP above tendrils, h 16, d 8.4. Gellep 246. Lange Nieuwstraat, near Houtmarkt, sewerage 1909 144 Cameo: female head with diadem. Unidentiied. Not published in Maaskant-Kleibrink 1986: apparently already missing or unidentiiable then. q Lange Nieuwstraat E side, opposite Korte Nieuwstraat, during expansion of nunnery schools in 1931. House with number 29 was demolished then to make room for gateway and playground (Daniëls 1955, 228). 145 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, handle restored in plaster, h 25.5, d 19. Gellep 72. r Grutberg and environs. At the spot of the butcher’s shop, devastated in 1944, of Mr Brinke in the Broerstraat, the second one from the corner with the Pauwelstraat, with its back door in the Pauwelstraat. Found some centimeters under a concrete loor in the irst days of June 1945 (Daniëls 1955, 239-40, ig. 98, 1-2, ig. 99, 242). 146 Frankish carinated jar with four zones of rouleted decoration on shoulder, h 10.6, d 14. The roulete: St Andrew’s cross, row of three double squares, two standing rectangles, St Andrew’s cross, standing rectangle, St Andrew’s cross, row of three double squares. Photo and drawing: Daniëls 1955, 240, 98,1 and 99, right. Siegmund KWT 3.11-12, phase 6, AD 570-585. p Lange Nieuwstraat 7-11, Lange Burchtstraat 8, during construction of Olympiatheater (Daniëls 1955, 228 and 252). 142 Coarse dish, unidentiied, measurements and type unknown. 143 A jug, unidentiied, measurements and type unknown. B stray 146 24 — 147 Fragment with complete proile of a Frankish sotly carinated jar with three horizontal grooves on shoulder, h 10.2, d 13. Photo and incomplete drawing: Daniëls 1955, 240, 98,2 and 99, let. Siegmund KWT 4.11, phase 8, AD 610640. Pauwelstraat 32, N side, 5 August 1932, 1-2 m from B stray 146-147 (Daniëls 1955, 229) 148 Brown Frankish carinated jar, h 16, d 16.8. Siegmund KWT 2.43, phase 8, AD 610-640. s Grutberg, waterworks 1879 (Daniëls 1955, 229) 149 Black Frankish vessel with globular body, neck and proiled lip, h 11.5, d 12. Wölbwandtopf, not in Siegmund 1998. Nijmegen 233. 150 Wheelmade grey Frankish sharply carinated jar with six horizontal rouleted rows of small impressed squares on the shoulder, h 8.8, d 11.7. Siegmund KWT 3.21, phase 8, AD 610-640. Grutberg, waterworks 1896 (Daniëls 1955, 229) 151 Red Frankish vessel, h 10.8, d 12. Wölbwandtopf, Siegmund WWT 2.1, phase 8, AD 610-640. 152 Red Frankish vessel, h 8, d 9.2. Wölbwandtopf (globular jar), not in Siegmund 1998. Nijmegen 232. t Grutberg, N side, in a former back-yard, 1948 153 Frankish carinated jar with horizontal grooves, h 13.2, d 15. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, ig. 98,4. Siegmund KWT 2.31, phase 5, AD 555570. u Korte Nieuwstraat, S side, 1948 154 Yellowish brown Frankish carinated jar with rouleted decoration, h 13.6, d 17.6. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, ig. 98,3. Siegmund KWT 3.1112, phase 6, AD 570-585. 155 Shoulder-rim-fragment of a Frankish carinated jar with horizontal grooves, preserved h 5.4, d 14.2. Photo: Daniëls 1955, 240, ig. 98,5. Siegmund KWT 2.31, phase 5, AD 555-570. v Houtmarkt 1866. ‘Found 18 July 1866 during repair of sewage pipe, at a depth of a few decimetres (...) in an E-W direction. The high lid completely lost.’ (Daniëls 1955, 247). The sarcophagus contained B stray 157. Coins B stray 158-160 were lying near to it together with an illegible fourth one. 156 Rectangular sandstone sarcophagus now without lid, l 170, w 59, h 46. 157 Beaker of ‘Ubbergen’ pink potery, lightly tempered, base and base rim cut of and inished. Careless rouleting of square impressions, not always horizontally and also vertically; h 15.2, d 12. Black-and-white photo: Enckevort et. al. 2000a, 108, let. Colour photo: Enckevort et al. 2000b, 25, botom middle. 158 Coin: Valentinian I, aes III, 364-367, Lyon, RIC 10(a). 159 Coin: Valens, aes III, 364-367, Trier, RIC 7(b). 160 Coin: Arcadius, aes IV, 388392, Lyon, RIC 44(d). Houtmarkt, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 247) 161 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14, d 8.5. Symonds 61 smooth. 162 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12, d 12.5. Gellep 106. 163 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 164 Glass jug with wide and low conical body, handle, glass coil around neck, wide mouth, h 16, d 12.5. Isings 88c. 165 Glass jug with wide and low conical body, large part of neck and mouth missing, preserved h 15, d 13.5. Isings 122. 166 Some fragments of glass botles, amongst which a neck like Kisa 1899, Pl XXXX 241. w Houtmarkt, found outside the NE corner of Astoria hotel, autumn 1951. Now corner Nieuwstraat/Mariënburg. 167 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 24. Gellep 72. x [Lange] Koningstraat, 1891. ‘Found in a house in the Koningsstraat’ (Daniëls 1955, 247). 168 Fine dark coloured moto-botle M•I•S•C•E• above running S-hooks (Künzl element 188), h 25 — 21, d 15.5. Künzl 14.5. 169 Terra sigillata bowl, heavily worn, with rouleted decoration, h 7.5, d 16.5. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). Lange Koningstraat, near Houtmarkt, 1900 170 Brown-marbled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h unknown. Gellep 70. Lange Koningstraat, new construction on the S side in order to widen the street near the Mariënburg opposite the new houses 5-7, July 1935 (Daniëls 1955, 248). 171 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker V:T:E:R:E:, h 19.5. Künzl 1.6.1. 172 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.5, d 10.7. Gellep 109. Was standing upon: 173 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. Lange Koningstraat, 28 October 1935 (Daniëls 1955, 248) 174 Foot of a ine dark coloured beaker, no type. 175 (Probably later) sherds. y Houtmarkt, corner Oude Stadsgracht, found during construction of a savings-bank 1926 (Daniëls 1955, 242). 176 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 12.3, d 10. Symonds 61 smooth. 177 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.2, d 11. Symonds 61 incised. 178 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15, d 9.5. Symonds 61 smooth. 179 Fine dark coloured beaker with white painted decoration (running scroll, Künzl element 188), h 11, d 8. Künzl 1.4.1d. 180 Fine dark coloured folded beaker, neck missing, preserved h 10.5, d 9. Symonds 62. 181 Crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4D (Van Buchem V, Keller 4C), l 7.7. Van Buchem 1941, 1375, Pl. XVIII 12; Van Buchem 1966, 85, ig. 34e. z Oude Stadsgracht, found during rebuilding of a house, 1876 (Daniëls 1955, 242). 182 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 24.5, d 18. Gellep 72. Oude Stadsgracht, S side, no. 59 next to house on the corner with the Houtmarkt, when digging a cellar, March 1931 183 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker V:Λ:M:V:S: above running scroll (Künzl element 188), h 21, d 12. Künzl 1.6.1. 184 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11, d 12.5. Gellep 106. 185 Coarse dish, d 16.5, h 4. Gellep 128. 186 Terra sigillata plate, d 24, h 6.3. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 187 Terra sigillata plate, d 29, h 7.5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 188 Coarse fragments. aa Mariënburg, N side, ‘Found behind Mariënburg’, 1882 189 Coin: Constans, follis, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 16. Mariënburg, sewerage 1908, opposite demolished school, house number no. 4, land registry C 853. Much more was found then, especially ine glass vessels (Daniëls 1955, 244). 190 Smooth jug with collar, h 25, d 13.5. Gellep 98. 191 Terra sigillata bowl, h 6.2, d 15, with rouleting: molete (roller-stamp) Chenet 138 with egg mouldings (Hübener’s group 1). Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 192 Small glass bowl on foot, with horizontal lip, h 6, d 9. ± Gellep 538. 193 Small glass botle, h 10, d 6. Gellep 198. 194 Two rings of opaque black glass, d 4; one decorated with three times an O. Mariënburg, found near a bank building, 1909 (Verslag 1909, 10, no. 54a; Daniëls 1955, 244). 195 Probably missing, or bronze hinge ibula (Van Buchem 1941, 98, no. 650, note 61, pl. X 34; see Daniëls 1955, 244 n. 3, who contradicts Van Buchem on identity and ind spot). 196a Two itting fragments of a bracelet or handle made of twisted bronze wire ending in loops. 196b Bronze wire sewing needle with latened eyelet, twisted and distorted. 197 Coin: Aduatuci, quadrans?, 20 BC-AD 10, Lower Rhine, Scheers 217, missing. 198 Half a bead of opaque glass. 199 Small ring of opaque glass. 26 — Mariënburg, same location, inds in Collection Kam (Daniëls 1955, 244). 200 Coin: Vespasian, as, 72-73, Lyon, RIC2 1199. 201 Coin: Victorinus, antoninianus, 269, Trier, RIC 59. bb Mariënburg, from cellar 1 of temporary shops (under both shops on the W side, numbers of the houses then 96 and 97, SW of the Mariënburg chapel, then known as the archive building, 28 May 1946 (B stray 202) and 29 May 1946 (B stray 203-206, probably one grave: Daniëls 1955, 226 and 242-3). 202 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12. Found at the top on 28 May. Gellep 109. 203 Dark grey coarse jar, h 13.5, d 10.2. Gellep 104. 204 Fine dark coloured beaker with six white bands painted on, h 14.2, d 11. Künzl 1.6.2. 205 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 23, h 5.5. Gellep 126. 206 Coarse folded beaker, h 21, with six dents, alternatingly round and oblong. Gellep 111. From the same cellar, certainly a closed association, 1 June 1946 207 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 17. Gellep 126. 208 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 22.5, d 16. Gellep 115. 209 Small barrel-shaped beaker of rather hard blackish grey terra nigra-like potery, h 8.5. Gellep 96. Photograph in Isings 1970, 144, ig. 7 let. 210 Small glass botle with four pinches around the botom, h 8, d 5. Nijmegen 192. cc Mariënburg, from cellar 2 of temporary shops (under the fourth shop from the W, house number 99), SW of the Mariënburg chapel, then known as the archive building; certainly a closed association, 4 June 1946 (Daniëls 1955, 242-3). 211 Coarse botle, h 13.5. Gellep 97. 212 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.5. Gellep 109. 213 Small beaker of imitation of terra sigillata, with traces of three painted horizontal bands, h 10. Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333). 214 Footed bowl of ter- ra nigra, h 7.5, d 9.2. Gellep 274. Mariënburg, stray ind reportedly from the same cellar but on a diferent spot and retrieved later 215 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 6, d 13.5. Gellep 122. dd Mariënburg, found in the chapel as cellars for central heating were dug 1910 (Daniëls 1955, 244). 216 Coarse botle, h 15, dark to light greyish yellow. ± Gellep 97; Frankish, according to Loeschcke (pers.comm. to H. Brunsting) ee Mariënburg, construction of the Chamber of Commerce 1932 (Daniëls 1955, 247). 217 Coarse jug with pinched spout, h 23.5. Gellep 115. 218 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, handle missing, h 13. Gellep 109. 219 Coarse dish, d 17.5. Gellep 128. 220 Fragment of a coarse dish with in-turned lip, h 7. Gellep 126. Mariënburg, S side of the former Jewish cemetery near the premises 80 and 81, December 1943 (Daniëls 1955, 243). 221 Terra nigra jar, h 11. Gellep 52. 222 Terra sigillata jug with decoration in dark paint: row of shaped crosses between horizontal bands, h 14. Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348). 223 Terra sigillata bowl with rouleted decoration of St. Andrew’s cross and quincunx (molete = roller-stamp Chenet 341; Hübener’s group 5), d 13.5-14. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 224 Terra sigillata plate, d 24. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A). Mariënburg, construction of a wall of the Jewish cemetery, September 1826 XII Some antiquities. f Mariënburg 1929, expansion of a bank building on the SE border of the Mariënburg, opposite the boundary wall with bar ‘The Karseboom’, 27 — just outside the footpath, during the construction of the sewerage pipeline: a tile grave (‘Ziegelgrab’) without grave goods, direction NNE-SSW. Some sherds nearby, amongst which a Haltern 97 (Daniëls 1955, 245-7, igs. 101-3). gg Hertogstraat, W side, opposite Hertogsplein (Derde Walstraat), sewerage 1953. Bought from antique dealers by Museum Kam. 225 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12.7, d 11. Gellep 109. 226 Coarse botle, h 11.5, d 9. Gellep 97. 227 Coarse red footed bowl, h 6, d 9.8. Nijmegen 148. Kannenmarkt 7, 1823 (outside map, let; Daniëls 1955, 268-9). X Bronze coin Magnentius (350-353). XI Blackish terracota lamp. C Nineteenth and twentieth century, preserved stray inds where the ind-spot is not known with precision Acquisitions from art dealers belong to this category, as the reported provenance is not always reliable. ‘Broerstraat’ Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. Bought in September 1946 from the art dealer Essers in Nijmegen. As there were works before the department store of Van den Borg then, the report probably is reliable. 228 Fine dark grey coloured beaker, h 19.8, d 11. Symonds 61 grooved. 229 Fine dark grey coloured beaker, h 18.8, d 11.3. Symonds 61 grooved. 230 Fine dark grey coloured beaker, h 18.4 d 11.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 231 Small light green glass beaker on foot, decorated with glass coil, h 5.5, d 9.3. Nijmegen 215. ‘Broerstraat’ 1947. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. Acquired 29 April 1947 from art dealer Essers in Nijmegen reportedly found the day before with some bone remains and a lamp (Daniëls 1955, 241, notes on 19 - and 20? - May 1947). 232 Terra sigillata jug with painted white bands, h 16.7, d 13.4. Chenet 345b. 233 Terra sigillata jug with painted white bands, h 15.8, d 8. Chenet 343c. 234 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, L•V•D•E•, h 11.8, d 8. Künzl 1.4.1m. ‘Broerstraat’ 1951. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. Acquired August 1951 from art dealer Essers in Nijmegen. 235 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, M•I•S•C•E•, h unknown. Künzl 1.4.1m. 236 ‘Coarse crucible’, no data. Gellep 496? ‘Broerstraat’, autumn 1951 237 Terra sigillata bowl, d 20, h 9. Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). ‘Broerstraat’, June 1952. This group of stray inds came to my knowledge when all numbers had been assigned. See B stray 287-295. ‘Broerstraat’ See Annual Report of Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 1962, 169. Colour photograph: Bloemers et al. 1981, 4. This conspicuous jewel is discussed by Vierck (1974, 357, 316 ig. 17.4). 238 Gold open-work disk ibula with central almandine and around it four brownish red and two green stones, whose setings are separated by open-work tendrils and volutes. On the back there are two small eyes, possibly the remains of a construction for the pin. Largest d 3.5. ‘Burchtstraat/Broerstraat’, apparently 1957 and 1958 239 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14.2. Symonds 61 incised. Graito LVCI on the neck. (Its inventory number 11.1957.1 corresponds to the de- 28 — scription of this beaker in the inventory book. Mysteriously, bow knob ibula B stray 3a also wears inventory number 11.1957.1, with no corresponding description in the inventory book: its number must be 11.1957.7). 240 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, APETE between barbotine lines, h 10.4, d 7. Künzl 1.4.1m. 241 Lamp of white potery with brownish yellow paint/wash, spout with volutes; on the discus two dolphins between which an anchor; l 9.6, w 5.6. Loeschcke IV, Volutenlampe mit gerundeter Schnauze. 242 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14.7. Symonds 61 smooth. ‘Doddendaal’ Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. Found during the construction of a nunnery, c.1939. Former possession of Mr Grandjean, who bought them from the inder. ‘There were also fragments of two similar pieces’ (this all sounds improbable: only grave OO 184 has two specimens of Gellep 72; more specimens in one grave is unheard of.) 243 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 23.5, d 17.3. Gellep 72. 244 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 24, d 19. Gellep 72. 249 Small glass botle with glass coil, h 9.8, d 7.7. Gellep 198. ‘Platenmakergas’, apparently 1947 and 1948. 250 Small glass botle, h 12.4, d 8. Gellep 202. 251 Small glass botle with cylindrical body, h 11, d 6.4. Isings 102a. 252 Glass small botle with deep kick, h 10, d 4.2. Gellep 698. Korte Nieuwstraat, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 229). 253 Smooth jug, handle missing, h 23.5, d 13. Gellep 77. 254 Bronze sewing needle, l 6.5. 255 Stone spindle-whorl. Korte Nieuwstraat, 11 July 1932, found during construction of warehouse Van Campen Bros., Korte Nieuwstraat 23 and Grutberg 12 (Daniëls 1955, 229). 256 ‘Ubbergen’ coarse botle with tulip-shaped mouth, decorated with horizontal groups of grooves between which rouleting in one or two Doddendaal, waterworks 1882 (Verslag 1882 Pl. II 2; Daniëls 1955, 260v). 245 Colourless glass footed beaker with ive horizontal grooves of a new shape, h 8.2, found in: 246 a handmade potery beaker, h 9.3, d 9.8. Bathhouse between Doddendaal and Kronenburgerpark, 1882 247 Coarse dish, d 20.8, h 3.4. Gellep 128. ‘Platenmakerstraat-Snijderstraat’, apparently 1948. 248 Small globular glass jar with horizontal lip proiled on the outside, h 5.2, d 6.2. Isings 68. B stray 256 29 — rows of square impressions, h 20.6, d 12.8. Black-and-white photo: Enckevort et al. 2000a, 108, right. colour photo: Enckevort 2000b, 25, botom let. Lange Nieuwstraat, stray ind during excavations 1960 257 Terra sigillata plate, d 20, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). erroneously been counted twice in this study: it is also known as grave B 612. Pauwelstraat, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 229). 263 Terra sigillata beaker, h 10.5, d 8. Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333). 264 Fine dark coloured beaker, neck missing for the greater part, preserved h 13, d 9.5. Symonds 61 incised. 265 Terra sigillata bowl, h 7, d 15. Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325). ‘Burchtstraat/Nieuwstraat’, apparently 1953. 258 This number has been dropped: it referred to the same beaker as B stray 76. Mariënburgplein, near the wall of the Arsenal, 1953 ‘Burchtstraat near town hall’, 1951. Acquired by Museum Kam from art dealer Essers in Nijmegen. 259 Lead open lamp, no data. Lange Burchtstraat, apparently house number 1, 1950 266 Coarse jug, h 12. Small variant of Gellep 115. 267 Footed bowl of terra nigra, h 7.5, d 10. Gellep 274. 268 Terra sigillata plate with stamp LOSSA FEC, d 19. Oswald: late-Antonine, from Trier. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). Mariënburgplein, under the foundations of the Arsenal, SE side, 1961 260 Small hand-made globular biconical jar, d 13, h 7. 269 Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine decoration, h 17.5. Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a). Lange Burchtstraat, no. 16A, acquired 1938, found many years before (Daniëls 1955, 252). Mariënburg, W of the chapel, opposite the Arsenal, January 1965 261 Bronze turning key, l 6.5. 270 Smooth jug with collar and horizontal painted bands, h 22.2, d 15.4. ± Gellep 263. Environs of Castle (Burcht: the castle on the Valkhof, demolished 1796), before 1758 (date of appearance of Cannegieter’s study) Mariënburg, gardens, 1644. V Coins. VI Fine dark coloured moto-beaker or botle [‘zwart kruikje’], DA BIBERE; in view of the length of the text, probably a Künzl 1.6.2 (medium sized beaker) or Künzl 14 (botle); the diminutive suix -je precludes a large beaker Künzl 1.6.1. Grutberg, 1955. ‘Sketch of the exact site present’ (not found) 262 Brown-marbled (and spoted) double-handled jug, h 30.5, d 22. Gellep 72. This item has ‘Ziekerstraat’ (lower margin of map) 1907 (Daniëls 1955, 255). 271 Terra sigillata jug, h 14.6, d 7.9. Chenet 343c. 30 — D Possibly earlier Roman inds from the area of the Late Roman cemetery 275 Fragment of a pointed amphora Haltern 70, preserved h 80, neck and handles missing. Lange Burchtstraat, 1910 (Daniëls 1955, 251). Smetius, Oppidum Batavorum, Amsterdam 1644, 29 = (Dutch translation, Nijmegen 1999, 65-66). The passage is discussed in Daniëls (1955, 249-50). In secunda Regione ad Meridiem, cum aquaeductum foderent, ex lacu, qui in colle arci adverso perpetuo stagnat in subjectam plateam, aliqua, & nuper admodum in vicinia, major ruderum & tophi vis efossa & retecta. In horto aedium quas e regione ejusdem lacus, Wilhelmus Ruhr, Equitum sub D. Somelsdyckio ductore habitat, vidi testarum, laterum, incrustationumque antiquarum miscellas cum altiuscule fodissent ejectas, & nummum Octaviani Augusti vicino in horto inventum. Translation: In the second region on the southside [Kelkensbos, to the W of the Valkhof], when they were digging an aquaduct from the pool on the hill opposite the castle that allways loods the lower street, a mass of ruins and tufa was dug up and brought to light; the same happened nearby a short time ago. In the garden of the house that Willem Ruhr lives in, of the horsemen under command of Mr Van Sommelsdijck, I saw a mixture of sherds, tiles and ancient stucco being thrown out when they were digging rather deep, and a coin of Octavianus Augustus found in a nearby garden. Lange Burchtstraat, 1879, apparently during construction of waterworks (Daniëls 1955, 251). 272 Smooth jug, h 22.5, d 12. Gellep 77. 273 Smooth jug, h 22.5, d 14. Gellep 423. 274 Smooth jug, h 18.5, d 13. Gellep 422. Lange Burchtstraat, opposite Van Stockumstraatje, sewerage 1908 (Daniëls 1955, 251). 276 Smooth jug, h 19.5, d 12. Gellep 423. 277 Smooth jug, h 19.5, d 12. Gellep 423. Lange Nieuwstraat, from a irst-century guter, excavations 1957. 278 Stone cosmetic palete, rectangular, with a lat and a faceted side, l 3, w 2. ‘Ziekerstraat’ (under lower margin of the map) 1907 (Daniëls 1955, 255). 279 First-century lamp with handle; on the discus: bull atacked by bear. Loeschcke type 1. Pauwelstaat 1949/1950, remains of an empty tile grave (‘Ziegelgrab’: Daniëls 1955, 247). (Verlengde) St Jorisstraat, sewerage of the house with number 34, on 27 June 1907 (Verslag 1907). Large tufa sarcophagus with lid, E-W. Reconstructed measurements outside 232 x 80-90 x 63, inside 200 x 50-55 x 40 cm. Contained ‘ine’ human bones and grave goods. There is a problem with the date. Doppelfeld (1967, 267, no. D 64, pl. 100) dates a small botle with gold thread to III-IV, and a knife to IIcd (1967, 318, no. F 40). Harden (1987/1988, 125-6) dates the grave to IIIcd; Von Boeselager (1989, 32-3), who discusses the entire content, dates it to IIIa. Nota bene: Other tufa sarcophagi of clearly second-century date, published in Leemans 1842, and another one found outside the former St. Joris gate, published by Abeleven/Bijleveld 1895 under inventory number BA V 3, clearly do not belong to the Late Roman cemetery and are not treated here. 280 Tufa sarcophagus. 281 Flat-bodied glass botle on foot with cylindrical neck and funnelshaped mouth surrounded by glass coil; deco- 31 — B stray 280-286 rations on the body of blue, white and gilt glass thread, h 20.5. Isings/Van Lith (1992, 18-20, with colour photograph) date this botle from Cologne to IIB-IIIcd. 282 Small square white glass botle with short neck and two handles. 283 Thin glass cosmetic bowl or mirror, d 7. 284 Iron clasp-knife with amber handle (lying dog licks his hind leg). Traces of textile. 285 Beside the sarcophagus, head end: bronze candle-stick. 286 Beside it a glass jug or botle, disintegrated. ‘Broerstraat’, juni 1952. Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden. Acquired June 1952 from art dealer Essers in Nijmegen, with reported provenance ‘Broerstraat, next to former Roman Catholic church and near department store Van den Borg’. This group of objects did not igure in documentations on which the ind catalogue is based and turned up ater all ind numbers had been assigned. A tenth piece (RMO e 1952/6.10) was of unknown provenance: a third-century Drag. 36 with worn barbotine. The ith piece of this group, a irst-century Hofeim 55, makes the entire group suspect. 287 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 20.2, d 11.8. Graito HDM or HDMV on neck. Symonds 61 grooved. 288 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, M•I•S•C•E• three dots in a vertical row•, h 10.3, d 7.8. Künzl 1.4.1m. 289 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 11.1, d 8.4. Symonds 61 smooth. 290 Fine dark coloured moto bowl, F•E•L•I•X• dots in the shape of an Y•, h 7.1, d 8. Künzl 7.5. 291 Smooth yellowish white jug with double-barreled handle, lentoid mouth with in-turned lip; upper part has a thin transparent grey slip.H 12.5, d 9.7. Hofeim 55 = Gose 373. This irst-century shape is described and depicted here for the sake of completeness, but it is not discussed in the typology. 292 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on inside and wide based, h 7.2, d 15. Gellep 121. 293 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 8.9, d 15.7. Gellep 120. 294 Coarse dish, carelessly made and warped, h 4-5, d 15-16.3. Gellep 126. 295 Small terra sigillata bowl, d 12.1, h 5.1. Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c). Finishing with a stick on the underside of the rim has let a wavy groove. Thin spots of slip show the ingertips of a right hand that held it when it was dipped in. 32 — E Stray inds of Roman and Frankish origin in excavation trenches of Inner City Cemetery 296 (Broerkerk 1951): Late Roman bronze pin from a medieval or recent grave. 297 (Kerkegasje 1949): coin: Gratian, aes III, 367-375, Lyon, RIC 20(c). 298 (Broerkerk 1952): coin: Gratian, aes III, 367-375, Lyon, RIC 20(c). 299 (Broerstraat 1952): coin: aes III, 330-402. 300 Just E of the head end of grave B 299 a stray ind, not considered by the excavator to be from a grave: Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 29, d 22.4. Gellep 71. 301 A fragment of a handmade Harpstedt pot, found some meters to the NE of grave B 250. Bodyshoulder-rim fragment, 10.5x10.5x0.4, d rim 10. Globular body, horizontal rim. Horizontal row of eight round inprints, d 0.5, on shoulder; seven such inprints on rim. 302 A terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), d 30, thrown up by a bulldozer between graves B 749 and B 750. 303 (Mariënburg 1963) A spiral ibula with case (not drawn). 304 (Mariënburg 1963) A very large Claudian eye ibula. 305 (Mariënburg 1963) Fragment of a coarse dish (not drawn). 306 (Mariënburg 1952?) Flat piece of sandstone 9x5x1.8 with square deepenings on both sides, used as a grindstone. Finds B stray 307-315 are fragments of Frankish carinated jars. It should be noted that all Frankish inds, which concentrate on the Grutberg, are stray inds. As almost entire stray Frankish vessels were found there earlier (B stray 146-157), there may have been Frankish graves in that area, but these were not found during careful excavations, which did result in the inds B stray 307-315. 307 At 1.25 m to the SSW of grave B 601, ‘in a large dark discoloration of the illings of earlier and later graves’ (nothing of the sort indicated on the overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16): a Frankish carinated jar, h 17.2, d 21.8, damaged and incomplete. On its shoulder four horizontal zones of rouleted decoration: two impressed small squares one above the other. Two horizontal grooves at transition shoulder-neck. Siegmund KWT 2.22, phase 8, AD 610-640. 308 This number has been dropped. It referred to the same carinated jar as B stray 311. 309 (Broerstraat 1952) Body sherd of a Frankish carinated jar with rouleted decoration: dashes, dots, St Andrew’s crosses. Siegmund KWT 3.11-12, phase 6, AD 570-585. 310-315 Apparently in the same excavation trench as graves B 578 - B 586, several fragments of Frankish carinated jars came to light, unfortunately as ill-documented stray inds. Of these, two bases and a small rim fragment cannot be assigned to a type. Others do have clear parallels with good chronologies in the typology of Siegmund (1998, 204-5, ig. 81), who calls them Knickwandtöpfe (KWT). 310 Convex base of a Frankish pot, d base 4.4, preserved h 2.4. 311 To the W of B 583, in an unclear context, a rimwall fragment of a Frankish carinated jar with four horizontal grooves on the shoulder, vertical imprints on the carination, and groups of three and four vertical lines on the lower body, preserved h 12, d unknown. Siegmund KWT 1.11, phase 3, AD 485-530. 312 Rim-shoulder-wall fragment of a Frankish carinated jar with high concave rim, with nine incised horizontal lines, preserved h 7, d 13. Siegmund KWT 1.22, phase 4, AD 530-555. 313 Base fragment of a carinated Frankish jar, d base 4.4, preserved h 4.4. 314 Wall sherd with carination of a Frankish carinated jar with on the shoulder two rows of oblique impressions of an oval stamp (2x5 preserved), containing three vertical rows of four square impressions, preserved h 8, d unknown. Siegmund KWT 2.21, phase 4, AD 530-555. 315 Wall fragment, 8x6 cm, of a Frankish carinated jar with two lat cordons and carination, decorated with four rows of rouleted decoration between the cordons and two between the lowest cordon and the carination. Roulete: square of 2x2 square impressions, two groups of three horizontal dashes above each other, two short rectangular impressions one above the other, 33 — square of 2x2 square impressions, one group of three horizontal dashes above each other, square of 2x2 square impressions. Siegmund KWT 4.3, phase 9, AD 640-670. 316 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230, countermark VAR, found in trench 131 as number 131/28. 317 In a posthole or rubbish pit to the S of B 677, and to the W of B 680, at NAP 30.30, a complete bronze wire ibula (‘soldier’s ibula’), l 5.2. tween the Hugo de Grootstraat in the W, the Jan van Goyenstraat in the S, the Pater Brugmanstraat in the E, and the Barbarossastraat in the N. (What is now the S half of the Hugo de Grootstraat, had the name Van Rosendaelstraat up to c.1957 (Daniëls 1955, 309, ig. 137).) In the same area, at a lower level, there is a irst-century cemetery, indicated with O since Mr Kam dubbed it that way. Daniëls writes: “PLOT O In May 2008, the daughter of a former general practitioner in Nijmegen brought four pieces, most likely originating from the Inner City Cemetery, from the possessions of her deceased father to Museum Het Valkhof: numbers B stray 318-321. Measurements unknown. B stray 318319 will remain in the possession of her son, whereas B stray 320-321 have been acquired by the museum. 318 A jug of imitation terra sigillata Gellep 43, lip damaged but otherwise complete. On the maximum diameter, between horizontal wavy lines, M•I•T•T•E•M•E•R•V•M; below, a running scroll (Künzl element 188). 319 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72 with white decoration on the shoulder. 320 A glass beaker Gellep 194, incomplete but with complete proile, h c.40. 321 A glass beaker Gellep 521, all but complete. Finally, it should be mentioned here what Mr J.R.A.M. Thijssen told me: a works-clerk of the rebuilding of the town hall in the 1970s possesses a group of stray inds. This group, apparently kept in Beuningen, could not be retrieved. CEMETERY OO Daniëls (1955, 325-330) discusses the value of the signatures with which stray inds from the cemeteries on the Hunerberg (as opposed to that of the inner city) are indicated. The following translated quotations are important for the understanding of the Late Roman cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), as known then: the block be- The report by Weve [Bull. Oudk. Bond 1st series IV (1903) 196-8] was apparently writen as a reaction to the shocking plunder of that year ‘of a plot of waste land E of the Hugo de Grootstraat’, i.e. the plot indicated by Kam with O (and OO). (..) Although I was not specially interested in such maters then, I remember that digging fury well. I have the impression that it was very much furthered by more or less large-scale unemployment; and that, due to particular circumstances of the ownership of the plot, the police only intervened when the surrounding roads were being undermined. Mr Kam did save part of the inds, but much disappeared to elsewhere then. Litle of what was or got broken remained. So the Kam collection comprised few fragments for a long time. (..) Finds during construction of a livery-stable and house in the Hugo de Grootstraat (so that of Mr Wolf, nos 26-28 in the upper part of the street, E side). Among other things, two strata, diference in depth 2 m. In the upper stratum so far 10-12 half-decayed skeletons, next to one another in a regular way, heads to the E. Traces of wooden coins - Constantian coin. (..) Naturally, some inds had been made in this area before. This certainly concerns the acquisition of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden [RMO] in Leiden (Annual Report RMO 1896-7, 13-4), from the 34 — then well-known Nijmegen antique dealer Grandjean and found ‘on the Hunerberg, now Ten Hoetstraat, on a spot where also many corpses were found’. This latest remark probably explains the very late inds that were always made, beside the very early ones, on the same plot. (..) In a similar way, the ‘very beautiful Roman and Frankish antiquities’ found on the Berg en Dalseweg and then in possesion of the aforesaid Grandjean probably come from plot O and its environs (Annual Report RMO 1900-1, 215). This ind seems not to have been acquired by Leiden at that time. Mr Kam’s well-known laboratory atendant and handy-man, Mr Janssen, always assured me that a cemetery on top of another one was found.” Stuart (1977, 6) treats the problem of irst-century inds from cemetery O that got erroneously the signature OO (of the fourth-century cemetery on the same plot) in the museum inventory card index and sums them up in his list (Stuart 1977, 79-89, signature 1 (OO)). Two of these pieces had found a place in the catalogue below of the stray inds from cemetery OO and have been dropped: OO stray 216 (= inventory number VII.b.38) and OO stray 238 (= inventory number VII.m.6). A prehistoric ind that had crept in, OO stray 15 (= inventory number AA.145), has also been dropped. I may add that no certain stray inds are known from cemetery OO from the last decades of the nineteenth century, when the residential quarter was being built upon it. This may be due to a protecting layer of earth added when the Nijmegen medieval fortiications were demolished. Nevertheless, it has come to my notice that a group of stray inds, come to light during the construction of the Wilhelmina Hospital (now Nursing-home Margriet) is in the possession of the widow of a Nijmegen antique dealer. She is unwilling to show them to anyone outside her family (pers. comm. R. Hoek, who did not reveal her name). ‘Barbarossastraat’ 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 30.8. Gellep 72. See also numbers OO stray 300-12, come to my notion ater all other numbers had been assigned. ‘Batavierenweg’, September 1902 2 Terra sigillata small bowl, h 4.8, d 12.8. Gellep 27 (= Chenet 314b). 3 Terra sigillata bowl with rouleted decoration of Hübener’s group 5/6, h 8.9, d 19.1. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). ‘Reinaldstraat’ (the R on Kam’s map shows this to be Barbarossastraat, S side); OO stray 15: corner Reinaldstraat-Batavierenweg, 28 March 1936 (Daniëls 1955, 97; igs. 42-43 on p. 71-73). 4 Terra sigillata bowl, h 10.1, d 19.9. Gellep 35. 5 Terra sigillata plate, d 20, h 5.6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 6 Terra sigillata plate, d 24.7-25.2, h 7. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 7 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15, d 9.6. Symonds 61 incised. 8 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12, d 13.6. Gellep 106. 9 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, h 7.5, d 14.2. Gellep 122. 10 Coarse dish, d 18.6, h 5. Gellep 128. 11 Coarse dish, h 4.8, d 18.4. Gellep 128. 12 Coarse dish, d 15.8, h 3.7. Gellep 128. 13 Globular glass jar with horizontal lip folded outward, downward and inward, h 15.2. Isings 67a. 14 Almost hemispherical glass bowl with slightly everted lip, d 18.6, h 7. Decoration engraved on the outside, from top to bottom: two pairs of horizontal grooves on the lip; two zones of vertical oval dashes; zone with lozenges, each subdivided in 3x3 compartments and divided from one another by two horizontal dashes top and botom; a zone of vertical oval dashes; and in the centre a chequer patern of groups of three horizontal and three vertical dashes. Gellep 222. 15 Number dropped. 16 Tegula with stamp LXG, stamp like Brunsting/ Steures (1995, 1997) no. 62, but with ansae. 35 — ‘Ten Hoetstraat’ 17 Small terra sigillata beaker on foot, with lat shoulder, neck and everted lip, painted with three white horizontal bands, h 7.6, d 6.8. Chenet 334c. 18 Brown-marbled jug with conical mouth piece, h 18, d 12. Gellep 261 or 742. 19 Small terra sigillata beaker on foot, h 11.4, d 6.8. Nijmegen 4, like Chenet 338, without decoration. 20 Terra sigillata small bowl, measurements unknown. Gellep 30. 21 Fine dark coloured beaker with painted decoration: vague traces of a moto in the upper frieze and vague tendril in the lower frieze, h 16.1, d 10. Künzl 1.6.2. ‘Ten Hoetdwarsstraat’ 22 Terra sigillata plate, d 17.4, h 4.5. Gellep 38. 23 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.9, d 9.4. Symonds 61 smooth. 24 Coarse jug, h 22, d 16.7. Gellep 115. 25 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and wide base, h 6.8, d 14.6. Gellep 121. 26 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and with constricted foot, h 9.5, d 17.8. Gellep 120. 27 Terra sigillata bowl with stamp OF CRES, h 3.9, d 16.6. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). ‘Hugo de Grootstraat’ 28 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, VIVAS, h 11.6, d 8.5. Künzl 1.4.1m. 29 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 13.5, d 8.8. Symonds 61 grooved. 30 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 13.2, d 8.1. Symonds 61 grooved. 31 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 11.1, d 8.4. Symonds 61 smooth. 32 bowl, not found in depot. 33 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 20.8, d 12.9. Gellep 115. 34 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 21, d 14. Gellep 115. 35 Smooth jug with slightly constricted foot, four reddish brown painted horizontal bands and pinched spout, h 21.2, d 14.6. Gellep 80. 36 Coarse jug with wide base, narrow neck and pinched spout, h 12.5, d 10.2. Gellep 673. 37 Not found in depot. 38 Open 8-shaped lamp of a grey ware, measurements unknown. 39 Terra sigillata plate, d 25, h 5.6. Gellep 41. 40 Terra sigillata plate with stamp MODEST F, d 16.9, h 3.3. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 41 Terra sigillata plate with stamp BASSI, d 16.1, h 3.4. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 42 Terra sigillata, not found in museum depot. 43 Fragmentary terra sigillata beaker with barbotine under the coating and remains of moto -] O P [ -, preserved h 14.5. Gellep 16. 44 Terra sigillata plate, d 24.4. h 5.7. Gellep 40. 45 ‘Top part of a small botle with handle’, glass, not found in depot. 46 Bronze statuete of Hercules mingens: see Zadoks/Peters/Witeveen 1973, 10, no. 10. 47 Two bronze pins, one with a baluster-shaped head, l 13.5, one with a pomegranate-shaped head, l 10. 48 Silver-plated bronze lid mirror, d mirror 7.4, d lid 7.5. 49 Bronze hook with eyelet. Not found in depot. 50 Small metal horseshoe. Not found in depot. 51 Bronze sewing-needle with lat long eyelet, l 7.4. 52 Bronze ear-pick, pointed at the other end, l 12.4. 53 Bronze ear-pick, pointed at the other end, l 11.4. 54 Weight of a steelyard. Not found in museum depot. ‘Pasture Hugo de Grootstraat’, 1903; OO stray 59a was found on the same plot, then still a pasture, in March 1940. 55 Small terra sigillata bowl, h 5.5, d 11.4. Gellep 29. 56 Terra sigillata plate, d 16.8, d 3.6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 57 Terra sigillata plate with rouleted decoration on proiled lip, d 26, h 7.8. Chenet 313i. 58 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, d 12.8, h 5.4. Gellep 122. 59 Coarse dish, d 19.4, h 5. Gellep 513. 59a (transferred later from OO stray 239) Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22.3, h 5.8. Gellep 126. Livery-stable Wolf, Hugo de Grootstraat E side, no. 26-28, December 1919 60 Slender conical glass beaker, incised with a group of horizontal lines at the top and some horizontal lines below, h 14.2, d 8. Gellep 185. 36 — ‘E side Hugo de Grootstraat’, 4 April 1928 61 This piece of potery, a pot, according to its inventory number, was not found in the museum depot. Hugo de Grootstraat W side, construction of school Klokkenberg, 1951 OO stray 62 at Hugo de Grootstraat 12, OO stray 63 at HdGstr 16, OO stray 64 at HdGstr 20, OO stray 65 at HdGstr 32(?), OO stray 66 at HdGstr 36. 62 Fine dark coloured botle with white painted decoration (tendril, two dots, branch, two dots, etc.), lacking lip; preserved h 16.4, d 12.6. Künzl 14.2.2. 63 Brown-marbled double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 19, d 14.2. Gellep 72. 64 Terra sigillata plate, d 25, h 5.6. Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 65 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.4, d 9.6. Symonds 61 grooved. 66 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 21.8, d 11.2. Symonds 61 incised. Hugo de Grootstraat, rebuilding of Klokkenberg school, 1963 OO stray 67 at HdGstr 43, OO stray 68-69 (Wynia 1963) 67 Part of a silver tutulus ibula: botom plate with spring and pin, and a central hole for the pin that fastened the now missing upper part; more than half of the wall, conspicuously notched at the top; d 4.1, preserved h 2.3 (from tip of pin to notching). Böhme type Nijmegen. 68 Fine dark coloured beaker on narrow foot, h 14.4, d 9.2. Symonds 61 grooved. 69 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 17.6, h 4.4. Gellep 126. ‘Wilhelmina Hospital’ (the later Pavilion Margriet, now Nursing-home Margriet; see also the last paragraph before OO stray 1) 70 According to its inventory number, a pot. Not found in museum depot. 71 According to its inventory number, a beaker. Not found in museum depot. 72 Terra sigillata beaker, measurements unknown. Gellep 16. ‘OO’ or ‘OO?’, no further data. The diferent wares are presented in the order of the typology and are indicated by headings. Within these wares, types are also enumerated in the order of the typology. If there are more specimens of one type, they are given in the order of their inventory numbers. These inventory numbers may be looked up in Appendices 2a and 2b. Only here, abbreviations for the wares indicated in the headings are used, in order not to be all too repetitive. OO: terra sigillata (ts) 73 Small ts beaker, h 9.8. Gellep 14. 74 Small ts beaker, h 10.2. Gellep 14. 75 Ts beaker with barbotine decoration of tendrils and dots under the coating. Gellep 16. 76 Small ts bowl, d 10, h 4.4. Drag. 33. 77 Small ts bowl, d 9.6, h 4.4. Drag. 33. 78 Ts bowl, h 7.5, d 14.2. Gellep 25. 79 Ts bowl, h 5.5, d 12.3. Gellep 26. 80 Ts bowl, h 5.1, d 11. Gellep 30. 81 Ts bowl, d 13, h 5.6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 82 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 14.2, h 6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 83 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration, h 9.1, d 18.4. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 84 Ts bowl with three horizontal grooves, between which incised decoration, h 6.7, d 15.2. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 85 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration, h 6.5, d 14.7. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 86 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration, d 14.2, h 6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 87 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 13.4, h 6.4. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 88 Ts bowl with rouletted decoration of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 13.8, h 6. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 89 Ts bowl with rouleted decoration of small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2), d 17.6, h 7.8. Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320). 90 Ts bowl with barbotine decoration of tendrils and dots under the coating, d 20.6, h 10.8. Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325). 91 Ts mortarium with monster head with large ears (bat?) around the spout, d 19.6, h 9.8. Gellep 249. 92 Ts plate with stamp MARTIAL(is) FE(cit), d 16.6, h 4.4. Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). 93 Ts plate, d 28.9, h 7.3. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 94 Ts plate, d 31.4, h 8.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 37 — 95 Ts plate, d 16.2, h 4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 96 Ts plate, d 17.6, h 4.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 97 Ts plate, d 18, h 5. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 98 Ts plate, d 24, h 6.4. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 99 Ts plate, d 23.8, h 6. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 100 Ts plate, d 28.8, h 7.1. Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A). 101 Ts plate, d 20, h 4.8. Gellep 39 (= Chenet 309A). 102 Ts plate, d 30.6, h 7.2. Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 103 Ts plate, d 19.7, h 4.9. Gellep 41. 104 Ts plate, d 26.6, h 6.3. Niederbieber 5b = Gellep 563. OO: imitation of ts 105 Jug of brownish imitation of ts, h 10.8. Gellep 42. 106 Jug of imitation of ts, h 18.9. Gellep 43. 107 Jug of imitation of ts, h 22.3, with two grooves on the neck, a groove between neck and globular body, under which a tendril in white paint (comparable with Künzl’s elements 186187) between horizontal lines (one above, two below). Gellep 43. 108 Jug of imitation of ts, h 20.7, with a decoration of painted white tendril on the body (cf. Künzl’s element 186). Gellep 43. 109 Jug of imitation of ts, h 17.6, with traces of white painted decoration on the body. Gellep 43. 110 Jug of imitation of ts, h 21, with white painted decoration on the body: tendril and dots (no comparable element in Künzl 1997). 111 Jug of imitation of ts, h 23.9, with white painted decoration on the body: tendril and dots (no comparable element in Künzl 1997). OO: terra nigra (tn) 112 Grey tn beaker, h 10.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 113 Grey tn beaker, h 9.3. Symonds 61 smooth. 114 Grey tn beaker, h 16.6. Symonds 61 smooth. 115 Grey tn beaker, h 14.7. Symonds 61 with incised groove. 116 Folded beaker of grey tn, h 17. Symonds 62. 117 Folded small beaker of grey tn, h 9.4. Symonds 62. 118 Low shouldered grey tn beaker, h 9.8, d 7.4. Symonds 65. OO: ine dark coloured ware (fdc); S = Symonds; K = Künzl 119 Fdc folded beaker, h 12.3, d 11. S14. 120 Fdc jug with white painted decoration, h 15.6, d 8.4. Gellep 257 (a simpliied version of K12.1.3 (without lip proile; with white painted decoration from just below the max diameter up to the moulding on the neck: running scroll (K element 188), dots and simple tendrils. 121 Fdc folded beaker, h 16.7. S35. 122 Fdc jar with nearly vertical lip, d 11, h 8.8. Gellep 57. 123 Fdc beaker, h 19.7. S61 smooth. 124 Fdc beaker, h 18.6. S61 smooth. 125 Fdc beaker, h 13.7. S61 smooth. 126 Fdc beaker, h 12.7. S61 smooth. 127 Fdc beaker, h 13.3. S61 smooth. 128 Fdc beaker, h 15.5. S61 smooth. 129 Fdc beaker, h 16. S61 smooth. 130 Fdc beaker, h 13.8. S61 smooth. 131 Fdc beaker, h 15. S61 smooth. 132 Fdc beaker, h 14. S61 smooth. 133 Fdc beaker, h 14.6. S61 smooth. 134 Fdc beaker, h 13.9. S61 smooth. 135 Fdc beaker, h 13.9. S61 smooth. 136 Fdc beaker, h 19. S61 incised. 137 Fdc beaker, h 18.9. S61 incised. 138 Terra nigra beaker, h 15.9. S61 incised (Holwerda 1941, type 66c, no. 622). 139 Terra nigra beaker, h 17. S61 incised (Holwerda 1941, type 66c, no. 621). NB According to the inventory index card of IX.l.5 = OO stray 139, this piece was found in April 1904 together with OO stray 181, 176, IX l 86 (not found in depot), and Remainder stray 5-8 plus IX l 109 (neither found in card index nor in depot). These are, respectively, a Künzl 1.6.1, a Künzl 1.4.1m, an unidentiied piece, a Symonds 61 smooth (with faked graito POTENS), and three beakers Symonds 61 incised plus an unidentiied piece. This would mean that a small and a large ine dark coloured moto-beaker and ive ine dark coloured beakers plus two unidentiied pieces were found in one grave. However, the largest number of ine dark coloured beakers in one grave found during regular excavations is four, in grave OO 70. So we may consider this ind report as false as the graito POTENS in this group. As no site is indicated of four of these beakers, these have been relegated to the category Remainder stray, with numbers 5-8. 140 Fdc beaker, h 19.7. S61 incised. 141 Fdc beaker, h 12.5. S61 incised. 142 Fdc beaker, h 25.1. S61 38 — incised. 143 Fdc beaker, h 19.9. S61 incised. 144 Fdc beaker, h 18.4. S61 incised. 145 Fdc beaker, h 17.2. S61 incised. 146 Fdc beaker, h 16. S61 incised. 147 Fdc beaker, h 16.7. S61 incised. 148 Fdc beaker, h 17.2. S61 incised. 149 Fdc beaker, h 14.9. S61 incised. 150 Fdc beaker, h 15.8. S61 incised. 151 Fdc beaker, h 15.3. S61 incised. 152 Fdc beaker, h 14.8. S61 incised. 153 Fdc beaker, h 15.6. S61 incised. 154 Fdc beaker, h 13.1. S61 incised. 155 Fdc beaker, h 13.4. S61 incised. 156 Fdc beaker, h 15.7. S61 incised. 157 Fdc beaker, h 20.6. S61 incised. 158 Fdc beaker, h 18.9. S61 grooved. 159 Fdc beaker, h 16.1. S61 grooved. 160 Fdc beaker, h 16.8. S61 grooved. 161 Fdc beaker, h 15.1. S61 grooved. 162 Fdc beaker, h 15.5. S61 grooved. 163 Incomplete fdc beaker, neck missing for a large part, preserved h 12.6. S61 grooved. 164 Fdc beaker, h 16.1. S61 grooved. 165 Fdc beaker, h 14.7. S61 grooved. 166 Fdc beaker, h 15.4, d 9.2. S61 smooth. 167 Fdc beaker, h 15.9. S61 with incised groove. 168 Fdc beaker, h 15.6. S61 incised and grooved. 169 Fdc beaker, h 14.4, d 8.8. S61 incised and grooved. 170 Fdc folded beaker, h 17.6. S62. 171 Fdc folded beaker, h 17.2. S62. 172 Fdc folded beaker, h 11.2. S62. 173 Fdc beaker with white painted decoration: running scroll (K element 188), h 12. K1.4.1d. 174 Fdc beaker with white painted decoration: running scroll (K element 188), h 11.4, d 8.4. K1.4.1d. 175 Fdc beaker with white painted decoration: running scroll (K element 188), h 9.7. K1.4.1d. 176 Fdc motobeaker, h 9.1, with white painted decoration: D•A•M•I•:. K1.4.1m. See NB ater OO stray 139. 177 Fdc folded beaker, h 14.1, with white painted decoration and alternatingly round and oblong dents. K1.4.2. 178 Fdc moto-beaker, h 23.7, with white painted decoration: M•I•S•C•E between wavy lines, and underneath running and connected scroll (about K element 188). K1.6.1. 179 Fdc moto-beaker, h 20.3, with white painted decoration: F•E•L•I•X•S•I•S, under which a band of branches alternating with spiraling dots; on the body two incised horizontal lines. K1.6.1. 180 Fdc moto-beaker, h 18.9, with white painted decoration: E:M:E:M:E between a doted line above and a wavy line underneath. K1.6.1. 181 Fdc moto-beaker, h 18.9, LVDITE painted in white between two barbotine doted lines in an incised band, the botom one being orange. Under it, a barbotine decoration: lowers from a circle with white barbotine leaves and stems, under which again a white barbotine doted line. K1.6.1. See NB ater OO stray 139. 182 Fdc botle, h 11.4, with traces of white paint. K14.3.1. 183 Fdc moto-botle, h 15.8, with white painted decoration: M•I•S•C•E between wavy lines; underneath a zone with running scroll (K element 188) and again a wavy line. K14.5. 184 Fdc small bowl, h 9, with white painted decoration: running scroll (K element 188). K7.5. 185 Fdc small bowl, h 6.9. K7.5. OO: reddish brown painted potery 186 Painted coarse jug with pinched spout, h 24.4, d 13. Gellep 65. OO: brown-marbled potery (bm) 187 Bm mug (thick-walled beaker with handle), h 13, d 8.6. Nijmegen 75. 188 Bm miniature globular amphora with white dots on the shoulder, h 12.6, d 9.4. Nijmegen 83, miniature of Gellep 443. 189 Bm double-handled jug, h 18.8. Gellep 71. 190 Bm double-handled jug, h 16.7. Gellep 71. 191 Bm double-handled jug with white dots on the shoulder, h 26.8. Gellep 72. 192 Bm doublehandled jug with white painted decoration of running scroll (about Künzl element 188) on the shoulder, h 25.8. Gellep 72. 193 Bm double-handled jug with white painted decoration of standing arcs and dots on the shoulder, h 17.6, d 13.4. Gellep 72. Was erroneously crowned in the museum by a stoppper, no. 194. This stopper is however not mentioned on the inventory index card: it was found on jug Remainder stray 16, a Gellep 71. 194 Bm stopper with conical lower part and a decorative part of three disks of diminishing size, crowned by a hemisphere on a moulding; total h 8.8, h decorative part 6.2, d 6.4. Central cylindrical cavity, d 0.4, depth 7.6. Nijmegen 82. 195 Bm double-handled jug with white painted decoration of standing arcs and dots on the shoulder, h 17.5. Gellep 72. 196 Bm 39 — double-handled jug, h 25. Gellep 72. 197 Bm double-handled jug, h 25.9. Gellep 72. OO: smooth potery (sp) 198 Sp white high-shouldered jar with everted neck and small horizontal lip, h 17.8. ± Gellep 411. 199 Sp white jug with moulding on neck, ive horizontal brown bands on the body and a strongly constricted foot, h 18.4. Gellep 79. 200 Sp, hard ired reddish slender jug with collar and everted proiled lip, h 24.2, d 11.4. Gellep 83a. 201 Globular sp double-handled jug with wide vertical lip, of thin-walled red potery, h 19.9, d 15.6. Nijmegen 106. 202 Sp double-handled jug with smooth rim, h 29.5. Gellep 84a. 203 Sp double-handled jug with smooth rim, h 24.2. Gellep 84a. 204 Sp double-handled jug with smooth rim, h 17.6. Gellep 84a. 205 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cylindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 25.2. Gellep 85a. 206 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cylindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 18.5. Gellep 85a. 207 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cylindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 12.1. Gellep 85a. 208 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cylindrical foot, carinated lower wall, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 20.7. ± Gellep 85a. 209 Sp white double-handled jug with narrow cylindrical foot, carinated shoulder and triangular rim, h 17.8. Gellep 85a. 210 Sp large red double-handled jug, h 32. Gellep 91. 211 Incomplete shape: amphora stopper of thick sp potery, lacking rim, preserved h 7, d 5. Gellep 441 (= Stuart 151). OO: coarse potery 212 Coarse jar, h 14.6. Gellep 102. 213 Coarse folded jar, h 14.5, d 14.2. Gellep 103. 214 Coarse folded jar, h 12.5. Gellep 103. 215 Coarse jar, h 10.2, d 8.8. Gellep 104. 216 Number dropped. 217 Coarse cooking-pot with lid-seating, h 20.8, d 20.6. Gellep 105. 218 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.3, d 13. Gellep 106. 219 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 9.8. Gellep 106. 220 Fragment of a coarse small cooking-pot, preserved h 7.2, d 11.8. Gellep 106. 221 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 10.4, d 12.2. Gellep 106. 222 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 11.6, d 13. Gellep 106. 223 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 10.4, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 224 Coarse cookingpot with handle and undercut lip, h 12, d 12; handle broken of. ± Gellep 109. 225 Coarse cookingpot with handle, h 13.2. Gellep 109. 226 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12.6, d 12.4. Gellep 109. 227 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 12, d 11.4. Gellep 109. 228 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 13.9. Gellep 109. 229 Coarse small lat lid with low knob, d 8.6, h 1. Nijmegen 132. 230 Coarse botle with globular body and long cylindrical neck, h 18, d 11.6. ‘Frankish’; Nijmegen 234. See remark before OO stray 291. 231 Coarse bottle with biconical body and long cylindrical neck, h 18, d 11.7. ‘Frankish’; Nijmegen 234. See remark before OO stray 291. 232 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 7.3. Gellep 120. 233 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, d 15.4, h 8. Gellep 120. 234 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 5.7. Gellep 120. 235 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, d 14.6, h 7.8. Gellep 120. 236 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside, d 13.3, h 6. Gellep 122. 237 Coarse bowl with thick wall and everted lip, d 15.6, h 7.4. Niederbieber 103. 238 Number dropped. 239 Number dropped: the dish originally denoted OO stray 239 later appeared to belong to the group OO stray 55-59 and has been given number OO stray 59a. 240 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22.3, h 5.8. Gellep 126. 241 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 26.6, h 5.9. Gellep 126. 242 Coarse dish with inturned lip, d 18.8, h 4.4. Gellep 126. 243 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 17.8, h 4.6. Gellep 126. 244 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 16.5, h 4.4. Gellep 126. 245 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 16.8, h 4.3. Gellep 126. 246 Coarse dish with inturned lip, d 18.3, h 4. Gellep 126. 247 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22.5, h 5.4. Gellep 126. 248 Coarse dish, d 25.4, h 6. Gellep 128. 249 Coarse dish, d 23.4, h 6. Gellep 128. 250 Coarse 40 — dish, d 19.2, 4.9. Gellep 128. 251 Coarse dish, d 13.6, h 3.8. Gellep 128. 252 Coarse dish, d 13.8, h 4.2. Gellep 128. 253 Coarse dish, d 12.4, h 3.6. Gellep 128. 254 Coarse dish, d 13.6, h 3.8. Gellep 128. 255 Coarse money box, depressed upper surface lacking, h 7.1, d 9.5. Gellep 666. 256 Coarse money-box, depressed upper surface lacking, h 8.2. Gellep 666. 257 Thick-walled mortarium with horizontal lip, d 27.8, h 8. Brunsting 36b. 258 Thick-walled mortarium with horizontal lip, d 24, h 8.6. Brunsting 36b. 259 Coarse bowl/lid with convex wall, d 21, h 6.8. ± Gellep 483. OO: glass 260 Glass hemispherical beaker of wide shape, d 8.1, h 5.5. Gellep 178. 261 Glass hemispherical beaker with slightly everted rim, h 5.3, d 8. Gellep 180. 262 Hemispherical glass beaker with ive pinches, h 6, d 8.1. Gellep 189. 263 Hemispherical glass beaker with six pinches, d 8.1, h 5.5. Gellep 189. 264 Hemispherical glass beaker with ive pinches, h 6, d 8.7. Gellep 189. 265 Hemispherical glass beaker with ive pinches, h 5.7, d 8.2. Gellep 189. 266 Hemispherical glass beaker with ive pinches, h 5.8, d 7.5. Gellep 189. 267 Globular glass botle without foot-ring, incised horizontal lines and splaying neck, h 21.3. ± Gellep 197. 268 Splaying neck of a globular glass botle, preserved h 8.5. Gellep 197/298. 269 Globular glass botle with foot-ring, incised horizontal lines and splaying neck, h 17.5, d 11.4. Gellep 298. 270 Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 15.2. Gellep 198. 271 Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 13. Gellep 198. 272 Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 9.3. Gellep 198. 273 Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 7.4. Gellep 198. 274 Glass botle with globular body with a glass coil around it, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 10.4. Gellep 198. 275 Glass bottle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 12.8. Gellep 198. 276 Glass botle with globular body and cylindrical neck; lip broken of, preserved h 8.3. Gellep 198. 277 Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip, h 10.3. Gellep 198. 278 Glass botle with lat base, hemispherical body and cylindrical neck, h 9.7. Gellep 202. 279 Small glass botle with bag-shaped body and wide neck, h 8.5. Gellep 203? 280 Small glass botle with bagshaped body and wide neck, h 6.3. Gellep 203? 281 Glass botle with bag-shaped body and everted lip, h 6. New shape. 282 Glass cylindrical botle with folded rim, h 7. Isings 102a. 283 Small glass botle with bag-shaped body with everted lip and indented base, h 6.7. New shape. 284 Lekythos of all but colourless glass, transparent with few bubbles, narrow neck, lip broken of, preserved h 16. New shape. 285 Mould-blown lask: double human female head of colourless glass with earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed, from the same mould as OO stray 322; neck and foot of the botle missing, preserved h 15.6, d 12. Isings 78a. This botle, marked with site O, i.e. the earlier cemetery on the same plot, has been listed here because it occurs in III-IV: Loeschcke et al. (1911, XVI), Morin-Jean 1913, 153). 286 Small glass botle with handle, h 6.5, d 3.8. ± Gellep 708. 287 Glass jug with spout on max diameter and handle at 90o to it, h 11.8, d 8.9. Gellep 713. 288 Glass small barrel-jug with one handle, h 8.9. Gellep 333. 289 Glass aryballos (botle for perfumed oil) of thick colourless glass with foot-ring and two dolphin handles; it consists of four separately blown parts, which were then put together, h 9. Isings 61. 290 Glass indented bowl, h 5, d 11.7. Gellep 221. OO: Frankish potery NB Coarse botles OO stray 230 and 231 may or may not be Frankish; I know of no parallel either in Roman or in Frankish potery. The descriptions have been listed with Roman coarse pottery; the picture of their type Nijmegen 219 is grouped with uncertain potery. 291 Small beaker of sot grey potery on low foot, with two vertical handles and stamped decoration: vertical ovals in which four square dots. H 6.8, d without handles 7.4, with handles 10.6. Nijmegen 223. 41 — OO stray 293-296 The beaker contains ive small bronze objects: 1. turnkey with ring-eye, hollow shat and lat bit, l 4.3; 2. ring, oval in section, d 3.3; 3. small handle of a drawer of bent bronze sheet with round endings in which nail-holes, l 4.6; 4. small shield of bronze sheet, d 2; 5. fragment of a round bronze sheet lid, d 3.3 (its around the ring). ‘Hunerberg’ 292 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker, I•M•P•L•E, h 10.4. Künzl 1.4.1m. 293 Small coarse jar, measurements unknown. Reportedly found with 294, 295 and 296. Gellep 100/101. 294abc Three necklaces of bronze thread links and glass beads on some of the links. Reportedly found with 293, 295 and 296. 1 Überfang bead, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 387b; 9 cylinder-shaped beads, dark yellow, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2876, 12; 14 lens/heart/barrelshaped beads, (dark) blue, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2971c; 34 cylinder-shaped green beads, d 0.4, h 0.5, Riha 2844a. 295 Roundish bronze bracelet of D-shaped section; it is open but its ends are 0.1 cm apart; d 5.8-6.6, w 0.5, weight 13 gr. Reportedly found with 293, 294 and 296. 296 Oval bronze bracelet of D-shaped section with hatching on the outside, with hook (now lost) and eyelet, recomposed from four fragments; d 5.46.5, w 0.3. 297 Fragment of an East GermanicSarmatian sheet ibula (‘Blechibula’): semicircular lat head and bow, preserved l. 4.6. According to a note by Brunsting found 1883 during levelling work between city wall and ‘Ooizicht’. Van Buchem 1941, 122, no. 1414, plate XIX 6; called Frankish there. 298 Head and bow of a bow knob ibula, preserved l 6.5. Van Buchem 1975, 253-4, no. 1, 262 ig. 15. 299 Frankish bow ibula, l 6.9. Van Buchem 1941, 122 no. 1413, plate XIX 5. Added later: corner Barbarossastraat- Dr Claes Noorduynstraat, 1956 300 Coarse dish, d 19.6, h 5.1. Gellep 128. 301 Coarse dish, d 19.4, h 5. Gellep 128. 302 Coarse dish, d 19.7, h 5. Gellep 128. 303 Brown-marbled dou- 42 — ble-handled jug, h 29.7. Gellep 72. 304 Fine dark coloured jar with nearly vertical lip and constricted foot, h 12.1. Gellep 57? 305 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15. Symonds 61 grooved. 306 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.6. Symonds 61 incised. 307 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.6. Symonds 61 incised. 308 Fine dark coloured beaker, h h 16.2. Symonds 61 grooved. 309 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 20.6. Symonds 61 grooved. 310 Coarse cooking-pot with handle, h 10, d 11.9. Gellep 106. 311 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 17.4, d 16.1. Gellep 120. 312 Smooth double-handled jug, h 20.6. Gellep 637. Excavations Pavilion Margriet 313 Adjustable inger-ring of gold-wire that is thicker in the middle than at the ends, d outside 1.65, d inside 1.5. Find from the spoilheap of trench 203, so near the graves OO 23, OO 24, OO 25, OO 37 and OO 38. Added later: ‘Hunerberg’ 314 Green glass drinking-horn Gellep 224 (= Isings 113), l 33. Stray inds during the excavations These stray inds are certainly from unrecognized and therefore undocumented graves. 315 From the section of the excavation trench N of graves OO 255 and OO 256: Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with rim thickened on the inside, h 7.0, d 13.8. Much ine tempering (from Urmitz). 316 From the surroundings of graves OO 337 and OO 338: Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, incomplete, narrow foot, preserved h 13.8, d 10.2. 317 From excavation trench 202: Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 109, heavily damaged, lacking its handle since antiquity. 318 From trench 209 when it was being dug: A terra sigillata plate Gellep 40, measurements unknown. 319 From trench 71 when it was being dug: A ine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, preserved h 14. 320 From trench 214, near grave OO 156: Coarse cooking-jar with vertical handle and slightly concave neck. Gellep 110. ADDED LATER Reportedly ‘cemetery S’ on the terrain of the former Museum G.M. Kam, with remark on the system card ‘not possible’ 321 Hemispherical glass beaker with rounded hollow lip, h 5.5, d 9.1, with 5-6 coils of a glass thread around the top and nine pinches near the botom. Gellep 238. ‘Cemetery O’ 322 Mould-blown lask: many fragments including foot of a double human female head of colourless glass with earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed, from the same mould as OO stray 285. Measurements unknown. This botle, marked with site O, i.e. the earlier cemetery on the same plot, has been listed here because it occurs in III-IV: Loeschcke et al. (1911, XVI), Morin-Jean 1913, 153). 323 Low and wide cylindrical beaker of colourless glass without foot, base bulging slightly up; two horizontal grooves, h 6.9. Nijmegen 175. 324 Fine dark coloured cylindrical bowl Künzl 7.5, h 11.6, d 13.5, decorated in white paint: three doted swastikas (Künzl element 170) between vertical rows of three dots (Künzl element 75) and branches (Künzl element 167). REMAINDER: other Late Roman stray inds from graves in Nijmegen 1 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22, h 5.8. Gellep 126. According to inventory index card found in cemetery E, i.e. the block between Barbarossastraat, Museum Kamstraat, Jan van Goyenstraat and Hugo de Grootstraat. 2 Coarse dish with inturned lip, d 16.2, h 4.2. Gellep 126. According to inventory index card found in cemetery Kleine Kopse Hof (KKH), i.e. the area between Ubbergseveldweg, Ubbergse Holleweg and Kruisweg). 3 Coarse dish with in-turned lip, d 22.4, h 5.6. Gellep 126. Also from KKH. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker incised decoration and oblong vertical folds, h 16.6, d 10. Symonds 35. Ac- 43 — cording to inventory index card found in cemetery RK, i.e. the area between Daalseweg, Beethovenstraat and Griegstraat, E of the eponymous Roman Catholic cemetery. 5 Fine dark coloured beaker with false graito POTENS on the neck, h 14.5. Symonds 61 smooth. This beaker, like nos 6, 7 and 8, probably but not certainly comes from OO: see remark ater OO stray 139. 6 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14.8. Symonds 61 incised. Idem. 7 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 14.1. Symonds 61 incised. Idem. 8 Fine dark coloured beaker, lacking part of neck, preserved h 12. Symonds 61 incised. Idem. 9 Fine dark coloured beaker, h 15.8, d 9.4. Symonds 61 incised. On the inventory index card is writen: ‘513.9 grave with glass beaker, bronze bracelet, ring and pin U.Berg: (Ubbergen?) or H.Berg?’ H.Berg must be Hunerberg. Apparently there was a sticker with ‘U/H.Berg’ on the beaker when Maria den Boesterd wrote the index card. The other inds and the site could not be identiied. 10 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 31.4, d 22. Gellep 72. On it: 11 Brown-marbled solid stopper with cylindrical lower part and conical decorative part with four carinations, type Nijmegen 81; total h. 10.8, h decorative part 7, d 8.2. The height of the decorative part is 22% of that of the jug. No ind-spot indicated for 10 and 11. 12 Smooth double-handled jug, h 21, d 21. Nijmegen 112: model of Gellep 71, but the poter has not added the usual lip above the collar. No ind-spot indicated. 13 Fine dark coloured motto-beaker, Λ•V•E•T•E•:, h 20.3. Künzl 1.6.1. According to inventory index card found in cemetery ‘Hees near Nijmegen’. This provenance may be considered false: it refers to the cemetery of the town Ulpia Noviomagus, dated AD 70-240 (Brunsting 1937, 3). 14 Piece of potery with motto BIBE: Evelein 1930, 29. This probably is a beaker of Künzl 1.4.1m with moto B•I•B•E (branch, word divider 64) between two horizontals, h 10.3. 15 A card with description and drawing in the inventory card index describes another stray piece with the same moto B•I•B•E, but it mentions a number already given to another piece; the botle cannot be found in the museum de- pot. Fine dark coloured botle with four dents, two incised zones and decoration and moto in white paint in two zones. In the top zone BIBE, the leters separated by dents, in each of which a central large dot and an arc of small dots; in the lower zone verticals lines between the dents and two large dots on both sides of the vertical; h 20.3. Künzl 16.0. 16 Brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 20. Gellep 71. On it was stopper OO stray 194 of type Nijmegen 82; this stopper was later erroneously placed on jug OO stray 193. These numbers could not be redressed ater all numbers had been given. One isolated sarcophagus was found intact some 2 km S of Ulpia Noviomagus and some 1250 m S of its cemetery (Brunsting 1937): ‘the grave of a magistrate of Ulpia Noviomagus near his suburban villa?’ (Van Buchem 1951, 8): Oude Graafseweg near Wolfuilseweg, 20 October 1950: ind of an intact inhumation with grave goods in a tufa sarcophagus, during digging for an electricity cable; transported to Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, where the contents were excavated (Van Buchem 1951; Daniëls/Brunsting 1955, 57-8). 17 Tufa sarcophagus Dimensions: l 275-280, w 76-80, h 50-62; fragments of a lid; place for the head somewhat higher than the rest of the botom Orientation: 270° Bone material: Complete skull, parts of the vertebral column, pelvis, arms, femora, right tibia; sex unknown, age not higher than 40 Position of grave-goods/dress accessories 18, 19 and 20 near the feet, 21 ‘next to the sarcophagus’. Remark: The sarcophagus being markedly earlier than the cemeteries treated in this study, the types of inds 18, 19 and 21 described below are mentioned but not discussed in the present typology; instead, they are treated here. Inventory 18 Fine dark coloured beaker, measurements not 44 — available, with painted moto and white barbotine decoration: zone dividers 1 (wavy line) at the top and 11 (doted line) at the botom, moto BIBITE (without spacing dots), under which alternating decoration elements 86 (large dot with doted line ending in a hook hanging from it) and 95 (trilobated leaf hanging from wavy line). Künzl 1.3.1, belonging to her group IIIc (AD 270280), as appears from decoration element 95. 19 Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout, h 20.7. Rather Niederbieber 98 (190-260) or Gose 512 (IIIcd) than Gellep 115, which is dated IVa-Vb. 20 Tiny fragments of a small glass bowl or beaker, type unknown. 21 Painted bowl with constricted foot, h 6.5, d 12. Gose 224 (IId-IIIab) = Niederbieber 38 (190-260) = Gellep 402 (IId-IIId). Date: AD 270-280. 5 Find catalogue of the excavations in cemetery B The Late Roman cemetery of Nijmegen Inner City, indicated here with the leter B (for Dutch Binnenstad = inner city), is too large for one map to have legible grave numbers. Therefore, Brunsting’s division into four areas and one isolated grave has been followed: (apart from one isolated grave on the St Jozephhof, erroneously called Kelkensbos in the documentation) the northwest area D, northeast area LN, the central area G, the southeast area M. These leters are abbreviations of one name of a building and three street names, and are explained in short introductions to each area in the catalogue. All grave numbers, however, are preceded by the capital B: Area D: Area LN: Area G: Area M: Kelkensbos B 1 - B 176 B 177 - B 560 B 561 - B 673 B 674 - B 833 B 834 176 graves 384 graves 113 graves 160 graves 1 grave Although the utmost care has been given to identifying every burial by a numbered grave, incertainties could not be completely eliminated in thirteen cases, to be found under numbers B 33, B 211, B 243, B 251, B 279, B 299, B 323, B 428, B 572, B 582, B 583, B 639, and B 750. Area D: graves B 1 - B 176 (Figs. 8-10) Brunsting called this area D ater the Dominican church with cloister, known as Broerkerk, demolished 1950-51, apparently because of instability after the 1944 bombardment. The ROB has later numbered his excavation trenches D 1-14. The old excavations in this area are given in the table below. Preliminary reports, generally very short indications of place and number of graves, appeared in Dutch in the following publications. Place Year N TrD Preliminary reports Legend: N = number of graves; TrD = trenches in area D of cemetery B Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Kerkegasje 1949 36 1-4 VRGK 1949, 94-5; NKNOB 1950,9,9 Kerkegasje 1950 4 4,10 VRGK 1950, 104; JROB 1950, 31; BROB 1950, 3, 28-9 Halve Trom 1950 1 12 VRGK 1950, 104, BROB 1950, 28-9 Town hall 1951 3 13 Broerkerk 1951 74 7 VRGK 1951, 116 Broerkerk 1952 32 5,11 VRGK 1952, 129; BROB 3, 1952, 9-12 Broerkerk 1953 6 11 ? Kerkegasje 1956 7 8 VRGK 1956, 160 Under the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers: Kerkegasje 1978 4 135 Total in area D 167 (9 multiple graves split below) B1 Grave: >150x75; 250°; NAP botom 27.42; depth >52 Coin: nails Skeletal material: tibiae, femora, decayed The grave is an isolated ind ROB trench 12 in the Halve Trom/Scheidemakersgas, made during works: see Fig. 6 for the position of trench 12. The drawing of this trench is in the top let corner of Fig. 8, at a diferent scale from the rest. Grave cut in half by a later wall. A trench with the same orientation to its S, though looking like a Late Roman grave, is recorded as an earlier Roman pit. B2 Grave: >50 x >50; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.85, botom 28.00; depth 85 Remark: A discoloration containing tufa fragments. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10. 45 — 46 — B3 Grave: 150x70; 103°/283° Remark: Only the shape reminded the excavator of a Roman grave. B4 Grave: >40x70; 103°/283° Remark: Discoloration, disappearing in a deeper c.16th-century rubbish pit. Probably a grave. The very irst excavation inds turn up in grave B 5. B5 Grave: cremation grave 92x76; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.75, botom 27.25; depth 150 Coin: probably a chest of 56x48; nails; 103°/283° Skeletal material: Cremation remains; charcoal. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 2 and 3 touching one another in NE corner of the chest: 3 in corner, 1 to its W, 2 to the S between them. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11. F•E•L•I•X•. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.5. V•I•V•A•S•. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6.5. Date: AD 301-350. B6 Grave: >100x70 (in the E)/ 56 (in the W); 82°; NAP surface 28.75, botom 27.60; depth 115 Coin: Nail next to 2. Skeletal material: bones with black discolorations along S side; skull remains in SE corner under 2. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 halfway along the long N side, 2 leaning over to SE in SE corner. Intrusion: a sherd Inventory 1 An irregular piece of tufa, 20x12 cm. 2 Coarse jug Gellep 115, h 19. Date: AD 301-425. B7 Grave: 164x88; 103° Coin: -; 103°; nails near the skull Skeletal material: Skull, blackened. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 standing to the right (N) of the skull. Intrusion: the base and some sherds of a smooth jug, not indicated on grave plan; not drawn. Remark: A small empty niche halfway along the N side, i.e. to the right of the upper leg. Inventory 1 Footed glass beaker with incised horizontal lines Gellep 195, h 19.6. Date: AD 301-367. B8 Grave: 200x85; 126°; NAP surface 28.65, botom 27.50; depth 1.15 Skeletal material: skull in SE, directed to the N. Intrusion: terra sigillata sherds Remark: The documentation mentions a tufa wall with ield stones around, width 48-51 cm; this is not shown on the map. It rested upon the Roman surface, and was therefore deemed postRoman. B9 Grave: >100x50; 25°/205° Intrusion: sherds of a brown-marbled doublehandled jug (further fragments of the same piece in B 10). Remark: Earlier than B 10, which largely cuts it. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10. 47 — B 10 Grave: 250x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.80, botom 27.10; depth 170 Coin: 175x50; 90°; nails on both sides of skull. Skeletal material: skull remains Intrusion: sherds of a brown-marbled doublehandled jug (further fragments of the same piece in B 9). Remark: Later than B 9, which it largely cuts. Cut through by a narrow trench with post-holes. B 11 Grave: not found Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown. Remark: 1 found outside N cloister wall, without context. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with lid-seating Gellep 105, h 14.8, d 16. Date: AD 276-367. B 12 Grave: 225x80; 298°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.80; depth 145 Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, proximal part of right tibia. Length of skeleton c.145 cm. Remark: Partly disturbed in recent times. Nails. B 13 Grave: >170x90; 293°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.57; depth 168 Coin: Nails >155x45; 302° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, lower arms folded over the body (distance between top of skull and foot-end of coin 165 cm). Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in niche to the let of the feet in NE corner (its top at 27.05 +NAP); 2 on one of the wrists, possibly the let one; 3 in the coin, at the middle of the foot-end. Remark: Head-end of the grave disturbed in recent times. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 26. 2 Bracelet of twisted bronze-wire of square section, 1¼ coil, d 6.8. 3 32 glass beads, blue and very light green, 16 disk/ring/barrel-shaped beads, hardly transparent, light green, white elorescence, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968g; 16 irregular beads, irisation, slightly transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931d. Date: AD 301-350. B 14 Grave: 205x70; 259°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.88; depth 137 Coin: 195x45; 259° Skeletal material: Skull, decayed tibiae; length (without heel?) 170 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 2 to the right of the lower legs, 2 apparently standing on 1; 3 on the waist; 4 under the waist, pointing downwards; 5 within the jaw, standing upright. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37), d 18.5. 2 Glass bowl with nine dents Gellep 221, d 17.5. 3 Silver D-shaped buckle with rectangular plate, l 3. Sommer 1Cb1. 4 Bronze D-shaped buckle with rectangular plate, l 4.5. Sommer 1Cb1. 5 Coin: Antoninus Pius, denarius, AD 142-161, Rome, plated? Hybrid: RIC 343f (Diva Faustina); RIC 64 (Antoninus Pius). Date: AD 350-360. B 15 Grave: >160x115; 12°; NAP surface 28.75, botom 27.10; depth 165 Coin: >150x45; nails; 12° Skeletal material: femora (50 cm), tibiae (45 cm) Remark: top half disturbed B 16 Grave: 195x115; 103°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.92; depth 133 Coin: nails; no further traces Skeletal material: tooth capsulae; decayed tibia fragments under 1 48 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 on the lower legs (which are preserved in a decayed state underneath it), 2 near the vanished right foot, 3 to the E of 2, 4 standing on the middle of 1: all apparently standing on foot-end of coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 28.5. 2 Beaker of reddish ochre-coloured sherd Gellep 87, h 13, decorated with oblique incised lines. 3 Coarse botle ± Gellep 97, h 12. 4 Small ‘Frankish’ glass bowl with pinches and glass wire around the neck Gellep 238, d 9.8, h 5.8. Date: AD 351-400. B 17 Grave: >225x100; 32°/212°; NAP surface 28.57, botom 27.50; depth 107 Intrusion: sherd in old surface above the grave. Remark: Completely disturbed; visible in proile C-D in Fig. 10. B 18 Grave: >70x84; 49°/229°; NAP surface 28.57, bottom 27.35; depth 122 Intrusion: sherd of a coarse jug Remark: Largely disturbed by a wall. See section drawing A-B in Fig. 10. The complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-2627-28 The stratigraphy of this complex is partly uncertain and can be discussed in three small chapters: what is certain, interpretation, and the results. This much is certain: 1. B 27 is earlier than two graves that cut through it, B 26 and B 28. 2. The skeleton of B 20 is under that of B 21. 3. Graves B 20 and B 21 are together in one trench and have the same orientation. 4. Graves B 25 and B 26 are together in one trench and have the same orientation. 5. B 26 cuts through an earlier discoloration to its E. 6. The diferent orientations of the coin of B 25 and the niche containing grave goods to the N of the feet is strange if they belong to the same grave. 7. The botom of grave B 25 and the niche to its N is at the same level. 8. No boundary was found between the coin of B 25 and the niche to its N. 9. No boundaries have been found between the trench of B 20-B 21 with the neighbouring trenches: B 19 on the SW, B 25-B 26 on the NE. Interpretation: 10. There may have been an earlier grave, of which the discoloration E of B 26 and the niche to the N of B 25 would then have been parts. 11. The persons in B 20 and B 21 were buried at the same funeral, their coins being put one on top of the other. 12. The trenches of B 20-B 21 and of B 27, having the same orientation and being in a direct line, are near-contemporaneous. 13. The possibly earlier grave of remark 10 has the same orientation as B 20-B 21 and B 27 and is near-contemporaneous with these. 14. The persons in B 25 and B 26 were buried at the same funeral; their grave was cut through the earlier grave but let its niche intact, through B 27 and through the NE corner of B 20-B 21. 13. It is improbable that the earlier graves were visibly marked on the surface when the trench of graves B 25-B 26 was dug. 14. B 19 is not a niche of the trench of B 20-B 21. The results: The stratigraphy is, graphically rendered: Later level: (B 25 + B 26) (B 28) Earliest level: (B 20+B 21) (earlier grave) (B 27) Uncertain level: (B 19) The excavator, H. Brunsting, hints at the existence of this earlier grave twice: in his list of inds in the niche, and with thin analytic pencil lines drawn on his tracing of the ield drawing. He did not, however, draw the conclusion and so did not give a number to the grave. The earlier grave is called B 176 here: its remains are the discoloration E of B 26 and the niche N of B 25. This high number has been given, as this analysis took place ater several painstaking and time-consuming renumberings of Brunsting’s grave numbers, the highest number of the graves in Area D then being B 175. 49 — B 19 Grave: 125x75; 23°/203° Skeletal material: burnt? human/animal bones against its N wall Remark: Separate grave?, annex to graves B 20 and B 21 and making part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. B 20-21 Double grave (skeletons one on top of the other), making part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. Grave 235x110. B 20 Grave: 235x110; 102°; NAP surface 28.93, botom 27.45; depth 148 Coin: nails, no further traces; skeleton 102° Skeletal material: Skull with ive molars, tibiae; length <160 cm. Remark: The lower of two skeletons, the skull some 20 cm to the W of that in B 21. Earlier than or contemporary with B 21. Intrusion: fragment of a loor tile, thickness 6. B 21 Grave: 235x110; 102°; NAP surface 28.93, botom 27.45; depth 148 Coin: nails, no further traces; skeleton 102° Skeletal material: Skull, vertebral column, femora, tibiae, length >165. Remark: The top one of two skeletons, the skull some 20 cm to the E of that in B 20. Later than or contemporary with B 20. B 22 Grave: 275x125; 96°; NAP surface 28.90, botom 27.55; depth 135 Coin: (clear traces visible) 190x40; 96° Skeletal material: skull, femora, tibiae. Measurements: foot-knee 50, femur 40, total 163 cm. Remark: To the W of grave B 22 runs the trace of a palisade, a prolongation of the one that cuts grave B 10. It is at a right angle to a trace to the S of grave B 24. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 To the let of the let leg, just below the knee. Inventory 1 Coin: follis (without marks of wear) of Maximian Herculius, 298-299, Trier, RIC 281b. Date: AD 298-318. B 23 Grave: 250x150; 106°; NAP surface 28.90, botom 27.35; depth 155 Skeletal material: skull Remark: dug through by a brick well; see section drawing E-F in Fig. 10. B stray 297, found between B 23 and B 24: Coin, found on old surface, NAP c.28.35: Gratian aes III (367-375; CK 321-3?). Terra nigra and coarse sherds. B 24 Grave: 120x110; Coin: 60x30; 106° Skeletal material: Though no bone from this grave is recorded, Lengyel has this grave in his list of bone analyses. See Ch. 7, section Analyses by Dr I.A. Lengyel. Remark: A dark feature to its S may be the trench of a palisade, at a right angle to that which cuts grave B 10 and is prolonged to the W of B 22. B 176 Grave: 200x125; 103°; NAP surface 28.93, botom 27.50; depth 143 Coin: all traces destroyed when the trench for graves B 25-B 26 was dug. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-7 were as one group in a niche oriented differently to the coin (103° as opposed to 90°; of an earlier grave, destroyed when B 25 was dug) but with the same base level; it was to the right of the feet. 1 formed the SW of this group; then, clockwise: 3, 2 (in an oblique position), 7, 5 with 6 lying upside down upon it as a lid, and 4 lying on its side. 5 contained the meal 5a-b. Remarks: The existence of this earlier grave is the outcome of the above discussion of the complex B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28: see there. Potery inds 1-5 are all kiln wasters or at least 50 — second choice quality; they were possibly especially bought for the funeral. This is strange, as all potery was imported and kiln wasters usually ended upon the reject heap near the kiln. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), warped in the kiln, d c.25, h 6.5 cm. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), warped in the kiln, d 16, h 8. 3 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, warped in the kiln, d 12-13, h 6. 4 Reddish brown-marbled jug with pinched spout Gellep 70, very badly marbled, with white painted moto R•E•P•L•E•M•E• between wavy line and running scroll, h 27.5. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, warped, with iring cracks, d 20.2, h 9.6. It contains: 5a Pig: carpalia or tarsalia, phalanges I, II and III. The unfused bones come clearly from the same limb. Age at slaughter 10-12 months at the most; 41 frgm, 4.6 gr. Mammal: unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the pig’s leg: 50 frgm, 0.2 gr. 5b Chicken: proximal part of let femur, 1 fragment, 0.2 gr. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.2, h 4. 7 Glass cylindrical botle with band-shaped handle Isings 51a (= Gellep 301), h 15. Date: AD 301-325. B 25 Grave: supposedly 256x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.93, botom 27.50; depth 143 Coin: >128x40; 90° Skeletal material: femora, let humerus Remark: This grave is part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. In the above discussion of this complex, it was concluded that B 25 and B 26, which are lying in the same grave, were buried at the same time, their later grave destroying the coin and bones of the earlier grave B 176. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 26 Grave: supposedly 256x100; 90°; NAP surface 28.93, botom presumably 27.50 like neighbouring B 25; depth 143 Coin: >100x? (trace with four nails to the right, nails pointing outward); 90° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 immediately to the E of the head. Remarks: This grave is part of the complex of graves B 19-20-21-176-25-26-27-28. In the above discussion of this complex, it was remarked that B 25 and B 26, which are lying in the same grave, were buried at the same time, the later grave destroying the coin and bones of the earlier grave B 176 and cuting B 27. Inventory 1 The remains of a wooden chest, consisting of the bronze sheet mountings of the front side (decorative mountings, lock mounting), and iron reinforcements on the back corners. Dimensions taken in situ: l 38, w 36, h 28. No traces of contents of the chest. The mountings were formerly reconstructed on a plaster model in the museum, on the basis of a full scale drawing made during the excavation. The reconstruction in Buschhausen 1971 (number A 24, p 57, A Tafel 25; refers to Van Doorselaer 1964, 307 and 304), who did not know of this drawing, is incorrect; moreover, his drawing is a mirror image, as appears from the decoration of the round mountings. In 2002, a new reconstruction of the chest was made with the use of synthetic resin (see photo). The following description gives the functional mountings irst, and then the decorative ones. Six bent lozenge-shaped iron mountings reinforce the back corners of the chest. Eight corner mountings of bronze sheet are placed on the front in such a way, that square ields containing concentric circles and ive decorative nails decorate the front. The top ones let and right are on the front of the lid. A tongue-shaped band with a decoration of concentric circles and knobs on its edges joins the front and the underside in the middle. The rectangular keyhole plate, whose central hole is surrounded by concentric circles, 51 — is on the middle of the top of the front. Above it, a corresponding angled plate joins the front and the top of the lid; a ring on it facilitated liting the lid. There are three pentagonal and four round decorative mountings on the front. The pentagonal ones each have a rosete with a frontal human head in its middle; the round ones have a winged Amor standing to the right facing a tree. On the front of the lid, there are two such round plates between the corner mountings and the plate with the ring. The two others are in corresponding places near the base. The reconstruction has four pentagonal mountings (instead of the three actually found) and these are placed in two rows around the keyhole plate. Date: AD 301-367. B 27 Grave: 250x100; 105°; NAP surface 28.93, botom 27.15; depth 178 Coin: 170x40; 105° Skeletal material: skull, vertebral column, pelvis, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 was standing outside the coin, to the right of the upper legs. Remark: This grave is earlier than B 28 and B 25-B 26, whose trenches cut through it. See the above discussion of the complex of graves B 19-20-21176-25-26-27-28, of which it makes part. Intrusion: some sherds, including a coarse basewall fragment. Inventory 1 Small glass barrel-botle Gellep 333, h 12.2, handle lost during the excavation. Date: AD 301-400. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. Combined date: AD 301-367. B 28 Grave: 175x85; 55°; NAP surface 28.93, botom not recorded, presumably between 27.50 and 27.60; depth c.138 Skeletal material: pelvis, femora, tibiae, orientation 55° Intrusion: sherds Remark: Later than B 27, through which it cuts; more or less aligned with B 18. B 29 Grave: 70x20; 34°/214° Remark: This very small grave was covered with two intact imbrices without stamps, one of which was removed (and the other presumably let in situ). Inventory 1 Complete imbrex, measurements unknown. B 30 Grave: 200x>100; 107°; NAP surface 28.95, bottom 27.15; depth 180 Coin: 110x30-36; 107° Skeletal material: tooth and jaw fragments Remark: Partly under disturbed earth; N side not found. Distance between jaw and foot-end 86 cm. B 31 Grave: 205x67; 104°/284°; NAP surface 29.05, botom c.28.00; depth c.105 Intrusion: sherd Remark: Only just visible in the plane. B 32 Grave: 120x50; 108°/288°; NAP surface 28.98, botom 28.00; depth 98 Coin: 114x25; 108°/288° B 33 Grave: 210x100; 289°; NAP surface 29.05, botom 27.60; depth 145 Coin: 150x45 (oak wood, nails); 270° Skeletal material: skull, femur (l. 40 cm), unspeciied parts (length skeleton given as 145 cm) Remark: Grave B 33 was excavated by Brunsting in 1949 under excavation number D 27. If the digitised ield drawings made by the ROB are correct (and they can proven to be not corrrect in the cases of the positions of excavation trenches 131 and 142, where graves with inds excavated by Bloemers are at exactly the same spot as graves excavated earlier by Brunsting), then Bloemers excavated a grave without grave goods 52 — on exactly the same spot in 1978 under excavation number 141/21=XIX. It has been decided to count these two graves as one. B 34 Grave: >35x90; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.98, botom 27.75; depth 123 Remark: In large part disturbed; E end preserved. A narrow feature between B 34 and B 35 has not been counted as a grave. B 35 Grave: 80x70; 81°/261°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom 27.85; depth 120 Coin: 60x20; 81°/261° Remark: A baby’s grave. B 36-B 39 Four children’s inhumations in direct line with one another and in one grave. Grave: >233x70; 81°/261°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom 27.60; depth 145 B 36 Coin: 54x30; 81°/261° B 37 Dimensions: 36x20; 81°/261° B 38 Dimensions: 78x25; 81°/261° B 39 ?x20; 81°/261°, botom 27.70 Remark: B 39 was only seen in the proile of the excavation trench. B 40 Grave: >130x>55; 284°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom 27.90; depth 115 Skeletal material: skull Remark: Earlier than B 41, which cuts it. This is remarkable, as B 40 is a W-E grave, and B 41 has grave goods. See section E-F in Fig. 10. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 41 Grave: 225x80; 80°/260°; NAP surface 29.05, bottom 27.35; depth 170 Coin: >55x30, nails; 80°/260° Skeletal material: end of an unidentiied long bone in the W Position of grave goods/dress accessories In a row along the middle of the long S side of the coin; from E to W: 2, 3, 1. Remark: Later than B 42, on top of which it lies, and than B 40, which it cuts. See section E-F in Fig. 10. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a) with barbotine decoration under the slip (tendrils, dots, hedera); above it, in white paint IMPLEOLA (without dots). H 14.5. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 5.5. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15. Date: AD 301-367. B 42 Grave: NAP surface 29.05, botom under 27.35; depth >170 Coin: N-S Skeletal material: some bone traces Intrusion: a Pingsdorf sherd in a pit E of B 41. Remark: This earlier grave was only noticed by the traces of bones under B 41. Its layout remained unclear when it was excavated. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 43 Grave: 230x115; 90°/270°; NAP surface 29.03, bottom 27.23; depth 180 Coin: no other traces than tree iron nails; 90°/270° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 As appears from the position of the nails, in the SW corner of the coin. Intrusion: small sherd Remark: The beaker was empty, so it must have been covered by 2 a stone not noticed during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. Date: AD 301-367. 53 — B 44 Grave: >110x105; 117°(/297°) Coin: >88x58 and 42; 117°(/297°) Skeletal material: right humerus(?) Intrusion: some sherds, iron, charcoal Remark: Heavily damaged by a rubbish pit. Not completely excavated, as it was under a wall. The grave forms part of the complex of graves B 44-B 47; from early to late: B 46, B 44, B 45, B 47. The long walls of the coin seem to be double. The x on the drawing is not explained in any documentation. B 45 Grave: >52x58; 11°/191° Intrusion: much charcoal Remark: Later than B 46 and B 44, which it cuts, and earlier than B 47, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 46 Grave: >50x>50; 2°/182° Remark: The oldest grave of the complex B 44-B 47. B 47 Grave: 235x110°; 84°; NAP surface 29.00, botom 27.64; depth 136 Coin: >100x45, nails; 84° Skeletal material: skull, right femur Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 immediately E of the skull, 2 outside the footend of the coin, in SW, 3 outside the coin, at its SW corner. Intrusion: sherds Remark: The latest of the complex B 44-B 47. E end excavated in 1949, W end in 1950. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 19.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 8. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and wide base Gellep 121, h 10. Date: AD 301-367. B 48 Grave: >150x150; 85°; NAP surface 29.02, botom 26.70; depth 132; 85° Skeletal material: right tibia in W end Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 to the right of the right tibia, 2 on top of 1 Remark: Grave not completely excavated because of danger of collapse Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 27, empty, because covered by 2. 2 Flat piece of stone. Date: AD 301-350. B 49 Grave: 205x80; 270° Skeletal material: skull, arms, legs; let hand must have been on the pelvis, the right hand on the breast. Length c.175 cm. Remark: Grave B 49, in trench 13, lies above and between graves B 50 and B 51 and is later than these. See Fig. 6 for the position of trench 13. See Fig. 9, outside the main map of Area D. B 50 Grave: 240x90; 91° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs, total length c.165 cm. Remark: In trench 13, under and to the SW of grave B 49: earlier than B 50. Both (vanished) hands were on the pelvis. See Fig. 6 for the position of trench 13. See Fig. 9, outside the main map of Area D. B 51 Grave: 200x75; 82° Skeletal material: let femur and patella Remark: In trench 13, under and to the SW of B 49: earlier than B 49. See Fig. 6 for the position of trench 13. See Fig. 9, outside the main map of Area D. B 52 Grave: 220x50; 115°/295°; NAP surface 27.57, bottom 26.14; depth 143 Coin: uncertain; 115°/295° 54 — Remark: E end possibly disturbed B 53 Grave: >125x90; 262°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.94; depth 131 Skeletal material: skull, parts of both humeri Remark: E end disturbed. B 54 Grave: 250x75; 86°; NAP surface 28.25, botom 26.52; depth 173 Coin: 205x50, nails; 86° Skeletal material: skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-6 in a large niche on the S side, to the let of the waist; botom of the niche level with that of the grave. 1 nearest to the coin, 3 to the S of 1, 4 to the W of 1 and 3, 5 to the E of 1 and 3, 2 to the SE of 5, 6 between 2 and 3, 4a between 4 and 3. Remark: Two possibilities to explain the presence of the bones 4a beside the dishes: the meat was eaten by someone who atended the funeral; or the piece(s) of meat slid of when the grave was illed. As both dishes are deep, both possibilities are equally improbable. Unfortunately, the bones 4a have not been examined and cannot now be found in the museum storeroom. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37). Stamp MEDDICFI. Ligatures of ME and FI; horizontal lines in the middle of both leters D. (The stamp also occurs on GN m 553, a fragmentary Drag. 18/31, from Ulpia Noviomagus. B.R. Hartley wrote in a leter of 28-6-1971: ‘The bars of the E rarely appear. A Chémery-Faulquemont stamp (many there). This stamp has been found in the Erdkastell at the Saalburg, and is probably entirely Hadrianic. Forms 27, 33, 18/31 and 18/31R.’) 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Gellep 56 (cf. Gellep 269), h 14.5. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 19. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 18. 4a Bones of a meal. 5 Coarse small cooking-pot with lid-seating Gellep 105, h 12. 6 Buckle: ring of bronze, d 6, iron tongue, length 5 (unfortunately removed during restoration). Date: AD 301-350. B 55 Grave: >50x70; 9°/189° Remark: S part of the grave destroyed by a cesspit. B 56 Grave: c.110xc.120; 72°/252° Remark: Middle part could not be excavated, as it was under a recent wall. B 57 Grave: >75x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface c.29.20, botom 27.51; depth c.169 Coin: >70x40; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown. Remark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the position of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top let for the graves themselves. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, F•E•L•I•X, h 11.3, d 8.5. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.3, d 13.1, covered by 2a A fragment of an imbrex, 14x10 cm. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, still in fragments. H unknown, d 11. 4 Two brick fragments: imbrex 10x7, tegula 12x3.5-10 (not drawn). Date: AD 301-355. B 58 Grave: >150xunknown; 114°/294°; NAP surface c.29.20, botom 27.90; depth c.130 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the position of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top let for the graves themselves. Grave 58 was largely disturbed. 55 — Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16, d 9.6. 2 Countless splinters of a small glass botle or beaker with thick base and thin wall, decorated with glass thread. Type and measurements unknown. Date: AD 301-367. B 59 Grave: 250x110; 116°; NAP surface c.29.20, botom 26.62; depth 258 Coin: 200x60; 116° Skeletal material: skull Remark: Graves 57-59 were excavated in trench 135, outside the main area of Area D. See Fig. 7 for the position of trench 135, and Fig. 11 top let for the graves themselves. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Outside the coin: jug 4 to the let of the head, cooking-pot 5 near the foot-end corner. All other inds in the coin: coin 9 on the middle of the body, botle 7 near the let lower leg, soles 11 and 12 near (on?) the feet, jug 3 near the let foot, mortarium 1 upside down in the corner of the coin near the right foot, jug 6 near the right foot; together, to the right of the knees: small coin 10, mirror 13, pins 14 and anointing slab 15 and jug 2. In unknown position: iron knife 8. Intrusion: Iron tweezers whose two blades end in a lancet shape and are welded together there; both legs lack their ends. L >7, w 0.4-1. This object clearly is a present-day intrusion: it is a present-day shape; other tweezers in these graves are of a single piece of bronze; they belong in male burials, not in female ones, as this grave undoubtedly is, with its pins, mirror, and anointing slab. It is however documented for the sake of completeness. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata mortarium with two ears above the spout Gellep 249, h 9.4, dd 18.2. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 77, lip largely missing, h 19.9, d 13.9. 3 Smooth double-handled jug Gellep 84a, sur- face worn on one side, h 28.5, d 17.7. 4 Sherds of a smooth double-handled jug Gellep 91, h unknown, d 24. 5 Fragment of a coarse cooking-pot Gellep 106, h 11.3, d 13. 6 Coarse jug with horizontal lip Gose 516, h 19.6, d 15.8. 7 Countless fragments of a glass botle Gellep 212: slightly tapering neck, two vertical handles and decoration of glass thread. Measurements unknown. 8 Iron knife, l 15.7, w 2.4, l blade 9.6. Straight transition from pin to blade, both sides equally convex, pointed; iron jacket around top of handle; wood remains on pin and edge of blade. 9 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-6 BC, Rome, RIC 427/441, countermarked CÆSAR. 10 Small coin: Tetricus I, barbaric antoninianus, 270/300. 11 Sole of a shoe, now fallen apart (not drawn) The documentation mentions no material, nor how it was recognized as a shoe. Apparently no shoenails. 12 Sole of a shoe, now fallen apart (not drawn). Idem. 13 Small glass mirror, no data. 14 ?Four bone pins, no data. 15 cosmetic palete of porido verde antico (metamorphic labradorite poririte, provenance: Marathonisi in the S Peloponnese; identiication H. Kars): a rougly rounded disk with smooth upper and lower surfaces (reused decoration material for buildings), tapering, d 4.3-5.2, th 1.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 60 Grave: 110x56; 90°/270° B 61 Grave: >135x55; 180°; NAP surface 27.57, botom 26.95; depth 62 Skeletal material: skull; distance skull-under the waist 110 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessories According to one drawing (for the other one, see remarks below): 1-3 on the waist: from right to 56 — let, i.e. from E to W, buckle (part of 1) with its (now mostly missing) tongue to the right, tweezers 3, strap end (part of 1), large belt stifener (part of 1), axe 2, its edge to the let and its convex part to the top, visibly lying on another large belt stifener (part of 1); underneath it two other large belt stifeners. 4 in the jaw. Intrusion: sherd of grey coarse (jug?), splinter of brownish potery, splinter of terra sigillata, not necessarily fourth-century. Remarks: Grave disturbed just beyond the waist. Ypey (1969 and 1980) published the belt set (extensively) and the grave (summarily). Böhme (1974, 285, Taf. 84, 11-22) summarily published the grave. Ypey’s comment in 1980 is: ‘It concerns the inhumation of a Germanic warrior of the irst half of the ith century, whose so-called simple belt set imitates the large Kerbschnit sets of the fourth century. Possible further grave goods of this S-N grave got lost when the grave was disturbed in medieval times. The warrior belonged to a larger Germanic population group that lived and served in the garrison of Noviomagus (Nijmegen) in late antiquity.’ There are two versions of detailed grave drawings in ink, and it cannot be made out which one is correct, the more so as both seem to contain errors: the omission of parts in the irst version, and improbable positions of some parts in the second one. The irst version, shown by Ypey (1969, 114, Abb. 17) does not show all parts of belt set 1, but only parts 1b, 1c, and 1d; the other ones may then have been found at a deeper level. The second version shows, from right to let, i.e. from E to W: tweezers 3, strap end 1c pointing E, decorative fastening 1a, buckle 1b pointing W i.e. away from the decorative fastening, one of the long belt stifeners 1d, and axe 2. The four belt stifeners 1d around the axe were originally (in the two documentations present) taken for parts of a casing for the axe. For coin 4, the Koninklijk Penningkabinet sent in the following unexpected identiication in 1964: Antoninus Pius (137-161), denarius 154/5, portrait of M. Aurelius, cf RIC 463b. The excavator H. Brunsting decided that this could not be the right one, as he had notes on a decayed small bronze fourth-century coin, and he decided to remove the coin from the cemetery series. The presence of a second-century denarius is not improbable in itself: cf the ith-century grave B 465 with a second-century denarius in the mouth. Inventory 1 Late Roman/early Frankish bronze belt set, type Ypey BB1 = Sommer series 2, variant 1, shape c. 1a Two end plates, l 11.4, w 2.0-2.2, both consisting of a rectangular strip with a bevelled edge and a ribbed tube of the same length slid onto the opposite long side. The reverse of one of these, recognisable by the three belt rivets protruding there, had been used earlier as the front side, as appears from Kerbschnit decoration of eight-armed crosses, squares with one diagonal and diamonds within squares. The rivets protrude 0.2 and could hold one layer of leather. 1b The buckle with ixed plate can hold a belt of 4 cm width. Wear marks on the underside of its buckle frame show that it rested partly on the let end plate. 1c Undecorated lancet-shaped strap end with bevelled edge, l 5.4, w 3.4 cm, with two rivets and a slit for the belt end that has a width of 2.5 cm. 1d Four large belt stifeners, l 11.1, w 1.2-1.4, with edges chamfered except at the three rivet positions; double horizontal grooves above and under the rivets; small horizontal grooves let and right of these rivets. The rivets still present protrude for 0.2 and are apparently meant for one layer of leather. 1e Two narrow undecorated belt stifeners of half length with edges chamfered except at the three rivets positions; l 5.7, w 0.8. On the back side of one of these, an incomplete Kerbschnit motif shows that it was clipped from a larger piece for reuse. The rivets still present protrude for 0.4 and are meant for two layers of leather. 1f One belt stifener of quarter length l 2.7, w 0.7 cm, decorated in the same way as the large 1d 57 — ones. The rivets still present protrude for 0.4 and are meant for two layers of leather. The reconstruction of the belt when it was worn is as follows. It consisted of a main belt, w 11 cm, and a subsidiary one of varying widths. The main belt had a decorative fastening consisting of the two end plates 1a, the tubes lying next to one another. The actual fastening was done with the subsidiary belt, which was fastened to inside of the main belt near the right-hand end plate with the help of the quarter and half-length belt stifeners 1e and 1f. The width of the subsidiary belt near its beginning, under 1f, was 2.7 cm; then, underneath the half-length belt stifeners 1e, 5.7 cm; then, the end part with holes for the buckle, 4 cm. The opening of the buckle 1b corresponded with a hole in the main belt where the buckle was riveted in such a way, that the buckle frame partly rested on the let-hand end plate. The ixed plate of the buckle held this end plate in its place. The subsidiary belt was drawn behind the decorative fastening and emerged through the hole corresponding with the buckle bow. The end of the subsidiary belt with tongue 1c hung vertically from the buckle tongue. The four large belt stifeners 1d were on the back of the main belt, with intervals of 8 cm. The axe 4 and tweezers 3 were worn on the belt and fastened there with leather and/or textile: tweezers 3 above the right leg, axe 4 above the let, with its blade on the main belt and its edge outward, i.e. to the let. (The reconstruction drawing of the comparable belt from Rhenen grave 842 in Bloemers et al. 1981, 117 is incorrect. The draughtsman did not read (correctly?) the text to Ypey 1969, 108-109, Abb. 13 and shows the subsidiary belt emerging between the two end plates, and so he has to put the buckle frame beside the let-hand end plate instead of partly on top of it, as the accompanying photograph of the actual bronze parts shows.) 2 Iron axe, curved, l 16.2 cm, width of back side 4.8, with many textile remains on it. 3 Bronze tweezers, l 4.5, bent from one strip of bronze, with an eyelet at its top and bent-in ends; one end broken of. 4 Coin, small bronze of fourth-century type, almost completely decayed when excavated and now missing. See, however, the remarks above. Date: AD 440-450. B 62 Grave: 160x60; 118°; NAP surface >27.57, botom 26.75; depth >82 Coin: unknown, though its traces were seen; nails; 118° Skeletal material: skull, let tibia; length without feet 130 cm. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Tweezers 1 inside the coin, to the right of the head, its ends pointing upwards. Inventory 1 Bronze tweezers, l 8 cm, bent from one strip of bronze, one leg missing. B 63-64 Grave: 130x30; 130x30; 143°/323° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 in a recent feature; coins 2-9 in the loose illing of the graves. Remark: Seemingly two graves side by side; disturbed by a recent pit; illing loose. Inventory 1 Coin: Constantine I andsons, follis, barbaric, 330-360. Hybrid: VRBS ROMA/GLORIA EXERCITVS, 2 standards. 2 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 333-335, Trier, RIC 554. 3 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Arles, RIC 369. 4 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Trier, RIC 543. 5 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 332-333, Trier, RIC 537. 6 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 335-337, Trier, RIC 593. 7 Coin: Constans, follis, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 11. 8 Coin: Helena, follis, 337-340, Trier, RIC 55. 9 Coin: Theodora, follis, 337-341, Trier, RIC 91. Coin date: AD 337-341. 58 — B 65 Grave: >125x90; 0°/180°; NAP surface >27.57, botom 25.75; depth Remark: S end disturbed; nail. B 66 Grave: >55x50; 80°/260°; NAP surface >27.57, botom 25.75; depth Remark: Largely disturbed B 67 Grave: 210x75; 115°; NAP surface 27.22, botom 25.50; depth 172 Coin: 200x40; 115° Skeletal material: Traces of skull cap Position of grave goods/dress accessories In niche to the right of the feet, in a row from W to E: 4, 3, 1; 2 to the S of 1. Coin 5 in the coin, against the foot-end wall. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 68, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16, with white painted decoration in two zones, moto V•I•V•A•S•, under which a zone of running scroll and dots (Künzl element 189). 2 Foot of ine dark coloured beaker. No type. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seating Gellep 106, h 11. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.5. 5 Coin: Antoninus Pius, dupondius, 152-153, RIC 909a. Date: AD 301-355. B 68 Grave: 200x70; 118° ; NAP surface 27.22, botom 25.92; depth 130 Skeletal material: skull, upper part of vertebral column, humeri, radii (crossed), femora, right tibia. Remark: No coin traces; skeleton lying against long N side of the grave. The grave is later than B 67, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 69 Grave: 205x75; 110°; NAP surface 27.27, botom 25.58; depth 169 Coin: nails 105x55; 110° Remark: Though no bone remains were found, the head must have been in the E: both trench and coin are wider there. Empty niche at long S side, to the let of the feet. B 70 Grave: >100x80; 106°/286°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.53; depth 107 Remark: Largely disturbed. B 71 Grave: 240x65; 282°; NAP surface 27.57, botom 26.42; depth 115 Skeletal material: skull, humeri, femora Remark: Length skull-knees c.135 cm. B 72 Grave: 175x60; 94°; NAP surface 27.57, botom 26.52; depth 105 Remark: Though no bones were found, head in the E, as the trench is wider there. B 73 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown. Remark: Beaker 1 was found without context during the demolition of a cellar for central heating. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 9.8, d 7.4, with white painted decoration (spirals, not in Künzl 1997, divided by dots, between horizontal lines). Date: AD 301-355. B 74 Grave: 200x65; 103°; NAP surface 27.68, botom 26.44; depth 124 Coin: -; 103° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, let femur. Intrusion: red sherds (terra sigillata?; body sherd of small coarse jar; rim fragment of mortarium. Remark: Length skull-knee c.105 cm. B 75 Grave: >90x40; ? (only NW corner found) NAP 59 — botom 26.70 Remark: Largely disturbed by cellar wall. B 76 Grave: >150x80; 79°; NAP surface 27.68, botom 26.65; depth 103 Coin: >125x45, nails; 79° Skeletal material: Humeri, let radius (folded on the breast), let femur Remark: Partly disturbed by cellar wall and medieval grave. B 77 Grave: >80x70; 71°/251°; NAP surface -, botom 26.47; depth Coin: ?x35 (position of two nails); 71°/251° Remark: Largely disturbed by cellar wall. B 78 Grave: >60x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.68, bottom 26.45; depth 123 Remark: Largely disturbed by medieval grave. B 79 Grave: >150x70; 0°/180°; NAP surface >26.85, botom 26.68; depth >17 Remark: Largely disturbed. B 80 Grave: >150x55; 83°/263°; NAP surface ?, botom 22.75; depth ? Coin: 80x30 cm, nails; 83°/263° Remark: The depth of this grave is enigmatic. If its botom level is, as recorded, 22.75 +NAP, and the street level above it is indeed only 90 higher, as recorded on the excavation drawing, then that street level would be 23.65 +NAP, i.e. some four metres below the nearest recorded value. The other possibility would make the grave improbably deep. Similar considerations hold for all graves in excavation trench 8, where no street level has been recorded. Position of grave goods/dress accessories In a row along the E end of the long N wall of the coin, from E to W, 3, 2, 1. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate with proiled rim Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 16.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.5. 3 Small coarse yellowish pink beaker Nijmegen 140, h 8.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 81 Grave: 220x85; 70°/250°; NAP surface <26.78, botom 24.00; depth <278 Coin: 120x35; 85°/265° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Bowl 1 outside the coin, at the E end of the long S wall of the coin. 2-4 inside the coin: beaker 2 in SE corner, botle 3 to the W of 4, fallen over to the W; jar 4 in NW corner. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 16.5, with rouleted decoration: columns of three impressed small squares (Hübener’s group 2). 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.5. 3 Fine dark coloured botle Künzl 14.2.2, h 13, with white painted decoration: moto M•I•S•C•E• between doted line (above) and horizontal line. 4 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seating Gellep 106, h 10. Date: AD 330-355. B 82 Grave: >225x65; 167°/347°; NAP surface <26.78, botom 24.25; depth <253 Coin: nails >100x40; 167°/347° Remark: N part of the grave could not be excavated. B 83 Grave: 220x85; 72°; NAP surface <26.78, botom 24.40; depth <238 Coin: nails 190x40; 72° Skeletal material: Skull B 84 Grave: 165x90; 102°/282°; NAP surface 29.00, botom 28.29; depth 71 60 — B 85 Grave: 165x90; 291°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.69; depth 129 Coin: 105x35; 300° Skeletal material: - (but head in W: coin wider there) Remark: In the Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue, it is argued that the Roman ground level was 80 cm under the present-day street level. B 85 is the irst grave to be listed of those found within the Broerkerk. No loor levels were recorded by the excavator for this demolished church, whereas he did take heights on the stumps of the pillars, varying from 27.90 m to 28.56 m +NAP. Brunsting (1952, 10) argues that the loor level was raised by 50 cm since the church was completed in the 14th century. The only height of a surface (taken in the E end of the N aisle), 28.28 m +NAP, is therefore taken as the presentday street level for the entire church, and so the Roman ield level is reconstructed 80 cm plus 50 cm lower, at 26.98 +NAP. Position of grave goods/dress accessories In a small niche near the NE corner, dug from the short E side. 1 lying on its side in the N, mouth towards NE; 2 standing to its S. Remark: Disturbed by posthole (of a grave marker?) through short E side, between niche and coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 21. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 17. Date: AD 301-367. B 86 Grave: 205x75; 119°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.15; depth 183 Coin: nails 180x45; 119° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-5 in a in niche to the right, i.e. N, of the waist. Clockwise from 1 in the W: 3 (containing 3a) standing on 1, then 5, 4, 2. Coin 6 was in the coin near the place of the vanished let elbow (held in the right hand, the right arm be- ing folded?). Remarks: A photograph by ield technician Plug shows dish 1 ater it was moved to the E from 4. The combination of dish 3 with chicken 3a on terra sigillata plate 1 suggests that it would thus be served to the diner, ater which the dish would be placed before the plate and the chicken moved from the dish to the plate. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, d 21. 2 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 71, h 20. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 17. 3a Bones of a possibly complete chicken without feet and head, lying parallel to one another: (parts of) scapula (l), coracoïd (l+r), humerus (l+r), ulna (l), radius, phalanx I anterior (l+r), tibiotarsus (l), 3 vertebrae; 15 frgm, 3.0 gr; bird: unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the chicken, 128 frgm, 3.1 gr. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 18. 4a A chicken’s leg: (femur (l), 1 frgm, 0.0 gr; bird: unideniiable fragments, 9 frgm, 0.2 gr. 5 Coarse jug Gellep 115, neck and handle broken of in antiquity. Preserved h 23.5. 6 Coin: Hadrian, sestertius, heavily worn, Rome, 117-125. Date: AD 301-350. B 87 Grave: 210x95; 111°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.65; depth 133 Coin: 160x40; 113° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 was lying on its side, mouth to the SE, outside the coin, to the let of the head. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 25.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 88 Grave: >105x65; 115°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.49; depth 149 Coin: >80x45; 115° 61 — Skeletal material: Position of grave goods/dress accessories In the W end of the coin, apparently the footend: 3 and 2 in contact, 3 near NW corner, 2 near SW, 1 to the E of 3 and 2. Remark: Earlier than B 89, which cuts it. Partly disturbed by a recent grave. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 32, h 4. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 15.5. 3 Coarse small cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11. Date: AD 301-350. B 89 Grave: >135x70; 96°/276°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.77; depth 121 Coin: nails >115x40; 88°/268° Remark: The grave is later than B 88, which it cuts. Partly disturbed by a recent grave. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 90 Grave: >100x70; 258°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.70; depth 128 Coin: >75x40; 258° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Presumably in the foot-end, which is disturbed: the sherds represent well-known types in this cemetery. Remark: Foot-end disturbed. Inventory 1 Lip fragment of a terra sigillata plate Gellep 38. 2 Lip-shoulder fragment of a ine dark coloured jar with short near-vertical lip (and constricted foot) Gellep 57. 3 Lip fragment of a coarse dish Gellep 126. Date: AD 301-350. B 91 Grave: 100x45; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.80; depth 118 Coin: nails 80x32; 129°/309° Remark: The grave is later than grave B 114, which it just cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 376-? B 92 Grave: 170x70; 98°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.89; depth 109 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae; length 167; Remark: The grave is later than B 93, which it cuts. B 93 Grave: 135x80; 125°/305°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.49; depth 149 Coin: nails 68x32; 125°/305° Remark: Earlier than B 92, which cuts it. B 94 Grave: 150x70; 99°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 24.95; depth 203 Coin: nails 105x30; 99° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Just outside the foot-end of the coin, under a ield stone, two iting imbrex fragments and two tegula fragments. 1 near NW corner, 2 near SW corner, 3 between 1 and 2. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate with proiled rim Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 17. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seating Gellep 106, h 8.5. 3 Small glass beaker, completely disintegrated. Type and measurements unknown. Date: AD 301-367. B 95 Grave: >175x65; 98° Coin: >140x35; 98° Skeletal material: Right femur, tibiae Remark: Head end disturbed by family-vaults. B 96 Grave: >145x55; 113°/293° Remarks: B 96, B 118 and B 119 Graves? Contents 62 — very disturbed and loose. Probably found and robbed in recent times (17th-18th century) when a grave was dug. Plans, sizes and positions are reminiscent of Roman graves. If these were indeed Roman graves, B 96 may be earlier than B 119, which seems to cut it. B 97 Grave: >120x75; 280°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.07; depth 91 Coin: nails >90x45; 280° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion: Coarse base fragment Remark: Skull lying transversely with its top to S; foot-end disturbed. B 98 Grave: 235x90; 94°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 26.15; depth 128 Coin: nails 185x45; 99° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, right radius (folded over waist), femora, tibiae; length 168; Remark: The grave is later than B 99, which it cuts. The coin of AD 310 is associated with a Gellep 108, not to be dated earlier than IVB. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in coin, let of skull; jar 2 half a meter higher than coin, to the right of the coin a the height of the upper leg; coin 3 in the coin to the let of the waist. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 18. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 108, h 14. 3 Coin: Licinius I, follis, 310-313, London, RIC 121c/276. Date: AD 334-367. Coin date: AD 310-330. Combined date: AD 330. B 99 Grave: >165x85; 278°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 26.60; depth 83 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The grave is earlier than B 98, which cuts it. Disturbed by medieval grave and/or rubbish pit. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-330. B 100 Grave: 220x75; 88°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 26.50; depth 93 Coin: nails 165x40; 88° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, right radius, folded over the waist, femora; length from top to knee c.120; Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 outside the coin, near its SW corner. Inventory 1 Botle of coarse terra nigra-like potery ± Gellep 97, h 15. Date: AD 351-400. B 101 Grave: 215x95; 86°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.41; depth >57 Coin: nails 165x45; 86° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae; length 158; B 102 Grave: 245x90; 84°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.06; depth 92 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, let radius, folded over the waist, femora, tibiae; length 170; B 103 Grave: 145x60; 105°; NAP surface ?, botom 27.16; depth ? Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull B 104 Coin: nails Skeletal material: unidentiied pieces of bone Intrusion: unidentiied sherds Remark: Enough indications for a grave; no further details found. B 105 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories 63 — Unknown Intrusion: brown-marbled sherds; dolium fragment Remark: Disturbed grave near B 83 and B 104, not drawn on the deinitive plan, but with clear enough signs of being a grave. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 106 Grave: botom 25.45 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Cremation; no regular trench or coin found. Inventory 1 Sherds of a ine dark coloured small moto-jug Künzl 12.3.1, R•E•P•L•E•. Restored, incomplete, neck and handle missing. Preserved h 7.6. Date: AD 301-355. B 107 Grave: >120x65; 133°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.75; depth 123 Coin: nails >100x40; 133° Skeletal material: Femora Remark: Foot-end disturbed B 108 Grave: 330x90; 131°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 24.50; depth 248 Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 lying with its mouth SE to the let of the skull. Remark: Graves B 108 and B 109 are seemingly in one trench but in opposite directions, the skulls being near one another. B 109 seems to have been dug through the earlier B 108. The footend of B 108 is disturbed by tower foundations. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 20. Damaged (when B 109 was dug?). Date: AD 301-367. B 109 Grave: 330x90; 311°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 24.50; depth 248 Coin: 212 or 225x40; 311° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The grave seems to be later than B 108, which it cuts. See remarks there. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 110 Grave: >50x90; 312°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.35; depth 163 Coin: nails >40x45; 312° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Largely destroyed by tower wall. B 111 Grave: >110x90; 140°/320°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.13; depth 185 Coin: nails Remark: Two thirds of the grave destroyed by S wall of tower. B 112 Grave: 150x65; 108°/288°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.65; depth 133 Coin: nails 105x35; 108°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 outside the short NW side of the coin, lying with its mouth SW. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 113 Grave: 210x90; 29°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.55; depth 143 Coin: 180x40; 29° Skeletal material: Skull B 114 Grave: 205x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.62; depth 136 64 — Coin: nails >160x45; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in NE corner of coin, lying on its side, its mouth to S. Remark: The grave is earlier than grave B 91, which just cuts it; partly destroyed by a recent grave. Inventory 1 Coarse folded beaker Gellep 111, h 17. Date: AD 376-400. B 115 Grave: 155x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.44; depth 154 Coin: nails 120x35; 116°/296° Intrusion: Coarse base fragment. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 116, which just cuts it. B 116 Grave: >155x80; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.22; depth 176 Coin: nails >120x30; 72°/252° Remark: SW part disturbed by church foundation. The grave is later than B 115, which it just cuts. B 117 Grave: 192x55; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.71; depth 127 Coin: nails Remark: Deepest part of the grave was visible in an otherwise disturbed area. B 118 Grave: 175x120; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.22; depth 176 Remark: See remark under B 96. B 119 Grave: 150x65; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.20; depth 178 Intrusion: Unidentiied piece of iron. Remark: See remark under B 96; if these were Roman graves, B 119 may be later than B 96, which it seems to cut. B 120 Grave: 210x65; 17°/197°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.67; depth 131 B 121 Grave: 225x90; 100°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.44; depth 154 Coin: 192x45; 100° Skeletal material: Femora Intrusion: Sherd of a coarse dish. B 122 Grave: 225x85; 117°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.28; depth 170 Coin: 160x45; 117° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Jug 1 standing in niche to the let = S of the upper body, at NAP 25.67. 2 at transition nichegrave. Pin 3 next to the let side of the skull. Coin 4 near the vanished right hand and hip. Remark: A longitudinal dark trace may represent the collapsed coin lid. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 27. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15. 3 Silver pin with axe-shaped head, l 7.7 cm. Though the shape of this pin is reminiscent of the axe type Siegmund FBA 4.1, dated 570-585 (Siegmund 1998, 204 Fig. 81), it is clear from the potery and the coin in the grave that the pin must be dated to IVb, and that the head was not meant to look like an axe: the axe type did not exist yet. 4 Coin: Constantine I, follis 323-324, Londen, RIC 287. Date: AD 301-350. Coin date: 323-341. Combined date: 323-341. B 123 Grave: 200x50; 275°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.74; depth 124 Coin: nails 170x40; 275° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur. Intrusion: two sherds of a coarse bowl with rim 65 — thickened on inside, Gellep 120-2; fragment of a coarse dish; fragment of a brown-marbled jug. B 124 Grave: 250x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.04; depth 94 Coin: >100x40; 90°/270° Remark: Partly disturbed. B 129 Grave: 170x50; 281°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.99; depth 99 Coin: nails 160x?; 281° Intrusion: sherd of brown-marbled potery Remark: Under a medieval grave. Though no bone remains were found, the head was clearly in the W, where the grave was wider. B 125 Grave: 165x50; 9°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.89; depth 109 Coin: nails 145x35; 9° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 to the right of the head in NW corner of the coin. Inventory 1 Slender conical glass beaker with four engraved horizontal lines Gellep 185, h 11.5. Date: AD 334-400. B 130 Grave: 100x40; 73°/253°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.78; depth 120 Coin: nails 88x30; 73°/253° B 126 Grave: 225x100; 74°/254°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.94; depth 105 Coin: nails Remark: Earlier than grave B 127, which cuts it at a right angle. B 132 Grave: 260x80; 262°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.93; depth 105 Coin: nails trapezoid 200x60; 262° Skeletal material: Skull, let caput femoris. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Fibula 1 to the right of the top of the head. Buckle 2 on the let caput femoris, thereby preserving it. Intrusion: Red smooth base fragment. Remark: Earlier than grave B 131, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Bronze Aucissa ibula, lacking its pin, l 4.8 cm. 2 Bronze buckle with separate bronze sheet plate Sommer 1Cb1, l 3.8 cm, w 3.5 cm. Date: AD 310-360. B 127 Grave: 210x45; 356°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.99; depth 99 Coin: nails Remark: Later than grave B 126, which it cuts at a right angle. B 128 Grave: >75x50; 0°/180°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.09; depth 89 Coin: nails >55x40; 0°/180° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in SW corner of coin Remark: N half disturbed by medieval grave. Inventory 1 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6. Date: AD 301-450. B 131 Grave: 180x90; 97°/277°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.28; depth 70 Intrusion: Sherd of a smooth jug. Remark: Largely disturbed by a medieval grave. Later than B 132, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-? B 133 Grave: c.150x65; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.02; depth 96 Coin: nails 90x30; 89°/269° B 134 Grave: 180x75; 265°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 66 — 25.95; depth 103 Coin: nails 160x40; 265° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, head of let femur, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 135, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400. B 135 Grave: 140x70; 114°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.66; depth 132 Coin: nails trapezoid 100x25; 104° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Jar 1 in NE corner of coin, above the vanished head to the right. Bowl 2 in SE corner of coin, above the head to the let. Beaker 3 near the vanished right underarm. Remark: Later than B 134, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Jar of not entirely dark but smooth terra nigra Gellep 52, h 13. 2 Footed terra nigra bowl Gellep 274, h 8. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.4. Date: AD 376-400. B 136 Grave: >160x50; 81°/261°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.18; depth 80 Coin: nails >140x35; 81°/261° Intrusion: small sherd, probably from the illing Remark: Earlier than grave B 137, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-425. B 137 Grave: 205x75; 99°/289°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.15; depth 83 Coin: nails, otherwise no trace Position of grave goods/dress accessories In the E end of the grave, on the longitudinal axis, in contact with one another: bowl 1 in the W, beaker 2 in the E. Intrusion: A fragment of a 16th or 17th century glass: either part of the beaker of a goblet on baluster foot, or a lid. According to the inventory book of the municipal museum, where it is inscribed as BC I 152b, a stray ind; according to a list of ield technician Martens from grave B 137. Remark: Later than grave B 136, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration (cross-hatching; Hübener’s unnumbered group) h 7. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.3, d 18.5. Date: AD 375-450. B 138 Grave: 190x90; 84°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.26; depth 72 Coin: nails; rectangular iron mounting, 13x2.5 cm, with two rivets. 172x35; 84° Skeletal material: Skull B 139 Grave: 150x80; 81°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.10; depth 88 Coin: 95x20; 81° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In coin, against the short side in SW. Remark: From the position of 1 it was concluded that the short SW side must be the foot-end: there would be no room for the head of the deceased. Inventory 1 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.5. 2 Two lat-biconical light green glass beads (one disintegrated in the museum). 3 Tiny bronze remains, amongst which possibly a small buckle tongue (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350. B 140 Grave: 110x65; 90°/180°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.23; depth 75 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Cremation remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Seemingly carefully spread along the longitudinal axis of the grave, from W to E: 2, 5, 3, 6 in the W, 1 in the E. Remarks: The W group of inds are at the W end of the cremation remains. 4 and 5 show that this 67 — is a soldier’s burial: melon beads were also used as soldiers’ amulets and around the necks of military horses (Theune in: Pirling-Siepen 2006, 568). The shears 2 it in with a remark of PirlingSiepen (2006, 417-8) that all but one Gellep examples were found in cremation graves that differ from what is usual, e.g. because they were cremations in the midst of inhumations. It is diicult to date this grave. Shears and knives were used throughout the period of use of the Nijmegen cemeteries. The melon bead 4, the hinge ibula 5 and Caligula’s dupondius are clearly from earlier centuries; giving irst-century coins is frequent in the Nijmegen Late Roman cemeteries. So the grave does belong to the cemetery (and it was not already there before the irst graves were dug). If the two iron keys 7 have anything to do with wooden chests, they may be dated to IVAB. The cremation and the date of ibula 5 show that this is one of the earliest graves of the cemetery. Inventory 1 Tanged iron knife, l 11.5, with convex sides, l blade 9, max. w 2.2. 2 Iron bow shears, l 16. 3 Iron buckle, 3x3, with rectangular plate. 4 Melon bead, 16 oblique ribs, worn, faience, slightly transparent greenish blue, d 2.1, h 1.8, Riha 1.1. 5 Bronze ibula (with leather remains?). Crossbow ibula Van Buchem I; Haalebos (1984-1985, 58-60), however, calls it a hinge ibula with long hinge arms and supposes it was worn by soldiers IId-III. 6 Coin: dupondius, Caligula, 37-41, Rome, RIC2 34. 7 Two irons keys, each with an eyelet and a lat bit, l 5.7 and 7.7. Date: AD 301-325. B 141 Grave: 285x90; 266°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.02; depth 96 Coin: 185x45; 266° Skeletal material: Thin (skull?) bone in the W, a de- cayed long bone in the E. Intrusion: Sherd of a coarse dish. Remark: The grave is later than B 142, which it cuts. B 142 Grave: 240x80; 266°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.67; depth 131 Coin: nails 200x40; 266° Skeletal material: Skull; silhouete of legs. Remarks: The grave is earlier than B 141, which cuts it. Two earlier round pits E and W of the grave seem not to have been graves. The one in the E contained nails and some sherds, among others a ine dark colour shoulder fragment with incised decoration; the one on the W some nails. B 143 Grave: c.150x80; 265°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.04; depth 94 Coin: c.120x40; 265° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 in SW corner of coin, to the right of the head. Botom of beaker 2 in the illing of the grave (an intrusion?). Beaker 3 was the third in a row of objects to the S of the coin, at the level of the right shoulder to the waist. Fibula 4 was on the right shoulder. Buckle 5 was the second in the row S of the coin. Belt stifener(?) 6 was on the waist, on the let side. Iron knife 7 was the irst (in the W), and iron axe 8 the last (in the E) in the row S of the coin. Intrusion: Beaker 2, of which only the botom was found in the illing, is probably an intrusion. Inventory 1 Glass double-handled yellowish green barrel botle Gellep 213, h 19.5. On the underside of the botom the factory name FRON(tinus) between concentric circles. Blown in bipartite mold, the seam of which is clearly visible. 2 Base fragment of a conical glass beaker Gellep 185, preserved h 4. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 179?, Isings 96a, all but colourless, d 8. 4 Small Armbrust ibula, l 4. 68 — 5 Bronze buckle. Cf Pirling 1966, 122, Abb. 14.1. 6 Small pieces of bronze: strip 7x1.2 with two rivets (belt stifener?); tube, made of a bent sheet, l 4.2, d 1.4 (strap end?). 7 Iron knife, l 10.6, blade l 7, w 2.3 with convex sides; organic remains of the handle on the pin. 8 Curved iron axe, l 12.4, max. th 3.5. Cf. Siegmund (1998, 204, ig. 81) FBA 2.3 of his phase 1, AD 400-440. Date: AD 400-400. B 144 Grave: 205x100; 85°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.77; depth 121 Coin: nails 170x45; 85° Skeletal material: Skull, decayed Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 near right foot in coin, i.e. in NW corner. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 145 Grave: >50x100; 97°/277° Coin: nails Remark: Largely disturbed. B 146 Grave: 160x85; 277°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.90; depth 108 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The grave is later than B 147, which it cuts. B 147 Grave: 200x100; 3°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.95; depth 103 Coin: nails 156x35; 3° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The grave is earlier than B 146, which cuts it. B 148 Grave: oval, 170x60; 50°/230° Remark: Under foundation, which seems to have disturbed its shape. B 149 Grave: >85x100; 3°/183°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.67; depth 31 Remark: W part disturbed by a medieval grave. B 150 Grave: 185x85; 97°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.63; depth 135 Coin: nails 148x30; 97° Skeletal material: Capsula of a molar. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3, 3a, 4, 5 in a higher niche on N side, to the right of the waist: 3 with 3a in the W, 4 in the E; 1 (S) and 5 (N) between 3 and 4; 6 slipped from that niche; 2 and 7 broken, under the SW corner of the coin in a small pit. Remark: The small pit with 2 and 7 apparently represents an ofering made before the coin was lowered. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.5, with white painted moto S•I•T•I•O•. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 81, handle and neck missing, with ive reddish painted horizontal bands, preserved h 11. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.5, in which 3a. 3a An apparently complete chicken without head and lower legs, which must have been removed: scapula (l+r), coracoïd, humerus (l+r), ulna (r), femur (r), 6 vertebrae, synsacrum, rib; 17 frgm, 2.9 gr; unidentiied small fragments of bird bone, presumably part of the chicken; 58 frgm, 1.2 gr. 4 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 8.5. 5 Coarse small cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.5. 6 Colourless glass bowl with foot-ring and rim turned downwards and inwards Gellep 540-541, d 16.5. Completely latened and irst interpreted as a silver mirror by the excavator, and as a bronze mirror in the museum inventory book. 69 — 7 Glass fragments, amongst which the base of a beaker Gellep 195, preserved h 2.4. Date: AD 301-350. B 151 Grave: >170x90; 289°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.20; depth 178 Coin: nails; trapezoid 180x40; 289° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche on N side, to the let of the waist: 1, containing 1a, in the W, 2 in the middle, 3 in the E. Remark: Foot-end of trench slightly disturbed. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 25.5, in which 1a. 1a A piece of beef, a rib: costa, three fragments, 6.8 gr; mammal: two pieces of ossiied cartilage, probably part of the rib; 19 fragments of rib and ossiied cartilage, probably part of the rib, 6.0 gr. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seating Gellep 106, h 10.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 152 Grave: >110x115; 153°/333°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.64; depth 134 Coin: nails >55x40; 170°/350° Remark: Largely disturbed by S wall of church. B 153 Grave: >225x>150; 274°; NAP surface ?, botom 26.53; depth ? Coin: >175x50; 274° Skeletal material: Let humerus and radius, femora. Remark: W part disturbed by building trench of church. B 154 Grave: >120x90; 294°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.64; depth 134 Coin: >95x40; 294° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In NW corner of the coin, to the let of and apart from the head. 2 on the (right?) wrist. Remark: E end disturbed. Inventory 1 A bronze wire ring on which one bronze wire link with a small glass bead: earring? 2 Open bronze bracelet with hatched ends, representing stylized snakesheads of Swit’s type 31, d 5.9-6.2. Date: AD 301-367 B 155 Grave: >160x75; 60°/240°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.58; depth 140 Coin: nails >150x40; 60°/240° Remark: Part of the complex of graves B 155-159, three of which are cut by a butress of the church. B 155 cuts B 158 and is in its turn covered by B 156. Schematically, the layers are: latest B 156, in the middle B 155 B 157 B 159, and earliest B 158. B 156 Grave: 160x100; 247°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.58; depth 140 Coin: nails 85x40; 247° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Fragment of the same jar as in B 158 (small cooking-pot with lid-seating); amphora fragment. Remark: See at B 155 for stratigraphy. B 157 Grave: >60x45; unclear; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.65; depth 133 Remark: For stratigraphy see B 155. Partly under church butress. Botom descends to that of B 156. B 158 Grave: 170x100; 283°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.51; depth 147 Coin: nails 95x35; 279° 70 — Skeletal material: Shadow of skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion: Fragment of the same jar as in B 156 (small cooking-pot with lid-seating). Remark: For stratigraphy, see remark at B 155. B 159 Grave: 150x65; 70°/250°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 26.05; depth 93 Coin: nails Remark: For stratigraphy, see B 155. B 160 Grave: 215x85; 70°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.00; depth 98 Coin: (no nails) 180x40; 70° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: A coarse base fragment. Remark: The grave is later than B 161, which it just cuts. B 161 Grave: 200x75; 75°/255°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.91; depth 107 Coin: nails 70x30; 75°/255° Remark: The grave is earlier than B 160, which just cuts it. B 162 Grave: 275x125; 255°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 26.03; depth 95 Coin: nails 170x45; 255° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The grave is earlier than B 163, which cuts it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 against the jaw, on the let side. Inventory 1 Coin: aes II, Constans, 348-350, Trier, RIC 213. Bone remains on one side, textile remains on the other. Coin date: AD 348-378. B 163 Grave: 180x95; 98°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.96; depth 102 Coin: nails 165x40; 98° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, shadow of let tibia. Remark: The grave is later than B 162, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 348-? B 164 Grave: 215x85; 260°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.66; depth 132 Coin: nails 180x40; 260° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 against the jaw, on the let side. Remark: The grave is later than B 165, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Coin: aes III, Constans, 348-350, Trier, RIC 226/230. Coin date: AD 348-378. B 165 Grave: 245x100; 92°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.36; depth 162 Coin: nails 190x45; 92° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in SW corner of coin: 3 in the corner, 2 to its E, 1 touching 3 to its NE. Remark: The grave is earlier than B 164, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.5. 2 Coarse small cooking-pot with lid-seating Gellep 105, h 12. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-348. Combined date: AD 301-348. B 166 Grave: 220x70; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.56; depth 142 Coin: nails 176x45; 72°/252° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in NE corner of coin. 71 — Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 21. Date: AD 301-367. B 167 Grave: 220x85; 297°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.72; depth 126 Coin: nails 185x40; 297° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Buckle 1 to the right of the head; ibula 2 level with the lowest let rib. Intrusion: sherds Inventory 1 Iron buckle with moveable plate Sommer 1Cb1, in which two rivet holes. Width of belt hole 2.8. 2 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 4C) lacking its bow knob, preserved l 7.5. Onion-shaped knobs. Both arms of the crossarm have a concave ribbed top; chevrons on the top face of the bow and on the middle face of the foot (bow decoration Swit D2); two groups of iled V-shaped decoration on each side of the foot (foot decoration Swit a10, D2) Date: AD 325-355. B 168 Grave: >60x80; 81°/261°; NAP surface 26.98, bottom 25.63; depth 135 Coin: nails >45x40; 81°/261° Remark: E part disturbed by church wall. There is a hearth at 2 m SW of B 168, consisting of charcoal on a round patch of pebbles. It contained some sherds of handmade vessels; it may or may not be part of the Late Roman cemetery. B 169 Grave: oval, 235x160; 262°; NAP surface 26.98, botom 25.80; depth 118 Coin: nail 200x35; 262° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri (38 cm), pelvis (w 29, containing falanges), femora (l 38), right tibia (l 41); total length without heel 160. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Outside the coin, right (S) of the knee, 1; out- side the coin, let of underarms, 2. Remark: The fragmentary potery may be the remains of a funeral meal. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72 lacking its base. 2 Sherd of a coarse dish; no further data. Date: AD 301-350. B 170 Grave: >175x>75; 111°/291°; NAP surface ?, botom ‘250 below surface’, of which no height was recorded; depth ? Coin: nails 152x32; 111°/291° B 171 Grave: 230x125; 69° Coin: nails; 69° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In NE corner of the coin, to the right of the head. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar with near vertical lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, h 10.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 172 Grave: 135x80; 108°/288° Coin: nails 110x40; 99°/279° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In SW corner of the coin, 2 next to it, to the E; 3 to NE of 2, in the coin along its N side. Inventory 1 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178?, disintegrated. 2 Small glass double-handled botle, aryballos model, h 9, d 7.6. Lip turned inwards. Body decorated with three rows of vertically engraved dashes. Isings 61 (Isings 1957, 80: ‘one of the latest inds from Northern provinces’). 3 Bronze strip bracelet: six fragments of bronze wire, d 3.5, decorated with Swit’s a2 decoration. Date: AD 301-350. 72 — B 173 Grave: 200x100; 229° Coin: nails 180x32; 229° Skeletal material: Teeth Remark: The grave is later than B 174, which it cuts. B 174 Grave: 220x95; 76°/256° Coin: nails 176x40; 81°/261° Remark: The grave is earlier than B 173, which cuts it. B 175 Grave: >60x95; 119°/299° Coin: nails >40x35; 119°/299° Remark: E half disturbed. B 176 Remark: This number was given to the newly analysed grave in the complex of graves B 19-20-21176-25-26-27-28. It is described between graves B 24 and B 25. Lange Nieuwstraat, 13 June 1957. As Queen Juliana and professor Brunsting, back to back, discuss the excavations in small circles of the Dutch Anthropological Association, ield technician A. van Pernis is on all fours below them. L Nieuwstr L Nieuwstr L Nieuwstr L Nieuwstr 1978 1978 1978 1978 Total in area LN Area LN: graves B 177-B 560 (Figs. 11-15) Brunsting called this area LN ater the Lange Nieuwstraat, where most of the excavations took place. The old excavations in this area are the following. Place Year N TrLN Preliminary reports Legend: N = number of graves; TrLN = trenches in area LN of cemetery B Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Burchtstr 1947 10 2d VRGK 1947, 72 Burchtstr 1950 8 2c VRGK 1950, 104 Emaushof 1956 8 3 ? L Nieuwstr 1957 141 5-20 NKNOB 1957, *97, *108, *130, *183, *227, *239-240; VRGK 1957, 149 L Nieuwstr 1960-1 54 21-7 NKNOB 1960, *267 NKNOB 1961, *36, *56, *71 Under the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers: 40 26 17 67 131 133 134 142 371 (13 graves split below) B 177 Grave: >40x155; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.90, botom 28.20; depth 70 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-6 in a niche on the long N side, at waist level. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2, V•I•V•Δ•S•, h 15.5, d 9.7. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, D•A•M•I•, h 9.7, d 7.6. 3 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 71, h 22.9, d 17.4. 4 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 6.7, d 14.7. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 7.4, d 16.7. 6 Small bowl, no data, so not drawn. Date: AD 301-350. B 178 Grave: 250x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 28.90, bottom 27.41; depth 149 73 — Skeletal material: tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 179, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 179 Grave: NAP surface 28.90, botom 28.09; depth 81 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: This indistinct feature is later than B 178, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.6, d 9.3. On its neck a graito of a standing trident, twice. Date: AD 301-367. B 180 Grave: 220x90; 276°?; NAP surface 26.65, botom 26.16; depth 49 Coin: no trace. Two irregular bronze sheet bands, 1.8x9 and 1.3x6, mountings (not drawn). Position of grave goods/dress accessories Mostly unknown. Coin 2 was ‘in the grave’, coin 3 ‘loose’. Bead 12 was at the W end, probably near the vanished head. Intrusion: a fragment of fayence Remarks: Grave without coin traces and at a right angle over an old ditch, like the graves B 193 and B 194 to its S. The grave contains a mixture of conventional male and female grave goods. Inventory 1 Five wall fragments of a colourless glass beaker with thin serpentine decoration bands on thin wall, Nijmegen 186, d 0.1-0.2. The glass threads have been laid down in a shape of 8, fused with the neighbouring threads on the widest parts. 2 Coin: follis, Constantine I, 316-317, London, RIC 93. 3 Coin: follis, Constantius I, 303-305, Trier, RIC 594a. 4 Bronze buterly-shaped belt stifener with two rivets on the reverse and at the front four concentric circles on the round central part, l 3, w 2.1, th 0.1. Sommer series 1, variant 3. 5 Iron ring or buckle lacking its tongue, outer d 4.9, inner d 3.2, of round section, d 0.6. 6 Within ring 5 and corroded onto its place a small ring-shaped iron buckle, d 2, with tongue and iron plate folded double, l 4, w 1.5: its bandshaped end rounded. The buckle seems to have closed within ring 5. 7 Iron and bronze rings one inside the other, outer d 3.3, inner d 1.3, both round in section, d 0.8 and 0.5. On its outside, glued or corroded onto its place, a yellowish round piece of limestone, 1.3x0.5. 8 A round cosmetic palete? of white granular limestone, d 5, th 2. 9 A round cosmetic palete? of white granular limestone, d 4, th 1. 10 Tip of an iron knife? 3x1.5. 11 Fragment of a black glass bracelet, outer d 6, inner d 5, oval in section, w 0.8. Decoration of groups of two obliquely impressed grooves. 12 Half of latish globular bead, transparent greyish green, two (originally four) opaque brownish red warts, d 3.0, h 2.1, TM 375aVar. Coin date: AD 303-318. B 181 Grave: >170x35; 105°/285°; NAP surface 28.90, botom 27.22; depth 168 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in a niche on the S side, in unknown position in relation to the body (let of the shoulders or right of the lower legs). Remarks: Earlier than B 183, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14, h 11.3, d 7.2. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.1, d 18.5. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.1, d 13.4. 4 Small hemispherical bronze basin, h 4.3-4.7, d 15.5. The rim is thickened and rounded on the inside. The basin has concentric grooves from spinning on the lathe inside and out. Only the inside of the vessel is tinned. Soldered on the outside, 1.5 below the rim, is a lozenge-shaped escutcheon with an eye on the top, on which a 74 — ring is hanging. Photo: Van Daalen et al. 2005, 31. Date: AD 301-367. 1-3 in niche to the let (E) of the upper body. The position of the vanished body is derived from that of the sole of a shoe 4, in the S. 5-7 unknown: not in excavation documentation, but present in inds box in the museum. Remark: Later than B 181, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, L•V•D•E•, h 10.4, d 7.2. 2 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 28.8, d 22.7. 3 Smooth jug with conical mouthpiece, h 26.5, d 18. Nijmegen 96. 4 Large fragment of a coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4, d 24. 5 Large fragment of a coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 15. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 6.1, d 19.5. 7 Sole of a shoe with hob-nails: some heads of hob-nails preserved. Date: AD 301-350. B 182 Grave: round pit, d c.88; unknown; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.56; depth 77 Intrusions Two early-Roman sherds: wall fragment of a Belgian but-beaker, d 9, Gose 338 or 339; rim sherd of a smooth plate, pink sherd with white slip, h 5, d 21. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Apparently indiscriminately dumped into a pit. Remark: Material found loose but together, with marks of burning: cremation grave? These inds, not indicated as the contents of a grave on the plan drawings of trench 131, are stored in the same box as those of grave B 181 and are therefore mentioned here. By elimination, their only possible provenance seems to be feature 131/21, between graves B 217 and B 218, indicated on the drawing as a round pit with terra sigilla sherds and large bones. Its measurements are given above. Inventory 1 Fragment of a terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c), d 12. 2 Fragment of a ine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, d lip 8, d >13. 3 Wall fragment of a ine dark coloured beaker, d 9. 4 c.1 kilogram of smooth wall fragments of a jug, d >28, place where the handle was atached 4.5x2. 5 Base of a smooth jug in splinters, d 6. 6 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105/106, measurements unknown. 7 Coarse dish, d 17, h 4.8, Gellep 128. 8 Botom fragment of a coarse dish. 9 Two small bones: chicken? Date: AD 301-367. B 184 Grave: >90x85; 41°/221°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 28.10; depth >23 Position of grave goods/dress accessories In NW corner. Problematic: see remark. Dishes 2 and 3 seem to have been one on top of the other, as the ind label of 2 says: ‘lower plate’. Remark: Find data are contradictory. According to ind processing forms, the only inds were ‘a a chicken on a plate; b a loose bone in niche’. The niche is not on the plan drawing; there are more inds present, but not a trace of a chicken. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, yellow with lots of volcanic tempering (from Mayen), h 11.7, d 13.7. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.0, d 14.0. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 15.6. Date: AD 301-350. B 183 Grave: 150x60/70; 0°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.60; depth 73 Position of grave goods/dress accessories B 185 Grave: 155x75; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.22; depth 111 Coin: 140x55; 104°/284° 75 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories Not recorded. Inventory 1 Small bronze bell with four groups of four concentric circles around the clapper hole, rodshaped tongue and suspension ring, d 2.9, h without ring and clapper 1.2, with: 3.3. 2 Bronze snakeshead bracelet, d 5.8-6.4, section 0.7x0.2. One end is lancet-shaped over a length of 5 cm and decorated: largest w there 1.1, smallest 0.5. From three transverse grooves run three longitudinal ones; between the outer two and the rims oblique grooves (not in Swit 2000). 3 Textile remains: pieces of 0.4-0.6 cm, twill. 4 Iron chain of round links (three now visible), d 1, on a small heap of two now carbonized textile remains 5-6. 5 Textile remains, folded, 5x5 cm. 6 Two fragments of the same tablet woven band, l 13 and 3.2. It cannot be said with certainty what 4-6 represent: a small textile bag with band handle, hanging from an iron chain? Date: AD 301-367. B 186 Grave: >120x110; 105°/285° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Not recorded, 1 probably in niche. Remark: Niche on N side, either to the let of the upper body or to the right of the lower legs, NAP 27.80. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 5.1, d 17.0. Date: AD 276-367. B 187 Grave: 150x58; 40°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.97; depth >36 Coin: 135x40; 40° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae B 188 Grave: >180x105; 97°; NAP surface >28.33, bottom 27.95; depth >38 Coin: >155x50; 97° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 189, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 189 Grave: 270x115; 95°/275°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.38; depth 95 Coin: 200x70; 95°/275° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-6 in niche on the N side, NAP 27.80. Remark: Later than B 188, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 5.4, d 24.0. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, measurements unknown. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, measurements unknown. 4 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11, d 13.2, handle broken of. 5 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.6, d 14.3. 6 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.7, d 14. Date: AD 301-350 B 190 Grave: 200x70; 132°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.20; depth 113 Coin: 190x50; 132° Skeletal material: Skull B 191 Grave: >225x85; 122°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.80; depth 53 Coin: 160x55; 122° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in niche to the right (N) of the upper body, NAP 28.10; 3 outside right foot-end of the coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.4, d 21.0. Contained food remains: chicken, (parts of) scapula (r), coracoïd (l), humerus (l+r), ulna (l), radius (l), femur (l+r), tibiotarsus (l+r), 3 vertebrae (13 frgm, 16.1 gr); bird, unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the chicken (<50 76 — frgm, 4.2 gr). 2 Smooth brown double-handled jug Gellep 637, h 31.3 (sic), d 24.2. Same model as Gellep 71, but not brown-marbled. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.9. Date: AD 301-350. B 192 Grave: >200x85; 110°; NAP surface >28.33, bottom 27.85; depth >48 Coin: >180x50; 110° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae B 193 Grave: 215x80; 92°; NAP surface 26.65, botom 26.04; depth 61 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Like B 180 to its N and B 194 to its S, at a right angle over an old ditch. B 194 Grave: >125x75; 96°/276°; NAP surface 26.65 Remark: Like B 180 and B 193 to its N, at a right angle over an old ditch. B 195 Grave: 190x105; 186°; NAP surface 26.65, botom 25.89; depth 76 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: In its length over the same old ditch as B 180, B 193 and B 194 to its N. B 196 Grave: not visible, botom 27.30 Coin: 115x75; 99°/279° Position of grave goods/dress accessories All in the coin, along its long S side. Bracelet in the E, beads at the middle. 4-7 on top of 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, F•E•L•I•X฀, h 10.9, d 7.9. 2 Fine dark coloured small jar with near-vertical lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, h 8.9, d 9.3. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken of, h 10.1, d 12.5. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.9, d 20.0. 5 Glass beaker Gellep 180, h 6.8, d 8.9, base pushed up, everted ire-rounded rim. 6 Seven beads: 3 cylinder-shaped beads (broken of a longer tube), transparent green, d 0.5, h 0.9. one lat-biconical of reddish brown opaque glass, d 0.45, h 0.2, one lat-biconical of opaque yellow glass, d 0.6, h 0.3, one tubular of silver sheet, l 1, d 0.2-0.5, one lat-biconical of amber, d 1.1, h 0.5-0.6. 7 Bracelet of sapropelite a.k.a. cannel coal, outer d 5.5, inner d 4.7, w 0.7. On three sides, it looks like a cylinder; on the inside, it is bevelled in three strips, while a fourth strip retains the marks of hollowing. 8 Shapeless and corroded pieces of bronze sheet (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350. B 197 Grave: 145x65; 111°; NAP surface 26.87, botom 26.50; depth 37 Coin: 75x35; 111° Remark: Not a (stone) sarcophagus, as Van Boekel (1996, 24, caption of ig. 48) states: ROB photos KB 2239-31 and -35 show it to be just a discoloration of a coin. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1, botle 2, cooking-pot 3, bracelet 7 and necklace 8 outside the short E side of the coin (1 on top of 3); glass beakers 4-5 in the coin, at the short W side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.1, d 7.9, measured volume 200 cc, with white painted decoration: running scroll with dots (Künzl element 189), no cadre lines. 2 Fine dark coloured botle Gellep 254, Künzl 14.5, h 14.9, d 10.6. Decoration in white and yellow paint as on Künzl’s TRI 163: wavy line, vertical groups of three white dots, the middle one with a smaller yellow one on it, alternating with simple tendrils and twigs; line. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 77 — 10.4, d 12.5. 4 Glass beaker Gellep 194, measurements unknown. 5 Glass beaker Gellep 193?, measurements unknown. 6 Terracota miniature pantomime mask from Trier, h 8.8, w 5.4: female head with thick curls, hair-ribbon, two loop-shaped ribbons, onkos of two symmetrical bows. White slip, paint. Discussed in Van Boekel (1987, 798-9, no. 274); see also the chapter on typology in the present study. 7 Four fragments of a two-strand cable bracelet, d 4, probably silver and bronze. 8 Necklace of 82 beads, 55 of which in situ: 2 barrel-shaped beads, transparent honey brown, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968aVar; 3 almond-shaped beads, transparent honey brown, sheen, 2x w 0.5, d 0.3, h 1.0, 1x w 0.7, d 0.4, h 1.1, Riha 2808,11Var; 8 biconical/barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, slightly transparent greyish white/green, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2931eVar; 9 cylindircal/barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, opaque black, shining, d 0.5, h 0.4, Riha 1236Var; 13 barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2925b; 18 lat-biconical beads, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.2, h 0.2, Riha 2925a; 29 lat-biconical to disk-shaped amber beads, weathered, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390. Date: AD 301-350. B 198 Grave: 185x90; 293°; NAP surface 27.22, botom 27.25; depth ? Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Dish 1 outside the coin to the let of the knees, 5 around the neck; other objects not documented. Remark: Earlier than grave B 199, which lies on top of it. Girl between 12 and 18 years old: female atribute; two molars; third one, visible under posthumous damage in the bone, not erupted. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 15.4. 2 Two bronze rivets, no data. 3 Sole of a shoe with hob-nails, now fallen apart into 30 corrosion lumps. 4 Bronze-sheet tube, 1x0.5x0.3: spring case of a ibula? 5 Necklace of 79 minuscule glass beads: 1 (lat-)biconical bead, slightly transparent turqoise-green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 1199; 12 lat-biconical or ring-shaped beads, transparent dark ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931d; 32 ring-shaped beads, irregular, transparent honey brown, some with white elorescence, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2876; 34 ring-shaped beads, transparent blue?, irisation, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931a. Date: AD 301-367. B 199 Grave: >125x75; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.67, botom 27.25; depth 42 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in NE corner, in unknown relation to the vanished body. Remark: Later than B 198, on top of which it lies. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), d 18.1, h 5.8. 2 Fine dark coloured small jug Nijmegen 67, h 17.7, d 11, with white painted decoration on the shoulder: dots separated by vertical doted lines of four points each. Model, not in Künzl 1997, like that of Gellep 70. Date: AD 300-355. B 200 Grave: 100x65; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.83, bottom 27.39; depth 44 Coin: 80x30; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in short E end of coin, in unknown relation to the body. Remark: Later than B 201, on top of which it lies. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, 78 — conspicuous S-proile and narrow base, h 12.6, d 13.3. Date: AD 301-367. B 201 Grave: 145x60; 112°/292°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.35; depth 64 Coin: 95x30; 112°/292° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 outside coin, near its short E end, jug 2 outside coin near its long N side. Remark: Earlier than B 200, under which it lies. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, •E•B•I•B•E•, h 10.4, d 7.0, volume 120 cc. 2 Smooth brown jug with one handle Nijmegen 104, h 20.5, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 202 Grave: >55x80; 114°/294°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 27.13; depth 86 B 203 Grave: 160x70; 296°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 27.08; depth 122 Coin: 125x35; 296° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in coin, possibly near the knees, 2 in unknown position, 3 in the W, possibly near the vanished head; beads 4 lying within bracelet 3. Remark: The orientation is supported by the position of 3. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle missing, h 10.0, d 12.0. 2 Coin: antoninianus, Gallienus, 260-268, Rome, RIC 245 (F). 3 Two-strand cable bracelet of two intertwined bronze wires, d 4. 4 String of small lat-biconical transparent glass small beads: 1 beam-shaped bead, two thirds preserved, transparent greyish blue, d 0.3, h 0.7, Riha 1306; 1 disk-shaped amber bead, d 1.5, h 0.7, TM 395b; 1 disk-shaped amber bead, d 1.2, h 0.8, TM 395a; 1 lat-biconical amber bead, weathered, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390; 1 latened and oblique cylinder-shaped bead, opaque greyish blue, w 0.6, d 0.4, h 0.6, TM 147Var; 1 glass melon bead, c.10 oblique ribs, transparent light olive green, light irisation, d 1.6, h 0.8, TM 160Var; 2 ring-shaped beads, transparent light olive green, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968fVar; 7 disk/ring/barrel-shaped beads, hardly transparent, emerald green, white elorescence, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968g; 40 Überfang beads, globular, transparent whitish colourless, peeling, d 0.4, h 0.5, TM 387b. Date: AD 301-367. B 204 Grave: >175x100; 270°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 26.80; depth 119 Coin: >130x50; 270° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Ornament 1 near let shoulder, 2 at the right arm, 3 and 4 near the head, 5 near the let leg. Inventory 1 Two intertwined golden earrings, d 1.4-2.3, of thin round gold wire, one end bent into an eyelet, the other into a hook. 2 Five jet trilobite beads used as a bracelet: 2 trilobite beads, squarish rounded, planoconvex, jet, high sheen, w 0.3, d 0.7, h 0.9, Riha 1345Var; 3 trilobite beads, squarish rounded, planoconvex, jet, high sheen, w 0.4, d 1.1, h 1.1, Riha 1345Var. 3 Trilobite bead, oval, planoconvex, jet, high sheen, 2 threadholes, w 0.5, d 0.8, h 1.3, Riha 1345Var. 4 Scanty remains of a chain of S-shaped links of thin bronze wire, at least three of which have transparent glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 0.9, Riha 2844; 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.9, Riha 2846; 79 — 1 latened and oblique cylinder-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, w 0.3, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 147Var. 5 Bronze wire ibula with hole in catchplate. Intrusion 6 Rim fragment of an indigenous? bowl with hatched decoration. Date: AD 301-400. B 205 Grave: 200x70; 289°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 27.34; depth 65 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae Intrusion: small piece of bronze slag Remark: In plan 2, this grave appears to be earlier than B 206, which cuts it. In plan 3, the two graves are next to one another and have both shited to the S. These were not considered to be other earlier graves by the excavator. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. Coin: 175x65; 122° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 2 and 5 to the right of head/shoulder outside the coin, 3-4 in niche (NAP 26.94) to the right (N) of the upper body; chest 6 outside the footend of the coin. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a), d 13.5, h 6.2. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 4.1, d 17.1 (smaller than usual). 3 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, •A•M•O•T•E•:, with grafto ABX, h 11.5, d 8.4. 4 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 24.8, d 18.9. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 497, d 17.7, h 5. 6 Chest, 35x38, no other data than one kg of untreated iron. Date: AD 301-350. B 206 Grave: 160x80; 123°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 26.80 ; depth 119 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-3 in NW corner of the grave, in unknown relation to the body. Glass beaker 4 is not on the plan drawing but it is marked as a ind from this grave. Remark: In plan 2, this grave appears to be later than B 205, which it cuts. In plan 3, the graves are next to one another and have both shited to the S. These were not considered to be other earlier graves by the excavator. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Gellep 56, undecorated, lip without slip, h 10.2, d 10.7. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.2, d 12.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.3, d 20.2. 4 Glass beaker Gellep 184, h 10.8, d 6. Date: AD 301-350. B 208 Grave: 245x85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 26.73; depth 126 Coin: 215x50; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in SE corner of the coin Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.4, d 9.4. Date: AD 301-367. B 207 Grave: 290x150; 122°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 26.90; depth 109 B 211 Grave: >130x90; in plane 1: 113°/293°; in plane 2: 106°/286°, botom 28.40 B 209 Grave: >150x120; 122°/302°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 27.27; depth 103 Coin: >135x75; 122°/302° Remark: Both short ends disturbed B 210 Grave: >200x115; 129°/309°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 27.35; depth 95 Coin: 175x60; 129°/309° 80 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remarks: Grave B 210 was located on two diferent plans, the two only partly overlapping, but they are still considered to be a single grave. In plane 1, there is a niche in the NE corner, in line with the short N end. In plan 2, it is as if only the niche is visible, but shited 90 cm to the W: a measuring error? The plan drawing shows no objects in the grave, but a ind processing form has ‘1 Pirling 62 C4’; no inds from this grave were found in the museum depot. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Presumably Symonds 61. Date: AD 301-367. B 212 Grave: >115x70; 105°/285°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 27.36; depth 63 Coin: >85x50; 105°/285° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 were lying through the SE corner of the coin and probably originally stood upon it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, kiln waster (foot red, red lame on body), h 15.9, d 9.4. 2 Smooth brown one-handled jug Nijmegen 96, neck and handle missing, preserved h 17.3, d 20.2. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.8, d 21.0. Date: AD 301-350. B 213 Grave: 150x65; 122°/302°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.10; depth 89 Coin: 110x30; 102°/302° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in W end of the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.9, d 10.1. Date: AD 301-367. B 214 Grave: >135x70; 136°/316°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.80; depth 53 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Beaker 1 damaged in deepening the surface. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, neck largely missing, h 15.4, d 10.0. Date: AD 301-367. B 215 Grave: >165x90; 105°/285°, botom 28.40 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Later than B 216, on top of which it lies, and visible only in plane 1. Jug 2 damaged. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.5, d 14.2. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 80, large parts of neck and handle missing, painted brown (not marbled) with six white painted horizontal bands, preserved h 17.5, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 216 Grave: 185x75; 108°/288°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.40; depth 93 Coin: 170x45; 108°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-6 in niche, 7 in coin, position unknown. Remark: Earlier than B 215, which lies on top of it. Niche in N, 28.20, near NE corner. Beaker 2 damaged. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, A•V•E•T•, h 9.7, d 7.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, neck missing, preserved h 10.4, d 9.0. 3 Plate with red slip Gellep 69, h 4.0, d 22.9. 4 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 8.3, d 16.4. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.2, d 16.4. 81 — 6 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.0, d 13.1. 7 Splinters of a small glass botle: Base with solid foot-ring, d 4, thin-walled body, closed form, as appears from a shoulder fragment. Date: AD 301-350. B 217 Grave: 175x80; 128°/208°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.40; depth 93 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-2 in niche on N side. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14 with four white bands, still in fragments, h unknown, d foot 3.2. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, h 4.8, d 18.2. Date: AD 301-367. B 218 Grave: 190x75; 128°/308°; NAP surface 27.99, bottom 27.00; depth 99 Coin: 185x50; 128°/308° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 in niche on the N side, NAP 27.71 (6 standing on 7), 4 and 8 in cofin, W and E respectively, 1, 9, 10 and 11 positions unknown in relation to the body. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14, h 10.7, d 7.6, with white painted decoration on the body: ive waves running towards the right. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.6, d 9.2. 3 Smooth small double-handled jug Gellep 84a, h 13, d 8. 4 Smooth double-handled jug, h 18.8, d 13.8. Neck like Gellep 84b, body wider and more shouldered. 5 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.4, d 15.3. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 17.1. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 16.3. 8 Glass hemispherical beaker ± Gellep 180 with base slightly pushed up, everted lip, h 6.4, d 9.2. 9 Glass botle with oval body Gellep 199, base pushed up, cylindrical neck, h 10.6, d 6.4. 10 Transparent glass beads: 1 globular/biconical bead, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2934b; 1 ring-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, irisation, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 1201; 1 ring-shaped bead, transparent honey brown, d 0.5, h 0.2, Riha 2979b; 2 barrel-shaped beads, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925b; 2 tyre-shaped/globular beads, transparent honey brown, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2976. 11 Coin: Constantine I, follis, 307-319, mint unknown, GENIO POP ROM or SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Date: AD 301-367. Coin date: AD 307-330. Combined date: AD 307-330. B 219 Grave: 240x130; 127°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 26.70; depth 129 Coin: 190x40; 127° Skeletal material: Skull, its top at NAP 26.00 (sic) Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-4 in niche, 5 in the coin near the feet, 6 on the middle of the body (in a hand?) Remark: Niche on N side, to the right of the head, NAP 27.58. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Drag. 33 (=Gellep 550), h 5.2, d 10. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.8, d 23.7. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.2, d 11.2. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, with metallic shine, h 16.0, d 9.6. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.7, d 13.3. 6 Coin: follis, Maximian Herculius, Trier, 295, RIC 158b. Date: AD 301-350. B 220 Grave: 200x60; 305°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.20; depth 113 Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Bowl 1 in foot-end of coin. 82 — Remark: Earlier than B 221, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 5.7, d 13.8. Date: AD 301-350. B 221 Grave: 165x75; 125°/305°; NAP surface 28.33, bottom 27.10; depth 123 Coin: 125x45; 125°/305° Position of grave goods/dress accessories In niche on N side, NAP 27.40 Remark: Later than B 220, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 20.6, d 11.8. 2 Brownish glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-367. B 222 Grave: >65x>50; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.95; depth 38 Position of grave goods/dress accessories In SW corner Remark: Earlier than the discoloration of graves B 223-224-225, which cuts it on level drawing 2. See also remark on B 223. Inventory 1 Fragments of a ine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h unknown, d 12. 2 Plate with red slip Gellep 69, h 4.4, d 25.0. Date: AD 301-350. B 223 Grave: 165x>25; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 27.60; depth 36 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: This grave is marked on the plans of two level drawings, which are contradictory on the point of stratigraphy. On level 2, grave B 223 covers (and so is later than) the complex B 223224-225, visible on level drawing 3; where it in its turn is cut in half by (and so is earlier than) B 224. The problem is aggravated there by NAP-indications of tops and botoms of these three graves, where the tops are lower than the bot- toms. As a solution, I take the large feature visible on level drawing 2 to be the discoloration of all these three graves together. The measurements given above are those of level 3. B 224 Grave: 205x60; 289°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 27.70?; depth 29? Coin: 190x30; 289° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: See remark on B 223. Later than the parallel graves B 223 and B 225, on top of which it lies. B 225 Grave: 235x90; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.99, botom 26.57; depth 142 Remark: Earlier than B 224, which lies on top of it. B 226 Grave: >200x95; 268°; NAP surface 28.33 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibi- Complete skeletons, as here in B 227, are the exception. ae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 on the middle of the body Inventory 1 Coin: follis (18), Constantine I, 320, Siscia, RIC 109var. Coin date: AD 320-341. 83 — B 227 Grave: 250x90; 270°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 28.00; depth 33 Skeletal material: Skull, vertebral column, humeri, radii, pelvis, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 on the pelvis. Intrusions: 2, 3 and 4? Inventory 1 Coin: as, Augustus,, AD 12-14, Lyon, RIC2 245, for Tiberius. 2 Flat bronze open-work object, with protrusions on its short sides, 3.5x1x0.3. Bolt of a lock? 3 Spring tube of a irst-century rosete ibula, with the splaying part of the band-shaped ibula bow. Mentioned in Haalebos 1986, 73, note 145. 4 Fragment of a band-shaped but double-barreled handle of smooth potery, w 4.8; and a rim sherd, d 14. B 228 Grave: 130x65; 93°/273°; NAP surface 27.87, bottom 27.04; depth 83 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Cooking-pot 1 in NE corner of the trench. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.7, d 14.4. Date: AD 301-367. B 229 Grave: 240x110; 109°/289°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.76; depth 154 Remark: Later than B 230, which it cuts. B 230 Grave: >60x80; unknown; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.99; depth 131 Remark: Earlier than B 229, which cuts it. B 231 Grave: 109°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 27.07; depth 123 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Part of skull Remark: Later than B 232, on top of which it lies. Intrusion Sherds. Inventory 1 Late Claudian eye ibula. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 232 Grave: >233x>166; 131°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 26.77; depth 153 Coin: nails >100x?; 120° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Let of the knees, not clear whether inside or outside the coin. Remark: Earlier than B 231, which lies on top of it. Intrusion: Sherds Inventory 1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 345b with white painted decoration: running scroll on the shoulder, h 21.5, d 18. Date: AD 301-367. B 233 Grave: 265x100; 127°/307°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.51; depth 179 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Both tiles 1 and 2 along N side Inventory 1 Tile 19.8x19.8x3.5. 2 Tile 19.8x19.8x3.5. B 234 Grave: 175x75; 110°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.85; depth 145 Coin: thickness of the wood 3; 140x40; 110° Skeletal material: Tooth Position of grave goods/dress accessories To the right of the head in a niche on N side, NAP 27.45. Bowl 1 was standing on plate 2. Intrusion: Sherds Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31 and Chenet 302), h 4.5, d 9. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.5, d 25. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, 84 — h 15.5. 4 Fine dark coloured moto-jug Künzl 12.1.3, h 25.5, with white painted decoration: wavy line with dots (Künzl element 7), moto V•I•V•A•S•E•S•E•, doted line (Künzl element 11), wavy lines (Künzl element 17). 5 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11, d 11. Date: AD 301-355. B 235 Grave: >150x70; 292°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.75; depth 155 Skeletal material: Skull B 236 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in SE corner of niche, the only part of this grave remaining, NAP 27.18. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.2, d 7.6, with white painted decoration: doted line between horizontal wavy lines. Date: AD 301-355. B 237 Grave: 250x95; 203°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.70; depth 160 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 280, which was right below it, but which was observed in the N section of trench 133, whereas B 280 was excavated in trench 134. B 238 Grave: 200x70; 126°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.68; depth 162 Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Pendant 1 near right shoulder Inventory 1 Bronze pendant on a rivet, l 4.3, w 1.6: lozengeshaped pendant with central rib, its sharp points cut of, has a lat suspension ring at its top, through which runs the shat of a rivet with two lat-globular ends, l 1, d 1.3. B 239 Grave: 140x60; 147°/327°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.04; depth 128 Coin: nails Intrusion: fourth-century terra sigillata sherd. Date: AD 301-? B 240 Grave: 115x40; 132°/312°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 27.48; depth 84 B 241 Grave: 195x75; 119°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.53; depth 79 Coin: nails 154x32; 119° Skeletal material: Skull with sound teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories In a niche, NAP 27.83, to the right of the head Intrusion: sherds Remark: Earlier than B 242, which just cuts the niche. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.4, h 5.2. Date: AD 301-367. B 242 Grave: 90x50; 132°/312°; NAP surface 28.32, bottom 28.93; depth ? Coin: nails 60x27; 132°/312° Remark: Later than B 241, whose niche it just cuts Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 243 Remark: Only jar 1 found under a wall Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 21, d 15.5. Date: AD 276-367. B 244 Grave: 140x80; 136°?; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.97; depth 133 Coin: nails 115x30; 136°? Skeletal material: Jaw fragment from illing Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 in NW corner of coin (foot-end?) Inventory 85 — 1 Small glass botle with handle, h without neck 11, d 5, disintegrated. B 245 Grave: 215x75; 255°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.18; depth 114 Coin: nails 160x40; 255° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Three large lat stones around the head and outside the coin: one at short head end, two along the long sides. Unclear horizontal stratigraphy with B 246. B 246 Grave: 235x90; unclear by a curved shape; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.10; depth 122 Coin: nails 190x45; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur and let tibia Remark: Unclear horizontal stratigraphy with B 245. B 247 Grave: 165x65; 271°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.10; depth 121 Coin: nails 140x45; 271° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds B 248 Grave: 175x45; 327°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.00; depth 131 Coin: nails 125x45; 327° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: This child’s grave is earlier than the adult’s grave B 249 right on top of it; its orientation, at 180° to the adult lying above, suggests position at birth. The grave goods, in the niche 47 cm lower than the skull of the adult, and the preservation of the skull, however, suggest that the child lived long enough to learn to drink from a beaker and eat from a bowl. The moto VIVAS = may you live, is touching. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in a niche at the short head end, NAP 27.00 Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured small moto bowl Künzl 7.5, V•I•V•A•S•, h 7. d 8.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, white painted decoration of running scroll (Künzl element 188), h 11.5. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6. d 13.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 249 Grave: 165x90; 91°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.47; depth 84 Coin: nails unknown; 91° Skeletal material: Skull, unidentiied long bones let and right (too low for humeri, to high for femora) Remark: This adult’s grave is (just?) later than the child’s grave B 248 right under it. See remark there. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 250 Grave: 220x85; 286°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.20; depth 112 Coin: nails 200x40; 286° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-2 in the foot-end of the coin Intrusion: Sherds Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6, d 13.4. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, handle missing, h 12.6, d 12.4. Date: AD 301-400. B 251 Grave: 120x65; 250°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.69; depth 63 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd of an amphora Remark: One documentation says ‘At the head end one more grave’. As this was not followed up by giving it a grave number, that feature has not been counted as a grave here. 86 — B 252 Grave: > 175x95; 267°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.26; depth 106 Coin: nails >150x45; 267° Skeletal material: Remains of tibiae Intrusion: Sherd Remark: W end disturbed by a cellar B 253 Grave: 230x75; 265°; NAP surface 28.32, botom 27.60; depth 72 Skeletal material: Skeleton preserved in detail; hands and feet disappeared; l 180 without feet Remark: This grave was excavated in trench 131, level 3; above it, in level 2, was another parallel rectangular pit, 135x95, not counted by the excavator as a grave. B 254 Grave: >88x63; 135° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd B 255 Grave: >150x60; 76°/256° Coin: nails >125x50; 76°/256° Intrusion: Sherd B 256 Grave: 240x85; 262°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.72; depth 61 Skeletal material: Well preserved skeleton, l 195. Intrusion: Folded strip of bronze sheet, 2.5x0.9; quarter of a smooth base, d 11. B 257 Grave: 200x70; 262°; NAP surface 28.33, botom 27.85; depth 48 Skeletal material: Skeleton preserved in detail, l 180 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 between the feet, coin pendant 2 in unknown position Inventory 1 Coin: follis (18), Constantine II, 330-335, Arles, RIC 345/387. 2 Coin pendant (coin with a hole drilled in it): as, Augustus, 15 BC, Rome, RIC2 386. Coin date: AD 330-348. B 258 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Isolated ind, considered to be from a grave by the excavator. Erroneously assigned to B 322 in the museum inventory book. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 108, h 12.2, d 10.6. Date: AD 330-500. B 259 Grave: >40x45; 91°/271° Coin: nails >45x38; 91°/271° B 260 Grave: 245x100; 82°/262° Skeletal material: Skull (in the centre of the grave), unidentiied long bones Remark: Completely disturbed. See section X-Y in Fig. 15. B 261 Grave: >50x>70; 254° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Grave partly in the excavation trench B 262 Grave: 230x85; 268° Coin: 175x40; 268° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: See section X-Y in Fig. 15. B 263 Grave: 199x55; 19°/199° Intrusion: Sherd B 264 Grave: >225x75; 263° Coin: 190x45; 263° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora Intrusion: Sherd 87 — B 265 Grave: 215x85; 264° Coin: 180x35; 264° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur B 266 Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Completely disturbed B 267 Grave: >110x55; 93°/273° Coin: >100x25; 93°/273° B 268 Grave: 200x70; 263° Coin: nails 170x35; 263° Skeletal material: Skull, femora Remark: See section AA-BB in Fig. 15. B 269 Grave: >100x70; 262° Coin: >100x38; 262° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur Remark: See section AA-BB in Fig. 15. B 270 Grave: >95x65; 283°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.50; depth <30 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: See section V-W in Fig. 15. B 271 Grave: >65x85; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.50; depth <30 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: See section V-W in Fig. 15. B 272 Remark: Just the E edge of the grave in the excavation trench. See section V-W in Fig. 15. B 273 Remark: Just the E edge of the grave in the excavation trench. B 274 Grave: >120x70; 271°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.30; depth <50 Coin: >100x45; 271° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus Remark: See section V-W in Fig. 15. B 275 Grave: >125x100; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.00; depth <80 Coin: nails >100x63; 90°/270° B 276 Remark: Just the W edge of the grave, with skull and nails, in the excavation trench B 277 Grave: 210x100; 266°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.10; depth <70 Coin: if any, 200x50; 266° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remarks: Distance between skull and femora remarkably short for this apparently supine body. See section V-W in Fig. 15. B 278 Grave: >125x70; 263°; NAP surface 27.80, botom >27.50; depth <30 Coin: >100x40; 263° Skeletal material: Skull B 279 Grave: >80x50; 312°; NAP surface ?, botom >28.50; depth ? Coin: nails >80x40; 312° Skeletal material: Skull, humerii, radii, the let radius over the body Remark: Two other grave-like pits in the same excavation trench D 1 were not considered to be graves. See Figs. 6 & 12 and section Q-R in Fig. 15. B 280 Grave: >40x80; 21°/201°; NAP surface 27.00 Remark: Earlier than B 237, which was right on top of it, but which was excavated in trench 134, 88 — whereas B 280 was observed in the N section of trench 133. Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 286, which just cuts it. B 281 Grave: 175x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.67; depth 113 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 in the middle of the trench, intentionally thrown in. Inventory 1 Coin: as, Domitian, 88-89, Rome, RIC2 649. B 288 Grave: >205x90; 83°/263°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 25.76; depth 167 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Blechibula 1 in the middle of the grave. Inventory 1 Silver ‘Blechibula’, presumably an East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet ibula. Lost. Date: AD 383-408? B 282 Grave: 210x95; 260°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.40; depth 140 Coin: 185x55; 260° Skeletal material: Skull B 283 Grave: 240x85; 110°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.60; depth 60 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Parallel with and right next to B 284, but oriented at 180°. Earlier than B 285, which just cuts it. B 284 Grave: 250x85; 290°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.65; depth 115 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri Remark: Parallel with and right next to B 283, but oriented at 180°. B 285 Grave: >150x85; 290°; NAP surface 27.00 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 283, which it just cuts. B 286 Grave: >100x110; 290°; NAP surface 27.60, bottom 26.35; depth 125 Skeletal material: Femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 287, which it just cuts. B 287 Grave: 275x95; 258°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.95 ; depth 65 B 289 Grave: 220x95; 87°/267°; NAP surface 27.43, bottom 25.48; depth 195 B 290 Grave: 220x100; 130°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.45; depth 115 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae B 291 Grave: 250x80; 104°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 26.46; depth 184 Coin: many nails 180x35; 104° Skeletal material: Fragmentary tooth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in coin, at the let foot-end. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16. Date: AD 301-367. B 292 Grave: >135x60; 128°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.52; depth 128 Coin: >100x40; 128° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beakers 1-2 and dish 3 in a niche to the right of the shoulder (N), at NAP 27.28. One of the beakers (not known which) immediately to the W of the dish, the other standing in the dish, apparently touching the irst beaker. 89 — Remark: Piece of tufa in the illing. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Gellep 56, h 10.8, d 11. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decoration: three wavy lines above one anoth-er; h 10.8, d 7.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.8, h 5.4. Date: AD 301-350. B 293 Grave: 250x90; 134°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.23; depth 157 Coin: nails 215x40; 134° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-3 standing in foot-end of coin: beaker 2 in SW corner, cooking-pot 3 next to 2 between the feet, plate 1 next to 3 between the lower legs. Chest 4 next to the coin to the let (S) of the shoulder, its front against the coin. In it, to the let: sewing needle 5 under a piece of bone; to the right: pin 6. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 19.6, h 4.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised with a wide incised zone on the body, h 21.5. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11. 4 Wooden chest, width 40, depth 20, height 26, height of lid 6, with iron hinges and bronze sheet mountings. On the centre of the front of the lid, bronze sheet mounting; immediately below it, on the front of the chest itself, similar mounting with keyhole. Two continuous corner mountings with three projecting and two reentrant rectangles; above them, on the corners of the lid, corner mountings corresponding to the projecting rectangles. These corner mountings on the lid and the projecting rectangles are decorated along their vertical edges with seven clipped-out half-circles each, and behind each two small punched holes. Iron corner reinforcements on the back corners of the lid; two long iron hinges preserved in corroded state: lat iron strips, mounted on the top of the lid (according to the drawing of the entire complex excavated under Brunsting’s direction), with two iron nails each, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2. The strips each have a hole at the end, through which goes the eye of another iron strip, in both cases now broken of. It remains unclear how such a hinge could work when it was at the top of a lid 6 cm high. 5 Bronze sewing needle, eyelet broken of, preserved l 5.2. 6 Silver pin with polyhedral head of fourteen planes (a cube of which the eight corners have been cut of), l 8.2. Date: AD 301-367. B 294 Grave: 195x85; 53°; NAP surface 27.87, botom 27.24; depth 63 Coin: nails 150x40; 53° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd B 295 Grave: 210x70; 246°; NAP surface 27.87, botom 27.24; depth 63 Coin: nails 160x35; 246° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 296, which it cuts. B 296 Grave: 185x125; 126°; NAP surface 27.87, botom 26.29 ; depth 158 Coin: nails Remark: Earlier than B 295, which cuts it. A later pit disturbed the centre-east part of the grave and must have taken away the skull, the rest of the skeleton having completely dissolved, as usual. B 297 Grave: >230x80; 77°/257°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.75; depth 165 Coin: nails >150x45; 77°/257° Intrusion: Piece of glass, some bronze. Remark: Earlier than B 298, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-318. 90 — B 298 Grave: 220x105; 135°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.13; depth 127 Coin: nails 185x40; 135° Skeletal material: Molar and skull fragment Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin series 1-55 and small objects 58-73 were located on the vanished right arm. Organic inds 69a and 69b have been preserved by their contact with bronze object 69. At the height of the navel, possibly in a hand, was one of the 55 coins (not noted which one!). Beaker 56 in the coin, standing to the right of the lower legs; beaker 57 in the coin, standing to their let. Remarks: Later than B 297, which it cuts. The grave, under its excavation number (Lange) Nieuwstraat 88, has atracted atention because of its coin series and mysterious small objects: see Zadoks-Josephus Jita 1961 (coin list); Gorecki 1975, 399-401, no. 271 (coin list with some diferent identiications); Steures 2004a, 2004b. In the later article and in the present typology, the grave is interpreted as that of a female Sabazios worshipper from Cologne. The grave is dated by its latest coin to the year AD 319. there were 25 coins of the years 313-318 and only one of 319. In order to retain Gorecki’s numbers, the coins are treated irst, in the order he treats them. The identiications, however, are by R.W. Reijnen. This causes the presentation of the series not to be entirely chronological anymore. For that reason, the same data are given in a diferent order in Coin list 2: in chronological order ater their latest minting dates. Photograph of part of the inds: Swinkels/Koster 2005, 77 botom. Inventory 1-55 Fity-ive coins, one billon (16; not silver: Richard Reece, pers. comm.), the rest bronze: one from 7-3 BC, three from the irst century, two from the beginning of the second, ive from the last quarter of the third, 44 from the fourth century, 25 of which from the years 313-317 and one from 319. 56 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 20. 57 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m with white painted decoration, h 12.2, moto D•A•M•I• (branch). 58-67 Ten bone pins (all writen documentation speaks of seven, the drawing shows ten), six of which with heads; the heads of four were broken of or had perished; three of the heads are conical, one is disk-shaped, one has a globe on a conus, and two with ive serrations plus a globe (when they were drawn, a piece was already broken of from one of the later two; they are similar in the original notes). The longest pin measures 9.5 cm. 68 Boar’s tusk, 9.5 cm, measured in a straight line from tip to break. 69 Miniature bronze pair of scales: arm 6.5 with central suspension eye, and two eyes in disks of 0.8 at the ends; upper side of arm serrated on one side; the scales, d 2.1, each have three holes, in the central one of which a small leather thong. 69a Scanty remains of a leather purse, probably belonging to the pair of scales. 69b One, or more probably two, sweet chestnut(s). See Chapter 9: Plant remains in B 298 & typology. 70 Necklace of opaque glass: ±23 beads ±1.7 long and segmented in 5-6 segments, ±24 shorter ones: 1 segmented bead, broken, ive segments, opaque brown, d 0.3, h 1.4, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 2 segmented beads, ive segments, obliquely wound, opaque brownish red, sheen, d 0.3, h 1.5, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 3 segmented beads, opaque greyish white, d 0.3, h 1.1, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 8 segmented beads, obliquely wound, opaque bluish green, sheen, d 0.3, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 27 segmented beads, obliquely wound, oval hole, opaque black, sheen, d 0.4, h 1.7, PE1.1.21a. 71-73 North Sea shells: 71 Pullet carpet-shell (Venerupis pullastra Montagu, 1803), 1 fragment of right valve; 72 common cockle (Cardium edule Linnaeus, 1758), 6 fr let valve, 5 fr right valve, 3 fr undeterminable; 73 one common whelk, only the lower whorl preserved (Buccinum undatum Lin- 91 — No Period Denom. Date Place Reference Remark 1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 right arm; hand Period 3 318-330 2 Tiberius as 22-37(64) Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus 3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161 4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 notched 5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459f. 6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628 7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K) 8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K) 9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K) 10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.? for Tetricus II 11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian 12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian 13 Galerius Maximian follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?) 14 Maximian Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206 15 Maximinus Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a 16 Maximinus Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826 Rhineland 17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73 18-19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var. 21-22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var. 24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897 25-34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277 36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40 37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10 38-39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a 41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121avar. 42-43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a 44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var. 45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var. 46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76 47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92 92 — No Period Denom. Date Place Reference 48-49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132 52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99 55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213 naeus, 1758). Coin date: AD 319-320, probably 320 (terminus ad quem, through the long coin series). B 299 Grave: 210x75; 128°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.87; depth 113 Coin: nails 180x?; 128° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Bowl 1 outside the coin against the middle of the S edge of grave, at a much higher level, NAP 27.48. Remarks: Later than B 300 and B 302, which it cuts. Just E of the head end a brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 71, not considered by the excavator to belong to this (or any other) grave: B stray 300. Inventory 1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 8, d 11. Intrusion? 2 Foot of a irst-century rosete ibula in the illing of the grave. Date: AD 301-450. B 300 Grave: 215x90; 61°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 27.59; depth 41 Coin: nails 195x35; 61° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds, mainly from a strip of earth cut by a medieval posthole; the posthole itself contained a Siegburg sherd. Remark: Earlier than B 301, which covers it at the head end; and than B 299, which covers it at the Remark with silver foot-end. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 301 Grave: 125x60; 130°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.87; depth 113 Coin: nails; NE corner visible Position of grave goods/dress accessories Outside the coin, touching its NE corner. Intrusion: Sherds. Remark: Later than B 300, which it partly covers. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, incomplete, h 11.2, d 13.2. Date: AD 301-367. B 302 Grave: 200x75; 251°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.93; depth 107 Coin: nails >150x40; 251° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 300 and B 303, which it cuts; earlier than B 299, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450. B 303 Grave: 205x65; 263°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.98; depth 102 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 302, which cuts it; later than B 304, which it exactly covers. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450. 93 — B 304 Grave: 205x65; 263°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 25.93; depth 207 Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 303, which exactly covers it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450. B 305 Grave: 190x60; 134°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.24; depth 176 Coin: nails >100x45; 134° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds from illing and above it. B 306 Grave: >175x70; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, botom 26.78; depth 144 Coin: nails >150x40; 279° Skeletal material: Skull B 307 Grave: >75x60; 268°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.77; depth 103 Skeletal material: Skull B 308 Grave: 240x75; 264°; NAP surface 27.90, botom 26.63; depth 127 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: See section C-D in Fig. 14. B 309 Grave: >145x90; 287°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.37; depth 143 Coin: >75x30; 287° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri Remark: Child’s? grave, earlier than B 310, which covers it. B 309 and B 310 probably belong together. B 310 Grave: >100x90; 287°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.63; depth 117 Skeletal material: Let femur, tibiae Remark: Adult’s grave, later than B 309, which it covers. B 309 and B 310 probably belong together. B 310 is earlier than B 315 and B 316, which (just) cut it. B 311 Grave: 220x80; 258°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.99; depth 132 Coin: 190x45; 258° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae; hands folded in the lap. B 312 Grave: 215x65; 270°; NAP surface 28.20, botom 27.01; depth 119 Coin: nails 195x40; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, tibiae Intrusion: Bronze wire from illing. B 313 Grave: 213x75; 122°; NAP surface 28.08, botom 26.73; depth 135 Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Earlier than B 314 and B 315, which cut it. See section C-D in Fig. 14. B 314 Grave: 185x100; 266°; NAP surface 28.12, botom 26.68; depth 144 Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd Remark: In one trench? with B 315, next to it to the S; later than B 313, which it cuts. Probably later than B 315, whose nails are missing on the let (= N) side. B 315 Grave: 185x100; 266°; NAP surface 28.12, botom 26.63; depth 149 Coin: nails -; 266° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Later than B 313, which it cuts; probably earlier than B 314, which apparently cuts it by taking its let (= N) nails away. 94 — B 316 Grave: 225x75; 117°; NAP surface 28.12, botom 25.88; depth 224 Coin: nails 185x35; 117° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Sole of a shoe 1 on its side under the centre of the coin. Intrusion: Sherds Remarks: Later than B 310, which it cuts. Earlier than B 317, which cuts it. I do not recognize the sole shown on the drawing in the description below. Inventory 1 A sole of a shoe lying on its side; Groenmanvan Waateringe (1967, 145) describes it as follows. ‘In Nijmegen, 1957, a sole of a shoe (length 29.5 cm) was found underneath a fourth-century grave. The leather itself had not been preserved, and the hobnails are mainly kept together by corrosion: a marginal row along the entire sole; under the forefoot a second marginal row, a lozenge-shape and three straight rows; under the heel two long rows and and a short one.’ (Transl. D.St.) B 317 Grave: 215x75; 269°; NAP surface 28.08, botom 26.65; depth 143 Coin: nails ?x45; 269° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 316 and B 318, which it cuts. B 318 Grave: 175x90; 117°/297°; NAP surface 28.08, bottom 26.21; depth 187 Coin: nails 100x35; 117°/297° Skeletal material: Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 317, which cuts it. The positions of upward-pointing nails show that there were two clamps under the botom of the coin. B 319 Grave: 205x85; 128°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.82; depth 149 Coin: nails 175x35; 128° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 and bowl 2 in niche, NAP 27.32, to the right of the head. Cooking-pot 3 in the coin, at the let foot-end. Intrusion: 4 Coin in illing: bronze Frisian(?) sceatta (8), AD 710-775, obv. two heads with a cross in between, rev. rosete formed by two birds, round cross. BMC 166 and Metcalf 296t. Remark: Later than B 320, which it completely covers. Later than B 323, which it cuts, and than B 322, which is covered by B 323; earlier than B 321, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.5; white painted decoration: running scroll (Künzl element 188). 2 Coarse small bowl Niederbieber 103, h 8.5, d 15.5. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12, d 10. Date: AD 301-350. B 320 Grave: 100x45; 128°/308°; NAP surface 28.31, bottom 26.72; depth 159 Coin: nails, 128° Skeletal material: Sound teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Chest 1 in or on the coin, some 25 from the foot-end on the long axis. Objects 2-6 in the chest. Remark: Earlier than B 319, which completely covers it, and than B 321, which cuts B 319. Later than B 323, which it cuts, and than B 322, which B 323 cuts. Inventory 1 No remains of a reported wooden chest found on inspection in the museum depot, unless no. 4 is a scanty remainder. No writen details of the chest can be found in the documentations; the only document to go by is the overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11. The chest is a very small rectangle there, suggesting measure- 95 — ments of some 10x6 cm, which is completely different from other chests, e.g. the one in B 293 on the same drawing. 2 Two bronze rings, outer d 2.3, inner d 1.6, of round section, d 0.4. The fastening of a textile belt? 3 Bronze buckle with incised tongue, l 2.9. 4 Piece of bronze sheet, 2.6x1.6, on which a rivet, d of its head 0.8. 5 Strap end: a V-shaped bent strip of lat bronze sheet, l 1.4, with two rivets, d heads 0.3. 6 Piece of proiled bronze wire or bracelet, bent out of shape, largest d 3.4. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. Combined date: AD 301-350. B 321 Grave: >120x50; 81°/261° Coin: nails >60x35; 81°/261° Intrusion: Sherds, among which indigenous ones, and a sherd of a ?Frankish carinated jar (cannot be drawn). Remark: The excavator notes down that grave B 323 might be an extension of B 321 instead of a grave on its own. B 322 Grave: 190x60; 283°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.29; depth 102 Coin: nails >100x60; 283° Skeletal material: Part of skull Remark: As it is the lowest grave of a concentration, B 322 is earlier than B 319, B 320, B 321, B 323, and B 324. Two inds from B 421 and B 258 are erroneously assigned to B 322 in the museum inventory book. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 323 Grave: 200x>30; 254°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.03; depth 128 Coin: nails 100x>40; 249° Skeletal material: Remains of skull, femora Intrusion: Sherds Remarks: The excavator notes that grave B 323 might be an extension of B 321 rather than a grave on its own but did not assign grave numbers to them both. Both graves contain coins. B 323 is later than B 322, which it cuts. It is earlier than B 319, B 320 and B 324, which cut it, and earlier than B 321, which cuts B 319. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 324 Grave: 195x100; 270°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.03; depth 128 Coin: 160x40; 264° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Two discolorations cut by B 324 on its long N side have not been interpreted as graves. B 324 is later than B 323 and B 325, which it cuts, and than B 322, which is cut by B 323. B 325 Grave: >120x95; 136°/316°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.87; depth 144 Coin: nails >40x35; 136°/216° Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 324 and B 326, which cut it. A dark feature beteween B 325 and B 328 has not been interpreted as a grave. B 326 Grave: 210x85; 269°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.17; depth 114 Coin: nails 185x45; 269° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 325, which it cuts. B 327 Grave: 205x60; 81°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.15; depth 116 Coin: 165x35; 81° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Sherds, some bronze (sheet?) Remark: Later than B 328, which it just cuts. B 328 Grave: 260x130; 131°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.66; depth 165 96 — Coin: nails >150x40; 131° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 was found lying on the skull (NAP 26.76) and so was originally standing on top of the coin, above the head. Remark: Earlier than B 329, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 25. Date: AD 301-367. B 329 Grave: NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.09; depth 122 Coin: nails 150x35; 295° Skeletal material: Skull, right tibia Intrusion: Indigenous sherds with a decoration of smeared clay. Remark: Later than B 328, in whose grave the cofin was dug. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 330 Grave: 200x75; 290°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.21; depth 110 Coin: nails 175x40; 290° Skeletal material: Skull, femora Remark: Later than B 345, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-? B 331 Grave: 220x90; 281°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.96; depth 135 Coin: nails 190x45; 281° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 332 and B 333, which cut it. The positions of upward-pointing nails show that there were two clamps under the botom of the coin. B 332 Grave: 215x45; 281°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.29; depth 102 Coin: 175x50; 281° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae; hands folded in lap. Remark: Later than B331 and B 333, which it cuts. B 333 Grave: 225x75; 263°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.19; depth 112 Coin: nails >150x45; 263° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, right tibia Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Later than B 331 and B 350, which it cuts. Earlier than B 332, which cuts it. B 334 Grave: 230x120; 118°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 26.48; depth 173 Coin: nails 185x45; 118° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-2 in foot-end of the coin, to the right. Remarks: B 334 is earlier than B 335, B 336 and B 337, which cut it. There is a mix-up in the documentations about the grave in which the potery was found. Writen on the inds is ‘from grave [LN] 51’ (= B 335). The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavation, Fig. 11, shows them in grave LN 50 (= B 337). The ind form illed in during the excavation, however, shows them to have been found in LN 52 (= B 334). Inventory 1 Smooth jug Gellep 81 with ive reddish brown horizontal bands painted on, spout missing, h 21.4, d 15. 2 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 6.8, d 14.6. Date: AD 301-350. B 335 Grave: >200x60; 276°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 26.82; depth 139 Coin: nails 200x40; 276° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remarks: Later than B 335, which it cuts. The ind form, illed in during the excavation, has the skull in the W, whereas the overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, mysteriously shows it between the femora. See also remarks to B 334 and B 336. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? 97 — B 336 Remark: Above B 335 another grave closely under the Roman surface had been dug away by excavation assistents before it could be documented: not on the overall drawing, Fig. 11. B 336 is later than B 335, which it covers, and later than B 337 and B 334, which B 335 cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 337 Grave: >200x100; 273°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 26.90; depth 131 Coin: 205?x50; 273° Skeletal material: Skull, femora Intrusion: Small indigenous sherds Remark: Later than B 334, which it cuts; earlier than B 335, which cuts it, and than B 336, which covers B 335. See also remark to B 334. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 338 Grave: 120x75; 124°/304°; NAP surface 28.21, bottom 26.89; depth 132 Coin: nails 80x30; 124°/304° Intrusion: Sherds B 339 Grave: 210x75; 266°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 26.93; depth 128 Coin: nails 190x45; 266° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, right tibia Remark: Later than B 340 and B 334, which it both just cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 340 Grave: >130x75; 102°/282°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 27.00; depth 121 Coin: nails >95x35; 102°/282° Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Earlier than B 339, which cuts it. B 341 Grave: 215x90; 263°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 27.25; depth 96 Coin: >150x38; 263° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 342, which it cuts. B 342 Grave: 270x105; 125°; NAP surface 28.21, botom 25.95; depth 226 Coin: nails 185x45; 125° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 341, which cuts it. B 343 Grave: 250x80; 303°; NAP surface 28.00, botom 26.48; depth 152 Coin: nails 207x35; 303° Skeletal material: Skull, vertebral column, let humerus, pelvis, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Earlier than B 396 and B 397, which cut it. B 344 Grave: 220x100; 158° Coin: nails 160x45; 158° Skeletal material: Skull, knees Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-2 above the feet at NAP 26.81, apparently standing on the coin. Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Foot-end disturbed; of cooking-pot 1, three rim fragments remained, as appears from a photograph; not located in museum depot. Earlier than B 347, which just cuts it. Inventory 1 Fragments of coarse cooking-pot Gellep 109. (Not drawn). 2 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 7, d 15. Date: AD 301-350. B 345 Grave: 270x125; 119°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.55; depth 176 Coin: nails 220x50; 119° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Plate 1 outside the coin at NAP 26.55, to the right (NE) of the knees. Botle 2 was standing in 98 — plate 1. Crossbow ibula 3 was on the let (sic) shoulder), against the jaw, foot pointing upwards. A let-handed person? Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Earlier than B 330, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Plate of red painted potery Gellep 69, h 4.5. d 13.5. 2 Small glass botle, light brownish green, disintegrated. 3 Crossbow ibula Swit 2ii (Sommer IIb, Keller 2A, Van Buchem IIIB) with hexagonal knobs and crossarm, onto which decorative plates have been soldered, bow of trapezoid section, line paterns in the foot (foot decoration Swit a10). Van Buchem Numaga 16 (1969) 61 Fig. 1: irst half of the reign of Constantine the Great (307-337). Date: AD 300-340. B 346 Grave: >110x80; 265°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.19; depth 112 Coin: nails >75x45; 265° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, hands folded in lap. Distance skull-pelvis c.74. Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 344, which it just cuts, and than B 347, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 347 Grave: 173°/353° Remark: Three quarters under a recent wall. Earlier than B 346, which cuts it at a right angle. Later than B 344, which it just cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 348 Grave: 235x85; 266°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.27; depth 104 Coin: >170x50; 266° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 349, which it completely covers. A long bone protruding from a recent wall at a right angle to the grave has not been counted as a grave. B 349 Grave: 266° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 348, which completely covers it. B 350 Grave: >190x90; 160°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 26.68; depth 163 Coin: nails >190x60; 160° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Earlier than B 333, B 348 and B 351, which cut it. B 351 Grave: >60x80; 277°; NAP surface 28.31, botom 27.14; depth 117 Coin: ?x40; 277° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 350, which it cuts. B 352 Grave: >90x>85; 110°/290°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 24.85; depth 195 Coin: >75x60; 110°/290° B 353 Grave: 160x100; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 24.80; depth 200 Coin: 120x65; 86°/266° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Inventory 1 Iron axe, no data. Date: AD 400-? B 354 Grave: 240x90; 86°/266°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 24.80; depth 200 Coin: 210x70; 86°/266° 99 — B 355 Grave: >165x80; 109°/289°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 24.80; depth 200 Coin: >150x50; 109°/289° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Cooking-pot 1 in NW, in unknown position in relation to the body. Remark: Earlier than B 356, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 106, yellow, with black tempering (from Mayen), h 12.6, d 14.9. Date: AD 301-367. B 356 Grave: 230x95; 95°/275°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 25.02; depth 178 Coin: 200x70; 95°275° Remark: Later than B 355, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 357 Grave: 265x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.95; depth 185 Coin: 240x70; 90°/270° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Inventory 1 Three thin body sherds of a light green globular glass object. B 358 Grave: >140x80; 98°/278°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 25.05; depth 175 Coin: >130x45; 98°/278° Remark: A discoloration immediately to the E may be a niche. B 359 Grave: 195x85; 90°/270°; NAP surface 26.80, bottom 24.95; depth 185 Coin: 175x60; 90°/270° B 360 Grave: 220x90; 261°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 26.05; depth 138 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibi- ae Remark: Later than B 361, which it cuts. B 361 Grave: 220x110; 260°; NAP surface 27.43, botom 26.13; depth 130 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 360, which cuts it. B 362 Grave: 190x85; 288°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.07; depth 133 Skeletal material: Tibiae B 363 Grave: 215x70; 257°; NAP surface 27.38, botom 26.02; depth 136 Skeletal material: Skull, arm, leg B 364 Grave: 220x75; 256°; NAP surface 27.38, botom 26.10; depth 128 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Earlier than B 365, which just cuts it. As the inds are not marked on the plan drawing, they may be intrusions. Inventory 1 Coin: Theodosian aes IV, 383-402. 2 Bronze decorative nail, l 2.7, with round proiled head and square shat. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-450. Coin date: 383-402. Combined date: AD 383-450. B 365 Grave: 210x75; 283°; NAP surface 27.37, botom 26.14; depth 123 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Fibula 1 above the let shoulder. Remark: Later than B 364, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Bronze dish ibula, d 3.3, with four scars on top where a Preßblech decoration plate was atached, 100 — and below a pin capsula and hinge. Date: AD 401-450. B 366 Grave: 180x60; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.37, bottom 26.05; depth 132 B 367 Grave: 205x105; 92°/272°; NAP surface 27.05, botom 25.70; depth 135 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-4 in NE corner of the grave, in unknown relation to the body. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6.1, d 23.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised with three zones of incised decoration, h 19.6, d 12.0. 3 Plate with red slip Gellep 67, h 3.8, d 19.2. 4 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoulder, still in fragments, h unknown, d 24. Date: AD 301-350. B 368 Grave: 190x95; 109°; NAP surface 27.37, botom 26.05; depth 132 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii B 369 Grave: 225x115; 284°; NAP surface 26.24 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae B 370 Grave: >155x75; 266°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.75; depth 60 Coin: nails >125x38; 266° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Small sherds B 371 Grave: >160x65; 294°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.47; depth 88 Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Indigenous sherd in illing B 372 Grave: >115x90; 113°/293°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.10; depth 125 Coin: nails >55x30; 113°/293° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1-4 on NW end of coin: plate 2 contained bowl 1; beaker 3 fallen over to NW of plate 2, money-box 4 fallen over to SW of plate 2. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, Chenet 316b (cf. Chenet Pl. XXVII, no. 236), h 5. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313) with rouleted decoration on rim and botom, d 26.5. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 4 Coarse money-box?, incomplete, h >10. Possibly Gellep 666. Date: AD 301-367. B 373 Grave: >140x>75; 88°/268°; NAP surface 27.50, botom 26.57; depth 93 B 374 Grave: 190x60; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.86; depth 94 Coin: nails 175x35; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, pelvis, femora, tibiae. B 375 Grave: >40x65; 63°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.58; depth 162 Coin: nails ?x50; 63° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: On both sides of skull a dark strip, c.3.5 wide. B 376 Grave: >60x45; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 25.24; depth 256 Coin: nails >55x35; 109°/289° 101 — B 377 Grave: 140x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.55, bottom 26.47; depth 108 Coin: nails Remark: Child’s grave B 378 Grave: 205x95; 271°; NAP surface 27.55, botom 26.55; depth 100 Coin: nails ?x40; 271° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd B 379 Grave: 120x45; 266°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.57; depth 103 Coin: nails 95x30; 266° Skeletal material: Skull B 380 Grave: >100x60; 267°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.47; depth 113 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 381, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 381 Grave: 220x115; 120°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.69; depth 91 Coin: nails 200x40; 120° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche, 10 cm lower than the grave loor at 26.59, to the right (N) of the head, plate 1 lying let (W), beaker 2 standing right (E), beaker 3 standing before (S) beaker 2. Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Later than B 380 and B 382, which it cuts. The curved S edge of the grave shows that it collapsed while the trench was still open. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 21. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker with seven pinched ribs Gellep 189 (= Isings 96b, p. 132), h 6.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 382 Grave: 160x65; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.67; depth 113 Skeletal material: Skull, femora Remark: Earlier than B 381, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 383 Grave: 170x60; 143°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.09; depth 151 Coin: nails 130x30; 143° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche to the right of the head, bowl 1 standing let (W), the beakers standing to the right (E) and behind (N). Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 384, which cuts its niche. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26, foot-ring partly missing, d 12.4, h 5.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 3 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11. V•I•V•A•S•. Date: AD 301-350. B 384 Grave: 185x65; 279°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.69; depth 91 Coin: nails >125x40; 279° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora Remark: Later than B 383, whose niche it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 385 Grave: 260x85; 113°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.17; depth 123 Coin: nails 190x35; 113° Skeletal material: Skull B 386 Grave: 210x65; 274°; NAP surface 27.50, botom 26.61; depth 91 Coin: nails 175x38; 274° 102 — Skeletal material: Skull Remark: See section E-F in Fig. 14. B 387 Grave: 235x100; 113°; NAP surface 27.50, botom 25.97; depth 153 Coin: nails 190x40; 113° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-2 in niche to the right of the head. Remark: Later than B 388, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.1, h 26. Scheme: wavy line (Künzl element 2), R•E•P•L•E•M•E•฀• (Künzl element 68), doted line (Künzl element 11), alternately loose tendrils with dot enclosed (± Künzl element 168) and three dots (Künzl element 75), wavy line (Künzl element 2). 2 Terra nigra beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 11. Date: AD 300-355. B 392 Grave: >185x90; 117°; NAP surface 27.85, botom 26.37; depth 148 Coin: nails >160x40; 117° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus and radius, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-2 in SW corner of the coin, to the let of the feet, beaker 1 standing in the corner, dish 2 to its E along the long S side of the coin. Remarks: Earlier than B 390, which cuts it. See section E-F in Fig. 14. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 19.8, d 11.6. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 15.4, h 5. Date: AD 301-367. B 388 Grave: 195x80; 248°; NAP surface 27.50, botom 26.67; depth 83 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii?, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 387, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. B 389 Grave: 75x38; 302°; NAP surface 27.85, botom 26.51; depth 134 Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: See section E-F in Fig. 14. B 393 Grave: 145x60; 274°; NAP surface 27.93, botom 26.74; depth 119 Coin: nails 138x38; 274° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus, femora, tibiae Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows ive white rectangles at 113°, drawn as if they were under and so earlier than graves B 393 and B 395. They are, however, columns of a recent building and cut these graves. B 390 Grave: >60x105; 211°; NAP surface 27.85, botom 26.63; depth 122 Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Later than B 392, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 394 Grave: 200x90; 265°; NAP surface 27.93, botom 26.92; depth 101 Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remarks: Later than B 395, which it cuts. See section E-F in Fig. 14. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 391 Grave: 145x80; 133°; NAP surface 27.85, botom 26.58; depth 127 Coin: nails 100x40; 133° Skeletal material: Remains of skull B 395 Grave: 260x205; 115°; NAP surface 27.93, botom 25.87; depth 206 Coin: nails 200x42; 115° Skeletal material: Skull 103 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods: 1 in niche at 26.47 to the right (N) of the head, fallen over, with stone 4 lying next to it; dish 3 outside the coin to the right of the head. Jug 2 was standing to the E of 3, in the NE corner of the grave, with stone 5 on top of it. Remarks: Earlier than B 394, which cuts it. See remark to B 393. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5. 2 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 24. 3 Small coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.5. 4-5 Flat pieces of stone. Date: AD 301-367. Remark: Earlier than B 398 and B 400, which cut it. B 396 Grave: 185x85; 270°; NAP surface 27.90, botom 26.73; depth 117 Coin: nails 170x45; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 343 and B 397, which it cuts. B 401 Grave: 210x75; 274°; NAP surface 27.83, botom 26.88; depth 95 Coin: nails 180x45; 274° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherd B 397 Grave: 165x80; 299°; NAP surface 27.90, botom 26.63; depth 127 Coin: nails 160x35; 299° Skeletal material: Teeth Intrusion: Small sherds Remark: Possibly clamps under the coin. Later than B 343, which it cuts; earlier than B 396, which cuts it. B 398 Grave: >200x60; 291°; NAP surface 27.90, botom 26.65; depth 125 Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Later than B 396 and B 399, which it cuts. B 399 Grave: >160x>50; 265°; NAP surface 27.90, bottom 26.77; depth 113 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull B 400 Grave: 200x110; 286°; NAP surface 27.90, botom 26.47; depth 143 Coin: 175x38; 286° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd Remarks: See section E-F in Fig. 14. Later than B 399, which it cuts. Skull at NAP 26.63, i.e. 16 cm above the botom of the grave, and at 2/3 of the length. Although this made the excavator think of an intrusion from another later grave, no other grave was observed. B 402 Grave: 190x75; 231°; NAP surface 27.83, botom 26.51; depth 132 Coin: nails 140x30; 231° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Bracelets 1-2 were lying in the coin, to the let (NW) of the skull; coin 3: unknown; tegula 4: standing on a short side at the head end of the grave, its langes pointing into the grave; stone 5: standing vertically at the foot-end of the grave. Remark: Nails and coin not on ind form. Inventory 1 Bronze bracelet with expanding fastening, wire wound three times at both ends; broken and so open now. 2 Three fragments of a second bracelet with expanding fastening. 3 Coin: fourth-century follis/aes IV, 330-402. 4 Complete tegula, measurements unknown. 5 Stone, missing. Date: Artefact date: AD 301-367. Coin date: AD 330- 104 — 402. Combined date: AD 330-367. B 403 Grave: 210x75; 269°; NAP surface 27.75, botom 26.71; depth 104 Coin: nails >170x40; 269° Skeletal material: Skull B 404 Grave: >90x95; 90°/270°; NAP surface 25.29 Coin: >65x75; 90°/270° B 405 Grave: 240x110; 260°; NAP surface 26.75, botom 24.49; depth 226 Coin: 215x70; 260° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae B 406 Grave: 245x100; 87°; NAP surface 26.75, botom 24.64; depth 211 Coin: 240x70; 87° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 407, which it cuts. B 407 Grave: 240x115; 77°/257°; NAP surface 26.75, bottom 25.04; depth 171 Coin: 205x75; 77°/257° Remark: Earlier than B 406, which cuts it. B 408 Grave: >145x100; 95°/275°; NAP surface 25.29 Coin: >135x65; 95°/275° B 409 Grave: 230x90; 288°; NAP surface 26.75, botom 25.21; depth 154 Coin: 185x60; 288° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Fibula 1 above the head; imbrex fragments 2: unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A), l 7.5, w 5, bow trapezoidal in section, short crossarm round in section, biconical knobs; three groups of transversal grooves on foot (no parallels in Swit 2000). 2 Three iting imbrex fragments (not drawn). Date: AD 325-355. B 410 Grave: 245x80; 122°; NAP surface 26.80, botom 26.04; depth 76 Coin: 195x40; 122° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche to the right (NE) of the upper body, at NAP 26.64, i.e. 60 cm above the botom of the grave: from let to right (NW-SE) plate 2, beaker 1, dish 3. Unidentiied wooden object 4 outside the coin, to the let of the waist. Intrusion: Many sherds collected in two groups: a. top of the illing; b. lower illing, among which decorated indigenous ware. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 246 with barbotine decoration: hedera, h 17. 2 Red-slipped plate Gellep 69, d 23.5. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, diam 13. 4 Unidentiied long wooden object, l 75, with nails from both sides; only the nails remained. Date: AD 301-350. B 411 Grave: >110x65; 242°; NAP surface 27.10, botom 26.61; depth 49 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 412, which cuts it. B 412 Grave: 215x75; 270°; NAP surface 27.10, botom 26.52; depth 58 Coin: nails 175x45; 270° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Sherds, even medieval and later Remark: Later than B 411 and B 416, which it cuts. 105 — B 413 Grave: 275x70; 270°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.67; depth 68 Coin: nails >188x38; 270° Skeletal material: Right femur, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 414, which cuts it. B 414 Grave: 215x90; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.55; depth 80 Coin: nails 175x38; 111°/291° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in or on the SE corner of the coin. Remark: Later than and inserted into B 415 over half its width. The same pit must have been dug twice, the soil still being sot enough to ind it; and long enough ater the irst burial, to allow for its decay. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured folded beaker Symonds 62, h 16. Date: AD 301-367. B 415 Grave: 215x90; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.35, bottom 26.14; depth 121 Remark: Earlier than B 414, which truncates it. See remark there. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 416 Grave: 245x95; 123°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.49; depth 86 Coin: nails 185x55; 123° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 at NAP 26.77, i.e. c.30 cm higher than the botom of the pit. Intrusion or intentionally thrown? Gorecki 1975, 229-230 does not mention the possibility of intrusion. Remark: Earlier than B 412, B 417 and B 418, which cut it. Inventory 1 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. B 417 Grave: 205x60; 266°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.62; depth 73 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 416, which it cuts; earlier than B 418, which cuts it. B 418 Grave: 250x80; 268°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.48; depth 87 Coin: nails 190x45; 268° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Later than B 416 and B 417, which it cuts. B 419 Grave: >125x50; 277°; NAP surface 27.35, botom 26.92; depth 43 Coin: nails >125x40; 227° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora; hands folded in lap. Intrusion: Sherds B 420 Grave: 115x70; 150°/330°; NAP surface 26.90, bottom 26.62; depth 28 Coin: nails 80x30; 150°/330° Intrusion: Sherds, among which indigenous ones. B 421 Grave: >150x75; 107°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.91; depth 151 Coin: nails >125x40; 107° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Cooking-pot 1 and stone 2 next to it in niche in the N, to the right of the upper body, at 26.25, i.e. 34 cm above the trench botom. Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 422, which cuts it. Stratigraphical relation to B 423 is unclear. The museum inventory book says erroneously that no. 1 comes from B 322. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seat- 106 — ing Gellep 106, h 12, d 14. 2 Stone. Date: AD 301-367. B 422 Grave: 170x60; 259°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.42; depth 98 Coin: nails 140x35; 259° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 421 and B 423, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 423 Grave: 215x90; 118°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.37; depth 103 Coin: nails 175x50; 118° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche at NAP 26.52 to the right (N) of the waist: dish 3 before (to the S of) beakers 1 and 2. Remark: Earlier than B 422 and B 424, which cut it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 20. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, M•I•S•C•E•, h 12.1, d 8.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 16.5. Date: AD 301-355. B 424 Grave: 220x70; 270°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.95; depth 145 Coin: 180x40; 270° Skeletal material: Skull?, humeri, radii, pelvis, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 423 and B 425, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 425 Grave: >225x75; 265°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.95; depth 145 Coin: >188x44; 265° Skeletal material: Remains of skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 426, which it cuts; earlier than B 424, which cuts it. B 426 Grave: >215x70; 256°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.01; depth 139 Coin: nails >163x50; 256° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Earlier than B 425, which cuts it; later than B 427, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 427 Grave: >200x80; 117°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.47; depth 193 Coin: nails >175x40; 117° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 stood in a row W-E (2-3-1) to the let of the feet outside along the S side of the coin, on the botom of the grave. Remark: Earlier than B 426 and B 428, which cut it. The inds had erroneously been assigned to other graves shortly ater they were excavated. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), damaged, d 15.4. 2 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 21.2, d 15.7. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 14.4. Date: AD 301-350. B 428 Grave: 245x85; 261°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.01; depth 139 Coin: nails 213x38; 261° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur, let tibia Remarks: Later than B 427, which it cuts. Stratigraphical relation to B 429 is unclear. On the overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, the skull is lying next to the femur, and N of the tibia is another long bone, as if they belong to (an)other, deeper grave(s). The excavator, however, did not draw such conclusion. See also remark to B 429. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? 107 — B 429 Grave: 250x75; 263°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 25.99; depth 141 Coin: nails 207x50; 263° Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, improbably suggests one irregular trench for B 428 and B 429. B 430 Grave: >180x100; 279°; NAP surface 27.40, bottom 26.55; depth 85 Coin: nails 180x45; 279° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 431, which just cuts it. B 431 Grave: 225x95; 265°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.65; depth 75 Coin: nails 160x55; 265° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Later than B 430, which it just cuts. B 432 Grave: 135x110; 291°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.95; depth 45 Coin: nails 80x40; 272° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Terra sigillata rim sherd Remark: Later than B 433, which it just cuts. B 433 Grave: >170x85; 99°/279°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.69; depth 71 Coin: >100x30; 99°/279° Remark: Earlier than B 432, which just cuts it. B 434 Grave: >40x80; 289°; NAP surface 27.40, botom 26.89; depth 51 Coin: nails >25x40; 289° Skeletal material: Right tibia Intrusion: Sherd B 435 Grave: 210x80; 104°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.78; depth 70 Coin: nails 180x40; 104° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-5 in niche to the right (N) of the head. Jug 3 stood to the right (E), beaker 2 to the let (W), bowl 1 stood in front of (S) 2 and 3. Flat stones 4 and 5 covered 2 and 3. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325), d 15.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15. 3 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72 with white dots on the shoulder, h 23. 4 and 5 Stones. Date: AD 301-350. B 436 Grave: 200x70; 284°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.75; depth 73 Coin: nails 188x38; 284° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Brunsting noted that it was extensively disturbed, though this is not apparent on his overall drawing, Fig. 11. B 437 Grave: 150x60; 92°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.93; depth 55 Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the ind form illed in during excavation calls it an E-W grave. See also remark on B 697, where a similar error was made. B 438 Grave: 200x60 (foot-end)/75 (head end); 82°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.22; depth 126 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the ind form illed in during excavation calls it an E-W 108 — grave. The later observation is supported by the dimensions of the grave. See also remark on B 697, where a similar error was made. B 439 Grave: 206x60; 280°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.10; depth 138 Coin: nails 163x38; 280° Skeletal material: Skull? B 444 Grave: 206x75; 268°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.03; depth 145 Coin: nails 175x40; 268° Skeletal material: Skull?, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 443, which it cuts. The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows it as a W-E grave. B 440 Grave: 181x63; 273°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.89; depth 59 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds B 445 Grave: 180x100; 289°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.64; depth 84 Coin: nails 170x40; 267° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Coin diagonally in grave. B 441 Grave: 225x63; 75°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.76; depth 72 Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows a W-E grave, but the ind form illed in during excavation calls it an E-W grave. See also remark on B 697, where a similar error was made. B 442 Grave: 240x>60; 270°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 25.99; depth 149 Coin: 190x45; 270° Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: Earlier than B 443, which cuts it. B 443 Grave: 250x100 (W)/73 (E); 92°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 25.83; depth 165 Coin: nails 130x45; 92° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Later than B 442, which it cuts, and earlier than B 444, which cuts it. The overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavations, Fig. 11, shows B 443 as an E-W grave cuting a W-E one (B 442) and cut by a W-E one (B 444). B 446 Grave: 200x95; 291°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.24; depth 124 Coin: nails 120x45; 291° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Earlier than B 447, which partly covers it. B 447 Grave: NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.96; depth 56 Coin: nails 55x30; 264° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Grave of this later infant’s grave invisible in that of B 446, which it partly covers. B 448 Grave: 110x50; 272°; NAP surface 27.48, botom 26.92; depth 56 Coin: nails 75x33; 272° Skeletal material: Remains of skull B 449 Grave: 195x70; 267°; NAP surface 27.68, botom 26.93; depth 75 Coin: nails 163x40; 267° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, right radius (folded in lap), pelvis, femora, tibiae 109 — B 450 Grave: 190x85; 289°; NAP surface 27.68, botom 27.01; depth 67 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii, pelvis, femora, tibiae; hands folded in lap. Remark: Later than B 451, whose niche it cuts. The orientation is exactly 180° from this direct neighbour. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 451 Grave: 175x95; 109°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 26.29; depth 127 Coin: nails 100x25; 109° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche (NAP 26.67) to the right of the shoulder, from W to E: 3, 1, 2. Intrusion: Sherd, iron Remark: Earlier than B 450, which cuts its niche. The orientation is exactly 180° diferent from this direct neighbour. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15, d 9.2. 2 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot Gellep 120, h 7.4, d 15.6. 3 Coarse dish with protruding base-disc, h 4.8, d 17.7. Nijmegen 154. Date: AD 301-367. B 452 Grave: 220x75; 282°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.18; depth 38 Coin: nails 200x60; 282° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds B 453 Grave: 200x70; 262°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.17; depth 41 Coin: nails 145x40; 262° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 454, which just cuts it. B 454 Grave: 250x95; 282°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.08; depth 48 Coin: 185x40; 282° Skeletal material: Skull? Remark: Later than B 453, which it just cuts. B 455 Grave: 120x60; 88°/268°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.98; depth 58 Coin: nails 85x35; 88°/268° Intrusion: Sherds B 456 Grave: 210x100; 266°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 26.48; depth 108 Coin: nails 165x40; 266° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 outside coin to the right (S) of the head, in a W-E row along the coin: 1, 2, 3. Remark: Later than B 457, which it cuts at a right angle. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 14.5. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70, rim lost, preserved h 16.8, d 11.8. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 9.4, d 19. Date: AD 301-350. B 457 Grave: 180x100; 169°/349°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.18; depth 38 Coin: nails Remark: Earlier than B 456 and B 458, which cut it at right angles. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 458 Grave: not visible; 253°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.18 ; depth 38 Tufa sarcophagus: l 100 x w 45 x h 30; 253° Skeletal material: Remains of skull, two teeth Remarks: Later than B 457, which it cuts at a right 110 — Sarcophagus B 458 in situ still has its lid, which apparently crumbled to dust when it was removed. angle. Lid just under medieval road. Lid and sarcophagus broken. The lid appears on a photo (ROB KB portfolio 3, neg. 3) but evidently crumbled before further documentation and is not mentioned in the museum inventory. Inventory 1 Tufa sarcophagus with lid, l 100 x w 45 x h 30; lid 105x45 with lat underside, side planes h 10 (at long sides and at corners of tympana) and 15 (under the rib), two slightly concave top planes along longitudinal rib. B 459 Grave: >50x120; 111°/291°; NAP surface 26.24 B 460 Grave: 225x115; 289°; NAP surface 26.30, botom 25.70; depth 60 Coin: 170x60; 289° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 in SE corner of grave, to the right of the right foot. Inventory 1 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. B 461 Grave: 200x110; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.30 B 462 Grave: >40x100; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.30 One of the latest dated graves, 46 = LN 246 = B 465, had a real Roman meal for a ith-century Germanic lady. From let to right, inds B 465.4,2,5,3 and 1. B 463 Grave: 210x95; 113°/293°; NAP surface 26.30, bottom 25.60; depth 70 Remark: Eleven blocks of tufa lined the grave. B 464 Grave: >30x40; 125°/305°; NAP surface 26.30, botom 25.66; depth 64 B 465 Grave: 210x85; 301°; NAP surface 26.30, botom 25.78; depth 52 Coin: nails 170x45; 288° Skeletal material: Skull (preserved) Position of grave goods/dress accessories Potery 1, 2 and 4 and glass bowl 5 stood on the coin in a row above the lower legs: from top down 1, 3, 2 probably containing 5. As the lid of the coin collapsed, they fell pell-mell into the coin. Cooking-pot 3 was found standing in the SE corner of the coin, but as it stood there in the line 1-3-2-4, it may have fallen of the lid as well. Pin 6 was lying horizontally with its tip above the skull and its head to the right. Pin 7 was lying along the right temple, its pin up and its head at the height of the jaw. Fibula 8 was lying under the jaw, its pin upwards. Fibula 13, with beads 14 upon it, was lying halfway between the skull and the right shoulder, its pin pointing upwards. The at least 234 beads 9 (the drawing shows 282 of them), when stringed 111 — together some 50 cm long, were found under ibula 8 and against, under and at the inside of the jaw. As the same kind of beads (14) were found on ibula 13, the reconstruction in the drawing of B 465.9 as a necklace is probably wrong: see below, The pectoral in B 465. Coin 10 was in the mouth. Fibula 11 was lying on the middle of the breast, its foot pointing to the let shoulder. Object 12 was found standing against the right temple. Triple ring 16 was on the vanished right elbow, buckle 17 near it, and head of stave 18 to the right of the vanished right forearm. Near the vanished let hand were lying objects 19-22. Shears 23 were lying beyond the vanished feet, and pendants 25 just beyond 23, on top of one another, on the axis of the cofin. Next to them, under the vanished let foot, beads 24, which were not found in the museum depot. Textile remains were found next to 5, 6, 7 (black), 12, 17, 20, and 24. They are given the numbers 5A etc. below. Textile fragment was found near glass beaker 5 or more probably next to shears 23. The pectoral in B 465 Mrs Wil van der Sluijs suggested to me that ibulae 8 on the let and 13 on the right shoulder together with beads 9 and 14 could have formed a gold-coloured pectoral of parallel strings of beads, the ibulae closing a peplos-like garment. Böhme (1974, 160-1, ig. 53) already reconstructed for grave B 465 such a pectoral of more simple form, with one string of beads; ibula 11, on the middle of the breast, is not part of his reconstructed pectoral. His igure shows 25 contours of Germanic ladies, ten of which with such combinations of ibulae and beads to pectorals: four pectorals with one string of beads, four with two, and two with tree strings. The igure also shows seven contours with bead necklaces, one of which in combination with a three-string pectoral (Cortrat grave 26). The total length of the 234 or 282 small beads of 9 and 14 in B 465 allows for the following reconstruction, made by Mrs Van der Sluijs. A three- string pectoral, the two upper strings consisting of small beads, the lower one of the bronze wire pendants with separating oblong beads, and, in the centre, the lunula, lanked by two groups of three Überfang beads and two groups of coloured beads (one white, two green and two red on one side, a white and three black ones at the other); this lower string is illed out with small beads. There are an emerald green and a white bead near ibula 8 at the end of each string. All beads of this pectoral have been listed under ind number B 465.9. Intrusion: Rim sherd of a fourth-century terra sigillata bowl. Remarks: This grave was summarily published by H.W. Böhme, 1974, 285, Taf. 85, under a transformation of its original excavation number LN 46, as 46 Nieuwstraat. Ypey (1980, 155-157) also summarily published it as Nieuwstraat 46, with new drawings, made ater the cleaning and restoration of many inds, adding the following comment: ‘The rich furnishing of the 12-14 year old girl from Nijmegen with ornaments, instruments and vessels is not unusual for Germanic children’s graves of the fourth and ith century. The immature girl belonged to a Germanic family, whose male members served in the Roman army as personnel of the Late Roman garrison of Noviomagus.’ (Transl. D.St.) The excavation number was later changed to LN 246 (there already was a LN 46). Steures 2002b, a spin-of of the present typology, discusses pendants 25 and interprets the grave as that of a ith-century Germanic priestess of the pole idol shown on the pendants. Most types give a wide date AD 401-450, but three types narrow it down to the middle of the ith century: apart from the guilt miniature beads 9 and 14, there are dish ibula 13 of type Rhenen (see immediately below; Böhme 1974, 25, Fig. 8) and buckle 17. Parallels of both later types are to be found in Rhenen grave 356, dated to the middle of the ith century (Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). Miniature beads 9 and 14 are also mid ith century (Wil van der Sluijs, pers.com.). 112 — It must be remarked that this very late grave with its Germanic long pins contains Roman pottery and glass vessels and so a meal: a Roman rite that had been discontinued for some decades and is for one time resumed for a Germanic lady. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration (molete = roller-stamp Unverzagt (1919) 119, Chenet (1941) Pl. 31, i.e. Hübener (1968) group 6, dated to AD 385-425), d 18.5. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 21. 3 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, d 10.5. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 108, h 13.8, d 11.2. 5 Glass cauldron-shaped beaker Gellep 190/236, h 4.2, d 9, with lat botom, conical body and everted rim; twice wound glass thread on smallest diameter. 6 Large bronze pin, l 25.5, with mushroomshaped head on which ive radial grooves, and ribbed top part of shat on which three prisma zones. Böhme, type Wijster. 7 Large bronze pin, l 16.9, at the head of which, connected via two eyelets, a bronze sheet lunula, from which hang three lozenge-shaped pieces of bronze sheet; these jingles are decorated at their rims with punched arcs. Böhme, type Vermand. 8 Armbrustibula, l 5. 9 A series of beads, some 50 cm long. 225 globular beads, slightly transparent very dark blue, gold coloured encrustation, d 0.3, h 0.2, TM 27Var; 13 Überfang beads, collars, 5x transparent greyish white, d 0.4, h 0.4, 8x transparent yellowish white, d 0.5, h 0.4, TM 387b; 4 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 2846; 2 cylindrical beads, both half preserved, d 0.3, h 0.5, Riha 1248; 2 ring-shaped beads, transparent dark blue, d 0.3, h 0.1, Riha 2931d; 2 ring-shaped beads, opaque brownish red, d 0.2, h 0.1 and d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2951b; 1 disk-shaped bead, slightly transparent dark blue, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2925e; 1 lead glass cylinder-shaped bead, green, white eloresecence, d 0.3, h 0.3, TM 146; 1 ring-shaped bead, transparent emerald green, d 0.2, h 0.1, Riha 2968g; 1 tyre-shaped bead, encrusted, emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Koch 460; 1 tyre-shaped bead, encrusted, emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2808, 22Var; 1 Überfang bead, globular, transparent greyish white or blue?, d 0.2, h 0.2, TM 387b; a bronze lunula-shaped pendant, d 1.8; six pendants of wound bronze wire, each consisting of two tubes of 5 up to 11 whorls, between which the wire is bent into a loop, outer d 1.3, which was turned around once. Two of these completely preserved, but corroded to one another; four others have lost their loops. 10 Coin: Marcus Aurelius, denarius, 161-180, Rome, RIC 712: obv. FAVSTINA AUGVSTA, rev. SALVTI FELICIT. 11 Armbrustibula, l 4.5. 12 Object consisting of a bent iron rod, broken at angle, with textile bands wound around it in two places; d of rod 0.3-0.6, distance between the two remaining rods 1.5, l of rod fragments 8 and 12, width of bands 0.8 and 1.2. Bent iron rod 21 might be part of 12: in that case, it may have been broken intentionally, in view of their diferent ind spots. 13 Dish ibula of Böhme type Rhenen, d 4.8, with iron pin and bronze disk, on which a bronze Preßblech decorative disk. Decoration: Star of David consisting of two intertwined triangles, four dots in its centre, double volutes between each pair of points; surrounded by ive concentric circles and two concentric rows of dots. For the intertwined triangles cf. the washbasin from Mildenhall and bowl 52 from Kaiseraugst (Cahn/ Kaufmann-Heinimann 1984, Taf. 68). 14 Twenty miniature glass gilt beads like 9, two irregularly shaped miniature glass beads, colour unknown, one small biconical bead, colour unknown, part of necklace 9 or rather the pectoral 8, 9, 13, 14, 15: see the discussion on the posi- 113 — tions of the inds. 15 Fragment of a bronze wire pendant: half a cirle, d 0.9, through a small lump of ?iron; possibly part of necklace or rather pectoral 8, 9, 13, 14, 15. 16 Bronze triple ring, outer d 2.2, inner d 1.9, h 1.6, consisting of two rings: the top one, half of which is broken of, has a long lat undecorated bezel; the lower one consists of two lat tori with a rib in between. (This ring, too large for a inger but not for a thumb, was called a tube-shaped spiral in Steures 2002b and Steures 2004, on the basis of the drawing in unrestored state.) 17 Bronze buckle h 5.2, l tongue 2.9 (belt opening h 3.8, w 1), with D-shaped movable plate containing mineralized leather. Clinging to it: a lump of mineralized material, under which textile. To be dated to mid V (M. Erdrich, pers.comm.; parallel in Rhenen grave 356, dated to VB: Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). 18 Bronze sheet head of a staf containing mineralized wood, h 2.2. Disk-shaped top; higher part conical, h 0.7, d near disk 2.7, d below 1.9; lower part cylindrical, d 1.8-2.0, proiled with seven convex horizontal ribs. 19 Bronze sewing-needle, top of eyelet and tip broken of, preserved l 7. 20 Iron knife, l 12.5, w 2, blade with two convex sides, part of tang; on one side, apparently half of its leather sheath with a central rib. 21 Bent iron rod, l 5.5, possibly the angle of object 12: in that case, it may have been broken intentionally, in view of their diferent ind spots. 22 ?Belt fastening for a textile belt, consisting of two rings lying against one another, d 3.8: a bronze ring round in section, and an iron one, square. The interpretation is uncertain, as no textile remains cling to it, and so many others were found in this grave. 23 Iron shears, l 21.5, max w 5.5. Half an iron ring, d 4, clung to its tip: a fastening intended to prevent the scissors from opening unintentionally? 24 A string of very diferent glass beads: a. a segmented one, b,c. two globular ones, d-g. tubular ones with ire-rounded ends, h. a small ?bronze rod with a thread irregularly wound around it. 25 Three identical Preßblech pendants with horizontal tubular eye, d 2.8, all three found incomplete (twice restored since their ind in 1961; as they were incomplete in diferent places, they are reliably completed now). Two opposing heads with half-long hair above draped shoulders; between them a long frontal pole idol with its feet to the let and with raised arms ending in leafy branches. Around, a nonsense inscription: TV (behind the head on the let), X (behind the head on the right), IIECE or IIECF (below). Doted rim. 26 Piece of textile. Date: AD 434-450 (see remark above). B 466 Grave: 215x70; 293°; NAP surface 26.30, botom 26.01; depth 29 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 467, which it cuts. B 467 Grave: >120x>60; 104°/284°; NAP surface 26.30, botom 25.79; depth 51 Coin: nails >100x35 Intrusion: Sherd Remark: Earlier than B 466, which cuts it. B 468 Grave: 240x125; 314°; NAP surface 26.42, botom 25.71; depth 71 Coin: 135x40; 314° Skeletal material: Skull Remarks: Small tufa fragments in illing. See section G-H in Fig. 14. B 469 Grave: 235x100; 127°/307°; NAP surface 26.42, botom 26.08; depth 34 Remark: See section G-H in Fig. 14. B 470 Grave: 240x85; 115°; NAP surface 26.88, botom 26.36; depth 52 114 — Coin: 180x45; 115° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 2-3 in niche at NAP 26.89, to the right (N) of the upper body. Beaker 1 in top of grave, c.53 cm above botom of trench, to the let (S) of the feet. Intrusion: Sherds, among which handmade ones. Four necks of jugs. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 15 with traces of white painted decoration, h 10. 2 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a) with barbotine decoration, incomplete, h 13. 3 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 28. Date: AD 301-367. B 471 Grave: >250x>70; 126°/306°; NAP surface 26.88, botom 26.22; depth 66 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 NE in niche at NAP 25.77 Intrusion: Sherds (Roman and indigenous) in illing Inventory 1 Glass carafe ± Gellep 218, h 20, d 11.6. Date: AD 276-367. B 472 Grave: >150x>70; 121°/301°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 25.86; depth 84 Coin: >125x50; 121°/301° Intrusion: Sherds, among which terra sigillata B 473 Grave: 245x90; 301°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 25.82; depth 88 Coin: 200x50; 301° Skeletal material: Remains of skull B 474 Grave: 220x80; 302°; NAP surface26.70, botom 25.71; depth 99 Coin: nails 185x40; 302° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Sherds and tufa fragments, among which a fragmentary drum of a column, d 60. Remark: See section G-H in Fig. 14. B 475 Grave: 235x80; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 26.05; depth 65 Intrusion: Sherds: terra sigillata and terra nigra; horse’s tooth. B 476 Grave: 225x100; 296°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 26.22; depth 48 Coin: 185x45; 296° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur, tibiae Intrusion: Tufa fragments B 477 Grave: >100x65; 312°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 26.12; depth 58 Coin: >50x35; 26.12 Skeletal material: Skull B 478 Grave: >100x100; 131°/311°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 25.91; depth 79 B 479 Grave: 200x90; 307°; NAP surface 26.70, botom 26.06; depth 64 Coin: nails 155x40; 307° Skeletal material: Skull B 480 Grave: 235x65; 264°; NAP surface 26.93, botom 26.84; depth >9 Skeletal material: Skull, remains of femora, remains of tibiae Intrusion: Sherds, both Roman and indigenous. In top soil, above both B 480 and B 482, 1 an almost complete reddish brown beaker with white painted decoration; cf. Chenet 333h. Remark: Later than B 481 and B 482, which it cuts. Date: AD 376-400. B 481 Grave: 255x120; 107°; NAP surface 26.93, botom 115 — 26.14; depth 79 Coin: nails 210x55; 107° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 near the right (N) corner of the foot-end of the coin at NAP 26.19: plate 1 at the long side near the corner, beaker 2 (fallen over) to its E, glass bowl 3 to the W of 1, near the short side of the coin. Knife 4 in the same corner in the coin. Remark: Clamps under the coin. Earlier than B 480, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, d 19.4, h 4.6. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.8, d 9.6. 3 Glass bowl with pinches Gellep 189, h 6, d 8.8. 4 Iron knife, handle broken of near protection plate, both sides of blade equally convex, preserved l 8.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 482 Grave: 130x75; 120°; NAP surface 26.93, botom 26.21; depth 72 Coin: nails 105x30; 120° Skeletal material: Many teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in foot-end of coin: cookingpot 3 to the right of the knees, indented jar 2 to the let of the feet, beaker 1 to the right of the feet. Intrusion: Sherds, among which a rim fragment of a mortarium. Remark: Earlier than B 480, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6. 2 Coarse indented jar Gellep 103, h 13. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.5. Date: AD 334-367. B 483 Grave: >40x80; 290°; NAP surface 26.93, botom 27.00; depth ? Skeletal material: Skull B 484 Grave: 210x80; 283°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.00; depth 56 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Body sherd of a terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration: Chenet molete (= roller-stamp) 130 (i.e. Hübener’s (1968) group 5/6). Remark: SW corner disturbed. B 485 Grave: 100x75; 102°/282°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.10; depth 46 Coin: 75x30; 98°/278° B 486 Grave: 215x80; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.93; depth 63 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories Piece of bronze 1 some 4 cm, coin 2 some 5 cm above the botom of the trench, so possibly both belonging to the grave. Intrusion: Sherds, but possibly 1 and 2 as well Inventory 1 Shapeless piece of bronze (not drawn). 2 Coin, halved. Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. B 487 Grave: 230x80; 270°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.01; depth 55 Coin: nails 200x55; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, pelvis, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 488, which it cuts B 488 Grave: 200x70; 291°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.01; depth 55 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 487, which cuts it. 116 — B 489 Grave: Almost round, 160x125; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.18; depth 38 Coin: nails (two, outside coin) 110x60; 279° Skeletal material: Fragments of let tibia Intrusion: Sherds, among which the spout of a mortarium B 490 Grave: 160x>70; 278°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.15; depth 41 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, let femur Remark: Child’s grave B 491 Grave: 210x85; 98°/278°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 27.00; depth 56 Coin: 170x35; 104°/284° B 492 Grave: 140x>55; 98°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.25; depth 31 Coin: nails 125x30; 98° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Intrusion: Terra nigra sherd; fragment of a plate. Remarks: Earlier than B 493, which cuts it. See section G-H in Fig. 14. B 493 Grave: 230x80; 286° Coin: 210x45; 286° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Sherds Remark: Later than B 492, which it cuts. B 494 Grave: 250x>110; 105°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 26.80; depth 76 Coin: nails 210x40; 100° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Posthole outside foot-end. Earlier than B 495, which cuts it. B 495 Grave: 230x>50; 287°; NAP surface 27.56, botom 27.10; depth 46 Coin: nails 160x40; 287° Skeletal material: Skull Intrusion: Rim fragments of terra sigillata, fragment of Arretine, fragment of terra nigra. Remark: Later than B 494, which it cuts. B 496 Grave: 120x75; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.56, bottom 26.97; depth 59 Coin: nails 90x35; 90°/270° Intrusion: Sherds; bronze rivet with lat-globular head, shat broken of, preserved l 0.8. B 497 Grave: >170x75; 304°; NAP surface 26.82, botom 26.45; depth 37 Coin: >170x60; 304° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Two bone fragments cow?, one bone fragment sheep/goat; glass body fragment with blob, Gellep 181. Date: AD 301-450. B 498 Grave: >220x110; 132°/312°; NAP surface 26.82 Coin: >235x70; 132°/312° Remark: Later than B 499, which it largely covers. B 499 Grave: >200x100; 118°/298°; NAP surface 26.82, botom 26.00; depth 82 Coin: >190x75; 118°/298° Remark: Earlier than B 498, which largely covers it. B 500 Grave: 220x95; 105°/285°; NAP surface 26.82, botom 25.80; depth 102 Coin: 185x50; 105°/285° B 501 Grave: 250x110; 109°/289°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 25.70; depth 85 Coin: 215x75; 109°/289° 117 — B 502 Grave: top (plane 1) 250x70; botom (plane 2) 225x60; 132°; NAP surface 26.82, botom 25.66; depth 116 Coin: 200x45; 132° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 503 and B 504, which cover it. Later than B 505, which it just cuts. tom 26.95; depth 4 B 503 Grave: 170x70; 101°/281°; NAP surface 26.82, bottom 26.12; depth 70 Coin: 165x50; 101°/281° Remark: Later than B 502 and B 504, which it cuts. Intrusion: Body sherd of a thin-walled glass bottle. B 509 Grave: 245x78; 282°; NAP surface 26.99, botom 26.80; depth 19 Coin: 220x55; 282° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 508, which it cuts. B 504 Grave: 155x>40; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.82 Remark: Along the long S side four lining blocks 1-3. Earlier than B 503, which cuts it; later than B 502, which it cuts. Intrusion?: a cow’s molar. Inventory 1 A block of white limestone, 20x10x11. 2 A block of grey crinoid limestone a.k.a. stinking limestone, from Namur, Belgium, 30x10x20 (identiication and pers. com. J.C. Zwaan). 3 Two tegula fragments, one of which with cement, 13x18 on which an arc drawn with four ingers. B 505 Grave: 200x65; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.82 Coin: 185x45; 89°/269° Intrusion?: a cow’s molar. Remark: Earlier than B 502, which just cuts it. B 506 Grave: 80x30; 89°/269°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.90; depth 9 B 507 Grave: 95x38; 100°/290°; NAP surface 26.99, bot- B 508 Grave: 190x65; 112°/292°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.60; depth 39 Coin: 170x40; 112°/292° Intrusion: Splinter of bronze Remark: Earlier than B 509, which cuts it. B 510 Grave: 250x90; 85°/265°; NAP surface 26.99, bottom 26.85; depth 14 Coin: 200x55; 85°/265° Remark: Two features cut by B 510 and one further E, which were only just visible within the excavation limits, were not considered by the excavator to be graves. B 511 Grave: 250x75; 265°; NAP surface 26.90 Coin: 230x55; 265° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 512, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-? B 512 Grave: >210x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 26.99, botom 26.30; depth 69 Coin: >200x45; 114°/294° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche on S side, at the height of the waist. Remark: Earlier than B 511 and B 513, which cut it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-botle Künzl 14.5 (= Gellep 254), h 19.8, d 14.5. Scheme from top down: wavy line (Künzl element 1), doted line (Künzl 11), V•A•L•E• V•I•V•AS• (lack of space caused the painter to omit the dot before the S 118 — and serifs on the S), horizontal band (Künzl 10). Paint brown on the inside. 2 Conical glass beaker Gellep 185, h 9.4, d 7.7. Light green glass with many bubbles. 3 Glass botle Gellep 198 with ire-rounded rim, h 12, d 9.1. Date: AD 334-355. B 513 Grave: 220x75; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.99, botom 26.74; depth 25 Coin: 200x50; 129°/309° Remark: Later than B 512, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-? B 514 Grave: 240x100; 102°/282°; NAP surface 27.00, botom 26.57; depth 43 Coin: 215x65; 102°/282° B 515 Grave: 205x60; 283°; NAP surface 26.74, botom 26.23; depth 51 Coin: 190x55; 283° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 560, which it cuts (in plane 2). B 516 Grave: >220x>50; 286°; NAP surface 26.74, bottom 26.53; depth 21 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 517 and B 521, which cut it. B 517 Grave: 230x120; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07 Intrusion?: An almost complete enameled hinge ibula; pin and tip of foot are missing, preserved l 4.3. B 518 Grave: 205x65; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.07, botom 26.43; depth 64 Coin: 180x45; 109°/289° B 519 Grave: 250x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 26.74, bot- tom 26.40; depth 34 Coin: 225x45; 111°/291° Remark: Earlier than B 520, which cuts it. B 520 Grave: 225x85; 99°/279°; NAP surface 26.74, bottom 26.20; depth 54 Coin: 210x70; 99°/279° Inventory 1 Coin: as, Caligula, AD 37-38, Rome, RIC2 35, for Germanicus. Remark: Later than B 519, which it cuts. As the coin is not on the level drawing, it is either an intrusion or was intentionally thrown in as the grave was being illed. B 521 Grave: 225x75; 281°; NAP surface 27.07 Coin: 215x55; 281° Skeletal material: Skull B 522 Grave: 220x85; 310°; NAP surface 26.74, botom 26.69; depth >5 Coin: 200x60; 310° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 between the feet. Inventory 1 Coin: as, Augustus, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. B 523 Grave: 105x45; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.90; depth 17 Coin: 90x25; 110°/290° B 524 Grave: 250x105; 125°/305°; NAP surface 27.07, botom 26.69; depth 38 Coin: 225x65; 125°/305° Remark: Earlier than B 525, which cuts it. B 525 Grave: 150x65; 107°/287°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.79; depth 28 Remark: Later than B 524, which it cuts. 119 — B 526 Grave: 240x100; 287°; NAP surface 26.74, botom 26.69; depth 5 Coin: 220x60; 287° Skeletal material: Skull B 527 Grave: 220x60; 104°; NAP surface 27.18, botom 26.95; depth 23 Skeletal material: Skull B 528 Grave: 210x90; 107°/287°; NAP surface 27.18, bottom 26.86; depth 32 Coin: 190x55; 107°/287° B 529 Grave: 205x55; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.18, bottom 26.96; depth 22 Coin: 180x40; 95°/275° Remark: Later than B 530, which it cuts. B 530 Grave: >200x75; 135°; NAP surface 27.18, botom 26.79; depth 39 Coin: >190x50; 135° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 529, which cuts it. B 531 Grave: >140x65; 109°/289°; NAP surface 27.18, botom 27.12; depth 6 Coin: >120x40; 109°/289° B 532 Grave: >130x70; 107°/287° B 535 Grave: 250x110; 246°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 25.98; depth 57 Coin: 245x75; 246° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 534 which it cuts; earlier than B 536, which cuts it. B 536 Grave: 200x100; 81°/261°; NAP surface 27.00 1 Sarcophagus: l 105, w 63, h ?; lid with four planes; 81°/261° Skeletal material: Unworn milkteeth, not recorded where. Remark: Later than B 535, which it cuts; and later than B 534, which B 535 cuts. 2 In a hole in the lid a building fragment: a block of composite stone 14x5x9. B 537 Grave: 195x75; 82°/262°; NAP surface 27.00, bottom 26.24; depth 76 Coin: 160x50; 82°/262° Intrusion: Limestone fragment with moulding 16x10x4.5. B 538 Grave: >90x100; 129°/309°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.25; depth 30 Coin: >70x72; 129°/309° B 539 Grave: 235x65; 305°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.37; depth 18 Coin: 210x50/65; 305° Skeletal material: Skull B 533 Grave: >110x80; 58°/238°, botom 26.18 Coin: >90x50 B 540 Grave: 205x>38; 114°/294° B 534 Grave: >160x70; 108°/288°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.10; depth 45 Coin: >120x45; 108°/288° B 541 Grave: 230x95; 260° Coin: 200x70; 260° Skeletal material: Skull 120 — B 542 Grave: 220x100; 76°/256°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.04; depth 51 Coin: 195x55; 76°/256° B 550 Grave: 195x90; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.00; depth 107 Coin: 165x50; 95°/275° B 543 Grave: 165x>50; 85°/265°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.35; depth 20 Coin: 135x35; 85°/265° Remark: Earlier than B 544, which cuts it. B 551 Grave: >195x70; 318°; NAP surface 27.07, botom 26.92; depth 15 Coin: >165x55; 318° Skeletal material: Skull B 544 Grave: 220x85; 266°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.40; depth 15 Coin: 200x55; 266° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 543, which it cuts. B 552 Grave: 95x70; 66°/246°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.90; depth 17 Coin: 85x45; 66°/246° B 545 Grave: 215x80; 72°/252°; NAP surface 26.55, bottom 26.40; depth 15 Coin: 190x50; 72°/252° B 546 Grave: 215x80; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 26.32; depth 75 Coin: >175x50; 110°/290° B 547 Grave: 230x80; 114°/294°; NAP surface 26.55, botom 26.32; depth 23 Coin: 200x40; 114°/294° Intrusion: Imbrex fragment 12x(8-10). B 548 Grave: >185x80; 304°; NAP surface 26.60, botom 26.50; depth 10 Coin: >165x60; 304° Skeletal material: Skull B 549 Grave: 185x75; 78°/258°; NAP surface 26.67, bottom 26.67; depth ? Coin: 175x65; 78°/258° Remark: Stone(s?) on the centre of the grave B 553 Grave: >180x90; 139°/319°; NAP surface 27.07, botom 26.10; depth 97 Coin: 130x45; 139°/319° Remark: Earlier than B 554 and B 555, which cut it. B 554 Grave: 120x45; 101°/281°; NAP surface 27.07, bottom 27.00; depth 7 Coin: 85x30; 101°/281° Remark: Later than B 553 and B 555, which it cuts. B 555 Grave: 240x90; 291°; NAP surface 27.10 Coin: 205x55; 291° Skeletal material: Femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 554, which cuts it; later than B 553, which it cuts. B 556 Grave: >145x60; 302°; NAP surface 27.10, botom 26.67; depth 43 Coin: 120x45; 302° Skeletal material: Skull B 557 Grave: 200x105; 292°; NAP surface 27.10, botom 26.90; depth 20 Coin: 180x65; 292° 121 — Skeletal material: Skull B 558 Grave: >170x85; 111°/291°; NAP surface 27.10, bottom 26.92; depth 18 Coin: >150x45; 111°/291° Pauwelstr Total in Area G B 559 Grave: 180x80; 271°; NAP surface 26.40, botom 25.97; depth 43 Coin: 165x55; 271° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 560, which it cuts. This is one of four graves, still visible in plane 2; the others are B 560, B 502 and B 515. B 560 Grave: 235x75; 298°; NAP surface 26.40, botom 25.92; depth 48 Coin: 200x50; 298° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 515 and B 559, which cut it. This is one out of four graves still visible in level 2; the others are B 502, B 515 and B 559. 1957 *21, *123, VRGK 1955, 153 38 4 NKNOB 1957, *239-40 VRGK 1957, 14950 129 (16 numbers not graves) B 561 Grave: >65x95; 94°/274° Remark: See section C-D in Fig. 17. B 562 Grave: >75x70; 110°/290° B 563 Grave: >110x60; 109°/289° B 564 Grave: 195x100; 287° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Empty niche on let (N) of the waist. B 565 Grave: 195x80; 78°/258° Area G: graves B 561-673 (Figs. 16-17) Area G is named ater the Grutberg or Gruitberg, which was a street in the years around 1950, and which is a nowadays cul-de-sac. Brunsting always called it Grutberg, whereas his ield technician already wrote Gruitberg; which is also the presentday name. Place Year N TrG Preliminary reports Legend: N = number of graves; TrG = trenches in area G of cemetery B Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Houtmarkt 1952 20 7 Oude Stadsgr. 1952 18 8 Grutberg/OS 1952 19 6 Pauwelstr 1952 4 5 Grutberg 1955 30 1-3 VRGK 1952, 130 idem idem idem NKNOB 1956, B 566 Grave: 240x125; 301° Coin: 170x45; 301° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Empty ?niche at foot-end near the NE corner. Later than B 567 and B 568, which it cuts. B 567 Grave: >100x70; 251° Skeletal material: Femora Remark: Earlier than B 566, which cuts it. B 568 Grave: >125x65; 69°/249°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.43; depth 117 Remark: Earlier than B 566, which cuts it. B 569 Grave: >100x>50; 92°/272° 122 — B 570 Grave: 135x65; 88°/268° B 571 Grave: >75x55; 94°/274° B 572 Grave: not visible Coin: not visible; length of skeleton 188; 193° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, right radius over the body, femora, tibiae. Remark: Possibly a (?post-)medieval burial; the excavator, however, gave it a number as if it were a Roman grave. Later than B 573, B 574 and B 575, which it cuts. B 573 Grave: >160x85; 79°/259°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.69; depth 91 Remarks: Earlier than B 572, which cuts it. See sections A-B and E-F in Fig. 17. B 574 Grave: >138x88; 88°/268° Remarks: Earlier than B 572, B 575, and B 578, which cut it. See section A-B in Fig. 17. B 575 Grave: 100x44; 100°/280° Remark: Earlier than B 572, which cuts it; later than B 574, which it cuts. B 576 Grave: >25x50; 93°/273° B 577 Grave: >155x90; 105°/285° Coin: >125x40; 105°/285° Remark: See section A-B in Fig. 17. B 578 Grave: >160x70; 95°/275° Coin: nails >150x40; 95°/275° Remark: Later than B 574, which it cuts. B 579 Grave: 160x60; 110°/290°; NAP surface 27.60, botom 26.49; depth 111 Coin: nails >100x35; 110°/290° Intrusion: A Roman and a prehistoric sherd. Remarks: Earlier than B 580, which cuts it. Relation to adjacent B 581 unclear. See section G-H in Fig. 17. B 580 Grave: unclear; NAP surface 27.80, botom 27.09; depth 71 1 Sarcophagus: l 107 x w 61 x h 41, fragment of lid; 109°/289° Intrusion: Roman sherds and an indigenous one near the sarcophagus. Animal bones on the sarcophagus. Remark: Later than B 579 and B 581, which it covers. See section G-H in Fig. 17. According to the museum inventory, the sarcophagus is from the Lange Nieuwstraat; the drawing and the dimensions of the sarcophagus do not correspond well. B 581 Grave: 165x65; 289°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.49; depth 131 Coin: nails >125x45; 289° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coins 1-2 at the height of the waist. Intrusion: small sherds. Remark: Earlier than B 580, which cuts it. Relation to adjacent B 579 unclear. See section G-H in Fig. 17. Empty niche to the right (S) of the legs. Inventory 1-2 Two ‘small Constantinian coins’; lost before they could be identiied: follis or aes III. Date: AD 306-? B 582 Grave: 230x85; 284° Coin: nails 180x45; 284° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than a grave-like trench, which it cuts; this trench, however, was not counted as a 123 — grave by the excavator. Neither were two similar trenches to its S counted as graves. B 583 Grave: 250x100; 95°/275°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.90; depth 90 Coin: nails 220x50; 95°/275° Remark: A coin-like structure between B 583 and B 584 with nails at its short ends was not counted as a grave by the excavator. B 584 Grave: >180x100; 274°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom 26.90; depth 90 Coin: nails >125x50; 274° Skeletal material: Skull B 585 Grave: 250x100; 94°/274°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 26.70; depth 110 Coin: nails 230x45; 94°/274° B 586 Grave: >185x80; 271°; NAP surface 27.80, botom 25.80; depth 200 Coin: nails >175x50; 271° Skeletal material: Let femur. B 587 Grave: 135x70; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘204 below level’ (26.56); depth 124 Coin: nails 100x25; 78°/258° B 588 Grave: 230x90; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘200 below level’ (26.60); depth 120 Coin: nails 160x40; 270° Skeletal material: Unspeciied skeletal remains, ‘feet to the E’; overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows a skull in the W. Intrusion: Small sherds. B 589 Grave: 80x35; 98°/278°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘161 below level’ (27.19); depth 81 Coin: nails 70x25; 98°/278° B 590 Grave: 85x35; 279°; NAP surface 28.00, botom ‘141 below level’ (27.39); depth 61 Coin: nails 75x25; 279° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows an object like the corner of a sarcophagus adjacent to the foot-end of the grave; nothing about it in the documentation. B 591 Grave: >90x>55; 275° Coin: nails >75x35; 275° Skeletal material: Femora, tibiae B 592 Grave: >120x45; 96°/276°; NAP surface 28.10, botom ‘120 below surface’ (27.70); depth 40 Coin: >50x25; 96°/276° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 in coin along the long S side and near the SW corner. Bracelet 2 to the E of 1. Pin 3 in NW corner of coin. Remark: Earlier than B 593, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Small glass botle Gellep 198, Isings 133, h 9.5. 2 Bracelet with expanding fastening of bronze wire, d 3.5. 3 Bronze pin with gilt head, l 6.5. Cf Gellep graves 793 and 1182. Date: AD 334-367. B 593 Grave: 200x75; 277°; NAP surface 28.10, botom ‘120 below surface’ (27.70); depth 40 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri over the chest, let femur. Remark: Later than B 592, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-? B 594 Grave: 120x>20; 102°/282° B 595 Grave: 195x90; 85°/265°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘160 below surface’ (27.40); depth 80 124 — Coin: nails 180x32; 85°/265° Remark: As appears from the position of the nails, two clamps under the coin. B 596 Grave: >140x60; 272°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20 Coin: nail Skeletal material: Skull, right femur B 603 Grave: >145x75; 285°; NAP surface 28.30, botom ‘80 below surface’ (28.30); depth ? Coin: nails >125x50; 285° Skeletal material: Vertebral column, radii (hands in lap), femora, tibiae. Remark: Later than B 604, which it cuts. B 597 Grave: >100x50; 72°/252°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20 B 604 Grave: 250x110; 274° Coin: nails Skeletal material: Let femur, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 603, which cuts it. B 598 Grave: >125x50; 265°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20 Coin: nail Skeletal material: Skull B 605 Grave: >200x125; 79°/259° Skeletal material: Unidentiied long bones Remark: Earlier than B 638, which cuts it. As seen from the excavation plan, a shallow grave. B 599 Grave: >100x50; 103°/283°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20 Coin: nails B 606 Grave: >140x55; 93°/273°; NAP surface 28.30, bottom 20 ‘below surface 1’; depth ? Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 and 2 in NE corner of grave. Inventory 1 Small beaker of grey terra nigra-like potery with ine tempering material. Chenet 333a; Breuer et al. 1957, 201; Nenquin 1953 ig. 7A20 and A21. 2 Botom of a small glass beaker or botle, d foot-ring 5. Not to be assigned to a type. Date: AD 351-425. B 600 Grave: 135x70; 99°/279°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘100 below surface’ (28.00); depth 20 Coin: nails B 601 Grave: 120x70; 96°/276° 1 Sarcophagus: very coarse limestone l 120x w 50 x h 60, no lid; 96°/276° Remarks: Lying inclined in a disturbed area, damaged during demolition and paving; E end missing. At 1.25 m to its SSW, B stray 307. At 2.75 m to the S of B 601, a rounded square trench, d 163, its centre, d 113, illed with Roman debris: irregular blocks of tufa, tegula fragments, tiles, burnt clay and mortar. B 602 Remark: Just a corner visible at the edge of the excavation trench; dimensions and orientation unknown. Nails. B 607 Grave: >105x90; 90°; NAP surface 28.30, botom 70 ‘below surface 1’; depth ? Coin: nails >85x30; 90° Skeletal material: Skull B 608 Remark: Found without context under the W wall of a school on the Oude Stadsgracht, when the foundations were being strengthened. Inventory 125 — 1 Botom, neck and wall fragments of a brownmarbled double-handled jug Gellep 72. 2 Fragmentary coarse dish Gellep 128. Date: AD 301-350. B 609 Grave: 205x100; 90°/270°; NAP surface 27.45, botom 26.80; depth 65 Coin: nails B 610 Grave: >100x60; 99°/279°; NAP surface 27.45, botom 27.17; depth 28 Coin: nails >80x30; 99°/279° Remark: The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows the stone lining of a trench that cuts B 610 on its NE side. Nothing about it in the documentation. It was not counted as a grave by the excavator. B 611 Grave: 180x60; 279°; NAP surface 27.45, botom 27.17; depth 28 Coin: >130x40; 279° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora, tibiae, l 140 B 612 = B stray 262 Remark: Stray ind outside excavation trench of 1 a brown-marbled double-handled jug, h 30.3, d 22. Gellep 72. Counted as a grave by the excavator. Erroneously counted twice in this study. Date: AD 301-350. B 613 Grave: 190x95; 166° Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, right femur Remark: Later than B 614, which it cuts. B 614 Grave: 185x95; 85°/265° Coin: nails 150x45; 85°/265° Remark: Earlier than B 613, which cuts it. B 615 Grave: 235x100; 264°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘163 below level’ (26.97); depth 83 Coin: nails 180 or 195x30; 264° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, femora, tibiae Intrusion: Dolium fragment and fragment of a jug. Remark: Together with child’s grave B 616 in one trench: mother and child? B 616 Grave: 235x100; 84°/264°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘163 below level’ (26.87); depth 83 Coin: nails 86x20; 84°/264° Intrusion: Dolium fragment Remark: In one trench with B 615: child and mother? B 617 Grave: >120x70; 9°/189°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘135 below level’ (27.25); depth 55 Coin: nails Intrusion: Two dolium fragments Remark: S half under medieval town wall; foundation of internal butress (ield stones) 1.70 m to WSW. B 618 Grave: >125x100; 105°/285° B 619 Grave: 215x80; 70°/250° Coin: nail Remark: Large empty niche on N in line with short W end. B 620 Grave: 200x120; 275°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘286 below level’ (25.74); depth 206 0 Sarcophagus: tufa l 160 x w 66-70 x h 58; high lid with four planes; 275° Skeletal material: Skull, let clavicle, let humerus, let radius and ulna, femora, tibiae, ibulae; all bones mentioned partly preserved; girl, at the most eight years old. 126 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coins 1-6 at the height of the right hand, bracelet 7 at the height of the right wrist, 8 to the let of the knees, bracelet 9 at the height of the let wrist, bead 10 above the back of the head, pins 11 and 12 on the top of the skull with their heads to right, earrings 13 near the ears, tutulus ibula 14 on the let clavicle, tambourine sticks 15 in foot-end, 16 and 17 at the height of the let foot, 18-20 near the neck. Textile remains adhere to metal objects 7, 9, 14 and 15. These are treated apart ater the numbered inds. Remark: Earlier than B 621, which cuts its grave. Known as the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. This sarcophagus was removed from the site in July 1957 and put to dry in Museum G.M. Kam, where it was opened in the presence of many archaeologists and authorities on October 14 of that year. In the evening of that day, H. Brunsting wrote a report of his indings, from which we quote: “A thin sandy layer became visible, thicker at head and foot-ends; the top of the skull protruded from it on the W side. A bronze pin with head was seen on it at irst inspection. Around it, undulating remains, either hair or the folds of a textile cap. At second inspection, these had already fallen down on the sand from which they irst protruded. (Textile remains lying lat on the skull were seen later [but could not be examined].) The skull was hardly inspected then. A white talcum-like substance lying on it might have been the remains of an unguent.” Years later, he wrote the following note: “On the middle of the forehead there was a small cone-like light grey heap with a more or less sharp point, base c.2.5, h c.1.5, (all this remembered years later..), which made me think of a semi-liquid substance poured from a container or pressed from something like a tube. Naturally, this reminds one of an unction put on the forehead and not touched or moved since then. Probably put there ater death or total loss of consciousness: an anointing of the dying or dead child? As it was tried to lit this heap, it fell to dust, and we did not manage to take a sample The sarcophagus of the Grutberg, B 620, is cleaned by a ield technician. of it. Its last remains spread out evenly.” (Transl. D.St.) Coins 1-6 were later stolen from the Museum Kam. Similar coins now in the sarcophagus in the museum exhibition probably come from the Kam coin collection in the museum. Publications on the sarcophagus and its contents: Van Buchem 1958a and 1958b (report on the opening; the tambourine sticks); Swinkels/ Deckers-Hageman 1997, 81-83, report of the opening); Jurriaans-Helle 1999, 6, ig. 9; 45, cat. no. 108 (on the tambourine sticks); Steures 2003 (interpretation of the tambourine sticks). Inventory 1 Coin: Constantine I, half follis, 310-311, Trier, RIC 898/900. 2, 5 Coins: Constantine I, follis, 317-318, Trier, RIC 128/167. 3, 4 Coins: Licinius I, follis, 313-315, London, RIC 127 — The tambourine sticks B 620.15 in the sarcophagus. 3/23. 6 Coin: Licinius, follis, 313-317, Trier. 7 Three-strand cable bracelet, twisted from two silver wires and a bronze wire; at the end two silver sheet tubes, from which an eyelet and a hook protrude. Restored 1998-1999. Textile remains: see below. 8 Bronze sheet band with nail from one of the tambourine sticks, treated under no. 15, d 3.553.75, w 1.65-1.7, th 0.05-0.06. 9 Five bracelets, very fragmentary when found. The originally oval iron wire bracelet 9a was restored to a round object in 1998-1999; fragments of bone bracelets 9b-d were let where they were corroded onto iron bracelet 9a. Textile remains: see below. 9a A bracelet with expanding fastening of iron wire, 5 x 4 cm, on which two beads outside the fastenings: one a rounded disk, bronze or green glass, d 0.7, h 0.3, Riha 1197Var; and a disk-shaped bead, angular, lead or tin, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 535Var; and ive 8-shaped eyelets of iron wire. 9b-d Three thin bone bracelets with diferent sections: D-shaped, more or less rectangular and round. 9e A bracelet of metal wire on which small bone rod-shaped gilt beads: 2 cylindrical beads, bone, d 0.3, h 1.0, Riha 1248Var; 2 spindle-shaped beads, with spine, bone?, black incrustation and gold remains, d 0.3, h 0.8, Riha Hall of Museum G.M. Kam, 14 October 1957: opening of the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. The ield technician points out something in the sarcophagus B 620 to professor Brunsting. In the small group to the let, Nijmegen archaeologists P. Stuart and J.E. Bogaers. 1248Var; 1 cylindrical bead, gold sheet with two indentations, encrusted on bone rod, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 1227Var. 10 A disk-shaped amber bead, rounded, restored, d 2.1, h 0.7, TM 430. 11 Silver pin with latish globular head, probably slipped onto it, l 7.15, d 0.2 to 0.1, head l 0.41, d 0.48. 12 Silver pin with gilt pomegranate-shaped head, in which crossing bent incisions, l 8.47, d 0.22 to 0.1; head l 0.68, d 0.68-0.7. 13 Earrings of gold wire with eyelet. The one at the let ear was broken and is not shown here. The point of the wire was put through the eyelet and bent into a hook: the earrings were permanently worn. D earring 1.6, d wire 0.1. 14 Tutulus ibula, built from a bronze base-plate, under which bronze pin with ive spirals on each side of it, and a catchplate; with central axis riveted onto it. The axis is surrounded by a small bronze ring at half height. Surviving body: the lower concave silver ring and the silver top illed with lead. Further rings in between have vanished and were probably made of organic material. H from base-plate to top 3; lower ring h 0.9, d 2.6-3.5; top h 0.95. Textile remains: see below. 15 Four tambourine sticks. The sticks are made from pear or apple wood, still favourite materi- 128 — als for making musical instruments such as recorders, because these materials are easily worked (identiication: Pauline van Rijn, BIAX). The following description is based on the reconstruction drawing by the late J. Ypey; the fact that it is correct was borne out by observations made by the author on the preserved fragments, before two tambourine sticks were restored in 1998-1999. Length 37.3 cm, diameter 3.5. A symmetrically proiled middle part serves as a handle. Two rectangular apertures, 1.9 x 8.4, have been cut out on both sides of this handle. Somewhat beyond the middle of each hole, at 6.3 from each end of the stick, are two heavy bronze bowl-shaped ratles, their rims laring in opposite directions (d 4.2-4.7, h 0.75-0.9) on a transverse iron rod (l 3.9, d 0.4) with hammered ends securing the rod. At both ends of each aperture are bronze sheet bands whose ends overlap 1 cm, each kept in place by one bronze nail; width near the handle 1.2, near the ends 1.7 cm. So there are four bands per tambourine stick. There are 13 fragments of wood that preserve the complete diameter of the wood and have or have had bronze sheet bands, plus two fragments of such places. So the (minimum) number of tambourine sticks from the sarcophagus of the Grutberg is four. The number of preserved ratles, six, i.e. three pairs, is strange, as there must have been eight pairs to four tambourine sticks. Thickness and weight of the ratles, 100 grams per pair of ratles, precludes the possibility that the missing ones would have corroded away completely: the tambourine sticks appear to have been intentionally destroyed before their remains were put in the foot-end of the sarcophagus. This was conirmed by the position of broken pieces of the sticks, and the position of one of the bronze sheet bands, no. 8, near the knees. There are no indications that the tambourine sticks would have been connected to one another. The situation sketch reproduced here erroneously shows piece b inserted into piece b1: the photo from which it was traced shows them not to be connected. Four replicas are in Museum Het Valkhof, three of which by the late J. Ypey. Two tambourine sticks were restored (in a heavily warped state) 1998-1999. 16 Bone comb in three layers with triangular grip decorated with dot-and-circles along its edges; teeth all gone. Preserved l 7, h 3. Restored 19981999. 17 Mirror: convex transparent colourless mirror glass with remains of a relecting metal layer on its concave back side in a lead or tin frame. This frame was largely decayed and showed ive dotand-circles. It was restored for the second time 1998-1999. Corresponding with the description in Lloyd-Morgan 1981, 106: she reconstructs eight dot-and-circles within a garland of lowers in relief. The back side of the frame is lat. 18 Beads: 8 heart or almond-shaped beads, slightly transparent light greyish blue, w 0.5, d 0.4, h 0.8, Riha 2947fVar; 1 roller or cylinder-shaped bead, slightly transparent jade green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2826fVar. 19 Fragment of a bronze ringlet. 20 Small bronze knob. Description of the textile remains At the fastening of bracelet 7: tabby-weave, z/z, c.16x11 threads per cm2. Vegetable ibre, probably linen. At bracelets 9: three minuscule textile fragments, numbered Wa, Wb, Wc. Wa is tabbyweave, c.20x25 threads per cm2, probably z/z. Wb and Wc are probably fragments of one piece of cloth: tabby-weave, c.11x13 threads per cm2, z/z. At tutulus ibula 14: three layers of tabby-weave, c.24x26-30 threads per cm2, probably warp and wet respectively. Vegetable ibre, probably linen. One of the fragments possibly near a selvedge: the supposed wet is doubled there. A small fragment in tabby-weave, c.16xc.24 threads per cm2, probably warp (the coarser threads) and wet (the iner ones) respectively. At the tambourine sticks 15: on a bronze sheet band, a fragment of tabby-weave, c.10x8 threads per cm2, s/s. Coin date: AD 317-318. 129 — B 621 Grave: 250x100; 279°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘148 below level’ (27.12); depth 68 Coin: nails 195x35; 279° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Later than B 620, which it cuts; earlier than B 628, which just cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 317-? B 622 Grave: 150x40; 94°/274°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘164 below level’ (26.96); depth 84 Coin: nails 110x20; 94°/274° Intrusion: Tegula fragment Remark: Later than B 623, which it cuts. B 623 Grave: 235x70; 276°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘233 below level’ (26.27); depth 153 Coin: nails 195x35; 276° Skeletal material: Skull, femora Remark: Earlier than B 622, B 626 and B 627, which cut it. B 624 Grave: 125x70; 269°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘205 below level’ (26.55); depth 125 Coin: nails 105x30; 269° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 625, which it cuts. B 625 Grave: 180x80; 269°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘185 below level’ (26.75); depth 105 Skeletal material: Skull in the middle of the grave, apparently put there when the grave was cut by B 624. Remark: Earlier than B 624, which cuts it. B 626 Grave: 170x85; 270°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘173 below level’ (26.87); depth 93 Coin: nails (not preserved) 150x35; 270° Skeletal material: Let radius, femora Remark: Later than B 623 and B 628, which it cuts; earlier than B 627, which cuts it. B 627 Grave: 125x>40; 99°/279° 1 Sarcophagus: l 126 x w >37 x h 52; 99°/279° Remark: Later than B 624, B 626 and B 628, which it cuts. The overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16, shows one half of the sarcophagus, whereas the object drawing shows two loose corners; this corresponds with the description in the documentation. B 628 Grave: 240x105; 264°; NAP surface 28.00, botom ‘227 below level’ (26.53); depth 147 Coin: nails 200x45; 264° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 626 and B 627, which cut it; later than B 621, which it just cuts. B 629 Grave: 100x60; 98°/278°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘154 below level’ (27.26); depth 74 Coin: nails 65x30; 98°/278° B 630 Grave: 125x50; 90°/270°; NAP surface 28.00, bottom ‘135 below level’ (27.45); depth 55 Coin: nails 100x25; 90°/270° Remark: Later than B 631, which it cuts. B 631 Grave: 200x80; 270°; NAP surface 28.00, botom ‘198 below level’ (26.82); depth 118 Coin: nails 175x40; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae Remark: Earlier than B 630, which cuts it. B 632 Grave: 225x>70; 263° Coin: 165x40; 263° Skeletal material: Skull B 633 Grave: 200x85; 77°/257° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 130 — Unknown Remark: Earlier than B 634, which largely covers it. Inventory 1 Coin: follis, Constantine I and sons, 335-340, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard, mint unknown. Date: AD 335-348. B 634 Grave: 190x70; 79°/259° Coin: ?x40; 79°/259° Remark: Later than B 633, which it largely covers. Stratigraphical date: 335-? B 635 Grave: 180x100; 277°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘70 below surface’ (28.30); depth ? Coin: nails 120x32; 277° Skeletal material: Skull B 636 Grave: 125x105; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘30 below surface’ (28.70); depth ? Coin: nails 108x32; 279° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Together with B 637 in one trench: double grave. B 637 Grave: 125x105; 279°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘30 below surface’ (28.70); depth ? Coin: nails 92x20; 279° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Together with B 636 in one trench: double grave. B 638 Grave: >205x65; 54°/234°; NAP surface -, botom ‘at level 1’; depth Coin: nails Remark: Later than B 605, which it cuts. B 639 Grave: 120x80; 91°/271°; NAP surface -, botom ‘60 below level 1’; depth Remark: Though he numbered it as a grave, the excavator was not sure about it. B 640 Grave: >65x75; 78°/258°; NAP surface -, botom ‘60 below level 1’; depth Coin: nails >50x40; 90°/270° B 641 Grave: >35x60; 83°/263°; NAP surface -, botom ‘30 below level 1’; depth B 642 Grave: >110x75; 56°/236°; NAP surface -, botom ‘45 below level 1’; depth B 643 Grave: >138x63; 94°/274° Remark: Empty niche on long N side next to NE corner. B 644 Grave: 105x55; 88°/268°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘46 below surface’ (29.54); depth ? Coin: nails 84x24; 88°/268° B 645 Grave: 145x50; 97°/277°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘35 below surface’ (28.80); depth ? Coin: nails 86x32; 97°/277° B 646 Grave: 170x90; 96°/276°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘85 below surface’ (28.30); depth ? Coin: nails 136x44; 102°/282° B 647 Grave: 295x100; 92°/272° Coin: nails >50x>40; - (not on overall drawing of area G, Fig. 16) Intrusion: Sherds B 648 Grave: >65x60; 87°/267°; NAP surface 28.20, bottom ‘180 below street’ (27.20); depth 100 Coin: nails >60x35; 87°/267° 131 — B 649 Grave: 120x35; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘165 below street’ (27.35); depth 85 Coin: nails 88x25; 104°/284° Remark: Earlier than B 651, which cuts it. B 650 Grave: 105x55; 97°/277° Coin: nails 85x30; 97°/277° Intrusion: Small terra sigillata sherd; tegula fragment B 651 Grave: >150x55; 304° Skeletal material: Skull, vertebral column, humeri, let radius Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Later than B 649, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Coin: Arcadius, aes IV, 388-395, Trier, RIC 98(c). Coin date: AD 388-402. B 652 Grave: >65x80; 77°/257°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘160 below street’ (27.55); depth 80 Coin: nails >45x50; 77°/257° B 653 Grave: 150x70; 258°; NAP surface 28.35, botom ‘110 below street’ (28.05); depth 30 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radii Remark: Later than B 654, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 310-? B 654 Grave: 165x60; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.35, bottom ‘175 below street’ (27.40); depth 95 Coin: nails 144x35; 79°/259° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Earlier than B 653, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 15 with vanished painted decoration of loose spirals, h 8.9. 2 Iron oval buckle Sommer 1Aa, 3x2.5, tongue missing; oval plate with two rivets. Date: AD 310-360. B 655 Grave: >250x90; 98°; NAP surface 28.35, botom ‘185 below street’ (27.30); depth 105 Coin: nails 180x45; 98° Skeletal material: Teeth B 656 Grave: >135x70; 94°/274° Remark: Earlier than B 657, which cuts it. B 657 Grave: >125x60; 101°/281° Remark: Later than B 656, which it cuts; earlier than B 658, which cuts it. B 658 Grave: >100x30; 100°/280° Remark: Later than B 657, which it cuts. B 659 Grave: unclear; 216° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Later than B 669 and B 670, which it partly covers. Inventory 1 Iron knife with convex blade and wood remains of the handle, l 14.6, w 3. Date: AD 301-400. B 660 Grave: 185x55; 217°; NAP surface 28.55, botom 28.05; depth 50 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin 1 between the teeth Remark: Later than B 672 and B 673, which it covers. Inventory 1 Coin: Constans, follis, 335-360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. Coin date: AD 337-360. B 661 132 — Grave: 140x70; 209° Coin: nails 100x30; 209° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Later than B 672, which it just cuts. Inventory 1 Four glass beads (two tubular, two barrelshaped, l 0.4-1.5), green and brick red. 2 Coin: Frisian(?) copper sceata with on the reverse a square with diagonal cross with crosslines, c.690-750. BMC type 2b(?). Date: AD 690-750. B 662 Grave: 175x90; 78°/258°; NAP surface 28.60, bottom 27.65; depth 95 Coin: nails B 663 Grave: 160x70; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.60, bottom 27.75; depth 85 Coin: nails 90x30; 79°/259° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botle 1 in coin, along long S side, near the SE corner. Beaker 2 in SW corner of coin. Pin 3 in the middle of the coin. Coin 4 was lying in beaker 2. Intrusion: Tegula fragment. Remark: Later than B 664, which it largely covers. Inventory 1 Small glass botle Gellep 198, neck missing, preserved h 7.3. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, fragmentary, h 4.7, d 9.3. 3 Bronze pin with polyhedral head (fourteen planes: a cube from which the eight corners have been removed), l 5.5. 4 Coin: Constans, follis, Trier, 347-348, RIC 206. Date: AD 347-400. Coin date: AD 347-364. Combined date: AD 347-364. B 664 Grave: >38x63; 79°/259°; NAP surface 28.60, bottom lower than B 663; depth >75 Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: Earlier than B 663, which largely covers it. Inventory 1 Glass fragments. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-361. B 665 Grave: 210x105; 113°; NAP surface 28.70, botom 27.80; depth 90 Coin: nails 158x32; 113° Skeletal material: Skull B 666 Grave: 150x65; 270°; NAP surface 28.70, botom 28.20; depth 50 Coin: nails 102x36; 270° Skeletal material: Teeth B 667 Grave: >60x>40. B 668 Grave: 160x115; 83°/263° Coin: 100x25; 76°/256° B 669 Grave: 270x70; 281°; NAP surface 28.55, botom 27.35; depth 120 Coin: 200x45; 281° Skeletal material: Teeth Remark: Earlier than B 659, which partly covers it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400. B 670 Grave: >100x60; 39° Coin: nails (one of which large enough to have been mistaken for a dagger) Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 near the vanished right upper arm. Remark: Earlier than B 660, which covers it; later than B 670, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Bronze ring plus half a similar ring; d outside 1.9, d inside 1.3. 133 — 2 Flatish globular bead, black, sheen, irregular white and red blobs, damaged, d 2.1, h 1.6, Koch 11,10. Date: AD 376-450. Under the direction of J.H.F. Bloemers/W.J.H. Willems: Arsenaal 1976 27 97 2e Walstraat 1976 1 104 Total in area M 160 B 671 Grave: 225x80; 24°/204° Coin: nails >110x45; 24°/204° Remark: Earlier than B 670, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400. B 674 Grave: >160x120; 94° (ind 3 might indicate place of skull); NAP surface 27.78, botom 27.57; depth 21 Coin: >155x45; 94° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Botom 3 was in the coin, in the middle of its E end; inds 1-2 and 4-6 were outside the coin, to the right (N) of the presumed foot-end: botle 6 and behind it (N) beaker 5 in the W, both fallen over to the E; next to these, to the E, bowls 1 and 2, one standing behind the other; jar 4 was standing immediately to the E of the front bowl. Remark: Earlier than B 675, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 12.5. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 12.3. 3 Botom with foot-ring of a small terra sigillata shape, probably Drag. 27 = Gellep 248, with stamp OMOM, preserved d 5.5; probably used upside down as a small bowl. B.R. Hartley wrote in a leter of 28-6-1971: “OMOM: the longer (original) version of a stamp which became )MOM. It occurs at La Graufesenque. The shorter version is known from Flavian foundations at Chester and York, and in the Nijmegen fortress (2). The longer version is on Riterling 8 at Trier, but otherwise is always on form 27.» Polak (2000, 274 no. M100) dates this stamp to AD 65-85. Parallel for a terra sigillata foot-ring used as a bowl: Basel, Totentanz 7, Grab 1, Arch. der Schweiz 8 (1985) 2. 4 Small coarse cooking-pot Gellep 101, h 11.2. 5 Glass conical beaker Gellep 185, h 12, d 8.8. 6 Glass botle with neck ring and four vertical handles Gellep 212, h 19.2. Date: AD 334-400. B 672 Grave: 265x60; 102°; NAP surface 28.55, botom 27.15; depth 140 Coin: nails 190x35; 102° Skeletal material: Skull B 673 Grave: >215x80; 104°/284°; NAP surface 28.55, botom 27.00; depth 155 Coin: nails 190x40; 104°/284° Remark: The relative chronology of B 671 and B 673, one of which certainly cuts the other, is not clear. Area M: graves B 674-833 (Fig. 18) Area M is named ater the Mariënburg square, where the medieval chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary still dominates the originally accidented terrain. The square was totally reshaped twice: in 1963 and around 2000, both times preceded by excavations (Enckevort et al. 2000b). Place Year N TrM Preliminary reports Legend: N = number of graves; TrM = trenches in area M of cemetery B Under the direction of H. Brunsting: Mariënburg 1952 70 1-2 VRGK 1952, 130 Mariënburg 1963 54 3-10 NKNOB 1963, *88 Mariënburg 1963 8 idem 134 — B 675 Grave: 225x80; 274°; NAP surface 27.78, botom 27.67; depth 11 Coin: nails 180x45; 274° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 674, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 334-? B 676 Grave: 185x80; 286°; NAP surface 27.78, botom 28.32; depth ? Coin: 116x30; 286° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche to let (N) of the waist: dish 3 in the middle, to the right behind it (N) jug 2, to the right (E) of 3 stood beaker 1. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6. 2 Brown-marbled small jug Gellep 42, h 11.4. 3 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 18. Date: AD 301-367. B 677 Grave: >150x>83; 120°/300° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in a niche in the middle of the long SW side of the grave, higher than base of the grave. Remark: In a posthole or rubbish pit to its S, and to the W of B 680, at NAP 30.30, a complete bronze wire ibula (‘soldier’s ibula’), l 5.2; it is called B stray 317 here. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled small double-handled jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoulder, h 12.7. 2 Small smooth (‘honey’) jar Gellep 408, highshouldered, h 6.8. Date: AD 301-350. B 678 Grave: >120x100; 9°/189° Remark: Patch of burnt clay. Earlier than B 679, which cuts it. B 679 , botom 27.78 Remark: Just the NW corner visible; largely destroyed by sewerage works. Later than B 678, which it cuts. B 680 Grave: 235x120; 245°; NAP surface 28.28, botom 27.45; depth 83 Coin: 200x45; 245° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories In coin, 1-4 in a row along the short foot-end, from NW: 4, 1, 2, 3. Earrings 5 and 6 in position on both sides of the skull, ring 7 at the height of the chest, to the let (so possibly not on a inger). Remark: Articles on ring 7 by Brunsting 1952a and 1953. B stray 317, a wire ibula, comes from an earlier feature near B 680. Inventory 1 Jug of red-slipped potery Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), pinched spout, traces of white painted decoration of loose scrolls, h 19.6, d 15.6. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker with dark blue blobs Gellep 182, d 11.5. 3 Glass barrel-botle Gellep 213, largely disintegrated, d 8. 4 Glass indented object, completely disintegrated. 5-6 Two earrings of gold wire, the ends of each twisted into eachother, so permanently worn, d 1.3 and 1.4, h 1.9 and 1.6. 7 Worn gold wedding-ring? with a soldered-on bezel on which a representation of the upper bodies of a couple: on the let a woman, body and head in proile to the right, tenderly touching the breast of the man with her right hand; the man is shown with body in frontal view and with head in proile, directed to her; his let arm, the only one visible, hangs down. Legend OMO NOIA (Greek: OMONOIA = Concord). The beaded rim is surrounded by a raised border. The bezel is soldered onto the ring with seven (worn) drops of gold. Dimensions: band near the bezel 0.5, back side 0.3; d bezel 1.1; outer d 1.7-1.8. The wear suggests that the lady permanently wore it. Literature: Brunsting 1952a and 1953; colour photo in Willems et al. 2005, 287, ig. 158, right. 135 — Date: AD 334-400. B 681 Grave: 190x90; 124°/304°; NAP surface 28.28, botom 27.70; depth 58 Coin: 120x35; 120°/304° Skeletal material: Teeth (position unknown). Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods in niche (NAP 28.40) in the middle of the long N side, each under a tegula fragment, one of which with a fragmentary Nijmegen brick stamp on it: (branch) G (Brunsting/Steures 1995 and 1997 stamp 69, (branch) LX (branch) G (branch), AD 71-89). Remark: The position of jug 2 under its cover shows that its neck was already missing when it was put in the grave. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured botle Künzl 14.2.2, white painted decoration M•I•S•C•E•, preserved h 12 (neck missing). 2 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, h 13, d 13.4. 3-4 Two tegula fragments. Date: AD 301-350. B 682 Grave: 200x100; 98°; NAP surface 28.28, botom 27.60; depth 68 Coin: nails 160x40; 117° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Jug 1 outside coin, to the right above the head, E side of N part. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 25.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 683 Grave: 230x100; 74°/254° Coin: nails 168x45; 74°/254° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Inventory 1 Bronze clapper of a bronze miniature bell, l 1.6, hanging from a bronze eyelet, d 0.6. Date: AD 301-367. B 684 Grave: 250x105; 119° Coin: nails 180x40; 119° Skeletal material: Skull B 685 Grave: 205x75; 97°; NAP surface 28.78, botom 27.60; depth 118 Coin: nails 188x40; 97° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 outside the coin at the middle of its head end, fallen over. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.2. Date: AD 301-367. B 686 Grave: 255x140; 103°; NAP surface 28.78, botom 27.50; depth 128 Coin: nails 200x45; 103° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-5 in niche, at NAP 28.00, to the right (N) of the upper body: plate 1 in the centre, dish 4 immediately to its right (E), beaker 2 to its let (W), jug 3 behind (N) and between 1 and 4. Glass object 5 on the right, before (S) dish 4. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 17.5. 2 Small terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14, h 10.2. 3 Jug of brown-marbled ware Gellep 70 with poor white ‘barbotine’, h 18.5. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 18.5. 5 Glass: disintegrated. Date: AD 301-350. B 687 Grave: 200x135; 112°; NAP surface 28.78, botom 27.65; depth 113 Coin: 180x40; 112° Skeletal material: Skull 136 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-3 in niche at NAP 28.35, to the right (N) of the feet: beaker 1 behind (N) footed bowl 2 on the let, glass beaker 3 on the right; knife 4 on the waist, its point to the right (N); bronze rings 5 in the let foot-end corner (SW) of the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.7. 2 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, d 10.6. 3 Glass beaker Gellep 521, neck missing, seven dents in body. 4 Iron knife with part of handle, l 13, blade l 9, w 3.5. 5 Two bronze rings, d 2.6-2.7. Date: AD 301-350. B 688 Grave: 225x75; 290°; NAP surface 28.78, botom 28.10; depth 68 Coin: nails 180x45; 290° Skeletal material: Skull B 689 Grave: >150x130; 12°/192°; NAP surface 28.78, botom 28.90; depth 88 Intrusion: Tegula fragments Remark: Later than B 690, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 350-? B 690 Grave: >285x150; 58°; NAP surface 29.20, botom 28.40; depth 80 Coin: nails 220x60; 58° Skeletal material: Skull, vertebral column, humeri, femora, right tibia Position of grave goods/dress accessories Pins 1-2 on the right temple, agrafe 3 on the top of the skull. 4 in illing. Intrusion: sherds in illing Remarks: Later than B 691, which its cuts; earlier than B 689, which cuts it. The angle between the bones of the upper and lower body (108° instead of 180°) cannot be due to scoliosis, which creates an S-curve in the vertebral column. It is as if this lady was not lied to rest sotly. She is the only person in Roman Nijmegen who can be proven to have been a Christian: she proclaims so, by wearing an ornament with a christogram. Her grave does not have the supposed Christian orientation of 270°, i.e. she does not ly with her head to the W. See, in Chapter 13, Interpretation, the section W-E graves: a Christian orientation? Inventory 1-2 Two silver pins with polyhedral heads (with fourteen planes: cubes from which the eight corners have been removed), l 6.2 and 6.3. 3 Silver agrafe, reconstructed l 2.3, with originally hooks from the four corners bent downwards and inwards. Right hooks missing. On the face (h 1.6, w 1.4) an incised Christogram (ligature of X and P) within a square. The christogram stands when the hooks are on the let and right. Literature: Steures 2004a with further bibliography. Its condition is steadily deteriorating and its upper right corner was broken of recently, as appears from the comparison of the photos in Brunsting (1969, 24), Bloemers et al. (1981, 120: still as in 1969), Willems (1990, 84: upper right stump of hook then broken of) and Willems et al. (2005, 197 ig. 82: upper right corner now broken of). 4 Bronze ibula pin. Date: AD 350-350. B 691 Grave: >175x85; 38°/218°; NAP surface 29.28, bottom 28.40; depth 88 Coin: nails Remark: Earlier than B 690, which cuts it, and than B 689, which cuts B 690. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. B 692 Grave: botom 28.40 Intrusion: Pierced knob of coarse lid B 693 Coin: >50x>67 Remark: Later than B 694, which it cuts, and than B 695, which B 694 cuts. 137 — B 694 Grave: >200x45; 106°/286° Coin: nails Remark: Earlier than B 693, which cuts it; later than B 695, which it cuts. 8.9. 4 Glass jug with emphasized shoulder Gellep 217, h 21.9. 5 Fragmentary glass jug with spout on maximum diameter and handle at 90° to it, Gellep 713. Date: AD 301-350. B 695 Grave: >125x35; 106° Coin: >120x30; 106° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Earlier than B 694, which cuts it, and than B 693, which cuts B 694. B 698 Grave: 150x100; 100°/280°; NAP surface 29.53, botom 28.26; depth 127 Coin: nails 75x35; 100°/280° Intrusion: Shapeless bronze remains, which looked gilt to the excavator. B 696 Grave: >160x75; 101°; NAP surface 29.28, botom 28.36; depth 92 Coin: nails >115x35; 101° Skeletal material: Skull B 699 Grave: 175x100; 100°/280°; NAP surface 29.53, botom 28.65; depth 88 Coin: nails 84x35; 100°/280° Skeletal material: Teeth (no position noted) Position of grave goods/dress accessories Bracelet with bell 1 in the coin, near the short E end. Whatever the direction of the body, this does not look like the position of a bracelet worn on a wrist. Remark: The coin was standing on a much larger slab of slate-stone. Inventory 0 A slab of slate-stone, 101x73x10. 1 Two fragments of a bracelet of twisted bronzewire of square section, d 5, on which a small bronze bell with iron clapper. Date: AD 301-367. B 697 Grave: 220x85; 282°; NAP surface 29.28, botom 28.56; depth 72 Coin: 120x30; 282° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods in the foot-end of the coin, all standing upright, in two rows. The row near the right foot (S), counted towards the foot-end, consists of the glass objects 3, 4 and 5. The row near the let foot (N), of potery objects 1 and 2. Remark: The detailed drawing of this grave shows it to be a W-E grave, whereas Brunsting’s overall drawing, Fig. 18, shows a dot for a skull at the E end; similar errors in Brunsting’s overall drawing were made for graves B 437, B 438 and B 441 in Fig. 11. As the coin measured 120 and the space between the top of the head and the grave goods measured 96 cm, this must be a child’s grave. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.6. 2 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 71, h 18.9. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178, h 5.8, d B 700 Grave: 170x105; 96°/276°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom 28.56; depth 97 Coin: nails 80x30; 96°/276° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Intrusion: Glass splinters B 701 Grave: 255x155; 90° Coin: nails 200x45; 90° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 138 — Chest B 701.9, double-handled jug B 701.2 and glass jug B 701.8 in situ. Pin 10 was found under the skull. All other artifacts were in a niche to the right (N) of the waist, probably at the same height as the botom of the grave (altitude not documented). From let to right (W to E): glass bowl 5, half under it to the E glass beaker 4, and behind them (N) dish 3; chest 9, containing balsamarium 6, pin 11 and bracelets 12 and 13; to its right (E) jug 2, covered by stone 7, to the right behind it (NE) beaker 1; to the right (E) of jug 2, glass jug 8. Remark: Three rectangular bronze mountings on chest 9, to be described below, are so far the earliest Christian narrative representations within Dutch frontiers. See Steures 2004a. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.5. 2 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72 with white dots on shoulder, h 26.7. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 18.4. 4 (under 5) Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178/180?, disintegrated. 5 Glass bowl ± Gellep 222 with two incised horizontal lines, d 18.5-19. 6 Glass balsamarium Gellep 523, body hardly wider than neck, h 10.2. 7 Stone on 2. 8 Small glass jug Isings 88c with handle and glass trail applied at two places: on the lower part of the body up to the largest diameter, and higher part of the neck up to the underside of the lip (restored), h 12.7. 9 Wooden chest, w 38 x d 24(?) x h 27 with iron hinges and lock with turnkey, and bronze sheet mountings on its front. On a photograph, published already in Fasti arch. 7 (1954) 436 under number 5621 with igure 129, the entire front of the chest with bronze sheet mountings is seen, with two horizontal cracks between three planks. The front of the chest was recovered as a whole, but only the top plank with the keyhole plate was preserved; the rest of the wood has been lost. Grooves chiseled in the back of the preserved plank show that there was an inner compartment top right, 5.8 wide and 4 cm high. The lower part and the front of the lid were irst supplemented in new wood, with slips of paper in the shapes of the bronze sheet mountings pasted onto it, and the actual remains upon them. In 2001, the chest was restored and reconstructed by Jo Kempkens. Photographs ater reconstruction: Swinkels/Koster 2005, 77; Demandt/Engemann 2007, 289 ig. 10; Grüßinger et al. 2007, II.4.43. Six iron plates belonging to the chest, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2, one with a hinge eyelet atached, and the internal iron lock plate (h 10, w at top 7, at bottom 5) were subsequently found in the museum depot. The plate with hinge has two nail holes and, in its rounded top, a hinge hole, in which the ring end of the other hinge plate is preserved: a surprisingly crude hinge for this otherwise ine chest. The iron lock consists of a strip hanging from the inside of the front of the lid and an internal lock plate nailed onto the wood and curved in such a way that the iron strip could slide between it and the wood. A square hole in the lock plate has an upstanding bronze pin at the botom right corner, which would snap into a corresponding hole in the strip. The (missing) key conceivably draws the strip towards the wood and away from the bronze pin, thus allowing the chest to open. The description of the chest and its bronze sheet mountings in Buschhausen (1971) 106, under number A 52 is incomplete and not entirely correct. The mountings are applied in a symmetrical pattern. Six corner plates are meant to create the 139 — impression that they join front and sides (no nails on the short sides): two on the corners of the lid, four on the corners of the front. The edges pointing inwards are notched with small triangles (ive on the lid, six on the chest) and small rectangles. Behind each triangle, a keyholeshaped hole has been cut out. Top and botom edges of the corner plates have punched diagonal crosses. Each corner plate is nailed onto the front with ive bronze nails: one in the centre of an ornament of concentric circles (three circles on the lid, four on the chest) and one in each corner. On the middle of the top of the front is the keyhole plate, decorated in the same way and fastened with four bronze decorative nails with frontal lions’ heads within beaded rims (the one on botom let is lost). The corresponding mounting on the front of the lid was fastened with ive such lion’s head nails; the central one and the one top right have been preserved. All missing nails have been replaced by replicas. Two narrow undecorated plates and a central wider one (now lost, not restored) joined the underside to the front. In a zone above it, there were ive small plates: two vertical rectangles at the sides, three round ones in the middle, the central one being larger. Remains of two of these have been preserved and show relief. On the let rectangle a veiled frontal head, the right arm raised. The scene is that of the innocent Susanna, known from similar chests (Daniel 13, 34-35; Buschhausen 1971, A 64, 66), although there seems to be litle room for the two elders who irst spied upon her and now accuse her as Susanna stands praying. On the central round plate a Medusa head with hair parted from a central plait. The other two round ones are missing and have been restored as lion’s head nails. Between the top corner plates and the keyhole plate there are two vertical rectangular plates (4x2.5) with Christian representations. Only the botom half can be made out of the let one; the outline is duplicated. It shows the naked lower body of a man, standing on his let leg with the foot pointing outwards; the right leg does not carry weight and the toes of the stretched foot touch the botom line. On both sides, there is illegible relief; this must have shown two small lions. The scene is that of Daniel in the lions’ den, known from similar chests (Daniel 6, 1-29; Buschhausen 1971 A 54, 60, 61, 62, 69, 76, B 12). The botom let corner of the right hand plate is missing. The contours are visible, not the details: a clothed man on the right faces let, where a smaller standing igure within a niche is visible. The scene is that of the raising of Lazarus, likewise known from similar chests (John 11, 1-45; Buschhausen 1971, A 50, 51, 54, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 87, B 14). On the front side of the lid, between the notched corner plates descibed above, two round plates with relief and double beaded rims, both fragmentary. The let one shows a helmeted head to the right (Constantine?, Dea Roma?); the right one shows the bust of a man (to the let?), the top of his oval shield covering his (let?) shoulder, a scheme known from Constantinian coins. 10 Silver pin, gilt lat-biconical head, l 8.4. 11 Silver pin with polyhedral head (fourteen planes: cube the eight corners of which have been removed), l 8.4. 12 Two fragments of a spiral-shaped bronze bracelet, possibly with eyelet, diameter unclear. 13 Bone bracelet, fragment, diameter unclear. Date: AD 334-350. B 702 Grave: 185x80; 297° Coin: nails 146x40; 297° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-4 were standing in a niche to the let (N) of the foot-end in a single row from let to right (W to E) and were together covered by imbrex 6; no. 5 was standing before (S) 2 on the botom of the grave. Stone 7 covered 2. Remark: Grave goods 2, 3 and 5, made in a unique ware, are clearly imitations of Trier ine dark coloured ware, the production of which stopped in AD 355. They date the grave to the years AD 355-360. Inventory 140 — 1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 7.4. 2 Small jug (red on red) Gellep 45 with white painted dots separated by vertical rows of three small dots; h 16. 3 Small jug Gellep 45 of a light red ware, entirely covered with white slip, h 12.8. 4 Small brown-marbled jug Gellep 42, h 11. 5 Small jug (like 3, white on red) with red painted decoration and moto GΔVDIΔS (without dots; A as Δ). Nijmegen 42, small angular variant of Künzl 12.3.1. 6 Complete imbrex, l 38, max. w 20, min. 14. 7 Flat stone with rounded edges. Date: AD 355-360. B 703 Grave: 95x50; 14°/194°; NAP surface 29.53, bottom 29.06; depth 47 Coin: nails 65x20; 9°/189° Remark: This child’s grave was clearly intentionally made at the head end of the large grave B 704. B 704 Grave: 330x185; 283°; NAP surface 29.53, botom 27.66; depth 187 Coin: nails outer chamber 266x136, coin 200x80; 283° Skeletal material: Skull with teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Between outer chamber and coin, clockwise: 6 and 8 to the let (N) of the upper body, 9 at NE corner, 1 at let (N) foot-end with food remains 1a and bowl/beaker 7 on it, 5 fallen over at the middle of the foot-end, 2 and 4 in SE corner of the chamber, 3 to the right (S) of the lower legs, and belt 10 to the right of the head. Remark: Apart from plate 1 for eating and a sauce set (bowl/beaker 7, standing on plate 1, with botle 5), there seem to be a hand washing set (botle 6 and bowl 8, put in the grave level with the hands), and two drinking sets, consisting of jug 3 with beaker 4; and barrel 9 with beaker 2. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), d 30.2. 1a A grey mass of unidentiiable food remains. 2 Folded beaker of smooth reduced potery with slip Symonds 62, h 16.6. 3 Smooth white double-handled jug Gellep 85a, h 23.2. 4 Glass beaker with blue blobs Gellep 182, disintegrated. 5 Square glass botle, disintegrated. Isings 50a? 6 Glass botle, disintegrated. 7 Glass beaker/bowl, disintegrated. 8 Brown glass bowl ± Gellep 222 with incised decoration of groups of alternately vertical and horizontal lines. Mentioned as ‘brown splinters’ in museum inventory book; not found on inspection. 9 Wooden barrel-shaped bucket with part of iron handle, four iron bands, four vertical proiled bronze sheet strips (one at each end of the handle, one each under these), silver nail(s?). H up to rim 17.9; th of wood 0.8-1. Leters in top band (space around the leters clipped away): ..V (bronze mounting) VI.. (possibly: DIU VIVAS = may you live long). 10 Seven bronze rings, all round in section (six with outer d 2, inner d 1.4; one with outer d 1.6, inner 0.9) with fragment of a buckle with movable plate, decorated with dot-and-circles. They all probably belonged to a (leather?) belt, the rings possibly joining straps of leather. Date: AD 334-367. B 705 Grave: 170x90; 75°/255°; NAP surface 29.78, bottom 28.66; depth 112 Coin: nails 95x35; 75°/255° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Grave goods 1-4 in niche at NAP 29.31, in the centre of the long N side: on the right (E) plate 2, containing 1 and 3; 4 to its let (W). Intrusion: From top soil sherds of a Gellep 42, a Gellep 56, a Gellep 72, a Gellep 126, and an unidentiiable shape. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 14.2. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 18. 141 — 3 Glass botle, disintegrated. 4 Small glass botle, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-367. B 706 Grave: 170x>85; 75° Coin: nails 95x30; 75° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 in niche to the right (N) of the shoulder: let row (W) potery, right row (E) glass. 1 behind (N) let, 2 front (S) let. 3 behind right, 4 front right; 5 was found under 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decoration: running scroll (Künzl element 188) between doted horizontal lines; h 12.4. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth with wide body, h 12.9. 3 Small glass botle, disintegrated. 4 Small glass botle Gellep 198, h 9.6. 5 Bronze tube l 6, d 1.4, with a bronze split pin around one end. Date: AD 301-355. B 707 Grave: 140x85; 7°/187°; NAP surface 29.78, bottom 28.66; depth 112 Coin: 100x34; 7°/187° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in SE corner of coin, 2 next to it, but outside the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15. 2 Small glass botle, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-367. B 708 Grave: >100x150; 346°; NAP surface 29.78, bottom 28.26; depth 152 Coin: >95x50; 353° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories In niche to the right (W) of the head. From let (S) to right (N): 2, 1, 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 15.3. 2 Jug Gellep 80 of ine yellowish white smooth potery with four reddish brown painted horizontal bands, h 22.7. Pinched spout, groove on shoulder, groove in neck. 3 Glass botle, disintegrated; only botom preserved. Date: AD 301-350. B 709 Grave: 120x55; 111°/291° B 710 Grave: 240x95; 67°; NAP surface 29.78, botom 28.91; depth 87 Coin: nails 185x46; 67° Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Later than B 711 and an unnumbered feature, which it cuts. B 711 Grave: >160x90; 83°/263° Remark: Earlier than B 710, which cuts it. B 712 Grave: >50x75; 60°/340°; NAP surface 29.98, bottom 29.26; depth 72 B 713 Grave: 215x75; 148°/328° Coin: 140x30; 148°/328° B 714 Grave: 205x75; 264°; NAP surface 30.20, botom 28.56; depth 164 Coin: nails 165x40; 264° Skeletal material: Skull, let tibia Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Inventory 1 Bronze propellor-shaped belt stifener Sommer series 1, variant 3, l 6, w 0.95-1.8, with three rivets. 142 — B 715 Remark: Found when the ground W of the Mariënburg chapel was dug by a mechanical excavator, probably on May 20, 1963. Acquired ater mediation by Mr Martens, who was then caretaker of the Municipal Museum in that chapel. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration, outside largely worn, h 6, d 14.5. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, handle missing, h 11.5. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 716 Grave: >50x65; 174°/354° B 717 Grave: 240x100; 100°; NAP surface 27.78, botom ‘60 below level’ ; depth Coin: nails 190x40; 100° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in NE corner of grave, to the right of the head. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16. Date: AD 301-367. B 718 Grave: 205x100; 80° Coin: nails 195x40; 80° Skeletal material: Skull B 719 Grave: 160x60; 78°/258°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘30 below level’; depth Coin: nails 145x35; 78°/258° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 outside coin, at the middle of its short W side. Inventory 1 Glass beaker with six incised horizontal lines Gellep 195/196, largely disintegrated, base preserved. Date: AD 301-367. B 720 Grave: 260x105; 320°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘60 below level’; depth Coin: nails 200x40; 320° Skeletal material: Skull B 721 Grave: 245x75; 256°; NAP surface 27.90, botom ‘30 below level’; depth Coin: nails 210x135; 256° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus, let radius, femora B 722 Grave: 210x90; 115°/295° Coin: nails 190x40; 115°/295° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 outside NE corner of coin, beaker 2 let (NW), plate 1 right (SE). Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 23.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16, with white painted decoration: running scroll, Künzl element 188. Date: AD 301-355. B 723 Grave: 225x90; 126°; NAP surface 28.20, botom ‘100 below level’; depth Coin: nails 190x40; 126° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 3 in a niche above the head end in the NE corner; 1, 2, 4, 5 in a second niche to the right of the upper leg. Buckle 6: on the waist, its tongue to the let. Remark: The larger niche was emptied by a schoolboy at an unguarded moment. Since then, there has been confusion around this grave. A coarse cooking-pot with handle (h 13.1, d 12.6, type Gellep 109, inventory number BB.II.471) was documented as if from this grave, though this is not the case. Where it does come from remains unclear. Ater excavation, no 2 was irst owned 143 — by a private person and has been subsequently lost. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 20.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.3. 3 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 23.5. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 25. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4, d 13.6. 6 Bronze buckle Sommer 2B, w 6.5, with openwork hinged plate, w 3.2. Date: AD 310-350. 1-3 in niche in middle of NE side: 1 in the middle, 2 to its let (NW), 3 behind (N) and between 1 and 2. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14. 2 Glass beaker with decoration of yellow glass thread Gellep 185, h 11.8. 3 Glass botle with foot-ring Gellep 298, preserved h 14.5. Date: AD 367-367. B 724 Grave: 150x55; 62°/242°; NAP surface 28.28, bottom ‘40 below level’; depth Coin: nails 100x30; 62°/242° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in NE corner of the trench, outside coin Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, damaged, h 14. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 728 Grave: 270x105; 142°; NAP surface 28.00, botom ‘125 below level’; depth Coin: nails 210x140; 142° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 outside coin, to the right of the head; 2-5 in niche to the right of the waist (NE), 60 cm below level: 2 in the middle, 3 half upon 2, 4 to the let of 2, 5 between and behind 4 and 2. Inventory 1 Coarse jug Gellep 115, h 29.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 34.5. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 17.5. 4 Glass jug Isings 124a, largely disintegrated: botom, neck and handle preserved. 5 Small glass beaker, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-367. B 725 Grave: 255x80; 107°; NAP surface 27.80, botom ‘100 below level’; depth Coin: nails 180x45; 119° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in foot-end of coin: 2 near the right foot, 1 near the let. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, incomplete, preserved h 14.5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 15.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 726 Grave: 160x75; 130°/310°; NAP surface 27.80, bottom ‘90 below level’; depth >90. Coin: nails 100x30; 122°/302° Position of grave goods/dress accessories B 727 Grave: 125x80; 104°/284° Coin: nails 60x30; 104°/284° B 729 Grave: 235x100; 287°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.40; depth 130 Coin: 200x35; 287° Skeletal material: Teeth B 730 Grave: 245x100; 92°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.25, depth 145. Coin: nails 200x32-45; 92° Position of grave goods/dress accessories In coin, to the let of the upper body, from top 144 — down: 3, 1, 2. Remark: No bone remains, but trapezoid coin is wider in the E than in the W. Inventory 1 Coarse jug Gose 516, yellowish grey, coarsely tempered ware, h 21.5. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle and lid-seating Gellep 106, very coarse yellowish grey ware, h 11.1. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, yellowish grey, d 15.4. Date: AD 301-350. B 731 Grave: 125x60; 174°/354°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘225 below surface’ (28.25); depth 145 Coin: nails B 732 Grave: 364x160; 64°/244°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.30; depth 140 Coin: nails 90x30; 64°/244° Remark: Together with the adult’s grave B 733 in one irregularly shaped trench. B 733 Grave: 364x160; 80°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.30; depth 140 Coin: nails 184x45; 80° Skeletal material: Teeth Position of grave goods/dress accessories Outside the coin, 1 to the right of the shoulder, 2 to the right of the waist. Remark: Together with the child’s grave B 732 in one irregularly shaped trench. Earlier than B 735, which cuts their trench. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.2. 2 Glass fragments. Date: AD 301-367. B 734 Grave: 185x65; 249° Coin: nails 160x30; 249° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in niche to the let (N) of the waist, 2 outside coin to the right (S) of the waist. Intrusion: decorated indigenous sherds. Remark: Earlier than B 735, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 19. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178/180, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-367. B 735 Grave: 220x125; 105° Coin: nails 170x40; 105° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Remark: Later than B 733, B 734 and B 747, which it cuts; earlier than B 736, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? B 736 Grave: 225x60; 67°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.95; depth 75 Skeletal material: Remains of skull. Remark: Later than B 735, which it cuts. B 737 Grave: 240x100; 90°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 27.90; depth 180 Coin: nails 170x40; 90° Skeletal material: Teeth B 738 Grave: >125x85; 195°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.40; depth 130 Coin: >105x40; 187° Skeletal material: Femora, tibiae Remark: Stratigraphical relation to B 739 (excavated during another campaign) unknown. On both the original ield drawing and the overall drawing of area M, Fig. 18, they are indicated in a single pit, which is highly unusual for two adult graves at right angles, but does occur in the case of an adult and a child in a single grave. B 739 Grave: 225x80; 85°/265°; NAP surface 29.70, bot- 145 — tom 28.40; depth 130 Coin: nails 90x30; 85°/265° Remark: See remark to B 738. Earlier than B 740, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. B 740 Grave: >135x75; 15°/195°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom c.28.40; depth c.130 Coin: nails 60x24; 15°/195° Position of grave goods/dress accessories In the middle of the coin, W side. Remark: Later than B 739, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Bronze bell, d 2.5, h 1.7, with iron clapper, on iron ring, d 3.8. 2 Five beads: 1 lat-biconical bead, asymmetric, transparent ultramarine, half, d 0.6, h 0.4, Riha 1224; 1 ring-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, d 0.8, h 0.2, Riha 2820; 1 trilobite bead, disk, jet, two concentric circles on top, clumsily made, w 0.4, d 1.4, h 1.4, Riha 1345Var; 2 hexagonal beads, slightly transparent greyish green, 1 with irisation, 1 emerald green, d 0.5, h 0.6, Riha 1324. Date: AD 301-367. B 741 Grave: 240x140; 57°/237°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.08; depth 162 Coin: nails 160x40; 57°/237° Remark: botom of grave very hard Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 and 6 in niche (SE) at NAP 28.98: in one row from let to right (E-W) 2, 6, 3, 4; before (N of) 2, at the transition between niche and grave, 1; 5 was standing on the E end of the coin and fell in when the coin collapsed; 7 in the coin, to the E of 5. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 16.7. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groove, h 13.6. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 16.1. 5 Fine dark coloured jug Künzl 12.1.3 with traces of white painted decoration, heavily worn, h 14.9. 6 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 26. 7 Shapeless piece of iron (not drawn). Date: AD 301-350. B 742 Grave: 215x85; 71°/251°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom 28.48; depth 122 Coin: nails 160x45; 71°/251° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 2 and 4 in niche on long NE side, at NAP 28.68: bowl 1 on the let (W), beaker 2 on the right, fallen over, beaker 4 behind (N) and between 1 and 2 (as on grave drawing) or in bowl 1 (as on overall drawing, Fig. 18). 3 outside the coin, on the short W side. The grave drawing shows a trapezoid coin, with the wider head end on the W, whereas the overall drawing, Fig. 18, shows a rectangular coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), d 16, h 4.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15. 3 Double-handled jug Gellep 84a of a dirty yellowish smooth ware, h 23. 4 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178/180?, disintegrated, h 6.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 743 Grave: 220x125; 78°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 27.88; depth 182 Coin: nails 180x40; 78° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 and 2 in niche let (S) of the shoulder at NAP 28.38: dish 2 right (E), beaker 1 let (W; fallen over). 3 against the skull; the overall drawing, Fig. 18, suggests on the let temple. 146 — Intrusion: sherd Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 13.7. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, d 17.6, h 4.3. 3 Silver pin with polyhedral head, preserved l 5.7, point broken of, bent. Date: AD 301-367. B 744 Grave: >175x95; 98°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘255 below surface’ (27.95); depth 175 Coin: nails, wood >150x50; 98° Position of grave goods/dress accessories In coin, at foot-end: S to N (let to right foot) 1, 2, 3. Intrusion: Small sherd of terra sigillata Remark: Although there were no bone remains, the head is always away from a row of grave goods in the coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, heavily worn, d 23.5. Graito III on inside of rim. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 17. Date: AD 301-367. B 745 Grave: 200x65; 80°/260°; NAP surface 29.70, bottom ‘210 below surface’ (28.40); depth 130 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories In W part of pit, 1 in the S, 2 next to it in the N. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration; molete (= rollerstamp) not in Chenet 1941; Hübener 1968, group 3: oblique lines. 2 Glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 330-450. B 746 Grave: 95x50; 80°/260° Coin: nails 65x30; 80°/260° Remark: Empty niche on NW side. B 747 Grave: 205x70; 35°; NAP surface 29.70, botom 28.51; depth 119 Coin: nails 160x45; 35° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories In coin, 1 at right foot-end, 2 at right head end. Remark: Earlier than B 735, which cuts it. The inventory book also mentions ‘sand with amber’. N part of the grave excavated in 1952 under number M 22, S part in 1963 under M 234. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15. 2 Glass botle Gellep 198, h 13. Date: AD 301-367. B 748 Grave: 160x70; 102°/282° Coin: nails B 749 Grave: >190x75; 247° Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in the middle of the foot-end of the pit. Inventory 1 Glass beaker Nijmegen 182 (recently damaged, restored), h 22, d 11. Foot-ring with ire-rounded rim, high kick, tulip-shaped body with everted ire-rounded lip; decorated with glass thread in zigzag paterns. Date: AD 301-350. B 750 Grave: 130x55; 0°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘120 below surface’ (29.30); depth 40 Skeletal material: Skull Remark: Halfway between B 749 and B 750, the bulldozer threw up a terra sigillata plate Gellep 147 — 38, d 30: B stray 302, to be dated AD 276-367. Date: AD 301-350. B 751 Grave: 160x100; 69°/249° Coin: nails 110x32; 69°/249° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Outside coin: 1-3 in a W-E row near the NE corner of the coin, 4 near the middle of the long N side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, white painted decoration V•I•V•A•S•, h 11. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, white painted decoration V•I•V•A•, h 11. 3 Small beaker of handmade potery, h 7.6. 4 Iron bracelet, possibly with expanding fastening, d 4.5, on which three complete and three broken glass beads: 1 lat-biconical bead, transparent honey yellow, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979b; 2 lat-biconical beads, asymmetric, transparent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 1225. Date: AD 301-355. B 755 Grave: 190x85; 173°/353° Coin: nails B 752 Grave: 210x70; 107°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘210 below surface’ (28.40); depth 130 Coin: nails 200x40; 107° Skeletal material: Skull, pelvis, right tibia B 753 Grave: 230x90; 132°/312°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘180 below surface’ (28.50); depth 100 Coin: nails 200x50; 132°/312° B 754 Grave: >100x85; 107°; NAP surface 29.50, botom ‘200 below level’ (28.30); depth 120 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull with teeth and molars Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 on the place of the right shoulder, probably originally standing on the coin. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, restored, h 24. B 756 Grave: 180x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 29.50, botom ‘190 below surface’ (28.40); depth 110 Coin: nails B 757 Grave: 150x45; 131°/311°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘160 below surface’ (28.70); depth 80 Skeletal material: Unidentiied long bone Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 at the middle of the short SE end of the trench. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109 (fragment). Date: AD 301-400. B 758 Grave: >75x50; 306°; NAP surface 29.50, botom ‘180 below surface’ (28.50); depth 100 Skeletal material: Top of skull B 759 Grave: 200x60; 113°/293°; NAP surface 29.50, bottom ‘190 below surface’ (28.40); depth 110 Coin: nails Intrusion: Tegula fragment B 760 Grave: 220x55; 297°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘220 below surface’ (28.30); depth 140 Coin: nails Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche at 180 cm below level, let (N) of the upper legs: in SE 1 standing in 3, in NW 2. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70, white dots on shoulder, h 24. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 148 — 14. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 17.5, burnt black. Date: AD 301-350. B 761 Grave: 195x65; 169°/349°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘170 below surface’ (28.80); depth 90 Coin: nails B 762 Grave: 220x120; 119°/299°; NAP surface 28.58, botom ‘200 below surface’ (27.38); depth 120 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in NE corner of trench. Intrusion: Two non-iting sherds of the same terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26; base-wall fragment of a brownmarbled jug Gellep 70. Remark: As the only ind to be drawn on the overall drawing of area M, Fig. 18, is indicated by a circle, it is assumed that this is the originally complete glass jug and that the other inds were seen as intrusions by the excavator. Inventory 1 Glass ‘small jug’, disintegrated. B 763 Grave: 200x95; 139°/319°; NAP surface 28.58, bottom ‘200 below surface’ (27.38); depth 120 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche, 165 cm below level, at the short SE side of the trench, in line with the E corner: 1 at the right (S), in it 2, and to the let (N) of 1, 3. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 23. 2 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178?, d 9.5. 3 Glass fragments. Date: AD 301-367. B 764 Grave: 310x115; 110°/290°; NAP surface 28.97, botom ‘230 below surface’ (27.47); depth 150 Coin: nails 285x50; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-9 in niche, at 160 cm below level, on the middle of the long N side: 3 in the middle, front (S), to its let and somewhat behind (NW) 7, containing 7a and upon it 8; the other vessels behind 3 in unknown order. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, d 9.5. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 15.5. 3 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 24.5. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with traces of white painted decoration, h 13. 5 Smooth jug Gellep 83b, h 16. 6 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. 7 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, d 18. 7a Unidentiiable food remains. 8 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 18. 9 Glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-350. B 765 Grave: 110x55; 55°/235° B 766 Grave: 210x100; 120°; NAP surface 28.97, botom ‘235 below surface’ (27.42); depth 155 Coin: nails 150x50; 120° Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche, 205 cm below level, on the middle of the long NE side: from let to right (NW-SE) 2, 1, 3. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d 24. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14. 3 Small glass bowl with decoration of glass thread and green blobs ± Gellep 182, h 9.4, d 10.6. Date: AD 301-367. B 767 Grave: 150x65; 124°/304°; NAP surface 29.20, botom ‘235 below surface’ (27.65); depth 155 149 — Coin: nails 120x35; 124°/304° Coin: nails B 768 Grave: 140x67; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.20, bottom ‘185 below surface’ (28.15); depth 105 Coin: nails 133x49; 122°/302° B 776 Grave: 205x95; 122°; NAP surface 29.70, botom ‘170 below surface’ (28.80); depth 90 Coin: nails 180x40; 122° Skeletal material: Skull, molars, right femur, tibiae B 769 Grave: 110x75; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.35, bottom ‘200 below surface’ (28.15); depth 120 Coin: nails 75x25; 122°/302° B 774 Grave: 183x67; 115°/295° B 777 Grave: 200x100; 113°/293°; NAP surface 29.53, botom ‘205 below surface’ (28.28); depth 125 Coin: nails B 778 Remark: Found near the SW foundations of the Mariënburg chapel, May 1963, and acquired ater mediation by Mr Martens, who was then caretaker of the Municipal Museum in that chapel. According to him, inds 2-10 were contained in botle 1. Inventory 1 Small coarse botle ± Gellep 97, h 11, neck damaged. 2 Coin: Julian, aes II, 360-363, Arles, RIC 319/ 323var. 3 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 367-375, Siscia, RIC 15(a-b), with hole. 4 Coin: Constantius II, aes II, 348-350, Siscia, RIC 198/209, perforated, half decayed. 5 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 364-378, mint unknown, GLORIA ROMANORVM, perforated, a quarter of the coin decayed. 6 Coin: Valentinian I cs, aes III, 364-378, mint unknown, SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, perforated. 7 Flat-globular bead, irisation, bluish green?, more than half encrusted, d 2.0, h 1.5, Riha 1193? 8 Small bronze ring, outer d 1.4, inner d 0.9. 9 Cylindrical bead of squeezed bronze sheet, d 0.8, h 1.9, Riha 2951f. 10 Cylinder-shaped bead, opaque black, sheen, opaque white zigzag thread, d 1.2, h 1.1, Koch 27,39Var. Coin date: AD 367-378. B 775 Grave: >160x80; 110°/290°; NAP surface 29.40, botom ‘170 below surface’ (28.50); depth 90 B 779 Remark: Thrown up by mechanical excavator from a strip under the foundation of the former B 770 Grave: 200x65; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.35, botom ‘200 below surface’ (28.15); depth 120 Coin: nails 165x40; 122°/302° B 771 Grave: 130x45; 115°/295°; NAP surface 29.35, bottom ‘170 below level’ (28.45); depth 90 Coin: nails >100x42; 115°/295° B 772 Grave: 225x80; 115°/295° Coin: nails 160x40; 115°/295° Intrusion: Bone in grave illing B 773 Grave: >100x55; 105°/295°; NAP surface 29.35, botom ‘140 below surface’ (28.75); depth 60 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 next to short NW edge of trench. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), d 14, decorated with a roller-stamp with small rectangles (Hübener’s group 2). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. Date: AD 325-400. 150 — connection between Mariënburg chapel and Arsenal. Inventory 1 Botom-wall fragment of terra sigillata jug ± Gellep 43 (= Chenet 349) with traces of white painted decoration. 2 Fragment of a terra sigillata plate Gellep 38, d ±20. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, d 13.7. 4 Rim fragment of a coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, d 11. Date: AD 301-350. B 780 Grave: >150x60; 73°/253°; NAP surface 30.25, bottom 29.67; depth 58 Coin: nails B 781 Grave: 130x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 30.25, bottom 28.81; depth 144 Coin: nails 90x30; 90°/270° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Inventory 1 Coin: Theodosius, aes II, 378-383, Trier, RIC 65(c). Coin date: AD 378-402. B 782 Grave: >160x70; 80°/260° Position of grave goods/dress accessories In the middle of the grave, just S of the longitudinal axis. Inventory 1 Crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4D (Van Buchem V; Keller 4C), complete, l. 7.1, foot, l 3.4 (with simple parallel iled decoration: Swit d2), longer than the undecorated bow (l 3), with a small leafshaped cuf above the foot, a thin undecorated crossarm, and onion-shaped knobs that are much wider than they are long. Date: AD 330-410. B 783 Grave: 155x50; 169°/349° Intrusion: Mortarium fragment from illing. B 784 Grave: >125x125; 169°/349°; NAP surface 30.87, botom 28.90; depth 97 Coin: nails >100x50; 169°/349° B 785 Grave: >100x67; 57°/237° B 786 Grave: 90x45; 65°/245°; NAP surface 30.87, bottom 29.23; depth 164 Coin: nails Position of grave goods/dress accessories Against the NE short side of the trench, near the E corner. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11. Date: AD 301-400. B 787 Grave: 210x60; 80°/260° Coin: nails, one of which with a piece of iron mounting Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coins 1-4 next to the short NE edge of the trench, in the middle. Inventory 1 Coin: Gratian, aes III, 367-375, Arles, RIC 15. 2 Coin: Gratian, aes III, 367-375, Arles, RIC 15. 3 Coin: Valentinian I, aes III, 364-367, Arles, RIC 9(a). 4 Coin : Valens, aes III, 364-378, Arles, RIC 9(b) /19(a)var. Coin date: AD 367-378. B 788 Grave: 210x75; 70° Skeletal material: Skull, molars, unspeciied bones 151 — B 789 Grave: 175x55; 249°; NAP surface 30.87, botom probably 29.89; depth 98 Coin: 170x50; 249° Skeletal material: Jaw fragment B 790 Grave: >100x60; 69°/249°; NAP surface 30.87, botom 29.89; depth 98 Coin: nails B 791 Grave: >175x60; 148°/328°; NAP surface 31.19, botom 28.59; depth 260 Coin: nails B 792 Grave: >125x75; 64°; NAP surface 30.87, botom 29.00; depth 187 Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 probably on the coin, above the shoulders. Intrusion: Glass sherd. Remark: Later than B 793, as it cuts a pit that cuts the SW end of B 793. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) with rouleted decoration, h 7 (molete (= rollerstamp) not in Chenet). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12. Date: AD 301-400. B 793 Grave: >117x72; 58°/238° Remark: Earlier than B 792, which cuts a pit that cuts B 793. Intrusion: Sherds Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400. B 794 Grave: >100x80; 78°/258°; NAP surface 31.19, bottom 28.58; depth 261 Intrusion: Brick fragment, Roman? Remark: Earlier than B 795, which cuts it. B 795 Grave: 250x130; 147°/327°; NAP surface 31.19, bottom 28.76; depth 243 Coin: nails 210x76; 147°/327° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Beaker 1 in the N corner of the trench, at a high level; at a lower level: imbrices 2-4 in line on the axis of the coin; the middle one overlapped by imbrex 5, which looks large enough to be a ridge-tile; imbrex fragment 6 on the axis, near the short NW side of the coin. Remark: Later than B 794, which it cuts. Inventory 1 A small handmade beaker, h 8.5. 2 A short but complete imbrex, l 14. 3-5 Complete long imbrices, l 35 cm. 6 An imbrex fragment. B 796 Grave: 115x75; 70°/250°; NAP surface 31.19, bottom 28.85; depth 234 Intrusion: Handle of an amphora (or a doublehandled jug?; not drawn; in the documentations, almost all double-handled jugs are called amphoras). B 797 Grave: >135x70; 329°; NAP surface 31.51, botom 29.14; depth 237 Skeletal material: Remains of skull B 798 Grave: 190x80; 260°; NAP surface 31.51, botom 29.04; depth 247 Coin: nails 183x50; 260° Skeletal material: Remains of skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories Fibulae 1 and 3 were found on the let shoulder, as appears from both the grave drawing and the overall drawing of area M, Fig. 18. It is not clear where ornaments 2 and 4 were found. The original ind record (‘bronze fragments’) is not helpful. Remark: Böhme 1974, 285, Taf. 86, 1-6 publishes this grave as 51 Marienberg. (The original excavation number being M 51, it was later changed 152 — into M 251, as there already was a grave M 51.) His drawing of 1 (Taf. 86, 3) is too simple. Inventory 1 Fragments of a tutulus ibula type Oudenburg: top piece and base-disk. The top piece is made of silver, on which a lat decorative disk with decorations in gilt and niello. Trumpet-shaped stem, l 2.6, smallest d (in the middle) 0.5, largest d (botom) 4, decorated with transverse grooves, intermited by a smooth zone on the place where it widens most and by a prismatic zone at the smallest diameter. The thin decorative disk, d 2.6, soldered onto the stem, has a smooth underside. The obverse is decorated with a cross of four anchors in niello, amidst a circle of waves running counterclockwise. Around it a cordon, a lat zone with gilt groove, an outer cordon and a lat narrow rim. Of the base-disk are preserved: pin amidst a spring of twelve whorls, catchplate and a small piece of the lat disk, d 5. 2 Bronze base-disk of a bowl or tutulus ibula: pin amidst seven whorls of spring, large part of the disk, d 2.8. 3 Top part of a large pin (but found on the let shoulder), preserved l 5, d 0.9-0.4, entirely decorated with ribs and three prismatic zones. Böhme, type Fécamp. 4 Top part of an iron pin, preserved l 4, d 0.4-0.3, with fragment of a wooden head (now mineralized), d 2.3, immediately under it a double-conical knob (with hatched zone) of gilt bronze around the iron shat. Variant of Böhme, type Tongeren. Date: AD 400-401. B 799 Grave: >150x90; 135°/315°; NAP surface 31.51, bottom 29.17; depth 234 Coin: nails B 800 Grave: 220x85; 131°/311° ; NAP surface 29.97, bottom 29.21; depth 76 Coin: nails B 801 Grave: 220x104; 119°/299°; NAP surface -, botom 26.05; depth Coin: 173x58; 119°/299° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in coin against the long N side. Inventory 1 Smooth jug Gellep 263 with ive brown bands; 4/5 of lip missing, h 23, d 15. 2 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274 with shiny grey sherd, h 6, d 9. Date: AD 301-367. B 802 Grave: 156x70; 121°/301°; NAP surface -, botom 27.30; depth Coin: 115x40; 121°/301° B 803 Grave: 230x130; 127°/307°; NAP surface 27.70?, botom 27.65; depth 5? Coin: 215x80; 127°/307° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in niche on long NW side, near the N corner. Inventory 1 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, d 14.5, h 5. Part missing. Date: AD 301-350. B 804 Grave: 150x80; 35°/215°; NAP surface -, botom 27.65; depth Coin: 110x52; 35°/215° B 805 Grave: 160x70; 108°/288°; NAP surface -, botom 27.51; depth Coin: 140x50; 108°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 outside grave in NE, apparently in a niche. Inventory 1 Botom fragment of a glass beaker Gellep 178180. Date: AD 251-450. 153 — B 806 Grave: 180x75; 107°/287°; NAP surface -, botom 27.50; depth Coin: irregular 160x35/50; 107°/287° B 807 Grave: 162x87; 125°/305°; NAP surface -, botom 27.25; depth Coin: 127x46 B 808 Grave: 270x95; 288°; NAP surface 27.70?, botom 27.30; depth 40? Coin: 180x40 (E) / 50 (W); 288° B 809 Grave: 237x98; 127°/307°; NAP surface -, botom 27.45; depth Coin: 162x40; 127°/307° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in niche at middle of long NE side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, black metallic shine on grey sherd; stronger shine near the foot, from stacking in the kiln; h 9.3, d 9.5. 2 Buf coarse dish with clear disk-shaped elevation of the botom, h 4.5, d 19. Gellep 126. Date: AD 301-350. B 810 Grave: 180x87; 123°/303°; NAP surface 29.11, bottom 27.65; depth 146 Coin: 139x46; 123°/303° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 in niche at S corner on long SE side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16, d 9.5. 2 Brown painted double-handled jug Gellep 72, hardly marbled, h 26.4, d 20. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 6.5, d 25. Date: AD 301-350. B 811 Grave: 170x75; 119°/299°; NAP surface 29.11, bottom 27.13; depth 198 Coin: 170x50; 119°/299° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in coin, against the short NW side. Inventory 1 Coarse yellow dish Gellep 128, h 5, d 18.8. Date: AD 301-367. B 812 Grave: 225x110; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.17, bottom 28.15; depth 102 Coin: 168x52; 111°/291° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 in niche in the middle of the long NE side. Inventory 1 Fragments (botom, d 4, neck fragment) of a small light green glass botle, with irisation. Gellep 198. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 14.7, d 9. Brownish grey on orange sherd. 3 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constricted foot Gellep 57, bluish grey; groove above proiled base; concentric groove on underside of base; h 12.1, d 12.7. 4 Coarse greyish brown dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 18.5. Date: AD 301-350. B 813 Grave: 195x75; 128°; NAP surface 29.26, botom 27.80; depth 146 Coin: 195x60; 128° Skeletal material: Skull, femora, tibiae B 814 Grave: 214x69; 126°/306°; NAP surface 29.17, bottom 27.85; depth 132 Coin: 168x40; 126°/306° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in niche in the middle of the long SW side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, black on orange sherd, h 15, d 9. Date: AD 301-367. 154 — B 815 Grave: 197x104; 115°/295°; NAP surface 29.48, botom 27.90; depth 158 Coin: 156x52; 115°/295° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in niche in the middle of the long SW side. Inventory 1 Coarse greenish brown jug with pinched spout Gellep 115; handle missing, h 25.8, d 17.7. Date: AD 301-425. B 816 Grave: 190x75; 97°/277°; NAP surface 29.26 (level on ield drawing), botom 27.84 or 28.84 (ield drawing has 29.84); depth 142 or 42 Coin: 170x55; 97°/277° Intrusion: Piece of iron B 817 Grave: niche >35x58; 130°/310°; NAP surface 29.26, botom 28.05; depth 121 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in this niche. Remark: Rest of the grave vanished. Inventory 1 Dirty brown coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.6, d 12. Date: AD 301-400. B 818 Grave: 215x100; 110°/290°; NAP surface 29.40, botom 27.05; depth 235 Coin: 162x52; 110°/290° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in niche on long NE side near E corner. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.5, d 15. 2 Small light green glass botle with incised lines Gellep 197, h 15, d 12. Date: AD 301-367. B 819 Grave: 225x105; 109°/289°; NAP surface 29.48, botom 28.60; depth 88 Coin: 175x45; 109°/289° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in NE niche. Remark: Second niche in SE empty. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, rim missing, preserved h 16, d 12. 2 Bowl, no data. Date: AD 301-367. B 820 Grave: 230x75; 82°/262°; NAP surface 29.48, bottom 27.74; depth 174 Coin: 175x48; 82°/262° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 piled up in niche at NW side: 1 botom, 2 middle, 3 top. Remark: Later than B 821, which it cuts. Inventory 1 Coarse greyish brown jug Gose 516 with two concentric grooves on upper side of horizontal lip, h 20.9, d 17. 2 Coarse greyish brown cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.5, d 13.5. 3 Coarse greyish brown dish Gellep 128, h 4, d 14.5. Date: AD 301-367. B 820.3 on top of B 820.2 on top of B 820.1. B 821 Grave: 220x100; 125°/305°; NAP surface 29.48, botom 26.89; depth 259 Coin: 170x40; 125°/305° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 155 — 1 in niche on long SW side near S corner. Remark: Earlier than B 820, which cuts it. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar with near-vertical lip and constricted foot, brownish black on orangebrown sherd Gellep 57, h 9.2, d 10.3. Date: AD 301-350. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. Combined date: AD 301-350. B 822 Grave: 168x80; 126°/306°; NAP surface 29.40 Coin: 116x46; 126°/306° B 823 Grave: 220x90; 90°/270°; NAP surface 29.40, bottom 28.27; depth 113 Coin: 160x50; 90°/270° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in coin, next to long S side. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, dirty grey, orange sherd, h 19.5, d 11.5. Indentation between shoulder and neck, under which two grooves. Concentric groove on underside of base. Date: AD 301-367. The Arsenaal excavations took place indoors. Grave B 824 in the foreground, B 823 to its right; in middle distance B 820, B 816, B 813 and B 819. B 824 Grave: 235x100; 104°/284°; NAP surface 29.40, botom 27.40; depth 200 Coin: unknown; 104°/284° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 in SE corner of coin. Remark: S side of grave collapsed. Inventory 1 Fragments of a glass barrel-shaped botle Gellep 213. Date: AD 334-400. B 825 Grave: >125x60; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.40, botom 27.68; depth 172 Coin: >120x35; 111°/291° B 826 Grave: >100x50; 111°/291°; NAP surface 29.40, botom 27.60; depth 180 Coin: >70x40; 111°/291° B 827 Grave: 168x69; 122°/302°; NAP surface 29.40, botom 26.95; depth 245 Coin: 133x40; 122°/302° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 in niche on long SW side, at the W corner. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 10.3, d 11.2. 2 Coarse dish with in-turned lip Gellep 126, inside yellow, outside grey, h 3.7, d 16.6. Date: AD 301-367. Peripheral graves and graves of uncertain location (Wynia 1966) B 828 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench before former Jewish cemetery, inds recovered. Exact location unknown. Inventory 1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, h 9. 2 (in 1) Glass, disintegrated. Date: AD 301-450. 156 — B 829 Grave: irregular 182x70; 120°/300°, botom ‘232 under level’ Position of grave goods/dress accessories Unknown Remark: This grave, some 44 m S of the southernmost grave of area M, was found at the NE edge of ROB-trench 104 and was the only one in this large trench. As its scanty inds are lost, it is uncertain whether this is a fourth-century grave. It shows that the Inner City cemetery has its S boundary at or somewhere N of this trench. Inventory 1 Fibula (no data) 2 Piece of wood (missing) B 830 Remark: This grave is marked at the far (S) end of ROB-trench 10B, some 55 m S of grave B 800. No data. As there are no other graves in this long trench (c.30x1.25 m), it is uncertain whether it is a fourth-century grave. Here too, we are apparently outside the Inner City cemetery. B 831 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariënburg chapel a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963. Skull, nail. Botom of grave at c.150 cm below street level of 1963. B 832 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariënburg chapel, a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963. Skull, two nails. Botom of grave at c.175 cm below street level of 1963. B 833 Remark: Seen in sewerage trench behind Mariënburg chapel, a few meters N of B 800, on May 7, 1963; only seen as discolorations in both sections of the trench. One grave or two? Botom of grave(s?) at c.175 below street level of 1963. Kelfensbos (actually St Josephhof) 1952: isolated grave B 834 B 834 Coin traces: nails. Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories: Unknown. Remark: ‘Ground of the school of the friars on the Kelkensbos’. An excavation drawing, turned up in 2005 at the Free University of Amsterdam, where Brunsting was professor of classical archaeology, shows the isolated grave to the S of the school on the premises of the present-day St Josephhof. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 27. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 16. 3 Coarse bowl with rim thickened on the inside Gellep 122, h 12. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20, h 4.5. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20, h 6. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 16, h 4.5, in which 6a. 7 Bone comb (lost). 8 ‘Plate’ (lost). Date: AD 301-350. 6 Find catalogue of the excavations in cemetery OO D.C. Steures H. van Enckevort OO 1 Grave: >100x58; 126°/306°; NAP surface 37.91, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 2 Grave: 110x>85; 20°; NAP surface 37.85, botom 36.59; depth 126 Remarks: Later than OO 3, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: nails; 90x40; 20° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the head. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with ine rim, h 11.7, d 13.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz), outside burnt at widest point. Old cracks. Date: AD 276-367. OO 3 Grave: >110x110; 304°; NAP surface 37.85, botom 36.33; depth 152 Remarks: Earlier than OO 2, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. The shoes were not on the feet, as the foot-end of the grave had disappeared. Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; >106x45; 304° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, ribs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the head. Inventory 1 About 30 shoenails from one or two shoes (not drawn). Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 4 Grave: Not visible during excavation because the grave had been dug into a irst-century rubbish pit; NAP surface 38.00, botom 36.92; depth 108 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cof- ins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 76x32; 123°/303° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at the head or the foot-end, fallen over. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-jug Künzl 12.2.1 of Künzl’s chronological group IV, h 17.2, d 9.6. Decoration: two zones, from top to botom: barbotine zigzag decoration, IMPLE (in white paint, without dots) ivy, row of dashes (Künzl element 14), tendrils of barbotine (like Künzl element 183) and two dots of white barbotine with yellow paint, doted line of white barbotine. Date: AD 280-315. OO 5 Grave: 210x90; 128°; NAP surface 38.10, botom 36.08; depth 202 Remark: Later than OO 6, which it cuts. Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 165x40; 128° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, let radius, ribs, femora, let tibia. OO 6 Grave: >205x>125; 32°/212°; NAP surface 37.60, botom 36.64; depth 96 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 5, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. The botom of the grave could be distinguished in the vertical section of the excavation trench. OO 7 Grave: >120x100; 128°/308°; NAP surface 37.80, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 8 Grave: >80x94; 88°/268°; NAP surface 37.72, bottom -; depth - 157 — 158 — Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 9 Grave: 185x100, with an irregular recess on the N side; 100°; NAP surface 37.80, botom 36.30; depth 150 Coin: nails; 168x45; 100° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, let radius, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3 Outside the coin, on an elevation of sand to the let of the head. 2 Outside the coin, on the botom of the grave, to the right at the head-end. 4 On the coin, immediately to the right of the head. 5, 8, 13, 15, 18 On the coin, at the altitude of the right knee, deposited either in a pouch or in a heap. 13 decayed. 6-7, 11-12, 14, 16 Deposited on the coin, at the altitude of the let tibia, either in a pouch or in a heap. Botle 7 damaged during excavation. 9 Around the neck. 10 Around the right wrist. Intrusion 17 Top illing of the grave. Remark: Some splinters of number 5 mixed up during excavation with the beads of number 9. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 5.7, d 12.7. 2 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 15.1, d 17.3, measured volume up to lip 560 cc. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 9.9-11.0, d 11.5. Lump of clay under its base makes it keel. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 Glass toilet botle Gellep 219, measurements unknown (not drawn). 5 Glass botle, measurements unknown (not drawn), nine colourless wall fragments with pinkish brown traces of unguent on the inside. 6 Fragment of glass of which the edges have been smoothed. No further description available (not drawn). 7 Two fragments of a glass botle Gellep 199? (not drawn) 8 Transparent dark green glass bracelet, bent from a rod that was held in the middle with a tong and welded opposite. Around the damage of the pontil rod three tong impressions with iron remains. D 7.0, round section 0.5. 9 Necklace of 238 glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent olive yellow, d 0.3, h 1.9, Riha 2976, 11; 3 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.2, h 1.6, TM 145; 6 tyre-shaped/biconical beads, transparent olive green, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925aVar; 42 biconical beads, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2931d; 51 globular (and 1 lat-biconical) beads, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 1218 61 cylinder/tyre-shaped beads, slightly transparent light green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931f. The following bead types igure both in OO 9.9 and OO 9.11: 35 biconical/ring-shaped beads, transparent olive yellow, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2876 (27 in OO 9.9; 9 in OO 9.11); 184 globular/barrel and ring-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 1219. 10 Bracelet of 25 beads: 1 tyre-shaped amber bead, weathered, d 0.5, h 0.3, TM 390; The following bead types igure both in OO 9.10 and OO 9.11: 66 ring/tyre-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2925e (23 in OO 9.10, 43 in OO 9.11); (?) >2 almond-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, w 1.0, d 0.5, h 1.1, Riha 2846,16Var. 11 A necklace of 205 glass beads: 1 beam-shaped bead, slightly transparent middle blue, w 0.4, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 1304; 1 barrel-shaped bead, transparent colourless with crossing opaque yellow thread, d 0.5, h ?; 2 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 2876, 13; 3 cylinder-shaped beads, oblique, slipshod, 159 — slightly transparent greyish blue, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 1280Var; 3 tyre-shaped beads, transparent middle green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 1243; 3 roller-shaped beads, wound in a slipshod way, slightly transparent greyish white, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2947cVar; 4 barrel-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, small and large, d 0.2, h 0.2, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2971a; 8 spiral-segmented beads, c.9 coils, opaque black, d 0.3, h 1.8, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 4 spiral-segmented beads, 6 coils on surface, opaque reddish brown with black lines, d 0.3, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar; 2 spiral-segmented beads, 6 coils, slightly transparent turquoise, d 0.5, h 1.3, PE1.1.2-1aVar. 12 A transparent blue glass melon bead, d outside 2.0, inside 1.0, h 1.2. 13 Fragments of a hollow sheet bronze bracelet, d 6, together with the remains of an iron band, almost square in section, probably its core. The bronze shell has a square section, 0.5. Indentations have been made along both edges, and between them points (at the side) and crosses (above them) have been punched. 14 Bronze inger-ring with bezel, d inside 2.0 (sic). The band widens uniformly from 0.3 to 0.6. On the clearly distinguished bezel a lion to the right within an oval. On the side planes three grooves along the length. 15 Bronze drop-shaped end of a large spatula, preserved l 5, w 2.1 (not drawn). 16 Bronze decorative nail with hemispherical head and square shat, length: 1.9, d 1.6. Date: AD 301-350. OO 10 Grave: 224x78; 141°; NAP surface 37.90, botom 36.38; depth 152 Coin: 200x40; 141° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. OO 11 Grave: 100x100; NAP surface 37.84, botom 36.59; depth 125 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The orientation cannot be established, the grave being of square shape. OO 12 Grave: 245x75; 309°; NAP surface 37.88, botom 36.58; depth 130 Coin: nails; >200x45; 309° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, immediately to the right of the let tibia near the feet. 2-12 On the coin, at the altitude of the knees, probably deposited in a pouch or in a heap, although this is not clear from the documentation. Intrusion? 13 In the top illing. Found near the numbers 2-10 and 12. The altitude is unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16.8, d 11.8. 2 Necklace of 63 glass beads: 24 lat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2931d; 39 lat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2934. 3 Glass playing or calculating disk: a drop of opaque blue glass with convex top and irregular botom, h 0.5, d 1.1. 4 Bronze bracelet, 7.4x6, (section actually round, contrary to the illustration) with thickened Dshaped ends. 5 Bronze bracelet, 7.6x6, of sub-rectangular section and thin, pointed ends with two grooves each. 6 Fragment of a bronze bracelet of sub-rectangular section and a thin, pointed end with one groove. (Not drawn.) 7 Bronze snakeshead bracelet, 6.2x6.2, of subrectangular section with somewhat thickened and straight ends with a groove each. Both sides and the fronts of these ends have a drill hole, so that a schematic snakeshead is formed. 8 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of sub-rectangular section with somewhat thickened and straight ends with a groove each. Both sides and the 160 — fronts of these ends have a drill hole, so that a schematic snakeshead is formed. (Not drawn.) 9 Bronze bracelet, 6.2x6.6, band-shaped. One end has been bent into a fastening hook. It is partitioned by transverse grooves into zones that are undecorated and illed with dot-andcircles alternately. 10 Thin bronze (inger-?)ring decorated with dashes, d inside 1.6, round section 0.1. 11 Thin iron rod, round in section, preserved l 12.8, d 1.0, with wooden handle: distaf? 12 Either leather remains of a pouch in which 3-10 were deposited, or wood remains of the coin, preserved by the nearby bracelets. 13 Coin: as, Nero, 66-67, Lyon, RIC2 543/605. Date: AD 301-367. OO 13 Grave: 120x55; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 36.40; depth 150 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails; 107°/287°. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the grave, at the head or foot-end. 2 In niche at the long N side of the grave. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavation, when the level was cleared (rim broken). Inventory 1 Terra sigillata beaker Gellep 14, h 10.5, d 7.9. A piece of mortar inside from grave ill. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.2, d 7.7. Decoration: running scroll between doted lines. Date: AD 301-355. OO 14 Grave: >20x85; c.110°/290°; NAP surface 37.90, botom 36.64; depth 126 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave for a large part outside excavation limits. The botom of the grave could be distinguished in the vertical section of the excavation trench. OO 15 Grave: 260x125; 102°/282°; NAP surface 36.27, botom c.35.49; depth c.78 OO 16 Grave: 165x70; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.30, botom c.35.45; depth c.85 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 17 Grave: 85x55; 15°/195°; NAP surface 36.31, bottom c.35.50; depth c.81 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 18 Grave: 85x50; 11°/191°; NAP surface 36.31, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 19 Grave: 195x85; 19° (?); NAP surface 36.30, botom 35.08; depth 122 Coin: nails; 163x60/50; 19° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the long W side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Intrusions? 2-3 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Heavy coarse crucible-shaped beaker Gellep 496 with pointed base, h 12.1, d 8.9. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Intrusions? 2 Bronze heart-shaped pendant, w 5.7, h 5.3, with a proiled knob at its lower end and at its top a suspension loop that curves back to a hole in the middle where it forms a fastening by means of a rivet with curled end. This is a piece of horse gear. Similar pendants occur on the same terrain of the Hunerberg in Flavian pits in the canabae legionis (pers.comm. Anjolein Zwart). 3 Fragmentary lead disk, d 2.4, th 0.2. May have had a central hole. Spindle-whorl? 161 — Date: AD 201-400. OO 20 Grave: 235x77; 297°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 34.40; depth 190 Remark: Earlier than OO 22, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 214x66/60 Skeletal material: Remains of the skull? Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the long N side of the grave, to the let of the femora. 4 On the coin, at the foot-end, in the righthand corner. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.7, d 7.5. Decoration: scarsely legible moto M฀I฀S฀C฀E฀. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.4, d 8.4. Decoration: the same scarsely legible moto M฀I฀S฀C฀E฀. The diference in diameters of two beakers by the same hand show that a considerable variation in shape is possible. 3 Coarse bowl with lip thickened on inside Gellep 122, h 5.3, d 13.4. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Has been in ire when it was used in antiquity. 4 Bone remains. Date: AD 301-350. OO 21 Grave: 110x75; 0°/180°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom c.35.40; depth c.90 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 22 Grave: 210x100; 25°/205°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 20, which it cuts. There was a niche at its NW side. No evidence of grave goods. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 23 Grave: 80x55; 118°; NAP surface 36.40, botom c.35.75; depth c.65 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 24 Grave: 238x74; 115°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 34.93; depth 147 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 194x35; 115° Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end, possibly to the let of the feet. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.1, d 11.8. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Bronze-sheet mountings of a rectangular wooden chest, probable measurements 11x11x11. 2a Bronze-sheet rectangular decorative mounting with cut-of corners and concave sides, 9.3x6.6. Along two sides three nail-holes, those on one side still containing the nails. Along the edges a decoration of punched oblique arcs. In its middle concentric circles with largest d 4.8. In the centre a decorative nail, d 2.4, consisting of a silver sheet on a bronze rivet or nail, with lion’s or Medusa head. 2b-c Bronze-sheet front corner mountings with preserved lengths of 10.4 and 9.6. Specimen b was meant for the transition botom-front. Its wider (2.4) front side is decorated with punched oblique arcs along its borders, its narrower bottom side is undecorated. Specimen c was meant to be seen from both sides (w 1.8): both sides are decorated in the same way. 2d-e Bronze-sheet corner pieces, probably meant for the back side. Both are decorated with rows of punched points and have a nail at each end. Shapes and measurements difer. The smaller specimen d, w 1.9, l 2.6, ends in a semicircle. The larger specimen e, w 2.4, l 3.4, is cut in at the long sides and ends in circles. Date: AD 301-367. 162 — OO 25 Grave: 100x90; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.03, bottom 36.24; depth 79 Remarks: No nails or coin trace found. If there was a coin at all, it may have had wood joints or dowels. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 on the botom of the grave, at a narrow end, on the assumption that this is a child’s grave. Jar 2 damaged during excavation. The dish 3 was lying upside down on beaker 1 and jar 2 and was therefore used as a lid. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.4, d 9.4. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.8, d 15. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 8.6, d 29.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-367. OO 26 Grave: 260x90; 285°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.65; depth 145 Remark: Exact altitude of niche unknown, c.50 cm. Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 240x47; 289° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the right of the head. Stacked on plate 2 were dishes 4 and 3, with bowl 1 on top. 2-4 damaged during excavation. 6-9 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end in the let-hand corner. Coins 7 and 8 were lying under buckle 6. All three objects probably in textile pouch 9, remains of which found with the coins. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31 and Chenet 302), h 4.5, d 9.1. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.9, d 26. Surface worn. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 20.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 20.4. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.8, d 23.9. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 6 Bronze (on ield drawing, erroneously, silver) buckle.. 7 Coin: antoninianus, Gallienus, 259-268, Rome, RIC 256 (K). 8 Coin: antoninianus, Claudius II, 270, Rome, RIC 261 (K). 9 Textile remains, not examined. Date: AD 301-367. OO 27 Grave: >125x125; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.00, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 28 Grave: 230x95; 290°; NAP surface 38.20, botom 35.97; depth 223 Remark: Earlier than OO 29, which cuts it. Coin: nails; >130x50; 290° Skeletal material: Skull, part of right leg. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the botom of the coin, on the headend, let. As appears from the ield drawing, both fallen over. 3 in top illing. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 13.9, d 8.7. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2. No further data (not drawn). Intrusion 3 Rim sherd of a Gellep 34. Date: AD 301-355. OO 29 Grave: 180x110; 355°; NAP surface 38.20, botom 36.06; depth 194 163 — Remark: Later than OO 28, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 160x43 (head)/36 (feet); 355° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-11 On the coin, at the foot-end. On the wide iron buckle (2d) textile remains (11) of the presumed (linen?) pouch in which objects 1-10 were packed. Inventory 1 Iron inger-ring, possibly with bezel, d outside 3.1, inner d 2.1. Heavily corroded and only partially preserved. 2 Belt set. 2a Small bronze D-shaped buckle, 2.5x1.4 (max w belt 1.3), with rudimentary animal’s heads biting outwards, on both sides of the hinge pin. Two rivet holes in the plate. Sommer 1Ac3, variant. 2b Bronze strap end, belt w 4.2, l 5.2, weight 47 gr, fastened with two rivets. The bronze is folded double, with a cylinder shape with rounded corners at the belt end. Leather remains on the inside. A decoration is incised and illed in with niello along the three open sides. From the outside inward: a row of small triangles; a row of arcs hanging from an incised line; and a row of wolf’s teeth standing on an incised line. Along the longitudinal axis, punched triangles and points on an incised line forming three propellor motives. Sommer shape D type a. 2c Bronze belt ring (probably not a inger-ring), round in section, d outside 2.2, d inside 1.7. 2d Wide and long oval iron buckle 10.3x4.2 (max w belt 7.3). 2e Iron belt stifener (in bad state), 7.0x1.0, with remains of a bronze rivet. Barbaric, according to Sommer (1984, 101). 2f Iron belt stifener (in bad state), 7.0x1.0. 3 Coin: follis (13), Constantine I and sons, 335340, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 4 Coin: follis (14), Theodora, 337-340, Trier, RIC 48/91var. 5 Coin: aes III (17), Gratian, 364-375, Arles, RIC 19(b). 6 Coin: aes III (18), Valentinian I, 367-375, Arles, RIC 17(a). 7 Coin: aes III (16), Valentinian I, 367-378, Lyon, RIC 20(a). 8 Coin: aes III (18), Valens, 367-375, Lyon?, RIC 21(a)var. 9 Coin: aes II (18), Magnus Maximus, 383-388, Trier, RIC 85. 10 Coin: aes III (17), Valens, 375-378, Arles, RIC 19(a). 11 Textile remains. Twist z/z, angle medium, twill 2/1/1/2. 12 Bronze tube, possibly the remains of a hollow bracelet. Date: AD 383-402. OO 30 Grave: 150x64; 106°; NAP surface 37.99, botom 35.99; depth 200. Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 134x35; 105°. Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the long N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Beaker 2 damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared (broken in two). 3 damaged by ire in antiquity. Intrusion? 4 In the top illing, immediately to the let of the head, outside coin at unknown altitude. It cannot be excluded that the object had been lying on the coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 13.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 20.5, d 11.9. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.2, d 14.4. Intrusion? 4 Bronze mounting (for a belt?/horse-gear?): a strip folded double, ends riveted together, l 3.5, w 1.0. Date: AD 301-367. OO 31 Grave: 185x70; 110°; NAP surface 37.90, botom 35.87; depth 203 164 — Remarks: Later than OO 32, which it cuts. Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 175x40; 110° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 The beaker was found in the vertical section of the excavation trench NAP 37.04. Its position is 117 cm above the botom of the grave. This is very high, considering the altitude of grave goods in other graves. We cannot tell anymore whether this is a measuring error, a deposition during the illing in of the grave or a grave good from an unrecognized grave. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.4, d 7.4. Decoration: S•I•T•I•O•, three small dots (Künzl element 57). Date: AD 301-355. OO 32 Grave: 115x58; 152°/332°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 35.95; depth 195 Remarks: Earlier than OO 31, which cuts it; later than OO 33, which it cuts. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 70x20; 152°/332° Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. OO 33 Grave: >100x100; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.90, botom 35.99; depth 181 Remarks: Earlier than OO 32, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits. Coin: 115°/295° Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. OO 34 Grave: 194x67; 193°; NAP surface 36.20, botom 35.36; depth 84 Skeletal material: Skull, legs. OO 35 Grave: NAP surface 36.40 Remarks: Recognized as a grave during excavation of level 2 but subsequently robbed; no records. On the drawing of level 3, the grave appears to have been emptied. Detailed drawings and inds are missing. OO 36 Grave: 218x>50; 113°; NAP surface 36.45, botom 34.65; depth 180 Remark: Earlier than OO 37, which cuts it. Coin: nails >208x>29; 113° Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 37 Grave: 233x76; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.61; depth 184 Remark: Later than OO 36, which it cuts. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >196x34; 119°/299° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave near SE corner, to the let of the head/to the right of the feet. Dish 2 covered jar 1; damaged at the rim. Beaker 3 decayed at the botom. 4 On the coin, above at the head-end in the right-hand corner/at the foot-end in the lethand corner. 5 In the top illing, altitude unknown. 6 In the top illing, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.1, d 11.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.3, d 18.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178 with oblique rim, h 6.5, d 9.5. 4 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4) with proiled terminals; before the heads two neck rings each; on top of the heads, a dotand-circle. Deformed, d unmeasurable. Intrusion? 5 Glass playing or calculating disk, opaque black glass with convex top and lat botom, d 1.6, h 0.6. 165 — 6 Coin: as, Augustus, 8-14, Lyon, RIC2 238a/245. Date: AD 301-367. OO 38 Grave: 220x100; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.33, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 39 Grave: 192x80; 100°; NAP surface 36.50, botom 35.03; depth 147 Coin: 155x52; 113° Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. OO 40 Grave: 110x70; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.21; depth 139 Remark: Earlier than OO 41, which cuts it. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 78x44; 111°/291° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the head/the feet. The botom was slightly damaged in antiquity. 2-3 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end/ head-end. Old crack in 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.7, d 7.6. Decoration: •G•A•V•D•E, small dots (Künzl element 59). 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.8, d 12.4. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.0, d 12.8. Date: AD 301-355. OO 41 Grave: >260x120; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.95; depth 65 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 40, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 42 Grave: >50x65; 123°/303°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.22; depth 138 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the botom of the grave. Position in relation to the deceased is unknown. Bowl 3 damaged during excavation; three old cracks. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.9, d 7.4. Decoration: •D•A•M•I•, small dots (Künzl element 59). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.4, d 11.8. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 6.8, d 14.1. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-350. OO 43 Grave: >70x80; 124°/304°; NAP surface 36.60, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Position in grave unknown. Inventory 1 Jar, no data. OO 44 Grave: 160x85; 109°/289°; NAP surface 36.87, botom 35.39; depth 148 Coin: 105x32; 109°/289° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche near NE corner of the grave. Small bowl 2 was lying on beaker 3 like a lid. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 343a, h 24, d 13.6. Decoration on shoulder in white paint from top to botom: line, dots, line, six tendrils to the let in C-shape, to the right in running scroll, divided by 2-4 diagonals, double line. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Chenet 301, h 3.5, d 14.7. Decoration: IMPLE painted in white inside the rim. 3 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.2, d 8.2. Measured volume up to transition 166 — between shoulder and neck 125 cc. Decoration in white paint: •V•I•T•A•, lying branch (element not in Künzl 1997). Date: AD 350-355. OO 45 Grave: 110x105; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 46 Grave: 190x>55; 26°/206°; NAP surface 37.83, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 47 Grave: >55x75; 319°; NAP surface 37.03, botom 36.09; depth 94 Remark: Earlier than OO 48, which cuts it. Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 48 Grave: 242x86; 135°; NAP surface 37.03, botom 36.02; depth 101 Remark: Later than OO 47, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 200x48/44; 135° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, immediately to the right of the head. Old crack. 2 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, immediately to the right of the upper body. Intrusion 3 In the top illing of the grave. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 19.4. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.8, d 19.9. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Intrusion? 3 Iron Aucissa ibula, complete, l 4.5, h 2.5. Date: AD 301-367. OO 49 Grave: 250x100; 123°; NAP surface 37.25, botom 35.92; depth 133 Remark: Small part of the grave outside excavation limits. Coin: nails; 212x45; 123° Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, phalange of the right hand, pelvis, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusions? 1 Outside the coin to the right of the femur. It cannot be excluded that the object was lying on the coin. 2 On the botom of the coin, near right tibia. Inventory Intrusions? 1 Small bronze ring, not drawn. 2 Bronze, unknown. OO 50 Grave: 275x110; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.21, bottom 35.22; depth 199 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the top illing, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Coin: as, Claudius I (?), 41-64, barbaric, obv. RIC2 95f; rev. (Aug.) 230f. OO 51 Grave: 125x65; 82°/262°; NAP surface 37.25, bottom -; depth OO 52 Grave: 170x75; 173°/353°; NAP surface 37.25, bottom 36.08; depth 117 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 53 Grave: 255x95-110; 114°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.65; depth 145 167 — Remark: Later than OO 56, which it cuts. Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40; 114° Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 54 Grave: 228x90; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.22, bottom 36.01; depth 121 Remark: Earlier than OO 55, which cuts it. Coin: on the basis of nails 190x40; 115°/295° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin, altitude unknown. Beaker fallen over during illing in of the grave and rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.1, d 12.4. Date: AD 301-367. OO 55 Grave: 135x50; 76°/256°; NAP surface 37.21, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 54, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 56 Grave: 270x90; 300° (?); NAP surface 37.10, bottom 35.68; depth 142 Remark: Earlier than OO 53, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 208x42/36; 300° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, above the upper body, on the right side of the coin. Dish 2, which has two old cracks, stood on cooking-pot with handle 3 (or the other way round: description in documentation and grave drawings are contradictory). Corrosion traces on inside of jar 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured (but ired to a reddish colour) beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.1, d 8.6. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.6, d 17.9. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.7-14.7, d 14.2. Lop-sided and remarkably large. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367. OO 57 Grave: 144x65; 93°/273°; NAP surface 37.20, bottom 36.37; depth 83 Coin: nails; 106x42; 93°/273° OO 58 Grave: 250x90-105; 114°; NAP surface 37.22, bottom 35.65; depth 157 Remark: Earlier than OO 60, which cuts it. Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 205x44 (head)/40 (foot-end); 114° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the legs. 2 On the coin, above the head. Base decayed. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled jug with one handle Nijmegen 77, h 19, d 14.2. 2 Fragments of a small glass amphora Gellep 212, now preserved as 90 grams of crumbs; parts of foot-ring and neck ring preserved, but not of handles. Date: AD 301-350. OO 59 Grave: 230x60-80; 115°; NAP surface 37.22, bottom 35.70; depth 152 Coin: nails; 185x41; 115° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the let of the upper body. Plate 1 lacks part of its rim and of beaker 2, the lower part up to the max diameter has been preserved, both cut by the mechanical digger scraping the level. Dish 3 has old cracks. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 6.3, d 23.4. 168 — 2 Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine tendrils Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a), preserved h 11.1, d 13.0. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.2, d 19.1. Date: AD 301-367. OO 60 Grave: 230x90; 117°; NAP surface 37.22, botom 35.69; depth 153 Remark: Later than OO 58, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 165x40/45; 117° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the feet, fallen over. 2 Outside the coin in the grave, on an elevation of sand, at the foot-end near the let-hand corner of the coin. It may have slipped from the top of the coin when the grave was being illed in. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 12.9, d 8.7. 2 Rounded oval iron buckle without trace of a tongue, 6.0x4.7 (max w belt 5.0). Date: AD 301-367. OO 61 Grave: 145x105; 34°/214°; NAP surface 37.22, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 62 Grave: 150x80; 113°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 35.37; depth 203 Coin: 125x40; 113° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 Outside the coin on an elevation of sand, at the head-end, in the right-hand corner of the grave. Fragments of an imbrex 4 covered plate 1. Fragment of imbrex 5 covered cooking-pot with handle 3. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.4, d 24.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.5, d 9.3. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.0, d 13.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 4 Eight iting fragments of an imbrex. Not drawn. 5 Fragment of an imbrex. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. OO 63 Grave: 210x86; 106° (?); NAP surface 37.90, bottom 35.99; depth 191 Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x48; 106° (?) Skeletal material: burnt (human?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the botom of the coin, and, considering the space remaining for the body, probably to the right of the feet and legs. Beaker 3 slightly rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Jar 4 was standing above the upper body, as appears from the ield drawing, and contained shoenails 5. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) h 9.5, d 20.8. Decoration: ive zones of rouleted decoration with egg mouldins and hatched squares (Hübener’s group 1). 2 Fine dark coloured moto-jug Künzl 12.2.1, h 20.8, d 11.8. Decoration: Λ•I•V•Λ•M•V•S•. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 19.4, d 11.4. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 22.6, d 24.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Iron shoe nails: ±40 nails, l 2, with conical heads. Date: AD 320-350. OO 64 Grave: >150x110; 113°/293°; NAP surface 38.80, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. 169 — OO 65 Grave: 215x80; 107°; NAP surface 38.00, botom 35.88; depth 212 Coin: nails; 200x45; 107° Skeletal material: Skull, femora and right tibia. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, to the let of the head, in fragments. The lip of the beaker damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groove, preserved h 15.5, d 10.0. Graito VV (?) on neck. Date: AD 301-367. OO 66 Grave: 240x70/85; 130°; NAP surface 37.90, bottom 35.99; depth 191 Coin: nails; 205x40; 130° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, to the right of the head. The beaker was lying on its side, partly within the coin. It had probably been standing next to the coin and was pushed later into the roten coin by ground pressure. Beaker damaged during excavation. Intrusion? 2 In the top illing? With beaker 1 an early Roman buckle and a rim fragment of a Drag. 37 are preserved in the museum depot; these possibly intruded when the grave was being illed in. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h c.22, d 12.0. Intrusion? 2 Fragmentary irst-century Roman bronze buckle, 3.0x2.2 (max w belt 2), consisting of a pelta shape on a rod, which was fastened to the belt by means of a pin through two eyelets (one eyelet preserved). Date: AD 301-367. OO 67 Grave: 110x50; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.15, bottom -; depth - Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Marked as shallow on ield drawing. OO 68 Grave: >105x80; 130°/310°; NAP surface 37.90, botom c.35.94; depth c.196 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. The botom of the grave could approximately be established in the vertical section of the excavation trench. OO 69 Grave: NAP surface 37.90, botom 36.38; depth 152 Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Found in the vertical section of the excavation trench, some 40 cm above the botom of the grave. As there was no trace of a niche, both objects must have been placed on top of the cofin. Beaker 1 slightly rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 9.5, d 7.3. Decoration: GA•V•D•E• (no dot between GA). 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12, d 13.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-355. OO 70 Grave: 225x78; 275°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 34.84; depth 156 Coin: nails; 206x58/35; 275° Skeletal material: Skull, right tibia. OO 71 Grave: 227x95; 98°/288°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 35.95; depth 45 Coin: coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x33; 98°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 170 — 1-3 In the grave on an elevation of sand, immediately to the let of the tibiae/immediately to the right of the upper body. Rim of jar 2 damaged during excavation. Bowl 3 has an old crack and an old chip at the rim. Intrusion? 4 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.8, d 13.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.9, d 13.3. 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 5.2, d 14. Intrusion? 4 Flat iron disk, d 7.0. Date: AD 301-350. OO 72 Grave: 226x63; 100°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 34.56; depth 184 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 206x38/34; 100° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 73 Grave: 184x110; 39°/219°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 74, which it cuts. OO 74 Grave: 142x74; 108°; NAP surface 36.45, botom 34.80; depth 165 Remark: Earlier than OO 73, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 106x32; 108° Skeletal material: Vague trace of skull. OO 75 Grave: 90x53/47; 90° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bottom 35.16; depth 129 Remark: Later than OO 76, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 65x33/22; 90° (?) Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 76 Grave: 157x44; 291° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.90; depth 155 Remarks: Earlier than OO 75, which cuts it; later than OO 77, which it cuts. The grave is trapzoidal in shape, probably relecting the orientation of a coin without nails. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, possibly to the right at the headend. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 18.0, d 10.7. Date: AD 301-367. OO 77 Grave: 125x80; 29°/209°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 35.55; depth 90 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 76, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 78 Grave: 165x65; 108°/288°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 35.15; depth 155 Remarks: The niche was seen in the S side at the irst level. Coin: nails; 140x34; 108°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the head or the feet, fallen over when the grave was illed in or when the coin collapsed. Beaker damaged at the rim during excavation, when the level was cleared. 2-3 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head or foot-end. Jug 2 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m of Künzl’s chronological group IV, h 12.3, d 7.6. Decoration: white barbotine lines and painted leters FRVI (without dots between them); Künzl element 48. 2 Coarse jug Gellep 115 with pinched spout, h 26.0, d 19. Coarse volcanic tempering (from 171 — Mayen). 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 7.4, d 14.0. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-315. OO 79 Grave: >210x>63; 128°/308°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.52; depth 113 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 80 Grave: >200x125; 75°/255°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.84; depth 74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 81, which it cuts; and earlier than OO 82, which cuts it. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 81 Grave: >200x100; 133°/313°; NAP surface 36.60, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 80, which cuts it. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 82 Grave: 240x98; 112°/292°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.49; depth 111 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 80, which it cuts. OO 83 Grave: 213x70/85; 5°; NAP surface 36.66, botom 35.52; depth 114 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Presumably on the coin (it was found in an oblique position) at the foot-end, altitude unknown. Damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.7, d 13.1. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-400. OO 84 Grave: 214x85; 24°/204°; NAP surface 36.66, bottom 35.26; depth 140 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 186x53; 24°/204°. OO 85 Grave: 215x80/95; 122°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.24; depth 143 Skeletal material: Skull. OO 86 Grave: >95x72; 19°/199°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom c.34.18; depth c.249 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave was under a recent pit, but the base could approximately be established in the vertical section of the excavation trench. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 87 Grave: >80x87; 9°/189°; NAP surface 36.69, bottom 35.44; depth 125 Remarks: Earlier than OO 88, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the coin, position in relation to the body unknown. Jar 2: rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 16.3. 2 Botom-wall fragment of a coarse jar, preserved h 5.3, preserved d 11.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367. OO 88 Grave: >90x82; 102°; NAP surface 36.69, botom 35.06; depth 163 Remarks: Later than OO 87, which it cuts. Grave 172 — cut through by digging in recent times. Orientation reconstructed with the help of the positions of the bracelets within the coin. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >50x37; 102° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Presumably at the wrist of the deceased. 3 In the coin near the let shoulder of the deceased. 4 In the coin, at the altitude of the skull. Stolen during or shortly ater the excavation. Coin mounting 5 At the head-end of the coin, on the righthand corner, 16 cm above the botom of the grave. Inventory 1 Bracelet of 9 glass beads: 1 biconical/barrel-shaped bead, broken, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2925c; 2 lat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2934; 6 conical and biconical beads, transparent olive yellow, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2969a. 2 Bronze bracelet, d 3.8, oval in section, w 0.35. 3 Buckle, ibula? Not drawn. 4 Coin: follis, Crispus (?), 317-325?, missing. Coin mounting 5 Iron, shapeless, 5.5x2 (not drawn). Coin date: AD 317-330. OO 89 Grave: >70x58; 113°/297°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.30; depth 155 Remarks: Later than OO 90, which it cuts. Grave partially outside excavation limits. Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); >56x30; 113°/297° Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 90 Grave: 134x75; 304° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.50; depth 135 Remark: Earlier than OO 89 and OO 94, which cut it. Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 122x35/30; 304° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the head. 2 In the coin on the chest of the deceased. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.2, d 12.7. 2 Iron object (needle, ibula?). Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. OO 91 Grave: 189x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.78; depth 107 Remark: Later than votive pit OO 92, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 300-? OO 92 (votive pit) Trench: 123x96; 118°/298°; NAP surface 36.85, botom 34.98; depth 187 Lining: d 75, h >95 Remarks: Considering the shape of the features this is probably a dug-in (wine?-)barrel. Earlier than graves OO 91 and OO 93, which cut it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the barrel, sunken ater the wood had roted away. Rim of 1 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata jug Chenet 343c with handle and four white horizontal lines, h 19.6, d 10.8. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h: 11.0, diameter: 8.1. Decoration: •M•I•S•C•E• dashes (Künzl element 60). Date: AD 300-355. OO 93 Grave: >70x75; 127°/307°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 36.08; depth 78 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than votive pit OO 92, which it cuts. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. 173 — Stratigraphical date: AD 300-? OO 94 Grave: 269x80; 303° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.15; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 90, which it cuts. Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 55x43; 303° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the upper body, slipped of the coin when the grave was illed in. 2 On the coin, above the head, slipped of the coin when the grave was illed in. Beaker damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Intrusion 3 Top illing of grave. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 6.4, d 25.7. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 21.6, d 10.8. Two graiti: on the neck, a rectangle divided into two squares, on the foot a clumsily drawn horse to the right. Intrusion 3 Iron. Date: AD 301-367. OO 95 Grave: >110x60; 75°/255°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.93; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. There may be a remainder of another grave at the N side, but the documentation is unclear here. OO 96 Grave: 230x90; 108°; NAP surface 36.91, botom 35.27; depth 164 Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 166x40 (head)/36 (foot-end); 107° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the let of the upper body. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 19.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-367. OO 97 Grave: 235x80; 117°; NAP surface 37.18, botom 35.99; depth 119 Coin: nails; 208x45; 117° Skeletal material: Skull, legs. Remark: Discolorations within coin traces probably caused by collapse of lid. OO 98 Grave: 245x110; 118°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 35.70; depth 160 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 202x50; 118° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, let radius, femora, tibiae. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the long S side of the grave, to the let of the waist. The heights of the grave goods seem not to have been measured correctly, as plate 2 and bowl 3 loat in the niche. 4 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end, in the right-hand corner of the grave. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.5, d 14.0. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.8, d 24. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.7, d 9.5. 4 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.1, d 7.6. Decoration: V•I•V•A•S•, three dots (Künzl element 59). Date: AD 301-355. OO 99 Grave: 240x90; 121°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 36.34; depth 96 Remark: During excavation, the contents of the 174 — niche at the long N side of the grave, near NW corner were removed by the mechanical digger, and any grave goods there. Coin: nails; 205x45/41; 121° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs, feet. Right arm stretched, let underarm on the pelvis. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the shoulder. Possibly fastened to dress or worn around the neck. Inventory 1 Necklace with 1 glass bead: ring-shaped bead, around hexagonal pontil rod, transparent ultramarine, d 1.2, h 0.4, Riha 1183. OO 100 Grave: 136x60; 286°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 36.19; depth 111 Coin: 124x25 (head)/30 (foot-end); 285° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, right tibia. OO 101 Grave: 210x110; 106° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.12; depth 208 Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 160x50/44; 102° (?) Remark: In the coin (at the head-end?) there seems to have been a transverse junction/beam. Outer coin trace: 210x110 Remark: Considering the vertical position of the nails, the outer coin had a wooden loor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-7, 9-10 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let (?) of the lower body. Bowl 1 stood upon dish 7. Corrosion traces on the underside of dish 7 show that it stood on an iron nail. Knife 9 was lying obliquely on the rim of bowl 1, as appears from rust marks. Knife 10 was in dish 7. 8 On the coin, between the legs. Altitude unknown. 11 In the top illing of the grave. Intrusion? 12 Altitude unknown. Found together with 8 and may have been lying on the coin. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.5, d 15.2. 1a Contained bone remains. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 4.8, d 21.7. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 16.3, d 18.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Contained 3a and 3b. 3a In its illing, at a depth of 9 cm, was a human bone fragment (proximal part of a let femur, 1.8 gr), secondarily introduced by mice or moles. 3b At the same depth in the jar there were bovine bone fragments: ive fragments of probably the same rib, 3.4 gr, plus 38 unidentiiable, probably belonging fragments, 2.9 gr. Also the cow’s rib may have got into the jar when the grave was illed in, but it seems more likely that there was beef with the rib fragment(s) in the food in the jar. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with narrow botom, h 11.7, d 13.0, d botom 4.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 16.3. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.2, d 21.1. The dish contains food remains on 75% of its surface. (Lauwerier 1983 (1986), 186, Fig. 3; 1988, 80, Fig. 22.). 6a The small bones of the skull of a suckling-pig have been preserved. Cranium fragmented. The Pd2’s are erupting: age at slaughter c.10 weeks. 6b Chicken (?): articulated parts of ulna, radius and humerus. Three large unidentiiable fragments may be parts of the hind legs. The position of the articulated bones of the wing, the unidentiiable long bones and the ribs suggest strongly that this is the skeleton of a complete bird, placed in the grave intact. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 15.8. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 8 Fragments of the botom of a conical glass shape, Gellep 193 (?), d c.4. The thickness of the glass in the curve between botom and wall is 0.5. In that place, there is a foot-ring of thick glass thread, d 0.7. Not drawn. 9 Iron knife, l 13.3. Lancet-shaped blade, l 5.3, w 175 — 1.3. Wooden handle and iron protecting collar preserved in large part around the tang. 10 Fragmentary small iron knife: end of the pin with wood remains of the bone handle around it preserved (not drawn). 11 Small ‘Germanic’ silver trumpet ibula Almgren 101, datable to the last quarter of the irst century AD, all but complete and without wear marks visible to the naked eye, l 2.7. The namegiving diabolo-shaped middle piece, the two ends of which form an angle of 75°, has pearl rims at those ends and a loose pearl thread, put upon it; at the spring end, this pearl thread is lost and the groove in which it was set is visible. The high catchplate hangs from a tube of bent silver sheet soldered onto the middle of the diabolo-end; the tube, which carries three longitudinal pearl threads, ends with two pearl rims. The spring is joined by a small axis to an upright silver strip on the other diabolo-end; the tension of the spring has broken the axis near the strip. The spring runs from the strip to the right in seven coils, runs along the top to the let, and returns in ive coils to the strip, where it ends in the pin. 12 Small fragment of bronze sheet (not drawn). 13 Fragments of a botle of thin, all but colourless glass. Date: AD 301-350. OO 102 Grave: 164x80; 121°/301°; NAP surface 37.25, bottom 36.11; depth 114 Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 102x40; 112°/292° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right or let of waist. Beaker 1 damaged at its rim during excavation. Jar 3 lost its handle in antiquity. 4 Outside the coin, in the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head/foot-end of the coin, in the let/right corner of the grave. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.9, d 8.5. Decoration: I•N•P•L•E followed by a vertical doted line. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 20.0. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken of, h 10.8, d 12.9, d botom 4.1. 4 Bronze inger-ring with gem, inner d 1.7, band with D-shaped section, widening gradually from 0.1 to 0.7. The bezel contains a transparent blue stone (glass?), in which an animal (horse?) to the let is engraved. The body is indicated by three drilling holes, the tip of the tail by one. Date: AD 301-355. OO 103 Grave: 260x150; 112°; NAP surface 37.15, botom 35.08; depth 207 Coin: nails; 182x51/46; 112° Skeletal material: Skull. Outer coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 216x110 Remark: Considering the vertical position of the nails, the outer coin had a wooden loor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the feet. 2-3 On the outer coin, next to the head, in the let-hand corner. 4 On the botom of the outer coin, at the footend. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.3, d 22.1. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 18.1. 3 Glass, colourless, degraded by soil processes, 100 gr, probably a small bowl. Not drawn. 4 Bronze-sheet mountings of a wooden chest. 4a-b Two undecorated rectangular pieces with nail holes in the corners (7.5x6.2 and 7.4x4.9, respectively). With both pieces, bronze nails with hemispherical heads have been preserved. 4c Bronze liting ring that was on the front side of the lid, d 2.0. The bronze split pin with which the ring was fastened to the wood is 3.8 cm long. Date: AD 301-350. OO 104 176 — Grave: 175x80; 118° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.96; depth 134 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 164x48/42; 118° (?) Skeletal material: Skull. OO 105 Grave: 205x105; 109°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 35.89; depth 141 Coin: nails; 160x40; 109° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 106 Grave: 235x90; 133°; NAP surface 37.41, botom 35.69; depth 172 Coin: nails; 200x40; 128° Skeletal material: Skull, right radius, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the upper body. 2 In the top illing, to the let of the knees, 10 cm above the botom of the coin. Inventory 1 Coarse jar Gose 545 with lid-seating, h 31.7, d 33.2. Grooved decoration on the shoulder, consisting of a wavy line between two horizontal lines. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 2 Coin: as, Caligula, 37-38, Rome, RIC2 35, for Germanicus. Date: AD 301-333. OO 107 Grave: 110x80; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.66; depth 164 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 75x35; 107°/287° Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the top illing, 24 cm above the botom of the coin. Intrusion 1 Shapeless piece of bronze sheet (not drawn). OO 108 Grave: 150x55; 118°/298°; NAP surface 37.41, bottom 35.83; depth 158 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, deposited as a group. Position in relation to the body unknown. According to the ield drawing, the beakers seem to have fallen over. Beaker 1 slightly rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.5, d 7.6. Decoration: D•A•M•I•, three small dots (Künzl element 59). 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groove, h 15.9, d 10.0. The two decorations, groove and incising, were made by holding the same spatula in diferent ways. The lowest groove even changes into incising. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 19.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Outside burnt, inside yellow with grey veins. Date: AD 301-355. OO 109 Grave: 180x85; 20°; NAP surface 37.57, botom 35.75; depth 182 Coin: nails; 170x50; 20° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, radii, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, to the let of the waist. 2 Outside the coin on an elevation of sand, at the foot-end, in the let-hand corner of the grave. 3 In niche at the W side of the grave, to the right of the femora. Old crack. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.0, d 9.7. 2 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 9.7, d 10.4. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.4, d 21.1. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-350. 177 — OO 110 Grave: 185x80; 295°; NAP surface 37.85, botom 36.00; depth 185 Remarks: Earlier than OO 111, which cuts it. The outline at the NW end is irregular, because it has sunken into an earlier illed-in trench underneath. Coin: nails; 168x40; 295° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri. OO 111 Grave: 150x45; 300°; NAP surface 37.85, botom 35.99; depth 186 Remark: Later than OO 110, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 110x32; 300° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 112 Grave: 226x100/80; 102°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.83; depth 162 Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 185x36/30; 102° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at the foot-end. Inventory 1 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.2, d 13.8. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-367. OO 113 Grave: 235x82; 261°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 34.71; depth 194 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Skeletal material: Dental remains. tom 34.95; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 116, which it cuts. OO 116 Grave: 215x70; 86°/266°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom 35.13; depth 152 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Earlier than OO 115, which cuts it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand or on the coin. Surface worn. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.7, d 15.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 276-367. OO 117 Grave: >180x>80; 88°/268°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.48; depth 117 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 118 Grave: 260x125/105; 122°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 34.52; depth 215 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: nails; 172x36/43; 122° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 119 Grave: 74x60/52; 102°/282°; NAP surface 36.68, botom 34.70; depth 198 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 120, which cuts it. OO 114 Grave: 110x61; 62°/242°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.40; depth 130 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 120 Grave: 280x100; 12°/192°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom c.35.51; depth c.119 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 119 and OO 121, which it cuts. OO 115 Grave: 114x56; 68°/248°; NAP surface 36.65, bot- OO 121 Grave: >94x60; 111°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 178 — 35.25; depth 145 Remarks: Earlier than OO 120, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Skeletal material: Right tibia. OO 122 Grave: 240x105; 104°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 34.60; depth 210 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x38/30; 104° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, on the middle of the head-end. Intrusion 2 In the top illing of the grave. Inventory 1 Terra nigra (?) or burnt beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16.5, d 9.8, in fragments. Intrusion 2 Lead. No data, not drawn. Date: AD 301-400. OO 123 Grave: 170x80; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.27; depth 140 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 124 Grave: 175x80; 2°/182°; NAP surface 36.67, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 125 Grave: >235x130; 105°/285°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 35.22; depth 125 Remarks: Later than OO 126, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 126 Grave: 145x>66; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 35.15; depth 152 Remarks: Earlier than OO 125, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 127 Grave: 233x70; 264°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 34.92; depth 175 Remark: Later than OO 128, which it cuts. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 202x?; 264° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 128 Grave: 140x65; 124° (?); NAP surface 36.67, bottom 35.53; depth 114 Remark: Earlier than OO 127, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 104x39/36; 132° (?) OO 129 Grave: 145x85; 107°; NAP surface 36.68, botom 34.97; depth 171 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails ?x40; 107° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin, altitude unknown, to the let of the head. 2 Around the neck of the deceased, altitude unknown. 3 Around the right wrist of the deceased? Inventory 1 Glass: thin body sherds of a botle with kick. Not drawn. 2 Necklace of 7 glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent ulramarine, d 0.4, h 0.8, TM 135; 1 tyre-shaped bead, weathered emerald green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 1243; 5 cylinder-shaped beads, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 1.3, TM 137. 3 Bracelet of sapropelite a.k.a. cannel coal, inner d 4.1, outer d 5, with D-shaped section, w 0.9, decorated with dot-and-circles. Date: AD 301-367. 179 — OO 130 Grave: 223x103/78; 120°; NAP surface 36.68, bottom 35.24; depth 144 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: >190x36; 120° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur. Remark: No nails found during excavation. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the let of the head. Beaker rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d of Künzl’s chronological group IV, h 11.1, d 7.3. Decoration in white barbotine: large dots separated by vertical lines of three small dots each. Date: AD 280-315. OO 131 Grave: 88x78; 118°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 35.59; depth 108 Remarks: Later than OO 132, which it cuts. This cremation seems to have been inhumed intentionally in a coin aterwards. Coin: coin type 5 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 64x32; 118° Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Lying upon burnt bone in coin. Lip missing. Beaker damaged during excavation. 2 Outside the coin, 6 cm above the botom of the grave. The jar was found in sherds. 3 The sherds were mixed up with remains of the pyre in the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, preserved h 9.8, d 6.8. Decoration: FELICITER VIVA(S). There is a hole where the S should be; no dots between the leters, no further decoration. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105. Not drawn, measurements unknown. 3 Glass, no data. Date: AD 301-355. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? Combined date: AD 301-355. OO 132 Grave: 250x145; 120°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 35.28; depth 139 Remark: Earlier than OO 131, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 214x42; 122° Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end of the coin, near the let-hand corner of the coin. Inventory 1 Small terra nigra beaker, shape like Gellep 378, h 10.8, d 7.1. Remarkably heavy. Date: AD 301-400. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. Combined date: AD 301-355. OO 133 Grave: 230x96; 124°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.04; depth 176 Remark: Later than OO 166, which it cuts. No nails found during excavation. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 On the coin, in a longitudinal row above the waist. Beakers 2 and 5 found in sherds. Old crack in 3. 2 and 4 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 26, h 5.6, d 13.3. Lip thinner than vertical wall under it. On the inside, concentric traces of wear: from stirring? 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.4, d 10.0. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.2, d 13.3. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.0, d 19.3. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 5 Fragments of glass beaker Gellep 294 with vertical folds, h at least 9, d lip 7. Clear glass with ine bubbles. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. 180 — OO 134 Grave: 180x95; 133°/313°; NAP surface 36.80, bottom 35.52; depth 128 Coin: nails; 118x30; 133°/313° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, above the upper body/the legs. Smashed to pieces by mechanical digger when level was cleared. 4 In the top illing. Stolen during or ater the excavations. Inventory 1 Botom-wall fragment of ine dark coloured botle Künzl 14.2.2, preserved h 6.5, d 12.0. 2 Botom fragment of a coarse cooking-pot, preserved h 3.2, d base 11.0. Inner surface black, outer surface burnt. 3 Botom fragment of a jar, preserved h 2.7, d base 5.0. 4 Coin: aes?, irst century. Date: AD 301-355. OO 135 Grave: >170x85; 303°; NAP surface 36.82, botom 35.64; depth 118 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: Stratigraphical relation to grave OO 136 not determined during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Skeletal material: Right femur. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the let of the legs. Beaker rim damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.1, h 15.6, d 10. Decoration: a zone of spirals (Künzl element 168) under the text •G•A•V•D•E•, branch (Künzl element 64). Date: AD 301-355. OO 136 Grave: >190x115; 245°; NAP surface 36.85, botom -; depth Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Stratigraphical relation to grave OO 135 not determined during excavation. Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: Skull, in vertical section of the excavation trench, not recovered. Nails of the coin not on ield drawing. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above upper body. Exact altitude unknown. Neck missing. 2 At the foot-end. It is unknown whether the bowl was inside or outside the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, preserved h 10.4, d 9.4. Foot very narrow. 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 121 with lip thickened on inside and wide botom, h 7.6, d 17.6. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367. OO 137 Grave: >135x70; 147°; NAP surface 36.95, botom 35.84; depth 111 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: Nails and coin trace missing. OO 138 Grave: 225x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom 35.50; depth 150 Remark: Earlier than OO 143 and OO 144, which cut it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. OO 139 Grave: 120x60; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.10, bottom 36.03; depth 107 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 140 Grave: 245/155x54; 234°; NAP surface 37.00, bottom 35.82; depth 118 Remarks: Later than OO 141, which it cuts. The length of the grave could not be distinguished exactly. 181 — Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Remark: No coin nails found. OO 141 Grave: 230x120; 110°/290°; NAP surface 37.06, botom -; depth Remarks: During excavation recognized as a grave, but not excavated in detail. Earlier than OO 140, which cuts it. OO 142 Grave: 120x65; 287°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.50; depth 160 Remarks: Later than OO 143, which it cuts. During excavation, OO 142 and OO 143 were mistaken for one grave; this created the mistaken impression that a small coin was placed in the corner of a large grave. Coin: nails; 75x34/28; 295° (?) OO 143 Grave: 250x125; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.10, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. During excavation, OO 142 and OO 143 were mistaken for one grave; this created the mistaken impression that a small coin was placed in the corner of a large grave. Earlier than OO 144 and OO 142, which cut it, and later than OO 171 (?) and OO 138, which it cuts. Grave goods, if any, have disappeared from the niche on the S side during excavation. The botom of the grave is above NAP 35.69 because the grave cuts through grave OO 142. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-355. OO 144 Grave: 260x140; 116°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.05; depth 195 Remark: Later than the graves OO 138 and OO 143, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 200x52/48; 116° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Outer coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >214x132 Remark: Considering the vertical position of the The grave goods of OO 144: from let to right 1,5,4,2,3. nails, the outer coin had a wooden loor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the upper body. 6-8, 10-12 In a second niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. Intrusion? 13 Outside the coin to the right of the head. The altitude is unknown. Possibly it belongs to the grave goods ater all. 14 In the top illing of the grave. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313), h 5.8, d 25.7. 1a Contained food remains on 25% of its surface: bovine, processus olecrani of the right ulna of an adult animal. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-jug Künzl 12.2.1, h 25.5, d 14.6. Painted decoration in two text lines: R•E•P•L•E•M•I• /C•O•N•D•I•T•V•M•, small branch (Künzl element 64). 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 14.7, d 8.6. 4 Terra nigra double-handled jar with wide vertical lip Nijmegen 122, h 27.1, d 21.6. Incised decoration: three horizontal zigzags on the body, ine zigzags on the shoulder, crosses on the wide neck. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 16.6, d 17.8. 182 — Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 6 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside, h 6.9, d 14.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 6a Contained food remains on 75% of its surface. Fragments of the skull of a suckling pig. The milk-incisors, the Pd3’s and the Pd4’s are present both in the maxilla and in the mandibula. The milk-premolars are not worn, the Pd2’s are not yet present: age at slaughter 7-10 weeks. 6b Unidentiiable small bone fragments. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.4, d 17.7. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 7a Bone remains on the botom. Not determinable. 8 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.6, d 18.5. 9 A small iron knife with bronze hilt plate, corroded on the imprint of a small bone. Remains of wooden handle. Not drawn. 10 Iron decorative nail, d 2, on which a bronze covering plate. The plate has an elevated rim and in the centre a Medusa head in relief with small globes which represent the snake hair. 11 Fragment of a curved bronze-sheet lid or corner reinforcement, d 20, 8.2x1.8x0.7 (h of the rim). Wooden chest? 12 Bone. Not identiiable. Intrusion? 13 Bronze tweezers. Not drawn. 14 Drop of bronze. Date: AD 300-355. OO 145 Grave: 142x58; 112°; NAP surface 37.15, botom 35.38; depth 177 Coin: nails; 128x40/35; 112° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above waist. 2 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the tibiae. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.6, d 13.1. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 2 Glass. No data. Date: AD 301-367. OO 146 Grave: 160x95; 25°/305°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.19; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 147 Grave: 150x30; 108°; NAP surface 37.21, botom 35.71; depth 150 Coin: nails; 150x32/26; 108° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the head. Rim slightly damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 16.2, d 10. Decoration: V•I•V•A•M•V•S•, with underneath a zone with running scroll (Künzl element 188). Date: AD 301-355. OO 148 Grave: 90x70; 297° (?); NAP surface 37.20, botom 35.57; depth 163 Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 72x32/28; 297° (?) OO 149 Grave: 150x75; 131° (?); NAP surface 37.35, botom 35.32; depth 203 Coin: nails; 90x38/35; 131° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the let foot. The beaker had fallen over. 2 On the coin, above the right foot. 3 Possibly on the botom of the coin near the right hand. Exact altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.2, d 7.4. Decoration: R•E•P•E• (sic), three small dots (Künzl element 58). 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 183 — 9.9, d 11.4. 3 Coin: follis (27), Constantine I, 301-303, Lyon, RIC 164a, for Constantius II. Date: AD 301-355. Coin date: AD 301-318. Combined date: AD 301-318. OO 150 Grave: >210x70; 106°; NAP surface 37.20, botom 35.80; depth 140 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Coin: nails; 190x>48; 106° Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, let radius, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Stone and brick 1 Found on the chest. In view of its altitude it seems to have been lying in the coin, on the body. Inventory 1 Tile. Not drawn. OO 151 with skull (below) and tile. OO 151 Grave: NAP surface 37.20, botom 35.68; depth 152 Remarks: This grave was overlooked during excavation. Recognized as a coin only at the lowest level. Coin: nails; 160x66/57; 128° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the coin, above the head. The exact altitude cannot be recovered from the ield data. As both beakers lack their rims, they must have been damaged when the level was cleared. This level was 18 cm above the botom of the grave. 3 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the head. But it may have been on top of the coin. Inventory 1 Lower part of a ine dark coloured motobeaker Künzl 1.4.1m, preserved h 4.3, d 7.5. Decoration: S•I•T•I•O•, three small dots (Künzl element 57). 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, lacking neck, preserved h 14.4, d 9.2. 3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70 with proiled horizontal lip, h 19.8, d 13.3. Date: AD 301-350. OO 152 Grave: 175x80; 120°; NAP surface 37.16, botom 35.73; depth 143 Coin: nails; 140x38; 120° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the waist. Inventory 1 Smooth globular botle Gellep 75, h 15.0, d 12.0. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 12.1, d 13.1. 3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 7.0, d 24.0. Date: AD 301-350. OO 153 Grave: 230x100; 128°; NAP surface 37.20, botom 35.25; depth 185 Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x52/42; 122° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the legs. Intrusion? 184 — grooved, h 15, d 9.5. Intrusion? 4 Botom of coarse pot, d 9.5, with coarse stone grit in the underside of the base. Date: AD 301-367. OO 154 Grave: 195x55; 146°/326°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The unique terra sigillata botle OO 153.1 in situ with plate 2 and beaker 3. 4 In the top illing, possibly an intrusion, but possibly put on the coin at the level of the abdomen. The pot had been broken in antiquity. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata botle, h 25.5, d 19.5, type Nijmegen 8. Flat botom (slightly drawn in during drying), lat-globular body, indentation between shoulder and high, narrow and slightly tapering neck. Decoration in white paint on the shoulder in two zones. In the top zone, that runs all but horizontally around the neck between two horizontal lines that coincide with two grooves: IMPLE (without dots between the leters), followed by a lying branch of Y-shape. Between two grooves on the shoulder: interlocking running scroll with dashes above and below the middle of each S. Under this zone, a horizontal line, 1.2 cm above a horizontal groove at the max diameter. The unique shape of this botle is an imitation of the blown glass shape Gellep 522 (= Isings 103); the three grooves on the terra sigillata botle imitate incised lines on the glass example. The decoration in two zones is like that on the large Trier moto-beakers of type Künzl 1.6.1. 2 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 32/Ludowici Ta, h 5.4, d 20 with stamp ATLA..SFE(cit). 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 OO 155 Grave: NAP surface 36.65, botom -; depth Remark: Recognized as a possible grave during excavation, but not excavated in detail. OO 156 Grave: 215x84; 105°; NAP surface 36.64, botom 34.73; depth 191 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 175x34; 105° Skeletal material: Skull, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, at head-end, in the right-hand corner. Fallen over when the grave was illed in. Beaker damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 21.4, d 11.7. Date: AD 301-367. OO 157 Grave: >100x50; 172°/352°; NAP surface 36.64, botom 35.40; depth 124 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >65x?; 172°/352° Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Remark: The burnt bone was dispersed throughout the grave. 185 — OO 158 Grave: ?x95; orientation between c.0°/180° and 40°/220°; NAP surface 36.68, botom 34.25?; depth 243 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Presumable grave was lying under a pit with dark illing, possibly a recent grave robber’s pit. OO 159 Grave: >260x>165; 107°/287°; NAP surface 36.67, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 161, which cuts it. The stratigraphic relation with OO 160 has not been established during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-320. OO 160 Grave: 105x>65; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 35.50; depth 117 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The stratigraphic relation with grave OO 159 has not been established during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 161 Grave: 260x120; 124°; NAP surface 36.67, botom 34.88; depth 179 Remark: Later than OO 159, which it cuts. Outer coin: 240x102/108 Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 212x54; 124° Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: The direction of the nails indicates that this was a lining of the grave. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. Rim of jug 2 missing (recent break?). 6 Presumably on the coin, above the right tibia. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 7.4, d 25.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.2, d 10.0. 3 Coarse jug Gellep 115, preserved h 20.3, d 14.8. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.4, h 4.0. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.8, h 3.8. 6 Bronze crossbow ibula Swit 2iii (Sommer IIa, Keller 1A (hexagonal crossarm) or 2A (hexagonal faceted knobs), Van Buchem II (type Nicolaevo) or IIIB (type Deurne; Prötel 2D: cuf)), l 7.7, weight 47 gr, with undecorated hexagonal crossarm and hexagonal faceted knobs. The foot is also faceted (foot decoration Swit a10). A pronounced palmete-shaped cuf protrudes above the foot of the bow 0.4 cm above and parallel with the foot. Date: AD 310-320. OO 162 Grave: 253x87; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.45; depth 115 Remarks: Later than OO 163, which it cuts. During excavation a possible niche on the long N side was not recognized and its possible contents were removed by the mechanical digger when the level was cleared. OO 163 Grave: >220x65; 260°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.30; depth 130 Remark: Earlier than OO 162, which cuts it. Skeletal material: Skull. OO 164 Grave: 174x34; 114°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 34.58; depth 222 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); reconstructed on the basis of nails 174x34/31; 109° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the femora. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.8, d 9.4. 186 — 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 15.9. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 2a Contains food: some unidentiiable mammal bones. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-367. OO 165 Grave: 147x44; 107°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.30; depth 150 Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: No coin nails found during excavation. OO 166 Grave: >112x94; 300°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.70; depth 110 Remark: Earlier than OO 133, which cuts it. Skeletal material: Femora, let tibia. Remark: No coin nails found during excavation. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 167 Grave: >150x72; 128°/308°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.74; depth 106 Remarks: Grave partially outside excavation limits. No coin nails found during excavation. Skeletal material: unspeciied bones. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the top illing, location unknown. Stolen during excavation. Inventory 1 Coin: aes?, irst century AD. OO 168 Grave: 255x95; 127°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 34.87; depth 193 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remarks: This niche was excavated separately in the corner of an excavation trench and later it was supposed to belong to a grave in a neighbouring one. However, no ield drawing of the niche seems to exist. The niche seems to have been to the right of the body. Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: Nails at the foot-end. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-10 In niche to the right of the body. No further data. 11-12 Although the altitude is not known, probably found in the top illing of the grave. Coin 11 was stolen during or ater the excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.4, d 15.4. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 36 (= Chenet 325) h 8.9, d 19.0. Decoration: barbotine decoration of ive lying tendrils, each followed by three dots (cf. Künzl element 93). 3 Terra sigillata plate Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37), measurements unknown. Not drawn. 3a Contains food remains on 75% of its surface: chicken, almost complete articulated skeleton. Absent: head, right femur, right foot, and let leg. If this leg had been present, it must have been on a sherd that was broken of and cleaned. Photo: Lauwerier 1983 (1986), 188, Fig. 4. 4 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 4.6, d 21.0. Heavily eroded and restored. 5 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 23.9, d 18.3. 6 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 13.2, d 14.5. 7 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 7.7, d 15.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 8 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.1, d 14.7. 9 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 15.0. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 10 Fragments of high glass beaker Gellep 195 with foot-ring proiled at the underside, and decorated with four groups of incised horizontal lines. H 21.3, d 9.0. 11 Coin: irst century AD, missing. 12 Bronze split pin with ring. The ring, d 1.7, has a D-shaped section, w 0.6. A square split rod (w 0.4, l 2.7-3.0) is atached to it. Date: AD 301-350. 187 — OO 169 Grave: >75x80; 117°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.37; depth 173 Coin: nails; >60x40; 117° Skeletal material: Skull. Remarks: Earlier than OO 170, which cuts it. The skull of OO 169 was then respectfully placed next to the coin in grave OO 170. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at the foot-end of the coin, to the let of the feet. Beaker 1 was standing on one side, jar 2 was found in sherds. Rim of beaker 1 damaged during excavation. Old crack in jar 3. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised with narrow foot, h 21.7, d 12.3, d foot 4.6. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 14.8, d 16.4. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.0, d 13.4. Heavy thick-walled jar with large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. Combined date: AD 301-350. OO 170 Grave: 255x100; 117°/297°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.25; depth 185 Remark: Later than OO 169, which it cuts. The skull in the grave belongs to grave OO 169. Coin: nails; 175x52; 117°/297° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3, 5 Outside and at the end the coin on an elevation of sand. Botle 5 stood in bowl 3. 2 Outside the coin at the end, in the middle. 4 On the end of the coin. Probably slid of the coin when the grave was illed in. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 9.4, d 10.4. Measured volume up to transition shoulder-lip 340 cc. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 24.5, d 20.4. 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 8.0, d 16.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.9, d 14.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Upper part of a small glass botle Gellep 203?, preserved h 4. Date: AD 301-350. OO 171 Grave: c.240x?; 27°/307° (?); NAP surface 37.20, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The grave is possibly earlier than OO 143, which it seems to cut. The outline of the grave could not be distinguished exactly. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 The position of the grave goods is unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61, no further data, not drawn. 2 Coin: Augustus, as, 7-3 BC, Lyon, RIC2 230. Date: AD 301-367. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-355. Combined date: AD 301-355. OO 172 Grave: 200x>25; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.30, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 173 Grave: 115x50; 101°/281°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.83; depth 157 Coin: nails; 115x50; 101°/281° OO 174 Grave: 215x80; 293°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 35.85; depth 155 Coin: nails; 195x50; 293° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 175 Grave: 285x90; 299°; NAP surface 37.45, botom 35.61; depth 184. Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 177 not established during excavation. 188 — Coin: nails; 180x38; 299° Skeletal material: Skull, right radius, femora. OO 176 Grave: 200x90; 131°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 35.12; depth 228 Coin: nails; 125x35; 131° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 4-11, 15 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the waist. Plate 6 was found on top of the other potery. Bone 15 was lying apart from the potery. 2 On the coin, above the right tibia. Fallen over when the grave was illed in or when the coin collapsed. 3 On the coin, above the let foot. 12 On the coin, at the head-end, in the lethand corner. 13-14 On the botom of the coin, at the altitude of the right wrist. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 19.6, d 12. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.3, d 9.7. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 11.8, d 8.5. Lower part of this beaker was ired red. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 9.7, d 7.2. Decoration in white paint: running scroll (Künzl element 188). 5 Fine dark coloured small bowl Künzl 7.4, h 7.7, d 10.6. Decoration in white paint: running scroll with large dot in every coil (not in Künzl 1997). 6 Dish Gellep 69 with reddish brown slip, d 30, h 4.6-5.5. 7 Smooth jug Gellep 84a, h 11.9, d 6.9. 8 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 10.8, d 13. 9 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 12.1, d 23.0. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 10 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 7.4, d 14.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 11 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 16.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 12 Glass fragments, no data. 13 Coin: follis (20), Diocletian, 299-303, Carthago, RIC 32b, for Galerius Maximian. 14 Fragment of bronze (no data, not drawn). 15 Human bone, examined by Lengyel. Date: AD 301-350. Coin date: AD 299-318. Combined date: AD 301-318. OO 177 Grave: 125x55; 90°/270°; NAP surface 37.45, bottom 35.52; depth 193 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 175 was not established during excavation. Coin: nails; 100x40; 90°/270° OO 178 Grave: 160x65; 109°; NAP surface 37.45, botom 36.62; depth 83 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Earlier than OO 179, which cuts it. OO 179 Grave: 185x75; 281°; NAP surface 37.45, botom 35.76; depth 169 Remarks: Later than OO 178, which it cuts. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Coin: 160x44; 281° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur. OO 180 Grave: 185x60; 124°; NAP surface 37.00, botom 36.03; depth 97 Coin: nails; >85x35; 124° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Presumably outside the end the coin on the botom of the grave, fallen over. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 17.1, d 10.2. Date: AD 301-367. 189 — OO 181 Grave: 245x95; 128°; NAP surface 37.20, botom 35.77; depth 143 Coin: nails; 195x50; 134° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 In niche at the NE corner of the grave, to the right of the head. Rim of beaker 2 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.4, d 13.0. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, preserved h 13.0, d 9.7. Date: AD 301-367. OO 182 Grave: 130x80; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.18, bottom -; depth OO 183 Grave: 195x55; 110°/290°; NAP surface 37.56, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Probably only the outline of the coin was seen. OO 184 Grave: >75x85; 139°/319°; NAP surface 37.56, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The stratigraphic relation to the graves OO 185 and OO 186 not established during excavation. OO 185 Grave: 250x>75; 21°/201°; NAP surface 37.56, bottom 36.20; depth 136 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The grave is probably later than grave OO 186. Stratigraphic relation to grave OO 184 not established during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 186 Grave: 265x118; 215°; NAP surface 37.56, botom 35.95; depth 161 Remarks: The grave is probably earlier than grave OO 185. The stratigraphical relation to grave OO 184 has not been established during excavation. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 230x56; 211° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus (?), right humerus, tibiae. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3, 8 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the let of the upper body. Small bowl 1 had fallen over and probably stood on jug 3. 2 On the coin, at the head-end in the let-hand corner. Rim damaged during excavation. 4, 6-7 In niche at the W side of the grave, to the let of the head. 6 rim damaged during excavation. 5 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the let of the head. Intrusion 9-10 In the top illing of the grave. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata small bowl Drag. 40 (=Gellep 31 and Chenet 302), h 5.3, d 11.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 15, d 8.9. 3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 25.3, d 19, 0. 4 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 13.1, d 13.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 20.3, h 4.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Contained food on 100% of its surface: chicken, articulated skeleton. 5a Clearly identiiable are the two humeri, the right ulna, a phalanx, fragments of the spinal column, ribs, sternum, part of pelvis and both femora. Further, unidentiiable fragments, among which parts of long bones. 5b Bovine: on top of the skeleton of the chicken, a rib fragment. 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 18.4. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Ur- 190 — mitz). 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.3, d 16.9. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 8 Stone. No data, no separate ind number. Intrusion? 9 Bronze ring. No data, not drawn. If it is Late Roman at all, then it had been lying on the lid of the coin. 10 Bronze knee ibula. No data, not drawn. Date: AD 301-350. OO 187 Grave: ?x80; NAP surface 37.68, botom 36.28; depth 140. Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. The botom of the grave could be established in the vertical section of the excavation trench. OO 188 Grave: NAP surface 37.80. Remark: Only the niche of the grave was exposed in the N vertical section of the excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the side of the grave. Rim of beaker 1 damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared. Rim of botle 2 heavily damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.7, d 8.4. Decoration: D•A•M•I•, three small dots (Künzl element 58). 2 Fine dark coloured moto-botle Künzl 14.3.1, h 12.0, d 8.3. Decoration: D•A•S•I•V• 3 Jar or beaker. No further data. Date: AD 301-355. OO 189 Grave: >150x>50; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.52, botom 35.50; depth 102 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 190 Grave: 51x32; 0°/180°; NAP surface 36.55, botom 35.70; depth 85 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 191 Grave: >125x80; 177°/357°; NAP surface 36.52, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 192 Grave: 115x60; 107°/287°; NAP surface 36.72, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 193 Grave: 223x100; 288°; NAP surface 36.73, botom 35.23; depth 150 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 200x57. Skeletal material: Right leg, let femur. OO 194 Grave: 220x110; 117°; NAP surface 36.73, botom 34.98; depth 175 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 177x44/50; 112° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the feet. A hole was pricked through its wall, probably by someone in recent times sounding for pots. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Coarse jug Gose 516/517, h 21.7, d 19.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 175-367. OO 195 Grave: 175x70; 275°; NAP surface 36.76, botom 35.59; depth 135 Skeletal material: Skull, radii, femora, right tibia. Remark: It is not certain that the two nails found do belong to the coin, as their tips were point- 191 — ing downward. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, around the right wrist. 2 On the botom of the coin, around the let wrist. 3-4 On the botom of the coin, next to the let femur, just above the knee. Intrusion 5 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Half of bronze strip bracelet, d 4.5, rectangular section, w 0.4. The decoration consists of a zigzag with punched points, and a group of six transverse grooves at each end. 2 Bronze strip bracelet, d 6, oval section, w 0.35. Decoration of irregular groups of transverse grooves (Swit 2000, decoration a14). 3 Bronze ring. Not drawn. 4 Bronze ring. Not drawn. Intrusion 5 Lead, lat piece, 2.8x2.2x0.2, weight of 7.7 gr. Old corrosion at all sides, three of which are torn of and one original (not drawn). Date: AD 301-367. OO 196 Grave: >210x100; 121°; NAP surface 36.83, botom 34.74; depth 211 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x32/25; 121° Skeletal material: Skull, right arm, right leg, let tibia. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. Jug 3 damaged by ire in antiquity. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 5.5, d 20.6. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.4, d 9.9. Metallic sheen. Measured volume up to transition shoulder-neck 390 cc. 3 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 19.7, d 14.4. Date: AD 301-367. OO 197 Grave: 150x70; 114°/294°; NAP surface 37.20, bottom 36.04; depth 116 Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 In view of their position above the botom of the grave: on the vanished coin, towards an end. Handle of jar 1 broken of during excavation and lost. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 10.6, d 12. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 5.7, d 14.3. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). Date: AD 301-350. OO 198 Grave: 140x80; 286° (?); NAP surface 37.20, bottom 35.82; depth 138 Coin: possibly coin type 4 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 90x45/40; 286° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, to the right of the head. Fallen over. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 14.4, d 9.2. Date: AD 301-367. OO 199 Grave: 166x75; 110°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 36.16; depth 94 Skeletal material: Skull, legs. Remark: position of nails not measured during excavation. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Presumably on the botom of the coin, at the altitude of the let hand. 3-4 Presumably on the botom of the coin, at the altitude of the right hand. 5 Presumably on the botom of the coin, next to the right knee. 192 — Inventory 1 Coin: follis (14), Constantius II, 337-340, Lyon, RIC 4/11. 2 Coin: follis (14), Helena, 337-340, Trier, RIC 47/90. 3 Coin: follis (16), Constans, 337-340, Trier, RIC 111. 4 Coin: follis (15), Constans, 347-348, Trier, RIC 192. 5 Coin: follis (15), Constans, 347-348, Trier, RIC 210. Coin date: AD 347-348. OO 200 Grave: 245x95; 126°; NAP surface 37.23, botom 35.68; depth 155 Coin: nails; 190x58/46; 133° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 4-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Botom of 1 decayed. 5 and 6 heavily damaged during excavation. 2-3, 8 On the botom of the coin, near the feet. Sherd 2 was possibly lying on beaker 3 as a lid. 3 rim damaged during excavation. 7 and 9 in the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end of the coin, in the let-hand corner. Knife 9 was lying in dish 7, which was heavily damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 6.2, d 25.2. Surface heavily degraded when it was in the ground. 2 Terra sigillata body sherd from the last quarter of the irst century or the beginning of the second century. Presumably part of a plate. Not drawn. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.6, d 10.2. 4 Smooth jug Nijmegen 147 with two tripartite handles, wide botom, rounded biconical body, and smooth lip, h 28.0, d 23.3. Brown fabric with grey core. Halfway up, a hole was pricked, probably by someone sounding for pots, d 0.5. 5 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 12.5, d 13.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 18.7. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). It contained 6a. 6a Unidentiiable bone remains. 7 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 17.6. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Contains 7a, contained 9. 7a Contains food remains on 10% of its surface: unidentiiable bone fragments, some of the long bones, of a young mammal (a grey mass, l 7.2, w 3.0, h 1.2). 8 Glass blob beaker Gellep 183, h 11.8, d 7.8. 9 Iron knife, no further data. Date: AD 301-367. OO 201 Grave: 205x70; 124°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 35.49; depth 161 Coin: nails; 185x38/40; 120° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner of the coin. Rim damaged during excavation. 2 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the right of the head. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 13.5, d 14.1. Surface decayed. 2 Glass. No data. Date: AD 301-350. OO 202 Grave: >100x70; 20°/200°; NAP surface 37.23, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by recent digging. OO 203 Grave: 220x105; 109° (?); NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.24; depth 106 Remark: Earlier than OO 204, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 150x46/42; 122° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the feet. 2-3 Outside the coin on the botom of the 193 — grave, at the foot-end. The imbrex fragments 3 were lying on jug 2 as a lid. Rim of jug 2 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.2, d 9.4. 2 Coarse jug Gose 516, h 24.6, d 18.8. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Three iting imbrex fragments. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. OO 204 Grave: 140x55; 167°/347°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.92; depth 138 Remark: Later than OO 203, which it cuts. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 205 Grave: 220x68; 290°; NAP surface 37.35, botom 36.08; depth 127 Remark: Later than OO 206, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 185x40; 292° Skeletal material: Dental remains. OO 206 Grave: 145x>50; 132°/312°; NAP surface 37.35, botom 36.09; depth 126 Remark: Earlier than OO 205, which cuts it. Inventory 1 c.40 strips of 3-5 heads of hobnails. OO 207 Grave: 235x120; 109°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 36.15; depth 125 Coin: nails; 160x45; 109° Skeletal material: Legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 Outside the coin in the grave, on an elevation of sand at the foot-end. Beaker 2 fallen over when the grave was illed in. 4-13 On the coin, at the foot-end, in the lethand corner, probably in a pouch. The ingerrings 9-11 were on the bow of ibula 12. 14 On the coin, at the foot-end, in both let and right corners. Trench 203 with graves OO 207 and OO 209 in the foreground and OO 182, OO 152 and OO 153 in middle distance. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39, h 5.3 d 21.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 15.1, d 9.6. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 19.3. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 String of jet and glass beads: 1 barrel-shaped bead, traces of coils, collar, transparent greyish blue, d 0.5, h 0.4, PE1.2.04-1Var; 1 barrel-shaped bead, slipshod, broken, transparent blue, sheen, d 1.1, h 0.5, Riha 1194; 1 cylinder-shaped bead, beautifully transparent bluish green, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 1228Var; 1 globular bead, slipshod, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 1218; 2 cylinder-shaped beads, one with two notches, jet, sheen, d 0.4, h 1.4, Riha 1352. 5 Oval (6.2x5.1) bracelet with expanding fastening of thin bronze wire (section 0.1). The ends overlap several cm, ater which they are twisted around the thread next to it. 6 Oval (6.2x5.1) bracelet with expanding fastening of thin bronze wire (section 0.1). Just out of its centre a knob of coiled bronze thread in iron oxyde. The ends of the wire are bent into hooks. 194 — 7 Bronze round open bracelet (d 5.8) of latish oval section (w 0.3). 8 Bronze oval bracelet (d 6.5x5.8) of latish oval section (w 0.3). Decoration of zones of incised crosses. It has a fastening: one end is bent outward into a hook, which is inserted into an eyelet at the other end, which is hammered out. 9 Silver inger-ring, inner d 1.7. Its band, w 0.2, widens into two side planes with an incised triangle each; the thicker round bezel, d 0.5, has an x-shaped incision. 10 Open bronze inger-ring (d 1.6), the band gradually widening from 0.05 to 0.2. 11 Open bronze inger-ring (d 1.6), the band gradually widening from 0.05 to 0.2. 12 Small bronze Armbrustibula Böhme 37e, l 2.3, h 1.2, with high catchplate. The spring of 15 coils (w 2.4) is ended by the knob of the axis, present on one side. The bow is all but lozenge-shaped in section. Two grooves on the neck of the bow. 13 Small bronze decorative nail with shat. Thick round plate, d 1.2, with sheet gold on it, shows a rosete inside a thickened proiled rim. 14 c.8 iron shoe nails. Date: Transition IVA-IVB, i.e. c.AD 333-334. OO 208 Grave: 210x75; 204°; NAP surface 37.50, botom 36.01; depth 149 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x50/40; 204° Skeletal material: Skull, let radius, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the top illing, to the let of the head. Intrusion 1 A piece of bronze (not drawn). OO 209 Grave: 160x48; 19°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 36.36; depth 104 Coin: nails; 160x48; 19° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 On the coin, above the knees/tibiae. It is improbable that the object would have stood upon the deceased. Inventory 1 Fragments of glass. Measurements unknown, not drawn. Gellep 187? Date: AD 100-325. OO 210 Grave: >170x94; 107°; NAP surface 37.52, botom 35.80; depth 172 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Later than OO 211 and OO 212, which it cuts. Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; >150x33; 107° Skeletal material: Legs. OO 211 Grave: >190x117; 115°; NAP surface 37.52, botom 36.05; depth 147 Remarks: Earlier than OO 210, which cuts it; later than OO 212, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: 156x43; 126° Skeletal material: Stratigraphical date: AD 301-? OO 212 Grave: 260x>100; 15°/295°; NAP surface 37.52, botom 36.13; depth 139 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 210 and OO 211, which cut it. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 At the head-end immediately to the right of head/foot-end immediately to the let of the feet. Altitude and position in relation to the cofin, if any, unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 14.4, d 9.8. Carination at transition shoulderneck. Date: AD 301-367. 195 — OO 213 Grave: 125x75; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.54, bottom c.36.80; depth c.74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 214 Grave: 230x100; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.54, bottom c.36.81; depth c.63 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 215 Grave: >137x>42; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.52, botom 36.00; depth 152 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the head/the feet. Beaker heavily damaged during excavation: top gone. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2, preserved h 13.6, d 9.2. Lip missing. Decoration: R: P: L: M: under zigzag with dots (Künzl element 9). Date: AD 301-355. OO 216 Grave: 225x110; 108°; NAP surface 37.68, botom 35.64; depth 204 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 210x54/50; 108° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, spinal column and ribs, pelvis, legs. OO 217 Grave: 270x135; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.75, bottom c.36.84; depth c.91 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 218, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 218 Grave: 210x60; 150°/330°; NAP surface 37.75, bottom 36.38; depth 137 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 219, which it cuts; earlier than OO 217, which cuts it. OO 219 Grave: 215x100; 111°; NAP surface 37.75, botom 36.24; depth 151 Remarks: Earlier than OO 218, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Skeletal material: Ribs, let arm, legs, feet. OO 220 Grave: >210x120; 109°/289°; NAP surface 37.80, botom c.36.84; depth c.96 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 221, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 221 Grave: 210x>100; 119°/289°; NAP surface 37.40, botom c.36.85; depth c.55 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 220, which it cuts. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 222 Grave: 226x85; 98°; NAP surface 36.63, botom 35.14; depth 149 Remark: Later than OO 223, which it cuts. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 192x42/34; 98° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 223 Grave: 170x80; 15°; NAP surface 36.63, botom 35.56; depth 107 Remark: Earlier than OO 222, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 160x37/32; 15° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 196 — 1 On the let shoulder of the deceased. Intrusion 2 In the top illing, to the let of the head. Inventory 1 Iron. Intrusion 2 Lead, casting waste, smooth top, granular bottom, 7.5x6.0x0.5. OO 224 Grave: >100x105; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.37, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 225 Grave: >100x>80; NAP surface 37.37, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 226, which it cuts. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 226 Grave: >130x75; 128°/308°; NAP surface 37.37, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 225, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 227 Grave: 225x>75; 119°/299°; NAP surface 37.35, botom -; depth Remarks: During excavation recognized as a grave, but not excavated in detail. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 228 Grave: 240x80; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 35.84; depth 121 Remark: Later than OO 229, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 190x50; 120°/300° Skeletal material: Unknown; probably a skull (there are verdicts on both sex and age). OO 229 Grave: 240x60; 118°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 35.69; depth 136 Remark: Earlier than OO 228, which cuts it; possible grave goods lost when the grave was cut through. Coin: 216x44/40; 118° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin to the let of the waist. Inventory 1 Bronze object, no data. OO 230 Grave: 220x>10; NAP surface 37.32, botom 35.62; depth 170 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave seen only in the N vertical section of the excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the top illing of the grave, c.40 cm above the botom. Inventory 1 Coin: Claudius I (?), as, 41-64, barbaric, RIC2 100type. OO 231 Grave: 260x100; 278°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 36.37; depth 103 Coin: Two coin traces, the inner one reconstructed on the basis of nails 161x32; coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); the outer one 192x92 285°. Skeletal material: Femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end of the coin, in the middle of the grave. Beaker damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 22.5, d 12.5. Date: AD 301-367. OO 232 Grave: 100x68; 115°/295°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 35.90; depth 150 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent 197 — times. Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); <100x68; 115°/295° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the right of the head/to the let of the feet. Dish 3 was lying on jar 2 and was damaged during excavation. Stone and brick 4-5 In the grave two large stones were found. Their heights are unknown, but they were probably lying on the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved, h 20.7, d 12.2. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.6, d 13.1. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 17.6, h 4.5. 4 Stone, kind unknown. 5 Stone, kind unknown. Date: AD 301-367. OO 233 Grave: >150x110; 97°/277°; NAP surface 37.45, botom 36.25; depth 120 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 234 Grave: 130x85; 179°/359°; NAP surface 37.72, bottom 36.72; depth 100 Remarks: Possibly earlier than OO 235 and OO 264, which it seems to cut. Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the S half of the grave, placed on the botom of the grave as an urn. 2 Found in the urn. Lost during or ater the excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 18.6, d 18. 2 Coin: follis(?), Maximian Herculius, 302-303, missing. Date: AD 302-367. Coin date: AD 302-318. Combined date: AD 302-318. OO 235 Grave: 200x120; 122°/302°; NAP surface 37.70, botom 36.95?; depth c.75 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Possibly later than OO 234, which it seems to cut, and possibly earlier than OO 236, which seems to cut it. Stratigraphical date: AD 302-? OO 236 Grave: 200x110; 19°/199°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.81?; depth c.59 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 237 and OO 239, which it cuts; probably earlier than OO 235, which seems to cut it. NAP botom approximate. OO 237 Grave: 110x50; 113°/293°; NAP surface 37.41, bottom 36.32; depth 109 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 236, which cuts it. OO 238 Grave: 205x85; 34°/214°; NAP surface 37.75, bottom c.36.82; depth c.93 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 264, which cuts it. OO 239 Grave: 136x46; 117°/297°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.37; depth 103 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 236, which cuts it. OO 240 Grave: >148x105; 113°; NAP surface 37.98, botom 36.00; depth 198 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); >110x62; 111° Skeletal material: Legs, right foot. 198 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the foot-end of the coin, in the let-hand corner of the grave. Rims of both beakers 1 and 2 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.0, d 8.0. Decoration: F฀E฀L฀I฀X฀ (X without serifs). 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11.0, d 8.2. Decoration: D฀A฀M฀I฀, three small dots (Künzl element 59). 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 19.8, h 6.1. Date: AD 301-355. OO 241 Grave: 108x62/54; 124°; NAP surface 36.30, bottom 35.10; depth 120 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 100x30; 116° OO 242 Grave: 230x100; 114°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 34.50; depth 180 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x48/35; 114° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 4 On the coin, above the tibiae, in the middle. Glass botle 4 stood on plate 1. 2-3 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the head. 5-8 On the coin above the waist. The objects were found at the same altitude as the botom of plate 1. The metal objects were in pouch 8. Inventory 1 Dish Gellep 69 of light brown fabric, black coating under the lip on the outside and on the entire inside; h 5.1, d 28.6. 2 Brown-marbled jug like Gellep 65 with pinched spout, h 22.4, d 12.4. 3 Glass botle, no data. 4 Glass, no data. 5 Oval, proiled silver-plated bronze buckle Sommer 1Aa, 3x2, triangular on section, w 0.45, with oval plate with four dot-and-circles, two rivets and a proiled rim. 5a Leather remains, fallen apart into small strips. 6 Coin: aes II (26), Magnentius, 352-353, Trier, RIC 320/323. 7 Coin: aes II (26), Magnentius, 352-353; Trier, RIC 319/324, for Decentius. 8 Textile remains, possibly a pouch. See chapter on textile. Date: AD 352-364. OO 243 Grave: 254x120; 116°; NAP surface 36.35, botom 34.75; depth 160 Remarks: There were two niches in the N side of the grave. In the niche in the E, there were grave goods. Possible grave goods in that in the W removed by mechanical digger when level was cleared. Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x42/36; 112° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs, right foot. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the E side of the grave, to the right at the head-end. The beaker 2 was standing c.10 cm higher than 1 and 3 and was rim damaged during excavation. Two old cracks in 3. 4 In the right hand of the deceased. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c, small), surface completely worn, h 5.8, d 11.8. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.0, d 9.4. 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 6.3, d 14.4. Underside of base yellow, top brownish grey. 4 Coin: as (20), Julio-Claudian, 16 BC-AD 60, Gaul. Date: AD 301-350. OO 244 Grave: 150x66; 220°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 199 — 34.85; depth 155 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 100x25; 220° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the legs, fallen over. Inventory 1 Smooth jug Gellep 81/82 (body as Gellep 81, neck with mould and vertical in-turned lip as Gellep 82), h 19.5, d 12.2. Decoration: clumsily painted with four reddish brown bands. Date: AD 301-350. OO 245 Grave: 225x100; 168°/348°; NAP surface 36.45, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 246 Grave: 226x73; 122°; NAP surface 36.56, botom 34.70; depth 186 Remark: Earlier than OO 247, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 193x43; 122° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 247 Grave: 262x125/112; 117°/297°; NAP surface 36.56, botom 35.01; depth 155 Remark: Later than OO 246 and OO 248, which it cuts. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the top illing, 83 cm above the botom of the grave. Intrusion 1 Bronze sheet, mounting, shapeless (not drawn). Stratigraphical date: AD 325-? OO 248 Grave: 210x90/80; 108°; NAP surface 36.54, bottom 35.38; depth 126 Remarks: Earlier than OO 247, which cuts it. The niche on the NE side cut through when grave OO 247 was dug. Possible grave goods lost then, and when level was cut by mechanical digger. Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x40; 108° Skeletal material: Skull, right tibia. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the tibiae. Intrusion? 2 In the top illing, to the let of the femora, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A), l 9.1, w 5.7, weight 65 gr, with rectangular crossarm on which proiled supporting plates, each pierced once; globular to onion-shaped knobs, bow narrow and short as compared with the faceted foot with fan-shaped notches (foot decoration Swit a10, E6; bow decoration E6). Intrusion? 2 Thin smooth lancet-shaped piece of bronze like a strap end but without rivets or holes, 3.0x1.1-1.9. Date: AD 325-355. OO 249 Grave: 215x95/110; 106°; NAP surface 36.48, bottom 34.95; depth 153 Coin: coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 177x40; 106° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, above the legs. Pot 1 and dish 3 were found in oblique postions, at 8-11 cm above the botom of the coin. They must have sunk when the coin lid collapsed. Intrusion 4-5 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105 with remarkably sharp lid-seating, h 13.5, d 14.3. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 6.0, d 13.9. Coarse volcanic tempering 200 — (from Mayen). 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.9, d 18.7. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Intrusions 4 Lead strip, folded 6.0x3.0. Folded open 11.0x4.1x0.2. Weight 45.4 gr. Cut of from a triangular sheet. 5 Lead strip, w 1.0, folded twice around a smooth piece of lint, 3.5x2. Flint of a rile or pistol. Date: AD 301-350. OO 250 Grave: 280x150; 122°; NAP surface 37.00, botom 35.05; depth 195 Outer coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 300x120/106. Coin: nails; 235x63/56; 122° Skeletal material: Skull. Remarks: Considering the vertical position of the nails, the outer coin had a wooden loor. Wil van der Sluijs (pers.com. 19 June 2008) pointed out that there may be two very old heirlooms in this grave: the style of gold-wire necklace 11 definitely reminds her of the end of the irst century AD; the exceptional string 10 of 49 identical ringshaped blue glass beads (Ringperlen) only inds a parallel in Middle and Late Iron Age. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-9 In niche at the SW side of the grave, to the let of the lower body. Jug 1 stood apart from the other grave goods in the niche at the foot-end. The fragments of glass beaker 9 were lying in dish 3. 10 On the botom of the coin, to the right of the waist. The position suggests that the string of beads was worn as a bracelet around the right wrist. 11 Around the neck of the deceased. 12 In wooden chest 18. 13 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the waist. The position suggests that the ring was worn on the let hand. 14 In wooden chest 18. 15 On the botom of the coin, in or near the right hand. 16 In wooden chest 18. 17 On the botom of the coin, next to the right arm. 18 On the botom of the coin at the foot-end. 19 Outside the coin in the grave, to the right of the upper body. 20 In wooden chest 18. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.6, d 22.0. Slightly marbled and worn surface. 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 10.6, d 23.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 3.8, d 15.5. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.0, d 16.0. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). 5 Slender glass beaker Gellep 195 with proiled foot, h 21.5, d 7.9. 6 Small glass barrel-botle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4. 7 Small glass barrel-botle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4. 8 Colourless glass beaker with foot-ring, bagshaped body and everted ire-rounded lip, h 9.3, d 6.7. Decayed. 9 20 sherds of a purple glass botle with thick botom. No type. 10 String of 49 glass beads: 49 ring-shaped beads, transparent dark ultramarine, with sheen/mat, d 0.6, h 0.2, Riha 2931c. 11 Gold-wire necklace, l 42, gross weight 6.51 gr, consisting of a bipartite fastening and 46 links. An analysis of the fastening hook shows a high alloy of gold, the gold being c.90% of its weight and c.10% being copper. Both parts of the fastening, l 1.5 (eyelet) and 2.5 (hook) include a symmetrical leaf of gold in the shape of the feathers of an arrow. In the case of the hook, it is soldered onto the leaf. The pointed end of the hook is bent outwards in order to protect the ingers of the woman who wore it. On the eyelet 201 — piece, which is made of the same piece of gold as the feathers, the eye is formed by bending the strip backwards, squeezed in to a halfcylindrical shape and its tip is soldered onto the feathers. An eyelet soldered onto the feathers connects it with the irst link. The gold-wire links, all identical, l 0.9, were bent into eyelets on both ends, ater which the end returned around the wire in a single coil. The wire-shaped middle parts of 16 links wear precious stones, the measurements of which vary from 0.53x0.51 to 0.37x0.25. The precious stones have been identiied by Mr J.C. Zwaan of the Dutch Precious Stone Laboratory: report E 13480 of 1 April 1999. On links 3, 7, 24 and 32, counted from the eyelet piece, reddish brown garnets (pyrope-almandine series with grossular component), cut into polyhedral shape with fourteen planes (cubes of which the corners are cut away). On links 11, 14, 18, 21, 28, 37, 41 and 44 transparent and: shining blue to greyish blue sapphires en cabochon (polished without facetes), latish globular to biconical (lat on links 37). On links 25, 31, 34 and 39: blended and crackled green emerald, tubular and of diferent lengths. All these emeralds were worn on the same side of the body as the fastening hook (on the right, in the case of a right-handed person). 12 A gold-wire earring, d 2.0, of which one ends is bent to form an eyelet, and the other to form a hook. 13 Gold inger-ring with gem. The band, w 0.2, makes angular transitions to the side planes. Small grooves just under these angles. The side planes are triangular and have four grooves, fanning out; at their top side, simple volutes. The side planes have angular transitions to the angular oval bezel., onto which an oval case is soldered (l 1.3, w 0.95, h 0.43). Just above the middle of this case there is a twisted moulding. The case contains a decorative stone of dark blue glass with a raised oval surface (0.85x0.62) and oblique sides. Engraving: person in short tunica to the let with a stick over the let shoulder, from which hang two unidentiiable objects. Near the let hand a plume. 14 Faceted green glass plate with irisation, more or less square, 1.1x1.0, th 0.20-0.25, lat middle facete 0.60x0.45. A yellowish piece of lute or gypsum its in its hollow back side. It has been mounted onto an iron nail, now changed into an irregular corrosion bulb. Part of chest 18? 15 Coin: follis (19), Constantine I, 317-318, Trier, RIC 162, missing. 16 Iron object. 17 Round box of sapropelite a.k.a. channel coal, a dull black fossilized organic material of hardness 2, consisting of a box part with an inner rim that projects 0.2 and a lid with hollow moulding closing around it. D 11.4, h when closed 3.9 (box 2.1, lid 1.8 high). Complete, restored, some cracks; surface treated with wax ater restoration. The decoration on the outside consists of convex and concave mouldings separated by grooves and ribs, running concentrically on the top and the botom. The side of the lid has two planes separated by ribs, above which a convex moulding forms the transition to the top. The centre of both box and lid, both inside and out, has a convex moulding around the impression of the pair of compasses with which the concentric circles were made. The insides of both box and lid around these mouldings are lat and each have a concentric zone some millimeters from the rim decorated with 32 vertically hatched triangles. These zones are lanked on each side by two grooves. The triangles in the lid point outwards (suggesting ‘up’) and have a h of 0.6; in the box part, they point inwards (suggesting ‘down’) and are 0.5 cm high. The inner wall of the box goes up obliquely, that of the lid straight. 18 Metal mountings of a wooden chest. 18a Bronze turnkey, l 5.5, with round eye, d 2.3, hollow shat and lat bit. 18b-e Four iron lozenge-shaped corner reinforcements with mineralized wood on them, for the corners between side and back walls. The triangular halves measure 3.3 at their bases and are 4.4 high. In the ends of two specimens a small nail. 18f Some twenty pieces of bronze sheet. Four 202 — pieces show concentric circles (diameters 4.4 and 4.8) with nail hole in the middle, and rows of punched points along the sides; one has three pairs of cut-out holes. Not drawn. 18g A triangular piece of bronze sheet, shortest side convex, with nail hole and rows of punched point along the sides, measures 3.9 cm from the point to the middle of the convex side. 18h A fragment of a punched round relief plate shows a lion’s or Medusa head. 18i 18 hollow heads of small bronze nails, d 0.3, all lacking their shats. Not drawn. 19 Wooden object (chest?) with iron nails; wood remains with red paint on them. Not recognized as such during excavation. Not drawn. 20 Textile remains, not analysed. Date: AD 317-350. Coin date: AD 317-330. Combined date: AD 317-330. OO 251 Grave: 190x40; 9°; NAP surface 37.00, botom -; depth Coin: reconstructed on the basis of nails >190x>40; 9° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 252 Grave: 240x70; 115°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 33.61; depth 349 Coin: partly coin trace, partly reconstructed on the basis of nails 180x40; 115° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus. All but perished. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 Outside the coin in the grave, at the footend, presumably on wooden chest 11. Ater its wood was perished, they have sunk into an oblique position. It cannot be excluded that jug 3 stood next to the chest on the botom of the grave. As no altitude of the inds 1-4 was measured during excavation, this remains uncertain. 5-6 Outside the coin in the grave, to the right of the head. Unguentarium 6 was sunk into an oblique position and seems to have been put against the coin. Damaged during excavation: rim and handle now missing. 7 Outside the coin in the grave, to the let of the head, probably put against the coin. 8, 10 On the botom of the coin to the right of the head. 9 In the coin, on the remains of the skull. 11 Outside the coin on the botom (?) of the grave, at the foot-end. 12 In the top illing, to the right of the coin. The exact altitude of its position is unknown. It cannot be excluded that the stilus does belong to the grave goods. Remark: As some altitude measurements are missing and others may be erroneous, the exact altitudes of the inds are uncertain. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b, h 5.3, d 20.5. Heavily degraded in the ground. 2 Terra sigillata mortarium Gellep 249 with pouring hole (with heavily degenerated lion’s head, which now seems more like that of a bat) in high lip, h 11.2, d 23.0. 3 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 26.7, d 20.0. 4 Coarse bowl Gellep 121 with lip thickened on inside and wide botom, h 9.3, d 20, 0. 5 Small glass barrel-botle Gellep 333, h 8.8, d 4.4. In it a hard black piece of deposit. 6 Glass unguentarium Gellep 523 with round botom and long neck, h 8.3, d 2.5. 7 Blue transparent glass carafe Isings 121a with four dents in the body, narrow neck, wide mouth. H 10.8, d 7.2. The foot-ring is blue, the handle and glass thread in ive coils around the neck are opaque white. 8 Bracelet of shining black opaque glass, d 6.6, round section of irregular thickness varies around 0.55. Opposite the welding joint, recognisable from the transition from a thick to a thin part, is the scar on the outside of the pontil rod with which the piece was held when it was made. 9 Silver pin with polyhedral head (a cube from which the corners have been cut away), l 7.8. Organic remains with it (skull?). 10 Dull black sapropelite a.k.a. channel coal bracelet, d 7.0, square section (0.5) with convex sides. 203 — 11 Metal mountings of a wooden chest: 11a-d Four bronze-sheet corner pieces with decorated front planes, 4.8-5.0 high, and undecorated side planes, 2.8-3.0 high. In three cases, the front plane is 5 cm wide and has two nail holes (with a small bronze nail in situ once). In the fourth case, the preserved w is 7.0, without nail holes, the sides having perished. No nail holes are atested for the side planes. In two cases, rows of punched points along three sides are the decoration of the front plane. The fourth piece has point rows along two parallel sides. 11e Iron sliding key, hook-shaped with lat-rectangular section, 14.5, w of the hook 2.5. 12 Complete iron stilus, with pointed writing end and spatula-shaped erasing end, l 12.0. Date: AD 301-350. OO 253 Grave: 140x62; 58°/238°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom 36.58; depth 74 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 254 Grave: >100x75; 130°/310°; NAP surface 37.46, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 255 Grave: 240x90; 113°; NAP surface 37.32, botom 35.63; depth 169 Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 215x54/50; 113° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. OO 256 Grave: 230x80; 111°; NAP surface 37.32, botom 35.74; depth 158 Coin: nails; 190x40; 108° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus. OO 257 Grave: 180x75; 107°/287°; NAP surface 37.33, bottom 36.52; depth 81 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 258 Grave: >165x120; 33°/213°; NAP surface 37.53, botom 36.00; depth 153 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 259, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 259 Grave: 222x81; 112°/292°; NAP surface 37.53, bottom 36.12; depth 141 Remark: Later than OO 258 and OO 260, which it cuts. Coin: nail; 212x42; 112°/292° OO 260 Grave: 300x134; 30°/210°; NAP surface 37.53, bottom 36.85; depth 68 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 259, which cuts it. OO 261 Grave: 200x150; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.74, botom c.37.02; depth c.72 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 262, which it cuts. OO 262 Grave: 170x>55; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.65, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 261, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 263 Grave: 95x55; 40°/220°; NAP surface 37.85, bottom c.36.51; depth c.134 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. 204 — OO 264 Grave: 250x135; 124°/304°; NAP surface 37.74, botom 37.00?; depth c.74 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Probably later than OO 234, OO 238 and OO 265, which it seems to cut. Stratigraphical date: AD 302-? OO 265 Grave: 200x160; 27°/207°; NAP surface 37.83, bottom c.36.91; depth c.92 Remarks: Presumably both the outlines of grave and coin were seen during excavation, but not recognized as such. Probably earlier than OO 264, which seems to cut it. Coin: 195x52 (?); 27°/207° OO 266 Grave: >100x80; 118°/298°; NAP surface 37.80, botom c.36.85; depth c.95 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 267 Grave: 90x50; 85°/275°; NAP surface 36.31, bottom 34.90; depth 141 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to grave OO 272 could not be established with certainty during excavation. OO 268 Grave: >35x62; 115°/295°; NAP surface 36.31, bottom 35.03; depth 128 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 269 Grave: >48x60; 122°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 35.05; depth 115 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Coin: nails; >45x33; 122° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 270 Grave: 195x60; 113°/293°; NAP surface 36.32, bottom 35.30; depth 102 Remark: Earlier than OO 271, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-350. OO 271 Grave: 280x150; 108°/288°; NAP surface 36.32, botom 33.90; depth 242 Remarks: Later than OO 270, which it cuts. The rounded shape suggests that the sides of the coin had already been dug away and that its botom is visible. There must be errors in the NAP heights of grave goods and coin nails. The botom of jug 2 is even lower than that of the grave. Coin: nails; 240x40; 108°/288° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3, 5, 7, 9-10 presumably on the coin, at the altitude of the waist. Beaker 1 was fallen over. The textile remains 10 stuck to buckle 5. 2 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at waist level. 4 presumably on a corner of the coin. 6, 8 presumably on an end the coin. Intrusions 11 In the top illing. 12 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 89, h 19.7, d 14.0. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.9, d 21.7. 4 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4A (Van Buchem V, type Vösendorf, Keller 3A), l 8.9, w 5.1, weight 46 gr, with relatively short foot and trapezoid crossarm with decoration iled in its top (not in Swit 2000); the knobs are globular. 5 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Cb1, 3.6x2.0, with oval indented buckle frame and rectangular plate. 6 Iron knife with tang and leaf-shaped blade, total l 13.0, l blade 8.0, w blade 4.3. 7 Coin: antoninianus, Probus, 276-282, Lyon, cf. RIC 36, missing. 8 Lead. Folded lead sheet, 1.5x2.0x0.5. The folded fragments have been folded open in the museum laboratory; only hammering traces were visible. 9 Leather remains. 10 Textile remains. Intrusion 205 — 11 Lead, small piece, h 2.5, d 2.0. Not drawn. 12 Iron, lump of 5.0x2.0x1.0. Not drawn. Date: AD 325-350. OO 272 Grave: 230x113; 114°; NAP surface 36.31, botom 34.60; depth 171 Remark: The stratigraphic relation to the graves OO 267 and OO 275 could not be established with certainty during excavation. Coin: coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x30; 114° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 273 Grave: 115x37; 285° (?); NAP surface 36.30, bottom 34.86; depth 144 Remark: Later than OO 274, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 84x26; 285° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at a narrow end. Small bowl 1 stood on jar 2, whose rim was damaged during excavation. 3 presumably around the neck of the deceased, altitude unknown. 4 On the coin, at the foot-end, in the righthand corner. Possibly intrusion. Coin mounting 5 Nail of coin. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a), undecorated, h 6.5, d 14.0. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.0, d 12.5. 3 String of glass and bronze beads: 12 heart-shaped/round beads, rounded lozengeshaped in section, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2947f; 10 bronze barrel-shaped beads (one is a 2-segment bead), d 0.4. h 0.3, Riha 1235; 4 hexagonal beads, sharp-sided, slightly transparent emerald green, d 0.7, h 0.7, Riha 1324; 4? ring/tyre-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2925e; 1 almond-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, w 0.8, d 0.5, h 1.1, Riha 2846,16Var; 1 bead, white with yellow and black dots?; 1 biconical bead, transparent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979a; greenish blue fragments. 4 Iron mounting strip, w 2.5, bent in U-shape, l 11.5, fastenend with a nail on wood (perished th 3.0). Coin mounting 5 Nail with square shat, l 7.5. Date: AD 301-400. OO 274 Grave: 185x70; 102°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 34.70; depth 160 Remark: Earlier than OO 273, which cuts it. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 165x25; 102° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at the head-end, in the right-hand corner. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 20.6, d 12.1. Date: AD 301-367. OO 275 Grave: 160x65; 296° (?); NAP surface 36.31, bottom 34.85; depth 146 Remark: Later than OO 278, which it cuts. The stratigraphic relation with grave OO 272 could not be established with certainty during excavation. Coin: nails; 143x40/32; 296° (?) OO 276 Grave: 204x80/65; 115°; NAP surface 36.32, bottom 35.25; depth 108 Remark: According to the documentation, the grave was cut through by digging, but the exact nature of this digging, ancient or recent, is unclear. 206 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 probably in the grave on an elevation of sand, to the right of the upper body/to the let of the femora. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.2, d 12.7. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-400. OO 277 Grave: 147x35; 119°/299°; NAP surface 36.32, bottom 34.93; depth 139 Coin: 125x23; 119°/299° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, above the head/the tibiae. 4 On the coin above the upper body/the femora. Inventory 1 Coin: follis (15), Constantine I, 333-334, Trier, RIC 550, for Constantine II. 2 Coin: follis (11), Constans, 347-360, Trier? /barbaric?, RIC 206type. 3 Bronze ring, d inside 1.2, d outside 1.8, of round section (0.2). 4 Bronze ring, similar to 3. Probably 3 and 4 were used to connect leather straps of the belt. Coin date: AD 347-348. OO 278 Grave: 257x103; 108°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 34.84; depth 156 Remarks: Earlier than OO 275, which cuts it. In the irst level, a recess on the N side was seen, but it was not seen again in the second level. Considering the reconstructed altitude of the botom of this feature, a niche in the side of the grave seems unlikely, but it cannot be excluded. Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 203x49; 108° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin mountings 1 In the wall of the coin. Inventory Coin mountings 1 Iron nail with lat square head, 2.5x2.5, square section, w 0.9, bent into a straight angle (sides 6.2 and 4.5 long), point bent back. Mineralized wood remains. OO 279 Grave: 145x45; 87°/267°; NAP surface 36.47, bottom 34.87; depth 160 Remark: Stratigraphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear. Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 107x28; 87°/267° OO 280 Grave: 128x75; 175°/355°; NAP surface 36.47, bottom 34.85; depth 162 Remark: Stratigraphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear. Coin: coin type 5 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 56x22; 175°/355° OO 281 Grave: 170x80; 94°/274°; NAP surface 36.47, bottom c.35.70; depth c.77 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Stratigraphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear. OO 282 Grave: 64x40; 98°; NAP surface 36.47, botom 35.25; depth 122 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Stratigraphical relations OO 279-OO 282 unclear. OO 283 Grave: 242x82°/74; 198°; NAP surface 36.45, bottom 34.66; depth 179 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 220x40; 198° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 207 — 1, 5 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end, side by side. Beaker 1 damaged during excavation. 2 On the botom of the coin, immediately to the right of the head. 3 On the waist of the deceased. 4 On the chest of the deceased, on the right side. Intrusion 6-8 In the top illing. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 9.4, d 10.6. Rim warped in the kiln and beaker ired too hard. 2 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4B (Van Buchem V, Keller 3B), l 9.5, w 6.3, weight 86 gr, with rectangular crossarm, globular to onionshaped knobs, narrow and short bow as compared with the faceted foot with three pairs of dot-and-circles (foot decoration Swit b28). On the crossarm supporting plates on either side of the bow, each pierced twice. The bow has a longitudinal groove with downward pointing chevrons (bow decoration Swit D2). 3 Silver buckle Sommer 1Aa, 2.6x2.0, with Dshaped buckle frame and narrow oval plate with three rivets. The tongue of the buckle is missing. 3a Leather remains on the buckle. 4 Coin: follis (17), Constantine I, 330-331, Trier, RIC 528, for Constantius II. 5 c.50 iron shoe nails (not drawn). Intrusion? 6 Iron, bent strip (fragment) 4.5x1.3x0.5. 7 Iron, plate, 5.0x3.0x1.0. Not drawn. 8 Iron, shapeless lump, 4.5x1.2x0.4, with wood remains. Not drawn. Date: AD 332-360. Coin date: AD 330-348. Combined date: AD 332-348. OO 284 Grave: 173x90; 102°; NAP surface 36.50, botom 35.30; depth 120 Coin: 155x45; 90° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 285 Grave: >67x114; 88°; NAP surface 36.50, botom -; depth Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 286 Grave: >150x80; 174°/354°; NAP surface 36.40, botom -; depth Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 287 Grave: 243x100; 112°; NAP surface 36.50, botom 34.80; depth 170 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 195x40; 112° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the upper body. 2 On the botom of the coin, near the right foot. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 17.3, d 17.9. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Small square bronze buckle, 1.8x1.9. Date: AD 334-367. OO 288 Grave: 120x94; 17° (?); NAP surface 36.40, botom 35.30; depth 110 Coin: 90x26/20; 17° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, at the head-end, sunk into oblique position. Rim damaged during excavation. 2 On the botom of the coin, to the let of the shoulder. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 12.3, d 9.1. Wide body. 2 Coin: follis (16), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529. 3 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529. 4 Coin: follis (15), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-345, Lyon, RIC 241/273. Date: AD 330-367. Coin date: AD 330-348. Combined date: AD 330-348. 208 — OO 289 Grave: 180x65; 127°; NAP surface 36.72, botom 35.71; depth 101 Coin: nails; 118x32; 127° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Outside the coin in the grave, on an elevation of sand, at the head-end in the let-hand corner of the grave. Beaker rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 11, d 8.5. Decoration: VIVAS (no dots between the leters). Word divider ater the word (like Künzl element 50-53). Date: AD 301-355. 9 Shoes. 9a Small iron shoe nails. Not drawn. 9b Leather remains. Date: AD 301-350. OO 290 Grave: 270x110; 123°; NAP surface 36.75, botom 35.34; depth 141 Coin: nails; 200x50/46; 123° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-8 In niche at the S side of the grave, to the let of the head. The iron knife 8 was lying in the coarse dish 3, which has ive old cracks. Botle 7 damaged during excavation: handle missing. 9 In the coin, at the foot-end. Inventory 1 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 29.7, d 23.4. In its wall a large iring-dent. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 23.9, d 18.0. Decoration: white dots on shoulder. 3 Coarse large dish Gellep 128, h 5.7, d 24.2. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Black laquer-like layer inside. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.7, d 15.7. 5 Slender glass beaker Gellep 195, reconstructed h 23, 0, d 8.5. 6 Glass botle Gellep 199, h 16.0, d 10.5. 7 Fragments of small glass barrel-botle Gellep 333 (Isings 89) lacking handle, reconstructed h 13.6, d botom 5.5. 8 Iron knife with long tang, on which wood remains. The pointed blade is equally curved on both sides, 8.3x4.3, l of tang 11.5. OO 293 Grave: 230x60; 120°/300°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 35.50; depth 190 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 291 Grave: 220x75; 17°/197°; NAP surface 37.15, bottom -; depth OO 292 Grave: 110x60; 290° (?); NAP surface 37.16, bottom 35.56; depth 160 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 62x30/26; 290° (?) Remark: On the coin iron mounting pieces and an iron ring. Not drawn. OO 294 Grave: 180x55; 188°; NAP surface 37.40, botom 36.05; depth 135 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull, legs. OO 295 Grave: >88x60; 116°/296°; NAP surface 37.38, botom 35.30; depth 208 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 296 Grave: 120x70; 129°/309°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom 35.73; depth 159 OO 297 Grave: 205x102; 145°/225°; NAP surface 37.30, botom -; depth Remarks: Probably a grave. Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 298, 209 — which cuts it. OO 298 Grave: 125x75; 48°/228°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 35.86; depth 144 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 297, which it cuts. 3 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105, h 11.1, d 13.1. Large quantity of ine tempering material (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-367. OO 300 Grave: 175x100; 48°/228°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 34.95; depth 240 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 299, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 301 Grave: 80x50; 128°/208°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 35.32; depth 203 Remark: During excavation recognized as a coin. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In coin, at head or foot-end. Inventory 1 Bronze-sheet mountings of a wooden chest. No data. Date: AD 301-367. Grave OO 299 with skeleton and grave goods, lying in front of a Flavian cellar wall. OO 299 Grave: 210x58/66; 123°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 35.70; depth 165 Remark: Later than OO 300, which it cuts. No nails or coin found. If there was a coin at all, it may have had wood joints or dowels. Skeletal material: Skull, spinal column, arms, pelvis, legs, feet. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the grave/coin, immediately to the let of the tibiae. 2-3 On the botom of the grave/coin, immediately to the right of the tibiae. Both probably fallen over. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 8.6, d 17.5. The rim of the bowl seems to have been damaged when it was placed in the grave. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, neck sagged, h 14.3, d 9.6. OO 302 Grave: 220x90/100; 107°; NAP surface 37.48, bottom 35.28; depth 180 Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Possibly on the coin. Found near the grave, context unclear. Heavily damaged during excavation. Intrusion 2 In the top illing, above the let shoulder. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15, d 9.4. Intrusion 2 Bronze rivet with square shat and hollow proiled head, h 0.6, d 2.3. Date: AD 301-367. OO 303 Grave: >182x115; 103°/283°; NAP surface 37.47, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent 210 — times. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 304 Grave: 225x100; 132°; NAP surface 36.24, botom 34.78; depth 146 Coin: nails; 174x45; 130° Skeletal material: Skull, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Found on or near the head; altitude and original position unknown. Inventory 1 String of 24 glass beads: 1 barrel-shaped bead, wound in a slipshod way, opaque black, d 0.6, h 0.4, Koch 475; 1 barrel-shaped, opaque black, 3 opaque white & 3 transparent green threads, 6 yellow-black blobs, d 1.0, h 0.8, Ri 2808,13Var (exotic beads of the Roman period, without precise date, according to Guido 1978); 1 polyhedral bead, rounded corners, transparent ultramarine, d 0.7, h 1.0, Koch 497; 1 spindle-shaped bead, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.5, h 1.0, Riha 1228Var; 2 oblong barrel-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, thin opaque white threads crossing 3x, d 1.0, h 1.4, Riha 2961Var; 3 biconical beads, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968f; 6 cylinder-shaped beads, slightly transparent dark green, d 0.4, h 0.7, Koch 499; 9 biconical beads, slightly transparent ultramarine, d 0.5, h 0.3, Riha 2979a. 2 Bronze inger-ring, inner d 1.7, outer d 1.85, band lat and 0.3 wide, with bezel, consisting of three oval surfaces, separated from the band and from one another by indentations. The middle plane has a hemispherical bronze-sheet protuberance; similar decorations may have been present on the other oval surfaces. Date: AD 301-375. OO 305 Grave: 240x70; 112°; NAP surface 36.28, botom 35.00; depth 128 Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 at the foot-end. If these are the remains of a wooden chest, it stood on the botom of the grave. Inventory 1 Two iron clamps. Possibly mountings of a wooden chest. Not drawn. OO 306 Grave: 217x95; 118°; NAP surface 36.34, botom 34.60; depth 174 Coin: 188x48; 126° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 307 Grave: 235x95; 109°; NAP surface 36.39, botom 34.88; depth 151 Coin: nails; 196x46; 111° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the top illing, position and altitude unknown. Intrusion 1 Iron, 6.0x1.8x3.0. Not drawn. OO 308 Grave: >75x70; 103°/283°; NAP surface 36.38, bottom 35.44; depth 94 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. Skeletal material: Burnt human bone. Remark: Cremation remains dispersed in the grave. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Position and altitude in grave unknown. Beaker 1 damaged during excavation. Jar 2 is preserved in fragmentary state and already lacked its base in antiquity. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.2, d 9.4. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, preserved h 9.3 d 13.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367. 211 — OO 309 Grave: 220x100; 100° (?); NAP surface 36.60, bottom 34.81; depth 179 Remark: Earlier than OO 312, which cuts it. Coin: 188x54/42; 100° (?) OO 310 Grave: 240x108/123; 108°; NAP surface 36.36, bottom 34.70; depth 166 Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, legs, feet. OO 311 Grave: 253x70; 190°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.00; depth 160 Remark: Later than OO 312, which it cuts. Coin: 220x47; 190° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, immediately to the let of the waist. 2-3 Near the head of the deceased. 4 Around the right wrist of the deceased. 5-7 Around the let wrist of the deceased. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 2 String of 15 glass beads: 1 hexagonal/disk-shaped bead, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 1331; 1 hexagonal bead, transparent green, d 0.5, h 0.8, Riha 1331; 1 rounded beam-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, w 0.3, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 1316; 2 hexagonal, transparent green, d 0.7, h 0.9, Riha 1326; 10 barrel-shaped beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2931b. 3 Bracelet of band-shaped bronze sheet, w 0.5, d 6.2. The bracelet is decorated with two rows of punched running scrolls forming a more or less continuous wavy line. Imitation expanding fastening: both ends have been drawn out to wires, which were put one on the other and both coiled four times around the bracelet. 4 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), inner d 5.5. It looks like an abstract version of the naturalistic terminals of Swit’s terminals type 10 from Raetia and Noricum: dot-and-circle on the top of each head, two grooved neck rings underneath it. 5 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), inner d 5.5. Terminals of Swit’s type 1: Dot-and-circle on the top of each head. The necks are grooved obliquely. 6 Bronze snakeshead bracelet of round section (0.4), inner d 5.5. Terminal of Swit’s type 1 on one end, the other is missing: dot-and-circles on top of the square head. 7 Iron fragments of lat-rectangular section, possibly the core of a hollow bronze bracelet. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. OO 312 Grave: 180x96; 102°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.04; depth 156 Remarks: Earlier than OO 311, which cuts it; later than OO 309, which it cuts. Coin: 165x43; 102° Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 313 Grave: >65x60; 110°/290°; NAP surface 36.40, botom -; depth Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 314 Grave: 240x120; 112°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.38; depth 122 Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x45; 112° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.6.2, h 14.8, d 9. White painted decoration: meandering scroll with a small dot in each bend (cf. Künzl element 189) between two horizontal doted lines. Date: AD 301-355. 212 — OO 315 Grave: 225x85; 112° (?); NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.06; depth 154 Remark: Considering the deviating position of bones and skull, the grave was presumably robbed in antiquity. Coin: nails; 205x69/62; 112° (?) Skeletal material: Skull, bones(?). OO 316 Grave: 245x120; 110°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 35.01; depth 169 Remark: Conlicting measurements make it impossible to tell the altitude of the niche at the N side of the grave. Coin: 195x54/43; 110° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the feet. Beaker 2 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6.3, d 22.7. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.3, d 9.6. 3 Smooth jug Gellep 79 with six painted red horizontal bands, h 22.0, d 14.0. Firing dent in its wall. 4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 6.0, d 18.3. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-350. OO 317 Grave: 255x120; 97°; NAP surface 36.74, botom 35.33; depth 141 Coin: nails; 200x40/60; 97° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.1, d 9.8. Date: AD 301-367. OO 318 Grave: 120x90; 90°/270°; NAP surface 36.74, bottom 36.08; depth 66 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 70x35; 90/270° OO 319 Grave: 225x105; 105°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.36; depth 124 Remark: The altitude of the botom has been corrected (+ 40) because of a presumed measuring error. Coin: nails; 195x57; 105° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Intrusion 2 Near the femora. Altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.1, d 9.5. Intrusion 2 Animals’ teeth? Date: AD 301-367. OO 320 Grave: 230x80; 115°; NAP surface 36.76, botom 36.07; depth 69 Coin: nails; 178x44; 115° Skeletal material: Remains of skull and teeth. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the grave, to the let of the feet. The lip of the jar is missing: damaged during excavation. 2 On the botom of the coin, at abdomen level. 3 From the top illing. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, preserved h 8.7, d 10.0. 2 Coin: follis (20), Constantine I, 317, Trier, RIC 135. 3 Coin: Nero, dupondius, 64-65, Lyon, cf. RIC2 411, missing. Date: AD 317-367. Coin date: AD 317-330. Combined 213 — date: AD 317-330. OO 321 Grave: 240x100; 108°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 35.73; depth 197 Remark: The outline of the grave is bounded by a dark layer. Coin: nails; 180x36/32; 112° Skeletal material: Skull, let tibia. Remark: The width at the head-end has been reconstructed. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the botom of the coin, at the foot-end. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. Beaker 2 was possibly broken when the level was cleared. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 16.5, d 10.4. 2 Botom of a ine dark coloured beaker, d 5.0. Date: AD 301-367. OO 322 Grave: 180x65; 109°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 35.61; depth 179 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails 150x40; 109° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the legs. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 13.6. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-367. OO 323 Grave: 245x80; 107°; NAP surface 37.30, botom 36.01; depth 129 Remarks: Traces of niches were found at both long N and S sides of the grave. Their contents, if any, were presumably removed when the level was cleared. Coin: nails; 235x52; 107° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin (?), at the foot-end, altitude unknown. According to the ield drawing, the shoe nails pointed upwards. This means that the shoes stood apart from the feet. Inventory 1 Iron shoe nails. Not drawn. OO 324 Grave: 97x45; 105°/285°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 36.18; depth 117 Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails 80x32; 105°/285° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, immediately to the right of the head/immediately to the let of the feet. Beaker rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 12.8, d 8.6. White painted decoration: running scroll, Künzl element 188. Above it a zigzag, underneath it a doted line. Date: AD 301-355. OO 325 Grave: 150x65; 97°; NAP surface 37.34, botom -; depth Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 90x38; 97° OO 326 Grave: 225x90; 107°; NAP surface 37.34, botom 36.06; depth 128 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 186x45; 107° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 327 Grave: 195x110; 106°; NAP surface 37.32, botom 214 — 36.25; depth 107 Remark: Later than OO 328, which it cuts. Coin: nails; 185x62/52; 106° Skeletal material: Skull, let femur, tibiae. Remark: Immediately to the let of the tibiae was another bone. This may be an indication that the grave was partly disturbed in antiquity. OO 328 Grave: 200x76; 163°/343°; NAP surface 37.32, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 327, which cuts it. OO 329 Grave: >50x100; 286°; NAP surface 37.50, botom 36.49; depth 101 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Skeletal material: Skull. OO 330 Grave: 84x45; 23°/203°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 331 Grave: 175x72; 24°/204°; NAP surface 37.40, bottom 36.00; depth 140 OO 332 Grave: NAP surface 37.46, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation, but a beaker was seen in the vertical section of the excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Botom of beaker at NAP 37.03. Position in grave unknown. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Beaker, no data. OO 333 Grave: 255x110; 108°; NAP surface 37.50, botom 36.01; depth 149 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 205x52/46; 102° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 334 Grave: about E-W; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.02; depth 198 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave was under a large dark sunken illing of a trench above it. Only a transverse section was drawn obliquely through the grave. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the botom of the coin, position in relation to the body unknown. Inventory 1 Unknown object. OO 335 Grave: 220x117; 128°; NAP surface 36.17, botom 34.28; depth 189 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x42/38; 128° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 336 Grave: >97x60; 118°/298°; NAP surface 36.20, botom 34.75; depth 145 Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 337 Grave: 125x70; 358° (?); NAP surface 36.17, bottom 35.20; depth 97 Remark: Earlier than OO 338, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 95x36/31; 358° (?) OO 338 Grave: 200x90; 120°; NAP surface 36.17, botom 34.47; depth 170 Remark: Later than OO 337, which it cuts. Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 185x37; 116° Skeletal material: Skull, legs. 215 — Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-30 On the coin, above the feet. Inventory 1 Iron buckle, 3.8x2.8, with D-shaped frame; fragments of iron plate, plus a loose fragment. 2 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-331, Trier, RIC 529. 3 Coin: follis (13), Constantine I and sons, 330331, Lyon?, RIC 236/238; barbaric? 331-c.360. 4 Coin: follis (11), Constantine I, 330-333, Trier?, RIC 520/545; barbaric?, 330-c.360. 5 Coin: follis (17), Constantine I, 330-335; barbaric? 330-c.360, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 2 standards. 6 Coin: follis (17), ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 543. 7 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Arles, RIC 368. 8 Coin: follis (15), Constantine I, 332-333, Trier, RIC 537var; barbaric?, 332-c.360. 9 Coin: follis (15), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Trier?, RIC 542type; barbaric?, 332-c.360. 10 Coin: follis (18), Constantine I, 333-334, Lyon, RIC 263, for Constantine II. 11 Coin: follis (15), Constantine I, 333-334, Trier, RIC 552, for Constans. 12 Coin: follis (12), Constantine I and sons, 335360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard, clipped. 13 Coin: follis (15), Constantine I, 335-337, Trier, RIC 592, for Constantius II. 14 Coin: follis (15), Constantine I, 336, Arles, RIC 397, for Constans. 15 Coin: follis (16), sons of Constantine I, 337340, Lyon, RIC 4/11. 16 Coin: follis (15), Helena, 337-340, Trier, RIC 63. 17 Coin: follis (9), sons of Constantine I, 337-360, barbaric; hybrid: head emperor, PAX PVBLICA. 18 Coin: follis (14), Theodora 337-340, Trier, RIC 91. 19 Coin: follis (8), Constantine I and sons, 335360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 20 Coin: follis (8), Constantine I and sons, 335360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 21 Coin: follis (9), Constantine I and sons, 335360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 22 Coin: follis (10), Constantine I and sons, 335- 360, barbaric, GLORIA EXERCITVS, 1 standard. 23 Coin: follis (7), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, barbaric; Trier, 330-340? 24 Coin: follis (8), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, barbaric; Trier, 330-340? 25 Coin: follis (9), ‘Urbs Roma’, 330-360, barbaric; Trier, 330-340? 26 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-360, barbaric; Trier, 332-333? 27 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric. 28 Coin: follis (10), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric. 29 Coin: follis (12), ‘Constantinopolis’, 330-360, barbaric. 30 Coin: follis (11), Constantine I and sons, 330360, barbaric; hybrid: obv. head emperor; rev. VRBS ROMA. Date: AD 337-341. OO 339 Grave: 298x156; 112° (?); NAP surface 36.22, bottom 33.84; depth 238 Coin: coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 202x60/50; 112° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1, 3-4, 7, 11 Outside the coin, to the right of the waist. The disorderly positions of the potery suggest that it stood on perishable material and has sunk later on. This possibly was a third wooden chest (12) without metal mountings. 2, 6 On the botom of the grave, next to the upper body. 5, 8 On wooden chest 10. Considering the horizontal position of the jar, sunk later on. The coin may have been originally in or near the jar. 9 In or on wooden chest 10, altitude unknown. 10 On the botom of the grave, immediately to the right of the head. 11 On the botom of the grave, at the foot-end, in the right-hand corner. 12 On the botom of the grave, to the right of the waist. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), 216 — h 6.8, d 25.5. 2 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 4.5, d 17.7. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 19.8, d 11.6. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker, no data. Not drawn. 5 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 12.4, d 14.0. 6 Glass, no data. 7 Glass, no data. 8 Coin: follis, ‘Constantinopolis’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 548. 9 c.50 shoe nails. Not drawn. 10 Mountings of a wooden chest. Not drawn. 10a Three iron nails. 11 Remains of a wooden chest. Approximate measurements: w 56, h at least 30, depth 50. The lid closes with a hollow proile around a protruding inner rim of the chest. 11a Iron corner reinforcement of the lid; originally lozenge-shaped, now broken into two triangular pieces with rounded points, each 5.5 long and 3.5 wide. Both contain two nails with wood remains. As it was found on one corner only, it probably is a repair. 11b-g The thin undecorated bronze sheet was applied in twice three strips (w 6 and h 4.5) on the corners of the front side by means of three small bronze nails each (square shat, l 1.0, bronze sheet head, d 0.6). Two nails are in the corners of each strip, the third was placed in the middle at 2.5 cm from the corner of the chest. Around the corner, the strips continue for 2.5 cm and are fastened there by means of two nails in their corners. Behind the upper strip on the right a dovetail joint between front (tongue, w 1.0) and side (groove) has been atested. 11h In the middle of the top rim of the front is the keyhole plate (w 7.0, h 5.5), fastened with six small nails. 11i On the front of the lid, above the keyhole plate, a rectangular bronze sheet (w 7.0, h 3.8) with two grooved concentric circles (d 1.8 and 2.9). On both sides of the circles, bronze eyelets (d 0.9) from which the handle hangs. 11j The Ω-shaped handle (w 5.7, h 3.8, d 0.2 at the side, to 0.5 in the middle) has bent proiled ends. 11k-l On the front corners of the lid, above the upper strips on the front, strips of bronze sheet (w 6.5, h 3.8), bent around the top and continuing there for 1. 11m-n Two iron hinges each consist of two strips of iron (vertical l 11, w tapering 2.5-1.5), partly bent double, fastened with two iron nails (d of the lat-globular heads 1.4). The vertical strip has its central part bent around the hinge pin, the horizontal one its two outer parts. 11o-p In the front holes of each horizontal hinge plate, there were large bronze decorative nails with rectangular shats (l 2, d 0.7x0.3) and heavy lat-globular heads (h 0.8, d 2.3), on which a decorative silver(?) plate (d 1.3). 11q-t Twice two iron corner reinforcements join the back wall to the sides (h 5.0, l on each side 5.0). They were fastened on each side with three iron nails, the ones in the tops of the triangles having lat square heads (1.0x1.0). 12 Presumed wooden chest (see remarks above). 13 Iron. 14 Blue opaque barrel-shaped glass bead, l 0.3, d 0.4. Not drawn. Date: AD 332-367. Coin date: AD 332-348. Combined date: AD 332-348. OO 340 Grave: 160x100; 200°; NAP surface 36.23, botom 34.24; depth 199 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 116x34/38; 205° Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Jug 2 damaged during excavation; spout broken of in antiquity. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320) h 8.0, d 17.7. Decoration of two impressed squares one above the other, rouleted four times around the bowl (Hübener’s group 2). 2 Handmade blackish grey biconical jug, h 17.8, d 217 — 13.8; handle has square section. 3 Small handmade jar or beaker with two vertical handles, h 8.3, d 8.5. Date: AD 325-425. OO 341 Grave: 196x75; 289°; NAP surface 36.50, botom 35.01; depth 149 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 170x42; 292° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Around the right arm(?), if the lower arms were crossed on the chest. The bracelet may also have been lying next to the right arm. Inventory 1 Bronze strip bracelet, w 1.0, d 5.1. The bracelet narrows to 0.3 near the hook and near the eyelet. Rouleted decoration of Swit’s h3 on the entire w. In the central zone is a zigzag made of loose relief points. In each wave a stylized lower bud in relief, consisting of a stem and three points. The sides of this central zone consist of rows of vertical dashes. Outside it, one to three rows of oblique dashes. Hollow thickenings just before hook and eyelet. Date: AD 301-400. OO 342 Grave: 180x50; 88°; NAP surface 36.40, botom 35.55; depth 85 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: Skull. OO 343 Grave: 240x100; 96°; NAP surface 36.50, botom 35.05; depth 145 Remarks: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. The grave seems to have been dug through in antiquity. Coin: nails; >210x>45; 96° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 344 Grave: 240x130; 113°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.03?; depth 162 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than or contemporary with OO 345. Presumably both deceased were inhumed at the same time in a single grave. Coin: nails; 120x70; 92°/272°. Stratigraphical date: AD 301-400. OO 345 Grave: 240x130; 113°; NAP surface 36.68, botom 34.78?; depth 190 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than or contemporary with OO 344. Presumably both deceased were inhumed at the same time in a single grave. Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 94x34; 105° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Around the neck of the deceased, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 String of 39 glass beads 1 barrel-shaped bead, brownish red, mat, hole in surface, d 0.9, h 0.7, PE1.3.03-06a; 1 disk/ring-shaped bead, very oblique, opaque brownish red, sheen, d 0.8, h 0.4, PE1.3.02-04; 2 barrel-shaped beads, irregular, transparent greyish blue, d 0.7, h 0.6, PE1.3.10-43; 3 disk/ring-shaped beads, irregular, collar on one side, opaque black, sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.0201Var; 4 disk/ring-shaped beads, irregular, opaque mustard yellow, black lines, mat sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.02-03; 6 disk/ring-shaped beads, opaque brownish red, sheen, d 0.9, h 0.5, PE1.3.02-03; 22 barrel-shaped/biconical beads, transparent greyish blue, d 0.6, h 0.5, PE1.3.10-43. The (unknown) order might be reconstructed as follows: four groups of six smaller blue beads each, alternating with four groups of four larger beads, in the order reddish brown, black, yellow, reddish brown. One black bead is possibly missing. See however the section Beads in Chapter 218 — 12, Typology of dress accessories. Date: AD 376-400. OO 346 Grave: 220x125; 103°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.33; depth 132 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x42/38; 103° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 347 Grave: 245x75; 26°; NAP surface 36.68, botom 35.42; depth 126 Coin: possibly coin type 3 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40/36; 26° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 At the altitude of the pelvis, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze D-shaped buckle, 3.3x2.2, decorated with grooves, and with a remnant of the iron tongue, preserved l 1.5. OO 348 Grave: 190x65; 26°; NAP surface 36.69, botom 35.39; depth 130 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In niche at the E side of the grave, to the right of the upper body/to the let of the legs. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.5, d 9.4. Date: AD 301-367. OO 349 Grave: 116x60; 294°?; NAP surface 36.68, botom 35.51; depth 117 Remark: Orientation of the grave is uncertain, as it is not clearly indicated on the ield drawing. Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 85x32/26; 294° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, presumably at the head-end, to the let of the head. Beaker 3 probably on dish 2. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.1, d 10.0. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 15. Contains 2a. 2a Unidentiiable bone remains. 3 Glass beaker, no data. Not drawn. Date: AD 301-367. OO 350 Grave: 235x85; 21°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 35.29; depth 141 Coin: nails; 205x46/42; 21° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 351 Grave: 250x120; 105°; NAP surface 36.72, botom 35.30; depth 142 Coin: nails; 210x60/50; 110° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 15.3, d 9.4. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 26.5, d 19.3. Decoration: on shoulder in white paint: zigzag between horizontal doted lines. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 15.8. Date: AD 301-350. OO 352 Grave: 130x50; 22°/202°; NAP surface 36.70, bottom 35.87; depth 83 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the illing. Intrusion 1 Iron link/plate?, measurements unknown. 219 — OO 353 Grave: 135x65/52; 110°; NAP surface 37.05, bottom 35.86; depth 119 OO 354 Grave: 260x120; 100°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 35.12; depth 193 Coin: nails; >160x44; 90° Skeletal material: Skull. Outer coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails >240x>82 Remark: Considering the vertical position of the nails, the outer coin had a wooden loor. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2, 4-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Bowl 2 and dish 6 with contents were stacked on plate 1 and had sunk into oblique position. Dish 5 has an old crack. 3 Outside the coin on the botom of the grave, to the right of the head. Rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 4.8, d 21.0. 1a Contained food on 10% of its surface: pig, distal half of right humerus. The distal epiphysis is fused, but the bone is very small; so the age at slaughter cannot have been much more than a year. Further, some unidentiiable fragments of mammal bone. 2 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c), h 6.2, d 12.6. Some splinters have come of the outer surface in the ground. 2a Contained food: some unidentiiable bones of a young mammal. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.5, d 10.1. 4 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 72, h 25.2, d 19.5. Decoration: white dots on shoulder. 5 Coarse dish Gellep 128, d 13.3, h 4, 0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 6 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 4.5, d 13.2. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 6a Contained food: some unidentiiable bones. Date: AD 301-350. OO 355 Grave: 196x80; 94°; NAP surface 37.35, botom 35.49; depth 86 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 356, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 190x52; 98° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, radius. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the feet, in the right-hand corner. Inventory 1 Glass beaker Gellep 189 with ive pinches, h 6.8, d 9.1. Date: AD 267-350. OO 356 Grave: 250x110; 92°; NAP surface 37.37, botom 35.75; depth 137 Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 355, which it cuts. Skeletal material: skull, humerus. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the shoulders. Beaker 2 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 6, 0, d 24.5. 1a Contained food on 10% of its surface: pig, diaphysis of right humerus. The distal epifysis is not fused: age at slaughter under one year. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.5, d 10.4. 3 Coarse jug Gellep 115 with pinched spout, h 23.0, d 17.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 4 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.7, d 17.5. Date: AD 301-367. OO 357 Grave: 160x50; 177°/357°; NAP surface 37.50, bottom -; depth Remarks: Earlier than OO 358, which cuts it. No coin nails found during excavation. 220 — OO 358 Grave: 210x52; 91°/271°; NAP surface 37.50, bottom -; depth Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Remark: Later than OO 357, which it cuts. OO 359 Grave: 254x80/62; 110°; NAP surface 36.03, bottom 34.93; depth 110 Skeletal material: Skull, pelvis, legs, feet. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 In the top illing, to the right of the head. Intrusion 1 Drop of lead, casting waste, 2.0x0.5. Not drawn. OO 360 Grave: 210x62; 291°; NAP surface 36.03, botom 34.25; depth 178 Coin: coin type 1 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x35/28; 291° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 361 Grave: 282x105; 110°; NAP surface 36.22, botom 34.00; depth 222 Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x62/55; 112° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4, 6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. Potery 1-4 stood in wooden chest 6. Jar 1 rim damaged during excavation. Two old cracks in 2. 5 Position unknown. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.7, d 12.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 17.7, h 4.0. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 6.2, d 15.4. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 4 Glass, no data. 5 Iron D-shaped buckle, 4.4x3.6. 6 Wooden chest (wood discolorations around 1-4). Date: AD 301-350. OO 362 Grave: 237x110/95; 107°; NAP surface 36.22, bottom 34.23; depth 199 Coin: coin type 3 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 190x46/38; 107° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the head. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. 3 On the right shoulder. 4 On the let shoulder. 5 On the middle of the chest. 6 In the lap. 7 On ibula 5. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 13.8, d 8.7. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.3, d 16.4. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Small silver tutulus ibula, h (inclusive of catchplate) 3.5, d 2.8. Basis is a bronze disk, under which bronze catchplate and tube around the spring. On it stands a trumpet-shaped silver cone, onto which a bead is fastened, covered by a silver plate. Bead and cover plate are fastened with the central bronze pin. Two grooved lines along the botom of the cone. 4 Bronze support arm ibula, l 4.2, w 4.5. Stretching thread under the spring, bow of trapezium-shaped section, rectangular foot with solid cast cathplate, open at its back. The support arm is just out of the centre, making the space between the axis supports unequal. The axis ends in small pearled disks and conical knobs. Axis support and support arm grooved; the faceted bow knob has a dot-and-circle. Three dot-and-circles on both sides of the bow; punched ornament on the faceted transition between bow and faceted foot. 5 Iron Armbrust ibula, l 3.5, w of spring 3.8, not 221 — cleaned. 6 Coin: follis (17), ‘Urbs Roma’, 332-333, Trier, RIC 547. 7 Textile remains, probably dress fragments. Date: AD 334-350. Coin date: AD 332-348. Combined date: AD 334-348. OO 363 Grave: 252x75/85; 120°; NAP surface 36.40, bottom 34.68; depth 172 Remarks: Later than OO 364, which it cuts. Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 210x46; 120° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 364 Grave: 210x160; 112°/292°; NAP surface 36.40, botom -; depth Remarks: Earlier than OO 363, which cuts it. Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 365 Grave: >80x>20; 88°/268°; NAP surface 36.40, botom -; depth Remark: Grave partially outside excavation limits. OO 366 Grave: 228x70; 304°; NAP surface 36.49, botom 34.98; depth 151 Coin: nails; 215x48; 304° Skeletal material: Skull, tibiae. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 Near let femur, altitude unknown. Considering the textile remains, it probably lay on the body, but a position on the coin cannot be excluded. Textile remains 3 on the tongue of buckle 1. Textile remains 4 on knife 2. 5 Next to right tibia. Altitude unknown. 6 Outside the coin, immediately to the let of the waist. Altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze buckle and belonging strap end, Sommer 1Cb4. Long oval buckle with latish round section. Two separate buckle tongues, both faceted at the basis. The plate is short and rectangular, h 7.8, w 3.5. The long edge of the plate and the rim of the buckle next to it are grooved. On the plate, a row of dots joined by punched arcs. The same decoration on the three open sides of the wide rectangular strap end, made of a folded piece of bronze (h 5.8, w 4.6), bent at the belt end into a cylinder shape with rounded corners. 1a Leather remains between the folded plate. 2 Iron knife, l 13.5, with short tang (l 3.8). The blade (9.7x3.2 and 0.2 thick) is pointed and equally curved on both sides. 3 Textile remains: two fragments in diferent layers of the same piece of cloth, twill, no selvedge present, 7.7x3.5 and 3.8x2.3. 4 Textile remains: tabby, 2.0x1.8. 5 Shapeless piece of bronze. 6 Tegula. Not drawn. 7 Mineralized wood remains. Date: AD 364-408. OO 367 Grave: >168x90; 137°; NAP surface 36.50, botom -; depth Remarks: Earlier than OO 368, which cuts it. The skull of grave OO 367 was found when grave OO 368 was dug, and it was put in the trench of OO 368. Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-360. OO 368 Grave: 234x76; 276°; NAP surface 36.50, botom -; depth Remarks: Later than OO 367, which it cuts. Immediately to the let of the coin in the grave lies the skull that belongs to grave OO 367. Coin: nails; 216x42; 279° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the waist, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Aa with oval buckle frame (w 3) and narrow oval plate with three rivets; tongue broken of. Meant for a narrow belt. Date: AD 310-360. 222 — OO 369 Grave: 214x96; 265°; NAP surface 36.75, botom 35.10; depth 165 Coin: nails; 204x41/35; 261° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur. OO 370 Grave: 208x100; 304°; NAP surface 36.65, botom -; depth Remark: Earlier than OO 396, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 190x54/42; 296° Skeletal material: Skull. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-400. OO 371 Grave: 240x72; 296°; NAP surface 36.66, botom 35.00; depth 166 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 202x42; 296° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Above the waist, altitude unknown. 2 Above the upper body, on the let side, altitude unknown. 3-5 Near the let foot, altitude unknown. The leather or textile remains 5 may be remains of a pouch in which 3 and 4 were deposited. Inventory 1 Bronze buckle, faceted, rectangular, 2.1x2.9. The tongue of the buckle is also faceted and grooved in such a way as to depict a stylized animal’s head. 2 Coin: dupondius, Claudius I, 41-50, Rome, RIC2 92; countermarks PRO/PROB and BON. 3 Coin: follis (15), sons of Constantine I, 337-340, Rome, RIC 24/26. 4 Coin: follis (14), Helena, 337-340, Trier, RIC 47/90. 5 Leather or textile remains. Date: AD 337-367. Coin date: AD 337-341. Combined date: AD 337-341. OO 372 Grave: 210x100; 285°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.53; depth 112 Coin: nails; 190x40; 285° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 373 Grave: 300x160; 105°; NAP surface 36.85, botom 35.49; depth 136 Remark: Later than OO 399, which it cuts. Coin: nails; >200x50; 105° Skeletal material: unspeciied bones. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 At the head/foot-end of the coin, position in relation to the body unknown. 2 Belt strap end 2b seems to have been near the waist of the deceased; the altitude is unknown. The position of buckle 2a in relation to the body and the altitude are unknown. At the tongue of the buckle 2a was organic material 2c. It cannot be said whether the belt was around the body or on the coin. The grave seems to have been disturbed in this area. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 11.5, d 11.5. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Belt set. 2a Bronze ‘dolphin buckle’ Sommer 1Ac3, 3.5x2.0, of which the oval buckle frame is formed by two opposite animals’ heads (dolphins?, ducks?). Between the two open mouths there is a globular object, on which the buckle tongue rests. The oval plate is partly broken of. The end of the buckle tongue is proiled and suggests an animal’s head in a similar way. 2b Belt strap end consisting of lat bronze strip folded in two, l 4.0, w 0.5-0.9. The wide ends were riveted together. Two x-shaped crosses on each side, between which dot-and-circles, with another camoulaging the rivet. 2c Organic remains. Date: AD 310-360. OO 374 Grave: 125x45; 21°/201°; NAP surface 36.90, bottom 35.71; depth 119 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. 223 — OO 375 Grave: 240x75; 109°; NAP surface 36.90, botom 35.60; depth 130 Coin: nails; 210x38; 109° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In coin. Inventory 1 Leather remains, decayed. OO 376 Grave: 105x50; 288°; NAP surface 37.00, botom -; depth Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of nails 90x30 Skeletal material: Remains of the skull. OO 382 Grave: 250x90; 103°; NAP surface 37.28, botom 35.31; depth 197 Coin: nails; 180x44; 103° Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the legs. Jug 2 rim damaged during excavation. 5-7, 9 On the coin, at the altitude of the right femur. The leather remains may belong to shoe(s) 9. 8 Presumably in the coin near the right hand, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.2 with incised decoration, h 14.7, d 9.1. Decoration: D•A•M•I•, oblique row of three dots (cf. Künzl element 59). 2 Coarse jug Gose 516 with horizontal lip, h 20.2, d 15.5. 3 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with lip thickened on inside, h 5.7, d 14.1. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 4 Small coarse dish Gellep 128, d 14.5, h 4.5. Greyish brown clay (from Speicher). 5 String of 43 glass beads: 1 cylinder-shaped bead, transparent light bluish green, broken of, d 0.5, h 0.5, TM 137; 1 heart-shaped bead, transparent ultramarine, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.5, Riha 2947; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-sided, transparent olive green, d 0.6, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, lat, i.e. two wider sides, sharp sides, transparent bluish green, d 0.6, h 0.6, Riha 2935a; 1 oval bead, transparent dark ultramarine, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.6, Riha 2947Var; 2 polyhedral beads, sharp sides, transparent dark ultramarine, d 0.4, h0.4, Riha 2935b; OO 377 Grave: 255x110; 109°; NAP surface 36.85, botom 35.58; depth 127 Remark: The orientation as given on the ield drawing is doubtful; it might be 180° the other way. Coin: nails; 220x45; 109° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 378 Grave: 225x90; 109°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 35.92; depth 113 Skeletal material: Skull, right humerus, legs. OO 379 Grave: 200x70; 98°; NAP surface 36.85, botom 36.00; depth 85 Skeletal material: Skull, femora, let tibia. OO 380 Grave: >105x100; 108°/288°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 36.01; depth 104 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. OO 381 Grave: 260x155; NAP surface 37.05, botom 34.97; depth 208 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x56/48; 87° 224 — 3 barrel-shaped beads, transparent honey yellow, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2968a; 3 rounded cylinder-shaped beads, slightly transparent olive green, d 0.3, h 0.3, Riha 2931fVar; 4 biconical beads, transparent honey yellow, d 0.6, h 0.3, Riha 2968b; 10 oblique barrel-shaped beads, transparent dark ultramarine, d 0.4, h 0.4, Riha 2931b; 16 biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2971c. 6 Bronze strip bracelet, d 5.5, w 0.3. The ends overlap and have been riveted together. The surface is decorated with fans of four grooves, alternating along let and right sides (Swit 2000, decoration a5). 7 Bracelet of bronze wire, d 5.6. The wire is 0.2 thick. The ends of the wire are bent into hooks. 8 Coin: follis (19), Constantine I, 318, Londen, RIC 150. 9 Leather remains with iron shoe nails (not drawn). Date: AD 318-350. Coin date: AD 318-330. Combined date: AD 318-330. OO 383 Grave: 246x80; 97°; NAP surface 37.28, botom c.36.20; depth c.108 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); reconstructed on the basis of the nails ?x48/44; 97° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. The botom of the niche is uneven. Beaker 1 damaged during excavation. Jug 2 was found 10 cm lower than both other objects. Its handle was lost during excavation. 4 In the coin, to the let of the head. The altitude is unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured jar Gellep 57 with short near-vertical lip, h 8.8, d 9.7. 2 Smooth jug Gellep 263 with four brown bands, the upper two irregular and transparent in places, h 22.6, d 13.1. 3 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 5.0, d 23. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 4 Piece of the shat of a bronze pin, preserved l 7.6. Date: AD 301-350. OO 384 Grave: 150x>50; 25°/205°; NAP surface 37.35, bottom 36.37; depth 98 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. NAP botom is uncertain, as it is not on the ield drawing. OO 385 Grave: 275x110; 42°/222°; NAP surface 36.00, bottom 34.93; depth 107 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 386 Grave: 250x110; 111°; NAP surface 36.00, botom 34.10; depth 190 Coin: coin type 4 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); 185x50/46; 111° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 387 Grave: 230x92/78; 300° (?); NAP surface 36.12, botom 34.48; depth 164 Coin: coin type 2 (see section on coins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x45/38; 300° (?) OO 388 Grave: >120x>45; 132°; NAP surface 36.25, bottom 35.10; depth 115 Remark: Earlier than OO 389, which cuts it. Skeletal material: Skull. OO 389 Grave: 207x100; 130°; NAP surface 36.25, botom 34.99; depth 126 Remark: Later than OO 388, which it cuts. Skeletal material: Skull, femora. 225 — OO 390 Grave: 175x60; 213°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 34.96; depth 134 Skeletal material: Skull. OO 391 Grave: 155x50; 211°; NAP surface 36.30, botom 35.10; depth 120 Skeletal material: Skull. OO 392 Grave: >175x75; 114°/294°; NAP surface 36.43, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. OO 393 Grave: 248x80; 294° (?); NAP surface 36.45, bottom 35.03; depth 142 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Considering its width in the upper level, it is possible that there was a niche on the S side, not noticed during excavation and not present at the lower level. Coin: nails; 200x45/34; 294° OO 394 Grave: 232x78; 115°; NAP surface 36.48, botom -; depth Coin: nails; 212x36/40; 115° Skeletal material: Femora. OO 395 Grave: 220x90; 303°; NAP surface 36.48, botom 34.86; depth 162 Remarks: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. A niche on the NE side, to the right of the legs, with its possible contents were lost when the next level was cleared by mechanical digger. Coin: 200x46/56; 303° Skeletal material: Skull, right femur. OO 396 Grave: 120x62; 137°; NAP surface 36.65, botom -; depth Remark: Later than OO 370, which it cuts. Coin: nails; >40x32; 137° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the corner of the grave, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 String of six glass beads: 1 lat beam-shaped bead, oblique, rounded lozenge in section, transparent emerald green, d 0.4, h 0.8, Riha 1310; 1 lat-biconical bead, transparent honey brown, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968bVar; 1 lat-biconical bead, slightly transparent yellowish white, d 0.6, h 0.5, Riha 2979bVar; 3 lat-biconical beads, transparent ultramarine, d 0.6, h 0.4, Riha 1224. Date: AD 301-400. OO 397 Grave: 256x120; 128°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.52; depth 108 Coin: nails; 198x48; 128° Skeletal material: Remains of the skull? OO 398 Grave: 130x50; 10°/190°; NAP surface 36.60, bottom 35.79; depth 81 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 399 Grave: >85x40; 16°/196°; NAP surface 36.65, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 373, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-360. OO 400 Grave: 220x100/115; 121°; NAP surface 36.85, bottom 34.76; depth 209 Remark: Altitude of the niche is unknown. Coin: possibly coin type 1 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 200x40/36; 121° 226 — Skeletal material: Skull, let radius, let tibia. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the right of the waist. 5 In the coin, near the let radius. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b), h 5.6, d 22.4. 2 Small glass beaker Gellep 178, h 5.5, d 8. Not drawn. 3 Lower part of a slender conical glass beaker Gellep 185, preserved h 9.5, d botom 2.5. 4 Bone comb. Part of the triangular plate in three layers is preserved, l 6.7, th 1.4. The layers are joined with iron rivets. The plate is decorated with a groove along the rim and a parallel row of dot-and-circles. In the middle, a lozenge of four dot-and-circles. The rim of the middle plate is proiled. Some fragments of the middle comb plate with saw traces remain. 5 Textile remains, no data. Date: AD 301-350. OO 401 Grave: 220x118; 280° (?); NAP surface 36.85, bottom 35.61; depth 124 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 195x40/45; 285° (?) OO 402 Grave: 245x90; 115°; NAP surface 36.85, botom -; depth Coin: nails; 200x38; 119° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, right radius, legs. Remark: The coin trace widens in the middle to 44. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Near the waist, altitude unknown. Organic remains 2 on buckle 1. Inventory 1 Bronze buckle Sommer 1Ac1, 3.5x2, with bagshaped bronze-sheet plate with bent rims, suggesting a solid plate, 3.6x3. Two thickened ribs on both sides of the place where the tongue rests. 2 Leather or textile remains. Date: AD 310-360. OO 403 Grave: 100x70; 90°; NAP surface 36.90, botom -; depth OO 404 Grave: >210x85; 295°; NAP surface 36.90, botom 35.90?; depth 100 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: nails; 200x35; 298° Skeletal material: Skull, arms, pelvis, legs. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Presumably on the botom of the coin, near the let hand. Inventory 1 Scrap of bronze sheet. OO 405 Grave: 165x100; 9°/189°; NAP surface 37.08, bottom -; depth Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. OO 406 Grave: 212x70; 106°; NAP surface 37.15, botom 35.52; depth 163 Coin: nails; 200x48/38; 106° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. OO 407 Grave: 175x100; 85°/275°; NAP surface 37.30, bottom 36.18; depth 112 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 408, which it cuts. OO 408 Grave: 160x80; 284°; NAP surface 37.30, botom -; depth Remark: Earlier than OO 407, which cuts it. Coin: nails; 145x39; 284° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 409 Grave: 125x75; 85°/275°; NAP surface 37.30, bot- 227 — tom 36.10; depth 120 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 410 Grave: >180x75; 100°/280°; NAP surface 37.30, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 411, which cuts it. Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Grave partially outside excavation limits. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 411 Grave: >100x80; 111°; NAP surface 37.30, botom c.35.35; depth c.195 Remark: Later than OO 410, which it cuts. Coin: nails; >90x30; 111° Skeletal material: Femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the right tibia. Inventory 1 Small coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, handle broken of in antiquity, h 9.4, d 10.6. Date: AD 301-367. OO 412 Grave: 154x58; 300°; NAP surface 36.40, botom -; depth Coin: nails; 145x36; 300° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Near the right tibia, altitude unknown. 2 On the let shoulder, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Sherds, no data. 2 Bronze Armbrust ibula, l 3.1, with rectangular foot, spring of ten coils and a narrow D-shaped bow. Head and neck of the bow and the foot faceted. Grooves on the back side of the catchplate. Date: AD 334-467. OO 413 Grave: 240x80; 302° (?); NAP surface 36.51, bottom c.35.30; depth c.121 Coin: nails; 220x48/40; 302° (?) Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the let tibia. 2-6 In niche at the N side of the grave, to the let of the tibiae. Beaker 3 stood in bowl 2, which has old cracks. Ornaments 4-6 were in bowl 2 as well. Inventory 1 Smooth jug Gellep 77, h 18.7, d 12.3. 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with lip thickened on inside and with constricted foot, h 8.4, d 18.7. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 178 with cut rim, h 5.5, d 8.2. 4 String of 64 glass, ivory and amber beads: 44 barrel-shaped/biconical beads, transparent (dark) ultramarine, sheen, d 0.4, h 0.3, Riha 2971c; 4 cylinder-shaped rounded beads, transparent emerald green, d 0.3, h 0.6, Riha 2844x; 2 cylinder-shaped ivory beads, notched at the ends, oblong lines, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 2952eVar; 1 bronze? barrel-shaped bead, d 0.3, h 0.4, Riha 1235; 1 cylinder-shaped ivory bead with oblong lines, d 0.3, h 0.5, Riha 2952cVar; 1 disk/ring-shaped bead, transparent honey yellow, d 0.4, h 0.2, Riha 2968a; 1 disk-shaped amber bead, mat dark brown, d 1.7, h 0.6, TM 430; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-sided, slightly transparent olive green, mat, d 0.6, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-sided, transparent olive green, d 0.7, h 0.8, Riha 1328; 1 hexagonal bead, sharp-sided, transparent clear emerald green, d 0.8, h 0.9, Riha 1329Var; 1 irregular barrel-shaped bead, transparent dark ultramarine, sheen, d 0.5, h 0.4, Riha 2925d; 1 irregularly biconical bead, transparent ultramarine, d 0.6, h 0.3, Riha 1225; 1 pentagonal rounded bead, slightly transparent olive green, mat, d 0.5, h 0.7, Riha 1324; 1 tyre-shaped/biconical bead, transparent light green, d 0.3, h 0.2, Riha 2925a; rounded beam-shaped bead, very clear light green, d 0.3, h 0.9, Riha 1310Var. 228 — 5 Bronze strip bracelet, inner d 5.2, w 0.5. One end is bent into a hook with thicker knob, with an eyelet at the other. Decorated all over with grooves in a careless cross patern. Eyelet made ater the decoration was applied. 6 Bronze-wire earring with sharp ends, inner d 1.3-1.5. Date: AD 301-367. OO 414 Grave: 135x50; 16°/196°; NAP surface 36.50, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 415 Grave: 250x100; 315°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.13; depth 147 Remark: Part of the grave was outside the excavation trench and was not recognized in the neighbouring one. Coin: nails; 210x46; 311° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the right shoulder, 12 cm above the botom of the coin. 2 On the lower body, altitude unknown. 3 On the right shoulder, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze crossbow ibula Swit 2ii (Sommer IIb = Keller 2A = Van Buchem IIIB), l 8.0, with hexagonal crossarm onto which a proiled decorative moulding is soldered; hexagonal faceted knobs. Filed foot decoration Swit a10 and E1. Bow decoration Swit E1: slanted lines from right to let (///). 2 Iron object, bent and with square nail hole, unrecognisable, 8x3.5. Not drawn. 3 No data. Date: AD 300-340. OO 416 Grave: 125x65; 126°/306°; NAP surface 36.58, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 417 Grave: >100x120; 100°/280°; NAP surface 36.60, botom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 418, which cuts it. OO 418 Grave: 230x70; 100°; NAP surface 36.60, botom 35.66; depth 94 Remark: Later than OO 417, which it cuts. Coin: 186x40; 100° Skeletal material: Skull, let humerus, let tibia. OO 419 Grave: 200x80; 105°/285°; NAP surface 36.65, botom -; depth Coin: Reconstructed on the basis of the nails >75x40; 105°/285° OO 420 Grave: 280x115; 270°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 35.57; depth 113 Coin: nails; 200x40/32; 270° Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Intrusion 1 Outside the coin, altitude unknown, to the let of the head. Intrusion 1 Bone. OO 421 Grave: >210x110; 97°; NAP surface 36.98, botom -; depth Coin: nails; >175x50; 97° Skeletal material: Pelvis. OO 422 Grave: 235x90; 104°; NAP surface 37.02, botom -; depth Coin: nails; 212x50/44; 104° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 423 Grave: 225x85; 92°; NAP surface 37.12, botom 35.42; depth 170 229 — Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x42/48; 92° Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: Considering the nails at the head-end, the coin was possibly longer. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In the grave on an elevation of sand, at the head-end, in the let-hand corner. Dish 2 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.8, d 12.4. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, d 15.8, h 4.2. Coarse volcanic tempering (from Mayen). 3 Glass beaker Gellep 195. Not drawn, measurements unknown. Date: AD 301-367. the tibiae. Beaker 1 fallen over. Beaker 1 damaged during excavation, when the level was cleared (rim completely lost). 3 Above the right shoulder of the deceased, 20 cm above the botom of the coin. The ibula was probably on the coin. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 18.4, d 11.6. 2 Handmade necked jar, h 11.6, d 14.5. 3 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4B), l 9.0. Flatish globular knobs on the crossarm, onion-shaped knob at the end of the bow. Bow undecorated or, according to one drawing, with slanted lines from let to right (\\\: bow decoration Swit E6). Two pairs of volutes on the foot (foot decoration Swit c5). Lost. Date: AD 330-367. OO 424 Grave: 145x65; 94°; NAP surface 37.10, botom 36.05; depth 105 Coin: nails; 120x36; 94° Skeletal material: Dental remains. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the grave on an elevation of sand, to the right of the head. Heavily damaged during excavation. OO 432 Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised and grooved (unevenly ired), h 13.8, d 9.7. Date: AD 301-367. OO 427 Grave: 110x100; 29°/209°; NAP surface 36.58, bottom 35.42; depth 116 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 425 Grave: 210x80; 296° (?); NAP surface 36.57, bottom 35.22; depth 135 Coin: nails; 195x44/37; 296° (?). OO 426 Grave: 224x80; 279°; NAP surface 36.58, botom 35.09; depth 147 Coin: nails; 196x44; 279° Skeletal material: Tibiae. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 On the botom of the coin, to the right of OO 428 Grave: 220x72; 305°; NAP surface 36.75, botom 35.42; depth 133 Remark: Earlier than OO 429, which cuts it. Skeletal material: Skull, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories Coin mountings? 1 Immediately to the right of the head. Inventory 1 Scrap of metal. OO 429 Grave: 140x75; 51°/231°; NAP surface 36.75, bottom -; depth Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Later than OO 428, which it cuts. OO 430 Grave: 200x70; 111°/291°; NAP surface 36.74, bottom 35.37; depth 137 230 — Coin: Trace and reconstructed on the basis of nails >172x?; 111°/291° OO 431 Grave: 188x52; 121°; NAP surface 36.75, botom 35.33; depth 142 Coin: reconstructed on the basis of nails 174x44/40; 121° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 At the head-end, possibly fallen of the coin. Inventory 1 Fragment of a loor tile. OO 432 Grave: 250x125; 286°; NAP surface 36.70, botom 35.65; depth 105 Coin: nails; 200x50/42; 286° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 433 Grave: 250x90; 296°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.61; depth 119 Coin: nails; 214x49/44; 296° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, to the let of the head. Base of beaker 3 decayed. 4-5 On the coin, at the altitude of the waist. Textile remains 5 are on knife 4. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured folded beaker Symonds 62 with four round dents and four folds alternating, h 14.4, d 9.7-10.4. 2 Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 109, handle broken of in antiquity, h 11.6, d 11.8. 3 Glass hemispherical beaker Gellep 180, h 6.5, d 9.0. 4 Iron knife, l 15.6, pin l 9.0. The pointed blade is equally curved on both sides, l 6.6, w 2.7. 5 Coarse textile, 3.3x1.2. Twill, nine threads per cm. Date: AD 301-367. OO 434 Grave: 290x110; 312°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 34.42; depth 238 Coin: possibly coin type 2 (see section on cofins in Chapter 13, Typology of the graves); nails; 180x35; 312° Skeletal material: Skull, radii, right tibia. OO 435 Grave: 274x100; 287°; NAP surface 37.05, botom 35.61; depth 144 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: nails; 180x30; 287° Skeletal material: Skull, humeri, femora. OO 436 Grave: >180x150; 101°/281°; NAP surface 37.10, botom -; depth Remark: Robbed by treasure hunters during excavation. OO 437 Grave: 233x78; 291°; NAP surface 36.59, botom -; depth Coin: nails; 224x38/44; 291° Skeletal material: Skull. Remark: According to a remark on the ield drawing, there was an iron mounting on the coin; not preserved. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the right shoulder, altitude unknown. Inventory 1 Bronze crossbow ibula Prötel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4), l 9.7, weight 105 gr, with rectangular crossarm, onion-shaped knobs and a bow that is as wide as the foot but shorter. On the foot three pairs of volutes (foot decoration Swit c5, E6). On the crossarm two supporting plates with two holes each. Niello decoration on bow and foot: slanted dashes with a point in the middle, between two longitudinal lines (bow decoration Swit E6). Date: AD 330-410. OO 438 Grave: 240x80; 263°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 35.04; depth 176 Remark: The grave was cut through by digging in 231 — antiquity. Coin: nails; 205x44; 263° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 In the later trench, altitude unknown. Intrusion 1 Scrap of metal. 1 Scrap of metal. OO 439 Grave: 100x90; 127°/307°; NAP surface 36.82, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 445 Grave: 90x50; 34°/214°; NAP surface 36.72, bottom 35.52; depth 120 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 440 Grave: 222x70; 288°; NAP surface 36.83, botom 35.17; depth 166 Remarks: To the right of the legs a niche was seen at the N side of the grave. Its possible contents got lost when the next level was cleared by mechanical digger. Coin: nails; 210x40; 288° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 446 Grave: 220x90; 285°; NAP surface 36.75, botom 35.62; depth 113 Coin: nails; 190x44/40; 285° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 On the coin, above the head, in the righthand corner. Inventory 1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 273 with proiled foot and three zones of incising, h 13.0, d 17.2. Date: AD 351-400. OO 441 Grave: 235x98; 283°; NAP surface 36.80, botom 34.46; depth 234 Remark: Grave cut through by digging in recent times. Coin: nails; 205x43; 283° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 442 Grave: 175x75; 91°/271°; NAP surface 36.90, bottom 35.82; depth 108 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 443 Grave: 220x85; 276°; NAP surface 36.63, botom 35.22; depth 141 Coin: 202x40; 276° Skeletal material: Skull. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Near the let humerus, altitude unknown. Inventory OO 444 Grave: 210x70; 353°; NAP surface 36.65, botom 35.42; depth 123 Coin: nails; 204x38/33; 353° Skeletal material: Skull. OO 447 Grave: 200x60/50; 101°/281°; NAP surface 36.73, botom 35.60; depth 113 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. No grave goods found in a possible niche. OO 448 Grave: 290x160; 28°/208°; NAP surface 36.19, botom 32.95; depth 324 Remarks: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Irregular shape. OO 449 Grave: 260x135; 110°/290°; NAP surface 36.21, botom 33.33; depth 288 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. 232 — OO 450 Grave: 150x84; 30°/210°; NAP surface 36.22, bottom 33.22; depth 300 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 451 Grave: 200x105; 23°/203°; NAP surface 36.24, botom 33.12; depth 312 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 452 Grave: 180x90; 19°/199°; NAP surface 36.26, bottom 33.04; depth 322 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 453 Grave: 150x105; 13°/193°; NAP surface 36.24, bottom 33.04; depth 320 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 454 Grave: 150x60; 109°/289°; NAP surface 36.22, botom 33.27; depth 305 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 455 Grave: 140x60; 22°/202°; NAP surface 36.24, bottom 32.99; depth 325 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 456 Grave: 260x170; 124°/304°; NAP surface 36.20, botom 32.92; depth 328 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. OO 457 Grave: >195x125; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.45, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during exca- vation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. OO 458 Grave: >160x110; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.40, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 459 Grave: >145x150; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.40, botom 37.48; depth 192 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. OO 460 Grave: >150x75; 124°/304°; NAP surface 39.40, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 461 Grave: >200x110/100; 113°; NAP surface 39.40, botom 37.83; depth 147 Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Skeletal material: Skull Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Outside coin on the botom of the grave, to the let of the head. Plate 1 was standing on its side and was probably originally on the coin. The top of beaker 2 was at 38.00 NAP. 3 On the right shoulder. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38 (= Chenet 304A), h 4.9, d 20.9. On the underside, the shadows of the ingers made during or ater dipping in the slip. They it onto the ingers of the right hand that does not clutch the foot-ring but carries it the right way up. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.7, d 10.2. 3 Bronze crossbow ibula Swit 2ii (Sommer IIb; Keller 2A-3A), l 7.5, w 5.5, weight 42 gram, with trapezoid crossarm with iled decoration (not in Swit 2000), knobs faceted and hexagonal and 233 — longer than broad, foot shorter than bow. Date: AD 300-340. OO 462 Grave: >110x50; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.30, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 463 Grave: >65x60; 31°/211°; NAP surface 39.32, bottom -; depth Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-5 At narrow end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Possibly on the coin. Top bowl 1 at 37.88 NAP. Beaker 3 under jar 5. Old crack in bowl 1. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a), h 6, d 13.3. 2 Remarkably heavy dark coloured (surface brown, sherd grey) moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m. Decoration: VIVAS with many vertical doted lines between the leters, h 11.2, d 8.4. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 with incised groove, h 19.8, d 11.7. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved with metallic sheen, h 14.9, d 9.2. 5 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 110 h 11.9, d 12.8. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). Decoration: rouleting of two small squares one above the other on neck and max diameter. The decoration stops at both sides of the handle. Date: AD 351-367. OO 464 Grave: >140x90; 42°/222°; NAP surface 39.32, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 465 Grave: >30x85; 123°/303°; NAP surface 39.28, bottom 37.50; depth 178 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. OO 466 Grave: >160x100; 290°; NAP surface 39.26, bottom 37.68; depth 158 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Skeletal material: Femora, tibiae Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Unknown Inventory 1 Bronze pin, broken but complete, l 16.7, with long proiled head, l 2. Date: AD 334-400. OO 467 Grave: >75x75; 96°/276°; NAP surface 39.26, bottom -; depth Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Skeletal material: several unidentiied bones Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 On the coin, above the head. Beaker 2 fallen over, its top, as it was lying, at 38.71 NAP. Neck of 1 is damaged. Fibula 4 on the let shoulder. Intrusion 5 Iron hook, l 11: location unknown. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, preserved h 10.7, d 9.3. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.6.1, h 21.4, d 12.2, measured volume: until shoulder 880 cc, up to 1 cm under rim 1040 cc. Decoration in white paint. Scheme from top down: doted line, wavy line, doted line, moto AVETE, between its leters three times Künzl element 119 (three dots), between T and inal E even a circle of ive dots, ater the E again three dots, a standing branch with ive leaves at both sides, and as word separator two dots, with underneath in the middle a triangle of smaller dots (Künzl element 57), doted line, running scroll (Künzl element 188). 3 Glass beaker, no data. 234 — 4 Bronze crossbow ibula Swit 2ii (Sommer IIb, Keller 2A, Van Buchem IIIB, type Deurne), l 8.5, w 6.8, weight 110 gram. Hexagonal crossarm on which a proiled decorative moulding is soldered for the stabilisation of the joint, hexagonal faceting of the knobs, beaded mouldings at every knob and on the transition between bow and foot. Filed foot decoration Swit a10; radially iled lines on the front of the foot. Date: AD 300-340. OO 468 Grave: 165x85; 92°/272°; NAP surface 39.26, bottom -; depth Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 At narrow end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Inventory 1 Terra nigra beaker Symonds 61 grooved, h 15.1, d 9.5. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 grooved. Date: AD 300-367. OO 469 Grave: >255x90; 94°/284°; NAP surface 39.12, botom 37.35; depth 177 Remark: Later than OO 470, which it cuts. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation; hole pricked in it in antiquity. Intrusion? 3 location unknown Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker with narrow foot Symonds 61 grooved, h 16.1, d 9.6. 2 Coarse jar Gellep 105, h 11.9, d 13.5. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). Intrusion? 3 Strip of iron, 8x3, with nail hole and bent edge in which a second nail hole. Date: AD 301-367. OO 470 Grave: >126x78; 149°/329°; NAP surface 39.20, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Earlier than OO 469, which cuts it. Stratigraphical date: AD ?-367. OO 471 Grave: 145x>65; 35°/215°; NAP surface 39.20, bottom 37.10; depth 210 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 472 Grave: 340x95; 127°/307°; NAP surface 39.02, bottom 37.40; depth 162 Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 In niche on the N side. Old crack in bowl 1. Jar 3 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6.2, d 14.7. Decoration: four rows of rouleting with a molete (= roller-stamp) on which nine rectangles: 1 hatching top let-botom right, 2 quincunx, 3 wide rectangle with V-hatching, 4 hatching, 5 four points as on a die, 6 St. Andrew’s cross in which horizontally two dots and vertically two triangles, 7 St. Andrew’s cross in which vertically two triangles, 8 quincunx, 9 hatching. Almost equal to molete (= roller-stamp) 308 of Chenet 1941, Pl. XXXVII, which however has eight rectangles instead of nine, rectangle 6 missing. Hübener’s group 5. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 126, h 4.2, d 15.8. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 13.2, d 11.9. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). Date: AD 330-367. OO 473 Grave: 314x110; 122°/302°; NAP surface 38.75, botom 36.47; depth 238 Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Measuring errors were made during excavation as regards 235 — grave, coin and niche. Corrections possibly not entirely accurate. Coin: 200x52, reconstructed on the basis of the nails; 122°/302° Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 and 3 in niche on the S side. 2 and 4 unknown. Intrusions? 5-6 Unknown. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320), h 6.5, d 13.9. An extraordinarily large lump of pinkish white chalk, d 1, bulges from the lip. Decoration: a molete (= roller-stamp) of three protruding squares has made four rows of three squares between raised borders; cf Chenet moletes (= roller-stamps) 159 and 304; Hübener 1968, group 2. 2 Glass botle Gellep 199 with rim folded inwards, greenish blue with many bubbles, h 12.4, d 7.1. 3 Colourless glass botle Gellep 199 with rim folded inwards, in its neck some feather-like violet threads blown with the other glass, h 13.5, d 8.9. 4 Bronze bracelet, d 5.7, d bronze wire: 0.2. Intrusion? 5 Iron ring, no data, not drawn. 6 A piece of bronze sheet, 7.4x2.2. Date: AD 325-400. OO 474 Grave: >165x185; 340°; NAP surface 37.84, bottom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Skeletal material: Skull OO 475 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 A black layer was present on the level (NAP 37.84), in which they were found; no edge of a grave was seen. Plate 1 disappeared from the store of the ROB shortly ater the excavation. Neck of jug 2 lost in antiquity. Jug 3 damaged during excavation and lacks handle. Jar 4 heavily damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). No further data. 2 Brown-marbled jug Gellep 70, h 16.4, d 10.9, large part of neck missing. 3 Brown-marbled double-handled jug Gellep 72, h 22.5, d 16.7. 4 Coarse jar Gellep 105, h 12, d 13.5. Much ine tempering (from Urmitz). Date: AD 301-350. OO 476 Grave: 220x95; 75°/255°; NAP surface 38.75, bottom -; depth Coin: nails in disorder; no further traces. Skeletal material: unidentiied piece of bone Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 Probably on the coin. Inventory 1 Small terra sigillata bowl Gellep 29, h 4.7, d 9.7. 2 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 11.6, d 13.1. Much ine tempering (from Urmitz). 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 106, h 9.2, d 11.7. Date: AD 301-367. OO 477 Grave: 160x75; 108°/288°; NAP surface 38.48, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 478 Grave: >200x150; 162°/342°; NAP surface 38.48, botom 37.50; depth 198 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1 Probably to the side of the body, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown; rim damaged during excavation. Hole pricked in its wall in recent times by someone sounding for pots. 2-4 At a narrow end, altitude and position 236 — in relation to coin unknown. Beaker 2 rim damaged during excavation. 5 Unknown. Inventory 1 Jug of imitation terra sigillata with pinched spout Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), preserved h 18.3, d 14.7. Red painted decoration: groups of four hanging arcs, (the one on the let largest) between two horizontal lines. 2 Fine dark coloured moto-beaker Künzl 1.4.1m, h 10.9, d 8.2. MA•NEN•TI•; above the text a horizontal line. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.2, d 7.8, with white painted decoration: running scroll (Künzl element 188). 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 10.7, d 8.5, with white painted decoration: running scroll (Künzl element 188). 5 Iron knife with one cuting edge and concave back, (probably sharp) point broken of, preserved l 11.5, max w blade 2.3. Date: AD 301-355. OO 479 Grave: NAP surface 38.48, botom -; depth Remark: During the excavation the edge of the grave was not recognized as it was dug in a large Flavian pit of rougly the same colour of the illing. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Unknown. Beaker 1 damaged at rim during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 16.2, d 9.3. Part of neck and shoulder missing. 2 Coarse dish Gellep 128, h 5.1, d 21.0. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). Date: AD 301-350. OO 480 Grave: >125x70; 115°/295°; NAP surface 38.48, botom 36.93; depth 155 Skeletal material: Burnt human bone dispersed in the grave, possibly from a irst-century grave that was cut through. Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 Outside coin on the botom of the grave or on the botom of the coin, at the altitude of upper body or legs. Beaker 1 rim damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d with white painted decoration: running scroll with dots (Künzl element 189), h 11.2, d 7.8. 2 Coin: aes II (?) of Magnentius, 350-351; missing. Date: AD 350-355. Coin date: AD 350-378. Combined date: AD 350-355. OO 481 Grave: >56x52; 125°/305°; NAP surface 38.50, botom -; depth Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Grave goods from this grave were mixed with those of a nearby pre-Flavian grave and given the same ind number. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 At narrow end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Top of footed bowl 1 at 37.16 NAP. Inventory 1 Terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274, with one groove in foot and two in lip, h 6.3, d 10.0, shining greyish black smooth potery. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth with wide body and narrow foot, h 13.2, d 10.0. 3 Fine dark coloured beaker Künzl 1.4.1d, h 11.2, d 7.6, with white painted decoration: running scroll, no cadre lines. 4 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 15.6, d 9.6. Date: AD 301-355. OO 482 Grave: >155x90; 110°/290°; NAP surface 38.50, botom -; depth Remark: Niche cut by a recent pit. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-2 To the side in the middle of the grave. Altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Jar 1 heavily damaged during excavation. Niche 237 — to the right of the feet/to the let of the head disturbed. No grave goods found there. Inventory 1 Coarse jar Gellep 100, h 11.2, d 12.6. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). 2 Coarse bowl Gellep 122 with rim thickened on the inside, h 11.1, d 12.7. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen), brick red. Date: AD 334-350. OO 483 Grave: 150x>100; 28°/208°; NAP surface 38.46, botom -; depth Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. A irst-century beaker found in the grave must be an intrusion. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-4 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Jar 3 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, h 13.6, d 8.3. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 smooth, with wide body, h 12.4, d 9.2. 3 Coarse cooking-pot with handle Gellep 109, h 12.2, d 11.7. Coarse volcanic tempering material (from Mayen). 4 Coarse bowl Gellep 120 with rim thickened on the inside and constricted foot, h 6.4, d 14.1. Date: AD 301-367. OO 484 Grave: >90x>70; 27°/207°; NAP surface 38.46, botom -; depth Remark: Grave cut by a recent pit. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Position of grave goods/dress accessories 1-3 At head or foot-end, altitude and position in relation to coin unknown. Top beaker 2 at 37.52 NAP. Bowl 1, which had been burnt in antiquity, decayed. Rim of beaker 2, and bowl 3 damaged during excavation. Inventory 1 Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 25, h 6.8, d 13, top layer completely worn of. 2 Fine dark coloured beaker Symonds 61 incised, h 17.3, d 12.0. 3 Glass beaker Gellep 178 with cracked-of rim, h 6.5, d 9.3. Date: AD 301-367. OO 485 Grave: >185x>50; 96°/276°; NAP surface 38.48, botom -; depth Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 486 Grave: >145x75; 137°/317°; NAP surface 38.44, botom 37.16; depth 128 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. OO 487 Grave: >85x90; 132°/212°; NAP surface 38.40, bottom 37.18; depth 122 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Part of the grave outside excavation trench. OO 488 Grave: >125x90; 112°/292°; NAP surface 38.36, botom 36.68; depth 168 Remark: Not recognized as a grave during excavation. Grave cut by a recent pit. OO 489 Grave: 175x115; 124°/304°; NAP surface 38.40, bottom 36.98; depth 142 Remark: Part of the grave outside excavation trench. Near the grave there was a Late Roman pit, not recognized as such during excavation, containing a ine dark coloured beaker, rim damaged during excavation, no further data. 238 — 7 The living population I.A. Lengyel† G.F. IJzereef & J. Bonhof Tj. Pot† K.M. van Domburg & H.A.P. Veldman (investigations) D.C. Steures (text) I.A. Lengyel† G.F. IJzereef & J. Bonhof Tj. Pot† K.M. van Domburg & H.A.P. Veldman (investigations) D.C. Steures (text) Introduction The aim of this chapter is a reconstruction of the living population in the setlement on the Valkhof during the time of use of its two cemeteries. The main material of investigation is human bones, but where these are missing, archaeological means of estimating age at death and establishing sex have been used: male and female funerary atributes and, especially for children, sizes of coins or graves. Two causes almost prevented this aim from being atained: the condition of the human bones and the sad history of the investigations. Nevertheless, an atempt is made in this study to roughly estimate life expectancy at birth for cemetery OO and to construct mortality and survival curves on the basis of the same material (Graphs 1-2). Population size, which can be estimated using life expectancy at birth, the number of graves and the number of years of use of the cemetery, is calculated in the section Population size of Chapter 14, Interpretation. Life expectancy at birth as estimated in the present chapter and another, theoretical, value are used there in order to ind the lower and upper margins of the population size in the Valkhof setlement. The condition of the human bones The condition of the human bones in the acid matrix of the sand in the Nijmegen late Roman cemeteries is no less than disastrous. Lauwerier, writing about the animal bones from the graves of cemetery OO (1988, 76-7, repeated in Chapter 8 of the present study), puts it this way: ‘The human skeletal material gives a clear indication of how poorly bone has been preserved. In 35% of the graves no bone material is present any longer. In most of the other graves only a fragile bony pulp of the skull remains. Less than 10% of the graves contain fragments of both the skull and of the bones of the legs.’ Many of the graves showing a clear outline of the coin did not contain a trace, not even an outline, of the deceased. The reader should bear these remarks in mind while reading in the ind catalogue that parts of the skeleton were recognized: in many cases, it was this pulp of sand and some bone, which in very few cases could be taken out as solid objects. The length of the thicker long bones (humerus, femur, tibia) could be measured in only 7 out of 489 graves, i.e. just under 1.5%, in cemetery OO. Hardly ever the pelvis was (partly) present (in 23 out of a total of 1323 graves in cemeteries B and OO together, i.e. some 1.7%), and with it the main material for establishing sex is gone. All things considered, it is a miracle that so many morphological observations could be made at all. The column DEC (decomposition) in Table 3 and its legend give the details. Actually preserved bones may be found via Appendices 2A and 2B. The sad history of the investigations Bones from 118 graves in cemetery B are kept in the museum depot in Nijmegen, but they have not been studied morphologically: they escaped the notice of the present author up to December 2006. However, bone samples from 106 graves in cemetery B were apparently studied by the late Dr I.A. Lengyel. On the other hand, no less than four investigations into the human remains of cemetery OO have taken place in the 1980’s and later, two of which came to the notice of the present author only in August 2006. In the 1980’s: the late dr I.A. Lengyel performed biochemical analyses of 106 graves of cemetery B and 193 graves in cemetery OO; the late Mr Tj. Pot studied the teeth in JuneJuly 1985 and gave age determinations for 139 graves; Mr J. Bonhof, an amateur archaeologist who served as assisant to Dr G.F. IJzereef of the ROB, did a morphological study of the bones (without the teeth) in November-December 1985 and gave 85 age and 25 sex determinations. He worked alone in an ROB depot at Soesterberg. These three studies remained unpublished and two of them were forgoten. The present author, who did not take part in the excavations of either cemetery, took over the study of cemetery OO from Mr P.A.M. Zoetbrood in 1998. No papers concerning the study of the 239 — human bones were handed over then. A database with skeletal data, made by Mr Zoetbrood in the 1980’s and containing the results of these three unpublished investigations, remained unnoticed and without legenda until August 2006. Distrusting one and not knowing of the other two investigations, the writer of this chapter asked physical anthropologist dr Liesbeth Smits of the University of Amsterdam whether students of hers could investigate the bones of cemetery OO. Under her supervision, Marlous van Domburg and Anouk Veldman studied the bones, which are kept in some 30 boxes in the Nijmegen museum depot. They provided age determinations for the deceased in 89 graves and 46 determinations of sex (Domburg/Veldman 2001). When the results of Van Domburg and Veldman had been added to the abovementioned database (see Table 3), it appeared that they had not seen the teeth studied by Pot: they do not mention teeth in 66 of the graves for which Pot gives ages of the deceased. A chance remark by Mr Bonhof in 1985 on one of his score forms (OO 322: ‘Where has the skull gone?’) suggests that even he did not know of Pot’s investigations of a few months before. He did not indeed (Bonhof, pers.com. 2007). The conclusion had to be that the teeth had not been put back with the rest of the bones ater study, and that no message (‘the teeth have been taken out’) had been let in the ind boxes containing the remaining bones. The study of the teeth had taken place in the Utrecht University Institute of Human Biology, which ceased to exist September 1st, 1991. In October 2006, it appeared that the teeth of cemetery OO had been saved then and stored by the ROB, apparently without writen documentation about their presence. That same month, the teeth were brought back to Nijmegen in order to be reunited with the rest of the bones. None of the four investigating parties of cemetery OO ever saw all bones from all graves. Now let us turn to the four individual studies. Analyses by Dr I.A. Lengyel In the 1980’s, when cemetery OO was being excavated, new experimental methods for palaeoserological research had been recently introduced by the Hungarian biochemist Dr Imre A. Lengyel (Lengyel 1975, 1984). Some years later he extended his biochemical methods in order to obtain sex and age determinations. According to him, sex, age group at death, blood group and collagen type could be determined biochemically with similar methods, whatever the state of a sample of human bone. Samples from 193 graves in cemetery OO and 106 graves in cemetery B were studied by him; for every sample analysed he provided age and sex determinations. The only trace of Lengyel’s work on cemetery OO that has appeared in print is a igure of an unidentiied excavation trench in cemetery OO in Bloemers et al. (1981, 113, map centre below). The graves are coloured green (blood group A) or red (blood group B) and provided with a dot let or right, indicating the position of the head. In the caption to this map, the authors claim that blood group B is overrepresented in the graves with grave goods and with the head to the east, whereas the graves without grave goods and with the head to the west show an overrepresentation of blood group A. These authors suggest two groups of biologically diferent people. However, the present study, Chapter 14, Interpretation, shows the situation to be much more complicated than the incorrect equations ‘head E = grave goods; head W = no grave goods’. Moreover, all signs are that there is one culturally homogeneous group active in cemeteries B and OO, which changed its inhumation rituals during the fourth and ith centuries. Dr Lengyel’s determinations of age comprise all ages from 0 up to 70. The present author never saw lists writen by dr Lengyel, but was able to draw up a list of his analyses of 103 graves of cemetery B from the notes of the late Mr Simon Wynia, which notes form the main basis of the present ind catalogue of cemetery B. 240 — When the archaeological data were compared to Lengyel’s results, iteen inconsistencies were observed. The bones of at least six of the skeletons were so strongly decayed that they are not mentioned in Wynia’s notes: it was highly improbable that they could have yielded any results at all. Four others had grave/coin sizes which were not in agreement with the determinations of the skeletons as ‘adult’ or ‘child’. Three others had grave goods, which most probably disagreed with the sex determinations by Lengyel. For the last two of these iteen, in one case it was most probable that notes had been mixed up, while in the other Lengyel’s determination was countered by a determination as ‘youth’ by visual impression (Brunsting, unpublished note). Similar improbabilities in Lengyel’s results appeared to be present in the abovementioned database of cemetery OO, which put together the results of the three physical anthropological investigations performed in the 1980’s and the archaeological indicators of sex and age. Table 3, the core of which is the original data base, shows 74 cases of discrepancy between Lengyel’s judgement on age and the rest, as against 47 of unanimity (61:39%; discrepancy is indicated by italics in column ALE, unanimity by underscoring). As for sex, Lengyel’s judgements on sex are given for every sample analysed, as opposed to the sparse judgements of Bonhof, Van Domburg/ Veldman and archaeological indicators. It is only compared here in the twenty cases where the other judgements on the sex of the deceased are unanimous, with or without question marks. Lengyel’s judgement is diferent from the unanimity of the other judgements in 8 cases and the same in 12 (40:60%; diference is indicated by italics, identity by underscoring). This suggests that Lengyel’s method might not be all wrong, but that it was then too experimental to give reliable results. When I shared my doubts with physical anthropologist Dr Liesbeth Smits of the University of Amsterdam in 1997, she answered that analysis of blood groups had been contested for a long time and was no longer performed on archaeological material, as far as she knew. When I shared the same doubts with the Leyden physical anthropologist Dr George Maat in 1998, his answer was that Dr Lengyel at some time no longer believed in his own analyses and had stopped performing them. Dr Lengyel died tragically in 1992. His work has recently been taken up by Dr László Márk in Budapest (Márk 2002, 2004). Determinations by Mr Tj. Pot† An emeritus dentist and member of the Tooth and Mouth Diseases Group of Health Organisation TNO in Utrecht, the late Mr Tjeerd Pot was well equipped to investigate human teeth. Together with Dr Perizonius he developed a score form for dental remains (Perizonius 1983, 11630), which was later reined by Bouts and Pot (1989). A year before he deceased, Mr Pot (2004) wrote an unpublished autobiographical note, in which he described his palaeo-odontological work and method. For the dental remains of children, the development of their total deciduous and/or permanent dentitions (Ubelaker 1984) was used to determine their age at death. For adults, Pot used in the irst instance Brothwell’s (1981) atrition scheme to estimate age at death, but he added many improvements. He worked with Brothwell’s four atrition groups. According to Brothwell’s original scheme, Group I would contain the 18-25-year-old; II the individuals of 25-35; III those of 35-45; and IV those aged above 45 years. However, it had already been recognized by Brothwell that the age classes to be atached to the atrition groups are highly dependent upon the rate of atrition in the population studied. By using a sample of known age and sex and working with broad age groups having a small overlap, Constandse-Westermann (1997) demonstrated that in a population with a slower atrition rate, Atrition Group I contained the individuals of 22-30, Group II those of 25-50, 241 — Group III 45-70 and Group IV those aged above 65. Calibrating the data in this manner she obtained 80% correct age estimations. According to Pot’s results, cemetery OO contained 85.6% individuals in Atrition Group I, 11.7% in Group II, 2.7% in Group III and 0.0% in Group IV. This result is not a consequence of the manner in which the degree of atrition has been scored by Pot. A series of seventeen Dutch populations, all scored by him in exactly the same manner, shows clearly that his results are not biased towards any of the four atrition groups (Pot unpublished material, Constandse-Westermann unpublished material). Instead it indicates that the majority of the individuals buried at cemetery OO died at a young age. The total range of ages estimated by Pot is 2 years up to 45 according to Brothwell’s values = 70 years when calibrated along the lines of Constandse-Westermann 1997. These calibrated results, to be found in column APO (age according to Pot) in Table 3, agree with those of Bonhof and those of Van Domburg and Veldman in over 70% of the cases. Determinations by Mr J. Bonhof for Dr G.F. IJzereef Dr G.F. IJzereef wrote his PhD thesis on animal bones (IJzereef 1981). His name, however, does not igure in his 176 score forms, which were all illed in by his assistant Mr J. Bonhof. The score forms cover all graves with human bones preserved between the original grave numbers 1 and 303 of the 1980-1983 excavations around Nursing-home Margriet in cemetery OO. The morphological method by which Bonhof in November-December 1985 determined sex and age at death from human bones was that of a quick scan. Per grave, i.e. per individual, one single-sided form was illed in. Scores for sex were meant to be made on parameters of the skull, pelvis and other parts of the skeleton, but the score forms do not tell which parameters. The same goes for scores on age at death, taken from skull, dentition and post-cranial parts. The form has a schematic drawing of all skeleton parts on diferent scales and with four views of the skull. Preserved parts were indicated with black in this drawing. The form has a section for illing in the measurements of long bones, but lengths could be given in seven graves only. As this took place in November-December 1985, two years ater the excavations in cemetery OO had ended and six months ater Pot’s work on the teeth, the records show which skeleton parts had actually been taken out of the ground and had remained in the ind boxes ater the teeth had been taken out. The determinations by Bonhof comprise the ages from 10 years up to over 50. In other words: the ages of 0-9 years are not represented in his forms, the ages from 50 up to 80 years by one case only. Lauwerier (1988, 78-9, Table 24, columns sex and age of the human skeleton) gives results established by Bonhof for ten graves of cemetery OO, without however mentioning his name. Determinations by Marlous van Domburg and Anouk Veldman Ms Van Domburg and Ms Veldman kept meticulously score of every feature that would help in establishing age at death and used many diferent criteria and the respective tables to be found in the literature. This accounts for the many different age groups in their report: see column ADV (age according to Van Domburg and Veldman) in Table 3. However, their study is seriously impaired by the absence of most of the dental material, unknown to the authors. They were able to use the following indicators for age determination. For ages up to adult and beyond: closure of the cranial sutures; closure of the gaps between epiphyses and diaphyses; the ossiication of the dens axis on the second vertebra; Ubelaker’s (1984) scheme of dentition; synchondrosis in the lower part of the skull. For adult age: the complex method of Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970), consisting of degenerative changes in the symphysis pubica, degeneration of the spongiosum of the proximal ends of femur and humerus, and obliteration of endocranial sutures; further, ex- 242 — ocranial suture obliteration, dental atrition and general degeneration. The range of the ages determined by them is 6 to 65/74 years. As for sex, hardly anything of the pelvis being preserved, they were able to use the following indicators on the skull: glabella, protuberantia occipitalis externa, processus mastoideus, crista supramastoidea, relief of the planum nuchale and tubera parietalia. The mandibulae being somewhere else, no indicators on the lower jaws could be used. Van Domburg and Veldman are extremely cautious on sex (2001, 8). In cases where only one physical indicator for sex is present, they put four question marks ater the M (for male) or F (for female); when there are two (mostly the processus mastoideus and one of the relief characteristics of the skull, almost no pelvises being available), they put ???; when there are two or three high values for sex characteristics (+2 for male, -2 for female), they put ??; when there are four or more highly valued sex characteristics, they put ?; when many sex characteristics have all high values for either male or female, they put an exclamation mark. Archaeological indicators As for the distinction between children and adults: coins up to 160 cm most probably contained children, it is argued in Chapter 14, Interpretation. The coin length of 110 cm has been taken as the arbitrary division between 0-5 years (up to 110 cm), and 6-10 years (111-160 cm). Where there is no coin trace, the grave lengths of 130 and 180 cm play the same role, allowing 20 cm for a body to it into the grave. Adolescents (11-20), who rapidly atain the body length of an adult, cannot be detected by this method: coins from 160 cm upwards and graves (without coin trace) from 180 cm upwards get J/A (juvenis/adult) in the column of archaeological age indicators (AAI) in Table 3. As for sex: in such uncertain circumstances of anthropological results, archaeological male and female atributes can be helpful. Many judgements on age standardized by using median years A physical anthropological study of a cemetery usually consists of one investigation, involving one set of age classes. In our case, we have several archaeological indicators plus four physical anthropological approaches, all on the basis of material incomplete by its nature and by the story of the investigation, all with diferent age classes. Therefore, they had to be standardized some way in order to be comparable: the median year of every judgement has been taken, calculated in the way to be explained below. An approach to life expectancy at birth for cemetery OO Whatever the diferences between the four physical anthropological studies, it is possible to calculate life expectancy at birth from each of the four sets of results separately. These values appear to be not too wide apart. For this calculation, the median value of the age span was established for every age determination given. Two instances: when the age determination given for a particular grave is 0-5 years, the time span runs the six years from the day of birth up to the sixth birthday; the median value for this age group is 0+6:2=3 (and not, as one would expect, 0+5:2=2.5). When it is 22-30 years (frequent, because it is the calibrated dental atrition group I), the time span is that of the nine years between the twenty-second and the thirty-irst birthday, and the average age is 22+9:2 = 26.5 years. When a determination only gives the minimum age and not the maximum, e.g. ‘22-’, the median value of its group has been taken, in this case 26.5 years for atrition group I. Life expectancy at birth usually is calculated for a given cohort, a year group. The two terms life expectancy at birth and the special use of cohort should be deined here for the purpose of our study. Life expectancy at birth of a given cohort is the total number of man years lived by that cohort, divided by the number of its members. For a cemetery, all people buried are together consi- 243 — dered one cohort. For an anthropological study of a cemetery, all individuals studied are together considered a sample of one cohort. So life expectancy at birth implicit in each of the anthropological studies of cemetery OO is the sum of the median ages established for that study, divided by the number of age determinations in that study. These calculations give the following results. For Lengyel’s study, the sum of the median ages at death is 5,279.5 years, and the number of determinations is 193, so the implicit life expectancy at birth there is 5,279.5:193=27.35 years. For the study of Bonhof, it is 2,240:85=26.35 years. For the study of Pot, with Constandse-Westermann’s calibrated values for Brothwell’s dental atrition groups, it is 3,686:139=26.51. For the study of Van Domburg and Veldman, the implicit life expectancy at birth is 2,804.5:89=31.51 years. The results of Lengyel’s study will not be used below. The average of the three values of the morphological studies is 28.03 years. The usual estimate of life expectancy at birth used for Roman Nijmegen and Germania Inferior/Germania Secunda is 25-30 years (Bloemers 1990, 76; cited by Buitendorp 2003, 207, n.11). Following the same line of thought as above, its median value is 25+6:2=28. The average value for life expectancy at birth, calculated above, of 28.03 years its in very well with this educated guess of 2530, i.e. 28. This estimate of 28.03 years ánd another, theoretical one will be used in the calculation of the population size in Chapter 14, Interpretation. 244 — Legend to table 3: EXC Excavation number CAT Catalogue number in the present study Italics: grave not used in life table for lack of data Underscored: grave not used in life table for lack of unanimity on age at death DEC Decomposition of the human skeletal material - No skeletal material found (N = 63) 1 Dental remains preserved only (N = 9) 2 (Remains of) skull preserved only (N = 101) 3 Parts of legs preserved only (N = 13) 4 Skull and parts of legs preserved (N = 41) 5 Skull and parts of arms preserved (N = 4) 6 Skull, parts of arms & legs, sometimes pelvis preserved (N = 26) 7 Smaller bones also preserved (N = 5) 8 Burnt human bone (N = 4) SLE Sex according to Lengyel Italics: disagreement with other judgements Underscored: agreement with other judgements ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG Age according to Lengyel; same legenda as in column SLE Sex according to Bonhof Age according to Bonhof Sex according to Van Domburg & Veldman ????, ???, ??, ?, !: see text Age according to Van Domburg & Veldman Age according to Pot Sex according to archaeological indicators Age according to archaeological indicators 0-5 Infans I 6-10 Infans II J/A Juvenis or Adult Length of grave - Unknown Length of coin - Unknown 0 No coin traces Number of grave goods 245 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved. EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO 169 OO 2 2 M 6-10 186 OO 3 7 M 6-10 166 OO 4 167 OO 5 5 167 OO 6 3 164 OO 9 6 F 26-30 168 OO 10 4 F 61-70 165 OO 12 4 F 31-40 163 OO 13 246 OO 20 3 249 OO 24 2 189 OO 25 183 OO 26 6 M 31-40 M 20-30 M??? 36-52 22-30 149 OO 28 4 M 41-50 M? 30-50 M??? 20-29 45-70 148 OO 29 2 M 36-45 151 OO 30 2 M 0-5 180 OO 31 2 F 21-25 253 OO 34 4 F 26-30 250 OO 36 2 M 0-5 251 OO 37 247 OO 39 243 20-30 SDV F??? ADV >12 APO SAI AAI LGR LCO NGG 1-5 110 90 1 76 1 22-30 1-5 F 0-5 10-15 210 165 J/A 185 168 J/A 224 200 J/A 245 13 1-5 120 2 J/A 235 214 3 J/A 238 194 2 1-5 100 0 3 J/A 260 240 8 J/A 230 6-10 180 160 12 6-10 150 134 3 J/A 185 175 1 22-30 J/A 194 0 22-30 J/A 218 J/A 233 J/A 192 155 OO 40 1-5 110 78 3 182 OO 44 1-5 160 105 3 134 OO 47 2 M 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 120 OO 48 2 F 36-45 30-40 indet 44-65 25-50 J/A 242 200 119 OO 49 6 F 41-50 20 M?? 20-34 22-30 J/A 250 212 122 OO 51 1-5 125 0 173 OO 53 J/A 255 200 127 OO 57 1-5 144 106 179 OO 58 2 F 36-45 22-30 J/A 250 205 2 185 OO 59 2 F 21-25 22-30 J/A 230 185 3 178 OO 60 2 F 26-30 J/A 230 165 2 175 OO 62 2 22-30 6-10 150 125 3 152 OO 65 4 F 36-45 22-30 J/A 215 200 1 150 OO 66 2 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 240 205 2 259 OO 70 4 M 21-25 25-50 J/A 225 206 256 OO 72 2 M 16-20 22-30 J/A 226 206 258 OO 74 2 1-5 142 106 254 OO 75 1-5 90 65 260 OO 78 6-10 165 140 3 219 OO 83 J/A 213 0 1 F? F?? 12-18 J/A 30-50 J/A F??? indet >20 20-40 22-30 22-30 22-30 F F F M M 10-15 20-30 child indet 9.5-14.5 20-40 7-11 F 2 2 2 F M M? 51-60 41-50 indet F???? >12 2 5 0 12-18 20-40 7 3 246 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO ABO SDV ADV APO SAI AAI LGR LCO 221 OO 85 2 F 26-30 J/A 215 0 226 OO 88 266 OO 90 6-10 265 OO 92 103 OO 96 4 M 16-20 118 OO 97 4 F 41-50 116 OO 98 6 M 16-20 M? 20-30 M???? 117 OO 99 7 M 41-50 M 30-40 M? 123 OO 100 6 M 11-15 20 F???? 126 F NGG 0 4 134 122 2 1-5 123 0 2 25-50 J/A 230 166 1 22-30 J/A 235 208 20-40 22-30 J/A 245 202 4 40-61 12-30 J/A 240 205 1 6-10 136 124 OO 101 6-10 210 160 13 124 OO 102 1-5 164 102 4 177 OO 103 2 M 51-60 25-50 J/A 260 182 4 171 OO 104 2 F 46-55 22-30 J/A 205 160 145 OO 106 6 F 41-50 22-30 J/A 235 200 170 OO 107 1-5 110 75 144 OO 109 6 F 26-30 25-50 J/A 180 170 142 OO 110 5 M 36-45 22-30 J/A 185 168 143 OO 111 2 F 11-15 3-6 1-5 150 110 261 OO 112 2 M 11-15 J/A 226 185 262 OO 113 1 F 0-5 235 0 218 OO 118 2 F 36-45 260 172 224 OO 121 3 M 21-25 214 OO 122 4 F 16-20 20-30 indet >25 232 OO 127 2 M 21-25 20-30 indet 20-60 231 OO 128 230 OO 129 1 229 OO 130 4 F 234 OO 131 8 235 OO 132 241 20-30 30-50 indet indet 20-40 F 22-30 25-40 F 22-30 20-30 M??? 54-70 J/A 2 3 1 0 22-30 J/A 240 195 J/A 233 202 1-5 140 104 6-10 145 3 41-50 J/A 223 1 F 11-15 1-5 88 64 3 6 F 31-40 J/A 250 214 1 OO 135 3 F 16-20 0 1 187 OO 136 2 0 2 109 OO 137 2 F 21-25 22-30 108 OO 140 4 M 26-35 8-18 107 OO 142 105 OO 144 104 OO 145 115 OO 147 128 F M???? >12 22-30 1 0 J/A 155 0 1-5 120 75 25-50 J/A 260 200 14 7-18 6-10 142 128 2 22-30 6-10 150 150 1 OO 148 1-5 90 72 141 OO 149 1-5 150 90 136 OO 150 188 OO 151 4 2 6 M F M 41-50 <20 indet <16 6-10 31-40 M 20-30 M?? 20-40 22-30 J/A 190 6-10 160 3 3 247 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE 133 OO 152 2 F 6-10 132 OO 153 2 F 26-30 215 OO 156 4 F 26-35 209 OO 157 8 F? 0-5 20-30 233 OO 161 2 F 46-55 30-50 211 OO 163 2 M 26-35 213 OO 164 6 F 26-35 20-25 indet 240 OO 165 2 F 6-10 <20 indet 237 OO 166 3 M 36-45 0 203 OO 167 3 F 6-10 0 238 OO 168 2 F 21-25 111 OO 169 2 F 26-35 112 OO 173 113 OO 174 2 M 21-25 114 OO 175 6 M 46-55 140 OO 176 1 M 6-10 139 OO 177 137 OO 179 4 162 OO 181 1 197 OO 186 6 F 16-20 208 OO 193 3 F 26-30 204 OO 194 2 F 11-15 20-25 indet 20-40 25-50 205 OO 195 6 F 36-45 20-30 F??? 20-40 22-30 207 OO 196 6 F 16-20 indet 20-40 154 OO 197 155 OO 198 161 OO 199 4 F 6-10 153 OO 200 2 F 31-40 157 OO 201 1 160 OO 205 1 131 OO 207 3 F 21-25 129 OO 208 6 F 0-5 130 OO 209 2 F 6-10 194 OO 210 3 F 21-25 199 OO 216 5 M 31-40 201 OO 219 7 F 26-35 286 OO 222 2 F 11-15 285 OO 223 2 F 21-25 96 OO 228 2? M 31-40 97 OO 229 2 F 26-30 M SBO F? ABO 20-30 SDV ADV APO AAI LGR LCO NGG child 8-12 7-11 6-10 175 140 3 F???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 230 195 3 22-30 J/A 215 175 1 J/A 260 212 6 22-50 SAI M 22-30 indet 20-40 >25 0 22-30 22-30 J/A 174 174 6-10 147 0 J/A 255 3 1 12 3 F? 41-50 20-30 F?? 20-40 20-30 20-30 6-10 115 115 J/A 215 195 22-30 J/A 285 180 3-6 6-10 200 125 1-5 125 100 25-50 J/A 185 160 22-30 J/A 245 195 2 22-30 J/A 265 230 10 J/A 223 J/A 220 177 1 J/A 175 0 4 180 3 F 6-10 150 1-5 140 90 1 166 0 5 J/A 245 190 9 J/A 205 185 2 J/A 220 185 J/A 235 160 22-30 J/A 210 180 22-30 J/A 160 160 22-30 J/A 225 210 J/A 215 0 22-30 20-30 M???? 20-60 22-30 M???? 20-40 25-50 22-30 F 20-30 M? F? 20-30 20-30 F???? 20-40 2 M???? 25-34 M???? >12 M?? 40-80 25-50 J/A 226 192 child 7-12 12-30 6-10 170 160 22-30 J/A 240 190 22- J/A 240 216 indet 20-40 13 14 1 248 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE AAI LGR LCO NGG 192 OO 231 3 F 41-50 SBO ABO SDV J/A 260 161 1 191 OO 234 8 F 16-20 1-5 130 0 2 200 OO 240 3 F 21-25 287 OO 241 288 OO 242 1 271 OO 243 6 272 OO 244 2 270 OO 246 2 F 6-10 20-30 268 OO 248 4 M 0-5 20-30 indet 20-40 311 OO 249 2 M 0-5 20-30 indet 40-80 92 OO 250 2 F 31-40 93 OO 251 2 M 26-30 98 OO 252 5 95 OO 255 4 F 36-45 94 OO 256 5 F 41-50 293 OO 267 291 OO 269 282 OO 271 290 OO 272 294 OO 273 289 OO 274 278 indet ADV APO >19 3 1-5 108 100 J/A 230 190 8 25-50 J/A 254 190 4 3-6 1-5 150 100 1 22-30 J/A 226 193 J/A 210 190 1 J/A 215 177 3 J/A 280 235 20 J/A 190 J/A 240 180 12 22-30 F 6-10 20-40 M???? SAI 30-60 22-30 22-30 M M F F 20 indet 20-40 7-24 J/A 240 215 20-25 M??? 20-40 22-30 J/A 230 190 1-5 90 0 J/A 280 240 J/A 230 180 1-5 115 84 3 J/A 185 165 1 OO 275 6-10 160 143 274 OO 277 6-10 147 125 275 OO 278 J/A 257 203 276 OO 279 1-5 145 107 277 OO 280 1-5 128 56 281 OO 283 2 J/A 242 220 279 OO 284 2 M 11-15 20-30 6-10 173 155 310 OO 287 4 M 36-45 20-30 J/A 243 195 2 312 OO 288 1-5 120 90 4 77 OO 289 1 7-18 6-10 180 118 1 75 OO 290 2 22- J/A 270 200 9 91 OO 292 1-5 110 62 82 OO 294 4 F 36-45 102 OO 299 7 F 21-25 101 OO 302 6 F 41-50 298 OO 304 4 F 297 OO 305 4 296 OO 306 284 OO 307 2 M F? 0-5 M 2 F 16-20 20-30 indet 30-60 22-30 4-18 4 2 M F F 26-30 21-25 20-30 22-30 M F 31-40 20-30 15indet M??? 20-40 40-70 22-30 M? 20-30 F???? 20-60 22-30 J/A 180 M 20-30 M 40-46 25-50 J/A 210 M? 20-30 M! 64-74 22-30 J/A 220 26-30 <20 indet 18-25 22-30 J/A 225 174 F 26-30 20-30 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 240 0 2 M 0-5 30-40 M??? 65-74 J/A 217 188 2 F? 6-10 20-30 indet 20-40 J/A 235 196 M? 22-30 F 0 10 4 5 3 1 2 249 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE 295 OO 308 8 M 21-25 313 OO 310 6 F 26-30 317 OO 311 2 F 0-5 318 OO 312 2 M? 6-10 55 OO 314 4 F 36-45 57 OO 315 3 M 11-15 58 OO 316 2 F 26-30 52 OO 317 2 F 16-20 74 OO 318 59 OO 319 2 F 26-30 73 OO 320 2 F 21-25 78 OO 321 4 M 31-40 80 OO 322 2 F 6-10 79 OO 323 4 F 41-50 81 SBO ABO ADV APO 6-12 12-18 F???? 20-35 NGG 0 2 253 220 22-30 J/A 180 165 25-50 J/A 240 195 22-30 J/A 225 205 J/A 245 195 4 J/A 255 200 1 1-5 120 70 22-50 J/A 225 195 1 12-30 J/A 230 178 3 25-50 J/A 240 180 2 7-11 6-10 180 150 3 J/A 245 235 1 OO 324 1-5 97 80 1 86 OO 325 1-5 150 90 84 OO 326 2 F 26-30 J/A 225 186 83 OO 327 4 M 31-40 30-40 J/A 195 185 100 OO 329 2 M 36-45 20-30 99 OO 333 2 F 41-50 J/A 255 205 301 OO 335 2 J/A 220 190 300 OO 337 1-5 125 95 299 OO 338 J/A 200 185 30 307 OO 339 J/A 298 202 14 308 OO 340 2 M 0-5 3-6 6-10 160 116 3 319 OO 341 2 F 11-15 3-18 J/A 196 170 1 29 OO 342 2 F 26-30 22- J/A 180 30 OO 343 2 F 46-55 22-30 J/A 240 32 OO 345 2 F 11-15 1-5 240 94 1 33 OO 346 2 F 21-25 J/A 220 180 53 OO 347 4 M 51-60 J/A 245 200 1 54 OO 349 1-5 116 85 3 50 OO 350 2 M 26-30 22-30 J/A 235 205 51 OO 351 5 F 36-45 22-30 J/A 250 210 49 OO 352 1-5 130 60 OO 353 6-10 135 61 OO 354 2 F 56-65 85 OO 356 5 F 31-40 88 89 F child LCO J/A 30-40 22-30 LGR 0 F? >20 AAI 240 20-25 F???? SAI J/A 4 F? SDV F???? 60-69 F 20-30 22-50 20-40 F???? indet 20-25 M? 16-20 30-40 indet 40-60 20-40 20-40 M??? 20-70 indet 33-47 25-50 20-30 F 20-30 F??? 20-25 M? 20-30 F??? indet >20 20-40 20-40 22-30 22-30 F F M? 7 1 3 indet 35-52 25-50 J/A 260 6 F???? 70+ 25-50 J/A 250 4 OO 357 6-10 160 0 OO 358 J/A 210 0 50+ 250 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE SBO 304 OO 359 4 M 26-30 303 OO 360 2 F 21-25 306 OO 361 2 M 11-15 309 OO 362 2 F 0-5 320 OO 363 2 F 0-5 20-30 25 OO 366 4 M 16-20 20-30 26 OO 367 2 M 36-45 27 OO 368 4 F 31-40 30-40 28 OO 369 4 F 21-25 <20 23 OO 370 2 M 34 OO 371 2 35 OO 372 37 M? ABO SDV ADV 20-25 indet 25-35 20-25 M??? 20-40 APO 22-30 22-30 indet 20-40 indet 50-59 SAI F AAI LGR LCO NGG J/A 254 0 J/A 210 190 J/A 282 200 6 J/A 237 190 7 J/A 252 210 22-30 M J/A 228 215 3 25-50 M J/A 234 216 1 12-18 J/A 214 204 41-50 22-30 J/A 208 190 M 26-35 22-30 J/A 240 202 2 M 16-20 12- J/A 210 190 OO 373 3 M 36-45 J/A 300 36 OO 375 4 F 16-20 J/A 240 210 41 OO 376 2 1-5 105 90 42 OO 377 2 F 26-35 F? 20-30 indet 35-52 45-70 J/A 255 220 62 OO 378 6 F 41-50 F? 20-30 M???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 225 0 46 OO 379 4 M 21-25 30-40 J/A 200 0 72 OO 382 6 F 31-40 20-25 180 87 OO 383 2 F 26-35 90 OO 384 323 OO 386 2 F 16-20 324 OO 388 2 F 11-15 327 OO 389 4 M 31-40 326 OO 390 2 F 6-10 325 OO 391 2 M 6-10 22 OO 394 3 F 21-25 9 OO 395 4 M 36-45 24 OO 396 38 OO 397 2 M 21-25 40 OO 400 4 F 41-50 43 OO 402 6 M 41-50 47 OO 403 48 OO 404 6 M 41-50 64 OO 406 4 F 21-25 69 OO 408 2 M 0-5 71 OO 411 3 F 6-10 13 OO 412 2 F 6-10 3 OO 413 10 OO 415 indet 20-40 M M 20-40 indet indet 20-40 20-40 25-50 F J/A 250 15-30 F J/A 246 6-10 150 0 J/A 250 185 M 41-50 9 4 0 20-25 F???? 20-40 indet 20-40 20-30 indet >12 J/A 207 0 22-30 J/A 175 0 22-30 6-10 155 0 J/A 232 212 J/A 220 200 1-5 120 J/A 256 198 J/A 220 200 4 J/A 245 200 1 1-5 100 22-30 F 2 2 22-30 22-30 4 22-30 M M? 16-20 M?? 16-18 12-18 J/A 22-30 1 200 J/A 212 200 6-10 160 145 1 10-20 indet 20-40 22-30 F 6-10 154 145 1 F J/A 240 220 6 M J/A 250 210 1 251 — Table 3: The sex and age evaluations in cemetery OO (N=266 graves). ‘Preserved’ means recognized during excavation, not necessarily now preserved (continued). EXC CAT DEC SLE ALE 8 OO 418 6 F 41-50 44 OO 419 45 OO 420 4 M 16-20 67 OO 421 3 F 16-20 68 OO 422 2 F 26-30 66 OO 423 2 F 41-50 70 OO 424 1 F 11-15 5 OO 426 4 M 31-40 4 OO 428 4 F 31-40 1 OO 431 6 F 26-30 15 OO 432 2 M 26-30 6 OO 433 21 OO 434 6 65 OO 435 6 12 OO 437 2 18 OO 438 2 M 36-45 7 OO 440 2 M 26-35 20 OO 441 2 M 46-55 17 OO 443 2 M 16 OO 444 2 19 OO 446 919 SBO ABO F? SDV ADV indet 20-40 APO SAI AAI LGR LCO J/A 230 186 22-30 J/A 200 F???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 280 200 20-25 indet 20-40 22-30 J/A 235 212 20-25 F???? 20-40 J/A 225 180 3 6-10 145 120 1 J/A 224 196 3 3-6 M indet 20-40 22- J/A 220 0 M 38-50 22-30 J/A 188 174 M???? 20-40 22-30 J/A 250 200 J/A 250 214 J/A 290 180 J/A 274 180 J/A 233 224 J/A 240 205 J/A 222 210 J/A 235 205 41-50 J/A 220 202 F 16-20 J/A 210 2 M 31-40 J/A 220 OO 461 2 M 26-30 M 916 OO 466 3 M 31-40 F? 917 OO 467 3 M 20-30 M? M 26-30 NGG 20-30 25-50 M 25-50 20-30 M???? 20-40 22-30 22-30 M 190 4 1 1 4 252 — Combining the data The experimental work of Lengyel, whose results are too much at variance with those of the other three studies and with archaeological indicators, is further ignored here. As for age at death: 92 out of 266 graves of cemetery OO in Table 3 have two or more judgements on age at death. 54 of these have three judgements, including those found via the length of coin or grave in the case of children. 38 out of these graves, i.e. 70%, show an overlap in age determinations, whereas 16, i.e. 30%, do not. Where there are two age judgements on a grave, 35 out of 38, i.e. 92%, show an overlap, whereas 3, i.e. 8%, do not. As for sex: the study by Pot is the only one not to pronounce upon sex. The studies by Bonhof and Van Domburg/Veldman, as well as male and female dress accessories, do pronounce on sex. Not counting those by Lengyel and ignoring the question marks ater the leters F and M, 87 out of 266 graves of cemetery OO in Table 3 have one or more judgements on sex. On 62 graves with only one judgement, there are 33 women and 29 men. On 25 graves with two or more judgements, there are 8 women and 12 men, whereas 5 graves have not been counted, as they have contradictory judgements (OO 99, 222, 256, 347, 378). Men and women both add up to 41: as far as we can know, there seems to be a perfect balance. An approach to a survival curve for cemetery OO (Graphs 1-2) A survival curve shows the percentages of the cohort surviving at diferent ages, derived from a life table. In order to select the data for a survival table for cemetery OO, we remove the following four sets of unsatisfactory or missing data from Table 3: irstly, the columns of determinations by Lengyel; secondly, the rows representing 55 graves for which no median value for age at death can be established for lack of data; the grave numbers in column CAT of Table 3 are in italics; thirdly, the rows representing 24 graves for which the judgements on age at death are contradictory, i.e. they do not overlap; e.g. an adult in a very small grave is highly improbable; the causes being the absence of most of the dentitions during investigation of the rest of the bones and the fragmentary state of the bones; their grave numbers in column CAT of Table 3 are underscored; fourthly, in four graves where the quick scan of Bonhof gives a lower age (no overlap) than the agreement on age at death of Pot and Van Domburg/Veldman with their meticulous methods, Bonhof’s result is ignored (OO 48, 222, 299, 377). In the process of removal of these unsatisfactory data, the sample of graves from cemetery OO for the calculation of the survival table went down from 266 in Table 3 to 187 in Table 4. So the judgements used are: age determinations by Pot, in most cases Bonhof and Van Domburg/ Veldman and the lengths of small coins (up to 110 cm: 0-5 years; 111-159 cm: 6-10 years) or, lacking those, graves (up to 130 cm: 0-5; 131-179: 6-10 years). For each age determination, the median value has been taken, calculated as discussed above. In cases with more than one age determination, the average of the median values was used. The resulting ages at death were rounded of at complete years of life. This leads to the life table in Table 4 with columns AGE with rounded of years. In order to produce the mortality bar diagram of Graph 2, a 0 (zero) was put in the column headed N, which indicates the number of people deceased per year of life, for those years that did not yield an age at death. And in order to produce the uninterrupted survival curve of Graph 2, values were put in column % SUR for the same missing years, extrapolated between the two nearest values. 253 — Table 4: life table for cemetery OO. N=187. AGE AGE % SUR N % % CUM % SUR 100 32 2 1,1 87,5 12,5 0 93,8 33 1 0,5 88 12 2 0 86,6 34 1 0,5 88,5 11,5 3 35 18,7 18,7 81,3 35 0 4 2 1,1 19,8 80,2 36 2 1,1 89,6 10,4 5 0 79,5 37 3 1,6 91,2 8,8 6 0 78,8 38 6 3,2 94,4 5,6 7 4 78,1 39 2 1,1 95,5 4,5 8 0 74,3 40 0 9 14 7,5 29,4 70,6 41 3 10 1 0,5 29,9 70,1 42 0 2,8 11 4 2,1 32 68 43 0 2,7 12 0 67,6 44 0 2,6 13 0 67,3 45 0 2,5 14 2 66,9 46 1 0,5 97,6 2,4 15 0 66,1 47 1 0,5 98,1 1,9 16 3 1,6 34,7 65,3 48 0 17 1 0,5 35,2 64,8 49 1 18 0 64,7 50 0 19 0 64,6 51 1 20 0 64,4 52 0 0,7 21 1 0,5 35,7 64,3 53 0 0,5 22 2 1,1 36,8 63,2 54 0 0,3 23 4 2,1 38,9 61,1 55 1 24 1 0,5 39,4 60,6 25 1 0,5 40 60 26 13 6,9 46,9 53,1 27 43 23 69,9 30,1 28 18 9,6 79,5 20,5 29 7 3,7 83,2 16,8 30 0 31 6 0 0 1 0 2,1 1,1 N % 0 21,9 33,1 % CUM 15,2 3,2 86,4 13,6 11 3,7 1,6 97,1 2,9 1,6 0,5 98,6 1,4 1,1 0,5 0,5 99,1 100 0,9 0 Legend: AGE rounded of years of age at death N number of people deceased per year of life % the percentage of that number on a total of 187 persons; %CUM the cumulative percentage of deceased on the same total %SUR the percentage of survivors at that age 254 — The mortality bar diagram of Graph 1 shows three clear peaks: for the irst ten years of life, concentrated at the median value of 3 for the age group 0-5 years and at 9, the rounded of median value of 8.5 for the age group 6-10 years. There is a pronounced peak around the age of 27, when the number of survivors drops dramatically from 53.1 to 30.1%. The last peak is around the age of 38. Five strong people (2.7%) survive up to ages between 46 and 55. A usual peak is remarkably absent: that around the age of 20, when men are reckless and women give birth (Acsádi and Nemeskéri 1970, passim). The angular beginning of the survival curve in Graph 2 relects the artiicial determination of age at death on the basis of lengths of small cofins and graves, almost no children’s bones being available. Seventy percent of the population had died before it could reach the age of 28. This was a population consisting of many young people and a few old ones. Their outlook on life was, supposing they kept count of their age: 50% chance to survive up to the age of 26, 10% chance to reach 36, and 5% to grow really old, up to over 50. Comparison to similar populations As this chapter was being writen, Liesbeth Smits of the University of Amsterdam published data from Krefeld-Gellep (Smits 2006a). Her thesis (Smits 2006b) treats four cemetery populations from the limes of Germania Inferior in the Early and Middle Roman times: Valkenburg-Marktveld near Praetorium Agrippinae, AD I-II: 520 cremations, 134 inhumations; Nijmegen-Museum Kamstraat near the Nijmegen Augustan legionary fortress, AD 30-70 (= G.M. Kam’s cemetery E on Fig. 2, the street then being named Eleonorastraat): 131 cremations, part of a much larger complex; Moers-Asberg, the vicus near the auxiliary fortress of Asciburgium: 89 and 94 cremations from the N and S cemeteries, respectively, AD I-II; KrefeldGellep, near the auxiliary fortress Gelduba: 670 cremations, AD I-III. Her conclusions were that child mortality was high and that most of the adults died in the age of 20-40 years (Smits 2006, 48, 77, 101, 118, 188). The clearest results are those for Krefeld-Gellep: more than half the population died between 20 and 40, 22% reached an age between 40 and 60, and over 7% got older than 60 (Smits 2006b, 118). A larger sample of 906 cremations from KrefeldGellep of AD I-IV date (Smits 2006a, 583) gave the following results. The ratio children:adults was 10.5:89.5%. 58.8% died between the ages of 20 and 40, 29% reached an age between 40 and 60, and 1.5% got older than 60 years. The survival rate in the fourth-century Nijmegen cemetery OO seems at irst sight markedly lower than those of the four cemeteries studied by Smits. This may relect the unsatisfactory preservation of inhumations in the Nijmegen sand and the sad history of the investigations, rather than a real high mortality in peaceful Nijmegen of the fourth century. For instance: ages found by Van Domburg and Veldman were rejected in the process of selecting satisfactory data (graves OO 26, 48, 99, 118, 249, 272, 290, 302, 306, 315, 356, 431) because they were higher, sometimes much higher, than the other judgements on the same graves. There are, however, two marked diferences that argue for a really lower survival rate. Firstly, we already saw that 85.6% of the deceased in Table 3, column APO (age according to Pot), belonged to dental atrition group I, i.e. they died between the ages of 22 and 30. This is expressed by the peak at the age of 27 in the mortality bar diagram of Graph 1 and the corresponding steep drop of the survival curve in Graph 2. Secondly, not a single instance of dental atrition group IV (age 65 and higher) was found in the Nijmegen material. This fourth-century population really seems to have died younger than the ones from the irst to the third centuries in the same area. What caused this higher mortality remains in the dark. The only explanation that springs to mind is the bad economic circumstances of the fourth century, which also resulted in the eight coin periods given in Chapter 3, Table 1. 8 Food as gravegits R.C.G.M. Lauwerier Introduction Almost all food remains from cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), previously named cemetery ‘Margriet’, have been discussed in Lauwerier 1983 and 1988 (76-85). One ind was described later (Lauwerier 1999). In order to have all data of the late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen in one volume, the 1988 text is partly presented here again. However, text, numbers and tables have been extensively adapted in order to it into the present study, and the 1999 ind is added. The data about the sex and age of the buried humans presented in the 1983 and 1988 publications are replaced by more reliable data (see Chapter 7, The living population), and some thoughts about diferent kinds of meat as ‘food for the dead’ have been replaced by those from a later study (Lauwerier 1993). In addition archaeozoological data from cemetery Inner City (B) (Lauwerier 1999) have been included. On both the east and the west side of the fourthcentury fortiication on the Valkhof cemeteries have been found that most probably belong to the setlement. The eastern burial ground, cemetery OO, was partly excavated in the years 19801983. It is estimated that this cemetery contained some 1590 graves, 489 of which have been excavated; these were almost exclusively inhumation graves. In some graves dishes were found containing animal bones as gits for the dead (partly discussed previously: Lauwerier 1983). As material for archeozoological investigation usually only the remains of meals are available: garbage and refuse of meals in the past. The interesting thing about the bone material from the cemetery is that we are not dealing with the garbage and refuse but with the meal itself: a sort of plate-service for the dead. Dishes and bones During the excavation of cemetery OO, 489 graves were found, 73 of which contained items of pottery on which one could expect to ind bones: plates, dishes, bowls and one cooking-pot. Although during the excavation of the graves bones were oten observed on the plates, dishes and bowls, the contents of only a few have remained preserved, on account of the very unfavourable conditions for preservation in the sandy soil of the cemetery. Even a slight touch caused the bones to disintegrate into dust. The human skeletal material gives a clear indication of how poorly bone has been preserved. In 35% of the graves no bone material is present any longer. In most of the other graves only a fragile bony pulp of the skull remains. Less than 10% of the graves contain fragments of both the skull and of the bones of the legs. The animal bones from cemetery B are also badly preserved and fragmented. The contents of a few plates, dishes and bowls from cemetery OO were treated with a preservative during the excavation, in order to preserve them as far as possible prior to archeozoological analysis (Table 5, nos. 14-23). The contents of these plates, dishes, and bowls and those from cemetery B will be discussed further below. A summary of the data is given in Table 5. The percentages mentioned in the table under the contents recovered indicate approximately the proportion of the contents of the dishes, i.e. of the undisturbed soil containing the bones that were conserved during the excavation. 255 — 256 — Table 5: Nijmegen, cemeteries Nijmegen-East (OO) and Inner City (B): overview of the potery that has been studied. x: presence of animal species established; sex and age according to Bonhof (BO), Van Domburg & Veldman (DV) and Pot (PO) or on the basis of the dimension of the coin (for details see Chapter 7, The living population). G = Type Gellep. J/A= juvenile/adult. no grave+no potery place contents recovered (%) animal species catle pig dom.fowl human skeleton unident. parts present sex age DV BO DV PO coin Cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO) 1 ฀ OO 101.3 coarse cooking-pot in niche ? x - - - no bones - - - - 6-10 coarse dish G 128 in niche 75 - x x - no bones - - - - 6-10 TS plate G in niche 25 x - - - skull + fe- ? <20 <16 25-50 J/A ? <20 <16 25-50 J/A G 105 2 ฀ OO 101.6 3 ฀ OO 144.1 41=Chenet 313 4 ฀ OO 144.6 coarse bowl G 120 mora in niche 75 - x - - skull + femora 5 OO 164.2 coarse dish G 128 in niche 75 - - - x complete ? 20-25 - - J/A 6 OO 168.3 TS plate G in niche 75 - - x - skull ? - >25 22-30 J/A in grave out- 100 x - x - skull + hu- - 20-30 - 22-30 J/A 37=Drag.18/31 7 OO 186.5 coarse dish G 128 side coin 8 ฀ OO 200.6 coarse dish G 128 9 ฀ OO 200.7 coarse dish G 128 meri in niche 10 - - - x skull M???? 20-30 20-40 25-50 J/A in grave out- 10 - - - x skull M???? 20-30 20-40 25-50 J/A in niche 10 - x - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A in niche 0 - - - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A side coin 10฀ OO 354.1 TS plate G 40=Chenet 304b 11฀ OO 354.2 TS bowl G 35=Chenet 324c 12฀ OO 354.6 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - - x skull ? - 35-52 25-50 J/A 13 OO 356.1 TS plate G in niche 10 - x - - skull + arm F???? 50+ 70+ 25-50 J/A 40=Chenet 304b 14 OO 37.2 coarse dish G 126 in niche 100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A 15 OO 42.3 coarse bowl G 122 in middle of 75 no bones no bones - - - - - 100 no bones skull - - - 22-30 J/A 100 no bones no bones - - - - 6-10 grave 16 OO 71.3 coarse bowl G 122 in grave outside coin 17 OO 78.3 coarse bowl G 122 in grave outside coin 257 — 18฀ OO 243.1 TS bowl G 25 in niche 100 no bones ± complete M???? 20-40 30-60 25-50 J/A 19฀ OO 243.3 coarse bowl G 122 in niche 100 no bones ± complete M???? 20-40 30-60 25-50 J/A 20 OO 273.1 TS bowl G in grave out- 100 no bones no bones - - - - 1-5 30=Chenet 319a side coin TS plate G in grave out- 100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A 40=Chenet 304b side coin TS plate G in grave out- 100 no bones no bones - - - - J/A 40=Chenet 304b side coin TS bowl G in niche 100 no bones no bones - - - 3-6 6-10 21฀ 22฀ 23 OO 339.1 OO 339.2 OO 340.1 34=Chenet 320 Cemetery Inner City (B) 24฀ B 86.3 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x - skull - - - - J/A 25฀ B 86.4 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x x skull - - - - J/A 26 B 150.3 coarse dish G 128 in niche 0 - - x x molar - - - - 6-10 27 B 151.1 TS plate G 38 in niche 0 x - - - skull - - - - J/A 28 B 176.5 coarse bowl G 122 in niche 0 - x x - no bones - - - - J/A 29 B 191.1 TS plate G 39 in niche 0 - - x x skull - - - - 6-10 30 B 704.1 TS plate G in grave out- 0 - - - x skull - - - - J/A 40=Chenet 304b side coin coarse bowl G 122 in niche 0 - - - x no bones - - - - J/A 31 B 764.7 258 — Cemetery OO 1 OO 101.3 with 3a and 3b Coarse cooking-pot Gellep 105. Part of the original illing intact (percentages not established). OO 101.3a Human: in the illing, at a depth of 9 cm, was a human bone fragment (proximal part of a let femur; 1.8 g). OO 101.3b Catle: at the same depth ive fragments of probably the same rib, 3.4 g. Large mammal: 38 unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the catle rib; 2.9 g. It can be assumed that the human bone has secondarily sagged into the jar or was introduced by mice or moles. Also the cow’s rib may have got into the jar when the grave was illed in. However it also could indicate that beef was intentionally put in the jar as food. 2 OO 101.6 with 6a and 6b Coarse dish Gellep 128. 75% of the original illing intact. (Lauwerier 1983 (1986), 186, Fig. 3; 1988, 80, Fig. 22. OO 101.6a Pig: head of a sucking pig. The cranium is fragmented. The Pd2’s are just breaking through: age about 10 weeks. OO 101.6b Domestic fowl (?): articulated parts of ulna, radius and humerus, probably from a domestic fowl. Three large unidentiiable fragments could be parts of the hind legs. Also a lot of bird rib fragments are present. The position of the articulated bones of the wing, the unidentiiable long bones and the fragments of ribs strongly suggest that we are concerned here with the bones of one complete bird that was interred in an intact state. 3 OO 144.1 with 1a Terra sigillata plate Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313). 25% of the original illing intact. OO 144.1a Catle: processus olecrani of the right ulna of an adult animal. 4 OO 144.6 with 6a and 6b Coarse bowl Gellep 120. 75% of the original illing intact. OO 144.6a Pig: fragments of the skull of a suck- ing pig. In both the maxilla and mandibula the milk incisors, the Pd3’s and the Pd4’s are present. The milk premolars are not worn, the Pd2’s are not yet present: age between 7 and 10 weeks. OO 144.6b Unidentiiable small fragments of bones. 5 OO 164.2 with 2a Coarse dish Gellep 128. 75% of the original illing intact. OO 164.2a Mammal: a few unidentiiable mammal bones. 6 OO 168.3 with 3a Terra sigillata plate Gellep 37 (= Drag. 18/31). 75% of the original illing intact. OO 168.3a Domestic fowl: almost complete articulated skeleton. Missing parts are the head, the right femur, the right foot and the let leg. If this leg was present, it most probably lay on the broken and cleaned fragment of the dish. It is remarkable that the dish was made in the 2nd or 3rd century AD and was placed in a grave only much later (personal communication J.H.F. Bloemers). 7 OO 186.5 with 5a and 5b Coarse dish Gellep 128. 100% of the original illing intact. OO 186.5a Domestic fowl: articulated skeleton. Clearly identiiable are the two humeri, the right ulna, a phalanx, fragments of the vertebral column, ribs, the sternum, parts of the pelvis and the two femora. Also unidentiiable fragments were found, including parts of long bones. OO 186.5b Catle: on top of the skeleton of the domestic fowl a fragment of a rib was found. 8 OO 200.6 with 6a Coarse dish Gellep 128. OO 200.6a Unidentiiable bone remains. 9 OO 200.7 with 7a Coarse dish Gellep 128. 10% of the original illing intact. 259 — OO 200.7a Unidentiiable fragments of a young mammal. Some fragments are from long bones. The dish also contains a knife. 10 OO 354.1 with 1a and 1b Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 10% of the original illing intact. OO 354.1a Pig: distal half of the right humerus. The distal epiphysis is fused, but because the bone is very small the age of the animal at the time of slaughter would not have been much more than one year. OO 354.1b The dish also contains a few unidentiiable fragments of mammal bones. 11 OO 354.2 with 2a Terra sigillata bowl Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c). Only bone fragments were collected. OO 354.2a Mammal: a few unidentiiable bones of an infantile mammal. 12 OO 354.6 with 6a Coarse dish Gellep 128. Only bone fragments were collected. OO 354.6a A few unidentiiable bones. 13 OO 356.1 with 1a Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). 10% of the original illing intact. OO 356.1a Pig, diaphysis of a right humerus. The distal epiphysis is not fused: age younger than one year. 14-23 OO 37.2, 42.3, 71.3, 78.3, 243.1, 243.3, 273.1, 339.1, 339.2 and 340.1 These dishes, bowls and plates, all with 100% of the original ill intact, were brought for study to the laboratory, in order to see if they would contain animal bones. They proved to contain only earth, no bones. Cemetery B 24 B 86.3 with 3a Coarse dish Gellep 128. B 86.3a Domestic fowl: a possibly complete chicken without feet and head: (parts of) the let scapula, both coracoïds, the two humeri, the let ulna, a radius, both phalanges I anteriores, the let tibiotarsus and three vertebrae; 15 fragments; 3.0 g. Bird: unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the chicken, 128 fragments; 3.1 g. 25 B 86.4 with 4a Coarse dish Gellep 128. B 86.4a Domestic fowl: a chicken’s leg: let femur; 0.0 g. Bird: nine unidentiiable fragments; 0.2 g. 26 B 150.3 with 3a Coarse dish Gellep 128. B 150.3a Domestic fowl: an apparently complete chicken without head and lower legs: let and right scapula, a coracoïd, both humeri, right ulna, right femur, six vertebrae, synsacrum, rib; 17 fragments, 2.9 g. Bird: unidentiied small fragments, presumably part of the chicken; 58 fragments, 1.2 g. 27 B 151.1 with 1a and 1b Terra sigillata plate Gellep 38. B 151.1a Catle: three fragments of a rib; 6.8 g. B 151.1b Large mammal: two pieces of ossiied cartilage, probably part of a rib; 19 fragments of rib and ossiied cartilage; 6.0 gr. 28 B 176.5 with 5a and 5b Coarse bowl Gellep 122. OO 176.5a Pig: a leg of a sucking-pig: carpalia or tarsalia, phalanges I, II and III. The unfused bones come probably from the same hand or foot. Age at slaughter 10-12 months at the most; 41 fragments, 4.6 g. Mammal: unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the pig’s leg; 50 fragments, 0.2 g. OO 176.5b Domestic fowl: a leg of a chicken: proximal part of let femur; 1 fragment, 0.2 g. 29 B 191.1 with 1a Terra sigillata plate Gellep 39. B 191.1a Domestic fowl: an almost complete chicken; the head and the feet are missing. (Parts 260 — of) right scapula, let coracoïd, let and right humerus, let ulna, let radius, let and right femur, both tibiotarsi, three vertebrae; 13 fragments, 16.1 g. Bird: unidentiiable fragments, probably belonging to the chicken; <50 fragments, 4.2 g. 30 B 704.1 with 1a Terra sigillata plate Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b). B 704.1a A grey mass of unidentiiable bone remains. WELK FIGUUR MOET HIER??? 31 B 764.7 with 7a Coarse bowl Gellep 122. B 764.7a Unidentiiable bone remains. On the basis of bone inds in the cemetery in Courroux, Bechert (1982, 284) proposes that the dead were supplied with second-rate meat while the funeral guests kept the choicest pieces for themselves. The inds from cemeteries OO and B give a diferent impression. That we are dealing here with meals and not with the refuse of meals is best illustated by the articulated skeletons of domestic fowl. One can only ind articulated skeletons if complete animals have been buried from which edible parts have not been cut of. For the two best conserved skeletons of domestic fowl from the graves OO 168 and OO 186, and also for the inds from the graves B 86, B 150 and B 191, it is striking that there are no traces of the head and the inedible parts of the hind legs. This brings to mind the well known picture of a fried chicken, from which the head and feet have been cut of. From Roman times too there are examples of such a way of preparing fowl. The ornamented bronze lid, probably of a vessel for food, from Mundelsheim from the 2nd or 3rd century AD, is one such example (Fig. 1). The fowl is presented on the border of the lid: the head and the ends of the hind legs have been cut of. Also represented are a ring of piglets and, lanked by grapes, a hare. Fowls prepared in this way are also known from the cemeteries of Leuna, Wessling, Neuburg and Kempten (Gandert 1953; Keller 1971, 1979; Mackensen 1978). Fig. 1 The bronze lid from Mundelsheim (Germany) showing rings of fowl and piglets and in the centre a hare (Würtembergisches Landesmuseum Stutgart). In Nijmegen a humerus of a sucking pig was found on two occasions, this being indicative of good quality meat (graves OO 354 and OO 356). Also heads of sucking pigs have been found (graves OO 101 and OO 144.6). Nowadays we tend to consider the meat of this part of the animal to be of poorer quality, but there are indications in writen sources that this kind of meat in fact was a delicacy in Roman times. Macrobius (3,13,12) tells about a banquet that Lentullus offered his guests in about 70 BC on the occasion of his ordination as a priest. Besides oysters, thrushes with asparagus, fried hare and fowl also fried heads of pigs were served. But pig’s head is also known to have been a delicacy in later times, as in medieval and Tudor England (Wilson 1973, 82). And in the folk tale of Uilenspiegel, as placed by De Coster (1867) in 16thcentury Flanders, Lamme complains that he has to live on bread and water while the nobility feast on head of wild boar, among other things (III,29). All in all, the dishes from Nijmegen on which bone remains were found give the impression 261 — that food was placed in the graves that was not second-rate or the refuse of a meal (of, for example, the funeral guests), having only a symbolical meaning, but rather a good meal for the dead. In view of the small number of inds it is hard to discern any relation between the ages of the deceased persons and the meals they were given. All that can be said is that the dead of all ages, children as well as adults, were provided with meat of catle, pig and fowl as a grave git. In Courroux birds were found exclusively in the graves of women. From this it has been concluded that they were speciically grave-gits for women (Martin-Kilcher 1976). Wahl and Kokabi (1987, 1988) make the same suggestion based on information about Stetfeld and Konstanz. The information from Nijmegen about this subject is very scarce. Only one grave (OO 356) of which the sex of the human skeleton could be established (probably a woman) contained identiied animal bones: a young pig. However, if the data upon which these suggestions is based on is studied in more detail, no diferences in the frequencies of the occurrence of chicken in female or male graves can be established (Lauwerier 1993). The other potery of cemetery OO that was studied shows no traces of bones at all. From this it could possibly be concluded that no boned meat was given in these cases. Yet if we consider the human skeletal material, we see that human remains were found in only one grave. Evidently the conditions for preservation in the graves were so poor that no conclusions at all can be drawn from the inds of empty items of potery in cemeteries OO and B. The relation between the setlement and the cemetry It is obvious that we should compare the bone material from cemeteries OO and B with that from the stronghold on the Valkhof (Lauwerier 1988, section 3.3.2). Comparing these two sets of bone material, we can see that the values for frequency of occurrence of bones of catle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl are completely diferent at the two sites. Unfortunately, however, the number of identiiable inds from the cemeteries is so small (17) that no conclusion whatsoever can be drawn from this comparison. In order to make a more meaningful comparison between animal bones from setlements and those from cemeteries, archeozoological data have been collected relating to 27 setlements and 20 cemeteries or individual graves within the Roman Empire. For the cemeteries a random selection has been made from the available literature in which faunal material is mentioned, from sites in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland (Table 6). These include the early Roman cemeteries in Kempten (Mackensen 1978), Weisenau (Kessler 1927) and Brugg (Tomašević and Hartmann 1972); cemeteries dating from mid-Roman times in Höraing (Gerhardt and Maier 1964), Eining (Kellner 1965), Stephanskirchen (mentioned in Kellner 1965), Regensburg (Mackensen 1973) and Courroux (Martin-Kilcher 1976; Kaufmann 1976); late Roman cemeteries in Krefeld-Gellep (Pirling 1974), Neuburg (Keller 1971), Neuss (Härke 1980; Reichstein 1980), Augsburg, Göggingen, Burgheim, Valley, Potzham, Altenstadt, Wessling (Keller 1971), Oudenburg (Mertens and Van Impe 1971) and the cemeteries in Nijmegen described above. In the table no distinction has been made between animals or parts of animals that were found on dishes or plates and those that were simply placed in the grave. Possibly a few bones are present that accidentally came into the grave together with the earth used to cover the remains of the deceased. As in the great majority of cases the faunal material was described as clearly belonging to the grave, this will hardly inluence the overall picture of the occurrence of the various kinds of animals interred. The numbers shown in the table indicate the frequency with which the animal species occur in the graves. In the case of one grave containing fau- 262 — Table 6: Overview of the occurrence of catle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in graves within the northwestern part of the Roman Empire. Species identiied Cemetery catle sheep/goat pig dom. fowl Kempten 11 7 128 37 Weisenau - 1 2 - Brugg - - 1 - Höraing - 1 7 1 Eining - - 1 - Stephanskirchen - - 1 - Regensburg - - - 1 Courroux 2 4 47 4 Nijmegen 4 - 5 8 Krefeld-Gellep - - - 1 Neuburg - - - 2 Neuss 3 1 6 - Augsburg - - - 1 Göggingen - - 1 1 Burgheim - - - 3 Valley - - - 1 Potzham - - - 1 Altenstadt - - - 2 Wessling - - - 7 Oudenburg 5 4 25 19 totaal 25 18 224 89 Percentage 7 5 63 25 Early Roman Mid Roman Late Roman 263 — nal remains of one species on diferent plates, separate counts have been made for each plate. Pig is the most abundant species, with a frequency of 63%, followed by domestic fowl at 25%. Catle and sheep/goat account for only 7 and 5%, respectively. In addition to the species mentioned in the table other species occur incidentally: horse in Oudenburg, dog in Neuss and Courroux, hare or rabbit in Höraing, goose in Courroux and Oudenburg, eider duck (Somateria mollissima) in Neuss, ish in Weisenau and oyster in Oudenburg. The few fragments of horse and dog that have been found in graves probably cannot be considered as representing food for the dead as these species were not normally eaten in Roman times (Luf 1982). Martin-Kilcher (1976) indicates the possibility that dog may have been provided as a companion for the journey to the hereater. As an indication of this she mentions the presence of a ceramic igure of a dog in one of the three graves in Courroux that contained dog remains. Table 7: General overview of the occurrence of catle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in setlement refuse in the Roman Empire Species Mean percentage distribution of the number of fragments Catle 60 Sheep/goat 13 Pig 26 Domestic fowl 2 Table 7 gives an overview of the setlement refuse of the most frequently consumed mammals and the domestic fowl in Roman times. The table includes data from 27 sites where a total number of more than 100 bone fragments of catle, sheep or goat, pig and domestic fowl have been found. The sites concerned are of both civilian and military setlements in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, France and Switzerland (Clason 1977, Tables 15 and 18). The table gives the mean percentage distribution of the number of bone fragments. This overall picture of the species composition in all the setlements considered jointly corresponds more or less to the frequency spectra within the individual settlements (Clason 1977, 126). The data from the setlements and the cemeteries cannot be directly compared because they express diferent quantities, namely numbers of fragments and the numbers of individual animals respectively. This problem is a consequence of the diferent ways of presentation of the bone material in the literature consulted, that is partly accounted for by the diferent nature of the objects excavated. In a self-contained structure like a grave it is more sensible and more meaningful to indicate individuals than in the refuse pits of a setlement. However, this diference in presentation does not prevent us from gaining insight on a broad scale into the diferences between setlements and cemeteries. The most conspicuous diferences are as follows. Catle, that are represented in the setlements by 60% of the fragments, are found in very small quantities in the cemeteries, certainly if one compares the mammal species with one another. Among the mammals, sheep/goat comes in third place in both the setlements and in the cemeteries, although the percentage for the settlements is higher than that for the cemeteries. The domestic fowl, that rates 2% in the setlements, is the second most abundant animal in the cemeteries. The above-mentioned diferences can partly be explained by diferent methods of excavating cemeteries and setlements. If the cemeteries have been excavated more meticulously than the setlements or if sieving has been carried out (something that is not mentioned in most of the publications concerning the cemeteries), then it is possible that notably the quantitative diference in domestic fowl remains may be explained as a result of this (Clason and Prummel 1977; Clason et al. 1979). That the diferences for 264 — mammals can also be atributed to diferent excavation techniques seems unlikely. If this were indeed the case, then one would expect that in addition to pig also sheep/goat, that fall into the same size class, would score higher, yet this is not so. The low numbers of bird remains in the setlements may also be due to gnawing by dogs. Yet this does not explain the diference in occurrence of mammals between the setlements and the cemeteries. Table 8: Frequency distributions of catle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl in settlements, cemeteries and the cookery book of Apicius/Caelius. Catle Setlements Cemeteries Apicius 60 7 4 Sheep/goat 13 5 12 Pig 26 63 50 Domestic fowl 2 25 34 Another explanation can be taken from the cookery book of Apicius. In Table 8 the data of the Tables 6 and 7 are presented alongside the frequencies with which the diferent animal species are mentioned in the cookery book of Apicius/Caelius. This cookery book dates from the 1st century AD. It was writen by the well-to-do gastronome Apicius, and in the form of the book that is known to us, may have been revised by a certain Caelius at the end of the fourth century or beginning of the ith century (Forbes 1965). For the quantitative data concerning the occurrence of the various animal species in the cookery book the English translation of Flower and Rosenbaum (1958) has been used. In addition to the species listed in the igure, namely catle, sheep/goat, pig and domestic fowl, in the cookery book there is occasional mention of a great number of other species: wild sheep, wild goat, red deer, fallow deer, boar, rabbit, hare, dormouse, goose, duck, hazel hen, partridge, pheasant, peacock, crane, ostrich, parrot, pigeon, wood-pigeon, turtle dove, thrush, ig-pecker, lamingo, electric ray, murena, eel, conger eel, anchovy, scorpion ish, perch, sea-perch, sea-bream, gold-bream, dentex, red mullet, grey mullet, horse mackerel, tunny ish, bonito, sole, sheatish, ‘cornuta’, prawn, sea-crayish, squill, lobster, squid, cutleish, octopus, mussel, oyster, snail, sea urchin and jelly-ish. Again it must be pointed out that the frequency percentages in Table 8 cannot be directly compared with those for the cemeteries and setlements. In the table diferent quantitative categories stand alongside one another: numbers of fragments for the setlements, numbers of individuals for the cemeteries and the number of times a species is mentioned in the cookery book. However, if we compare, in a general way, the data from the graves with those from the setlements and that from the cookery book, we could conclude that the reason so many chicken and pig bones are found in graves is because the meat spectrum present in graves compares most readily with that used in a luxurious cookery book. So, the dead were not provided with ordinary, everyday food but with something more festive. Another explanation for the fact that so many chicken and pigs are found in cemeteries is perhaps more obvious (Lauwerier 1993). Except for when a illet or ragout of chicken is put in the grave, the meat would normally always still be on the bone. The same can be said for pork, the top scorer in the cemeteries. Many recipes using pork include the bone. Recipes made of sucking pig, regularly found in graves, always contain bone and by so doing, always leave evidence. Recipes using beef are, however, totally diferent. In contrast to pig and chicken, the meat is cut of the bones, thereby leaving no remains in a grave if the beef was placed on a plate (cf. Mackensen 1978, 173). The frequent occurrence of chicken and pig bones in graves may well, therefore, give a false picture of past reality. It is not unlikely that the empty or half empty plates found in graves may have contained beef. The information from the plates seems to be very clear, but the rubbish pits in the 265 — setlements, containing the ofal and discarded remains of meals, give a much more reliable picture of the consumption patern of the living, than do the plates and dishes in the graves for the “consumption” patern of the deceased. 266 — 9 Plant remains from grave B 29 Corrie Bakels The Roman grave known as B 298 has revealed more than the personal ornaments, coins, two beakers, a pair of scales, parts of a leather purse, a boar’s tusk and sea shells. It also contained plant remains. Their presence came more or less as a surprise, because plants are hardly to be expected in an inhumation grave above ground water level. Normally they decay rather quickly. In this case, however, they were preserved because of close contact with grave goods made of bronze. There are three kinds of remains. The irst kind concerns rhizomes of a horsetail species (Equisetum spec.). These underground parts may have intruded the grave at any stage ater the burial and are not considered to belong to the gravegoods. Horsetails are very weedy plants and their rhizomes penetrate deep into the soil. The second kind of remains consists of very thin pieces of wood. C. Vermeeren identiied this wood as radially split from a deciduous tree species. The wood had characteristics as seen in Pomoidea, poplar (Populus), hazel (Corylus) or alder (Alnus). They are presumably natural. Especially alder roots are known to split up like this during decay. Therefore the wood may not belong to the gravegoods either. The third kind of remains are, however, considered to belong to the original contents of the grave. These inds comprise large fragments of one or two nuts of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller). Only the pericarp has been preserved, but the nuts were originally placed as complete specimens in the grave. Finds of sweet chestnut are rare. The nearest inds up till present are from a cremation grave from the 1st century in Kempten (Germany), from the Roman harbour in Straubing (Germany), from the ill of a water well in a Roman villa in Boreham (Essex, England), in the temple of Isis in Pompeii and in sacriicial contexts in other Vesuvian locations (Willerding 1978, Küster 1992, Murphy 2003, Overbeck and Mau 1884, Meyer 1994, Materne and Derreumaux 2007). Possible remains have been reported from Roman cremation graves in the French Massif Central (Bouby and Marinval 2004). The rareness of the nut may be atributed to its poor chance of preservation. A carbonized sweet chestnut is very fragile and from a waterlogged chestnut only fragments of the pericarp will survive and these are not easily to identify. The nuts are known as components of Roman meals. The Roman cook Apicius presents a recipe. It is quite possible that the chestnuts in grave B 298 represent food for the dead. There may have been more of them, and also other kinds of plant food, but if this was not deposited next to something of bronze, this food will not have been preserved. But it is also feasible that they are more than just food. Some fruits and seeds had, next to their place on the table, also a place in rituals. This is, for instance, known of dates, igs, and pinecones and their kernels (Zach 2002, Hänninen and Vermeeren 1997). It would not be surprising if sweet chestnut belonged in this category as well. The tree was introduced in northwestern Europe, the Netherlands included, by the Romans, as is attested by its pollen. It may have been planted because of the pleasure of the consuming of chestnuts, but it is possible, too, that the tree was needed for other purposes, such as poles and stakes. The plant remains are kept in the Collection Laboratory for Archaeobotany, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University. 10 Roman textiles from Cemetery OO G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood The inds consist of a small group of textiles from three loci. One of the textiles is extremely small, less than 0.5 cm, while the largest is nearly 8.0 cm in size. The condition of the textiles is poor. The fragments are very britle and are semi-carbonized. The objects are of interest because they represent various types of weaves and give an indication of the type of textile technology to be found in the region at this time. There is no indication that these textiles were imported pieces (type of ibre, spin, weave, and so forth). Based on the inds from other contemporary and near contemporary Roman sites, it is clear that these pieces are acceptable parts of the textile horizon of this area and date. The inds OO 242.8 This ind is made up of four largish and several small lumps of carbonized organic material. On one piece there are traces of what appears to be a weave, but under a microscope, it would appear that it is an organic material which has deteriorated in narrow strips (leather?) OO 366.3 The ind is made up of two textiles, the irst textile (a) is a large fragment made up of several layers of cloth. The second textile (b) is somewhat smaller and was apparently resting on the irst piece. It would appear that they are from the same length of cloth. The cloth is now carbonized. There are areas of green on the material which would appear to be a copper deposit from another object, rather than indicating the use of a dye or pigment. Fibre: animal? Size: (a) 7.7 x 3.5 (b) 3.8 x 2.3 cm. Spin: z/z (some paired threads, this may relect a weaving fault rather than the deliberate use of paired threads). Twist: medium/medium. Count: 24 in the presumed warp; 16 in the presumed wet. Weave: 1/2 twill (it should be noted that no selvedges are present so it is not clear whether it is actually a 1/2 or a 2/1 twill. Nevertheless, the presence of plied threads in one direction indicates that this was the wet, and thus a 1/2 twill form. In one area of the web there is evidence of the use of thicker thread (S,3?z) which appears to turn back on itself. However, due to the poor condition of the cloth at this point, this detail is not clear. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used. OO 366.4 This ind is made up of a single textile which is now light brown in colour. There is no indication of any colour or decoration. The size of the object makes it very diicult to draw any conclusions about the nature of this ind. Fibre: animal? Size: 2.0 x 1.8 cm. Spin: z/z. Twist: loose. Count: c.12 in the presumed warp; 22 in the presumed wet. Weave: wet(?)-faced tabby weave. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used. Other textiles are discussed in Chapter 13, Atributes for both genders/Organic/Textile remains. 267 — 268 — 11 Typology of the potery and glass vessels Introduction In this study, it is emphatically not the intention to present yet another typology. This chapter is meant to give an up-to-date overview of what we know from the archaeological literature about the objects found in the Nijmegen Late Roman cemeteries; and to apply that knowledge to the inds presented here. Gellep typology For Roman potery and glass vessels, wherever possible, the typology of the Late Roman cemetery of Krefeld-Gellep, Gellep for short, has been followed. Most of that cemetery was excavated and published by Renate Pirling in her studies of 1966, 1974, 1979, 1989, 1997 and 2003. In 2006, Pirling and Siepen published the complete Roman typology of Gellep, and more emphatically than before they have the type numbers preceded by the place name Gellep. The present study follows this example. For those who prefer the type numbers of Chenet (1941) for the Argonne terra sigillata and the glass type numbers of Isings (1957), this number is added in parentheses: Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a); Gellep 700 (= Isings 68). Four earlier types, surviving as heirlooms in the Late Roman cemeteries of Gellep and Nijmegen and beter known under a diferent name, are given this beter-known name as the second name ater their Gellep names: Gellep 37 (= Dragendorf 18/31; type ig. 29); Gellep 248 (= Drag. 27; type ig. 15); Gellep 550 (= Drag. 33; type ig. 14); and Gellep 31 (= Drag. 40; type ig. 23). This second name is also given in the captions to the type igures. In the same way, Niederbieber type numbers are added for third-century shapes, and an Alzei type number for a shape that lived on in the ith century. As for glass types known from Trier (Goethert-Polaschek 1977), these names are likewise added in text and captions as Trier. In her 1966 study, Pirling (1966, 42-5) deined the Roman potery wares, numbered A-G. In her 1997 study, she gives the completed list, now without deinitions but with short paraphrases (Pirling 1997, 131-2). This latest list is repeated below; wherever potery wares were on second thought dropped in 2006, this is mentioned in the list below. Pirling’s classiication ater these wares is followed, as is her order of shapes within each ware: pots, beakers, botles, one-handled jugs, double-handled jugs (in the present study, the term amphora is exclusively used for the large transport vessels and for a miniature model of such an amphora), small bowls, bowls, dishes, plates. Lids did not occur in Pirling’s irst study; they appear here ater what they cover. Problems in the Gellep typology Several problems are connected to the Gellep typology: type numbers, the Trier beakers, terra nigra, and the glazed ware in Gellep. Problem 1: type numbers Firstly: many of the Gellep types could not, up to 2006, be used without further ado. Since her irst study (Pirling 1966), in which she deined the types Gellep 1-239, Pirling has added more than six hundred types (in Pirling 1974: Gellep 240-311; Pirling 1979: Gellep 312-340; Pirling 1989: Gellep 341-543; Pirling 1997: Gellep 544717; Pirling 2003: Gellep 718-869). If one puts the types distinguished per potery ware and shape in a series, the result is a motley row of numbers, as can be seen on Plates 1-48 in Pirling/Siepen (2006). Whoever wants to consult Pirling/Siepen (2006) with type numbers in mind must irst make an index, because such an index is regrettably missing. This inconvenience is circumvented in the present study by two measures. Firstly, captions on the present type plates are numbered 1...236, ater which the Gellep type number is given. These igure numbers return in the margin of the section in which the type is discussed. Secondly, the index in Appendix 3 gives the type numbers in the present study in alfabetical and numerical order, with caption number and date of the type. Problem 2: the Trier beakers More serious is the second problem. Pirling (1966, 69-71) does not even try to deine types 269 — within the most frequent category of the cemeteries of Gellep (and Nijmegen), that of the ine dark coloured beakers with narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. She groups these in her types 58-62, without distinguishing 59-62 from one another and even confounding the drawings of her types 60 and 61 (Pirling/ Siepen 2006, 89, n. 88; 90, n. 92). The problem is not solved in Pirling/Siepen (2006), where very short descriptions of the now many types leave the user with the question, in which of the types he must classify his own inds. Moreover, in her irst study very few ine dark coloured botles, jugs and bowls with painted decoration occur. Fortunately, two monographs appeared in the nineties of the twentieth century which supply this information: R.P. Symonds’ Rhenish Wares, Fine Dark Coloured Potery from Gaul and Germany (1992) for all ine dark coloured potery, and Die Trierer Spruchbecherkeramik by Suzanna Künzl (1997) for the ine dark coloured potery with white (and sometimes some yellow) decoration. Therefore, Pirling’s type numbers Gellep 58-62 and others, and those for other decorated ine dark coloured potery are not used in the present study, and replaced by Symonds’ group numbers for the undecorated ine dark coloured beakers, and Künzl’s shape numbers for the decorated beakers, botles, jugs and bowls. In the case of the most frequent decorated dark coloured beakers, Künzl 1.4.1, a further distinction seemed appropriate: addition of an m indicates a beaker with moto; addition of the leter d, a beaker with decoration but without moto. In the paragraphs dedicated to these small beakers below, Künzl’s classiication of this ware in chronological groups I-V is discussed. In the case of the far more frequent undecorated ine dark coloured beakers a further distinction has also been made according to the way the poter used his spatula. This subdivision is discussed in the section on Symonds 61, below (type igs. 48-53). Besides all this detail, atention should also go to the overall development. Künzl 1.4.1 and Sy- monds 61 are two out of six types of the ine dark coloured beaker from Trier with its narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. Both Symonds (1992, 66) and Künzl (1997, 19-22) discuss it as their irst shape. Within this shape, there are not only ive chronological groups, identiied by Künzl, and six types, presented by Symonds and Künzl, but also six size groups are distinguished below. Types and size groups overlap in some cases. This will be discussed below, under potery ware C4, under the heading The Trier beakers. Problem 3: terra nigra The most intricate problem in the Gellep typology is that of potery ware F7, terra nigra, both in assigning Gellep types to that ware and in assigning a date or dates to the ware as a whole. Terra nigra is not deined in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174). I deine it as smoothened, burnished or even polished potery with litle or no tempering material, ired in a reducing atmosphere, sometimes smothered in order to obtain a black colour; it usually has a sheen, but no coating is present; the colour of a clean break is usually the same as that of the surface. The insight that several Gellep types do belong to potery ware F7, terra nigra, came slowly: in Pirling/Siepen 2006, types that were irst treated under diferent wares (C2 and C3, now both dropped) have now been listed under the heading F7, terra nigra (2006, 174-191). Other types have simply disappeared. Thus, beaker Gellep 15 was irst called terra sigillata, ware B1 (Pirling 1966, 56), and is now called terra nigra (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 179). Footed bowl Gellep 51 (Pirling 1966, 67-8) belonged to ware C2 (grey sherd, lustrous black coating). The ware was dropped in Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 84) and Gellep 51 is no longer mentioned. The same shape was deined Gellep 131a (large) and 131b (small) in Frankish ware B (smoothened potery ired in reducing atmosphere; Pirling 1966, 128-30). Gellep 51 and 131ab have disappeared from Pirling/Siepen 2006 and their places are apparently taken by the larger 270 — Gellep 252 and the smaller Gellep 274 (Pirling/ Siepen 2006, 188-9) of potery ware F7, terra nigra. Decorated footed bowl Gellep 273 was, like Gellep 274, irst listed under F5 (bluish grey sherd: Pirling 1974, 57) and now under F7, terra nigra. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174) retains three types in ware F5, bluish grey sherd, without explaining the diference with F7, terra nigra. Globular pots Gellep 52 and 53 (Pirling 1966, 68) irst belonged to ware C3 and now to F7, terra nigra (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 180). As for the question of date of terra nigra, this is not discussed in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 174-91), and the answer must be gathered from the dates given there for individual Gellep types. There appear to be four chronological groups, divided by quarter-centuries that each have only one type: these dividing periods are Ic (= the third quarter of the 1st century AD), IIc, and IIIb: see Table 9. The late group is dated IIIc-Va, has a clear peak in IVAB (= the irst two-thirds of the 4th century) and has some later types, given in bold in Table 9. The conclusion must be that the art of making terra nigra was never lost through four hundred years at least, but that it was especially popular from the late irst century to the irst half of the second, and in the irst two-thirds of the fourth. Table 9: Chronological groups of terra nigra in the Gellep typology. Type numbers in italics indicate types that completely fall within the limits of the IVAB peak. Bold type numbers indicate types dated in their entirety later than that peak. Group Date Types Earliest Iab 352 449 454 630 Divider Early Divider Middle Divider Late Ic 651 Id-IIb 432 446 453 649 650 651 652 655 775 781 783 788 868 IIc 644 IId-IIIa 448 644 645 867 IIIb 867 IIIc-Va 15 52 53 54 93 94 95 96 252 269 270 271 272 273 274 450 451 452 641 646 774 779 864 865 866 869 Problem 4: association with glazed ware in Gellep Glazed potery, frequently occurring in Gellep but never in Nijmegen (see below), is oten used by Pirling to date other types. When the idea about its date changes, other dates change with it. So, though glazed potery is absent from Nijmegen, its date is important to other types that do occur in Nijmegen. The idea about its date shits indeed between the Gellep publications of Pirling and that of Pirling/Siepen (2006). Pirling (1966, 50-55; 1974, 30-34; 1979, 29-32) dates almost all Gellep glazed types to IVB; only Gellep 11 is dated by an associated coin of AD 326, and Gellep 243 and 244 are dated to IVAB. So it comes as a surprise that Pirling/Siepen (2006, 37) writes that the lead-glazed potery of Gellep suddenly comes up around AD 320 and was available until the middle of the fourth century (apparently the year AD 350), the latest associated coin being (incorrectly) dated AD 341. But, Pirling/Siepen (2006, 38) adds, some glazed pieces were kept as heirlooms because of their rarity and got into graves of IVcd date. Coin dates will help solve this problem. The rules for using coin dates have been set out in Chapter 3: there are eight coin periods in the 4th century, summed up in Table 1; the Nijmegen coins show that they could survive no longer than into the next coin period; so coin dates for graves with one coin run from the earliest minting date of the coin until the end of the subsequent coin period (this is the case for all Gellep graves in Table 10 but one); where two subsequent coin periods are represented in one grave, the grave is dated from the earliest minting date of its latest coin to the end of the second coin period represented (this is the case for grave Gellep 120, whose brackets are narrowed down to AD 348 by the coin from that year). When we apply these rules to the Gellep graves with both glazed potery and a coin or coins, we get brackets for the dates of the graves: see Table 10. This shows, as far as the coin evidence goes, that the widest bracket for the date of 271 — glazed potery in Gellep is formed by the years AD 299 and AD 348, and the smallest by the years AD 318 and 348. The later bracket its in well with the changed idea about its date, 320350 (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 37). The conclusion seems to be that the new date for glazed potery is correct: AD 318-348 is what the coin evidence suggests. Table 10. Coins associated with glazed pottery in Gellep graves. CD = Coin date; CP = Coin period. Brackets = brackets for grave date. CD CP Brackets Grave Reference AD 299 1 299-318 1469 Pirling 1974, 33 AD 305 1 305-318 1295 Pirling 1974, 32 AD 307 1/2 307-330 1877 Pirling 1974, 34 AD 313 2 313-330 1273 Pirling 1974, 34 AD 326 3 326-341 1233 Pirling 1966, 51-3, 226 AD 334 4 334-348 2228 Pirling 1974, 32 AD 335 4 335-348 516 Pirling 1974, 31-3 AD 332 4 332-348 120 Pirling 1966, 215 AD 348 5 348-348 120 Pirling 1966, 51-3, 216 Gellep types not in Nijmegen Of course, the potery series of Gellep and Nijmegen are not identical. Gellep ware A, glazed potery, is clearly a local product (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 37) and does not occur in Nijmegen. Although glazed potery seems to have been found once in the inner city of Nijmegen, and so possibly in the Late Roman cemetery, (J.R.A.M. Thijssen, pers. comm.), I have not been able to ind it in documentation or museum depot. Nijmegen types not in Gellep The reverse also happens: some shapes presented here (unfortunately oten stray inds) do not have a parallel in Gellep, and so other existing typologies had to be consulted. With terra sigillata, Chenet (1941) is then referred to. For smooth potery: Brunsting (1937) and Stuart (1963). For some coarse and smoked wares: the publications of the limes fortresses Niederbieber (inhabited AD 190-260; Oelmann 1914) and Alzei (AD 370-400 and 406-450; Unverzagt 1916; it will be clear that the typology of Gellep and Nijmegen largely ills the chronological gap between Niederbieber and Alzei). Siegmund (1998) is referred to for Frankish potery. Gose (1950) is useful when everything else fails. New types not in one of these typologies get the name Nijmegen plus the number of the caption; so the Nijmegen types are numbered discontinuously; as a rule, they are unique pieces and stray inds. All these 30 Nijmegen types will be found in Appendix 3 in alfabetical and numerical order, with caption numbers and, where possible, date. Numbered drawings on type plates With this multitude of typologies referred to, a numbering of its own could not be avoided for the present study: that of the drawings on the typology plates. The caption of each drawing consists of igure number, followed by a full stop and type name and number: 1. Chenet 334c; 2. Gellep 14 et cetera. Wherever a new shape is shown on the present typology plates, the caption is made by the igure number followed by a full stop, Nijmegen and the same number: 4. Nijmegen 4 et cetera. Potery wares The potery wares, as enumerated by Pirling (1997, 131-2), plus a new ware B3, deined by the present author, are the following. Wares dropped in Pirling/Siepen (2006) are indicated with an asterisk *. A Glazed ware B Lustrous potery ired in an oxydizing atmosphere: B1 terra sigillata B2 imitations of terra sigillata B3 reddish sherd, red or white coating 272 — C Potery ired in an oxydizing atmosphere, with a lustrous coating ired in a reducing atmosphere: C1 reddish brown sherd, black metallic coating C2* grey sherd, lustrous black coating (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 84) C3* greyish black sherd, faintly lustrous black coating (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 84) C4 reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coating C5 reddish sherd, thin chocolate brown coating C6*light ochre-coloured sherd, lustrous reddish brown coating (dropped in Pirling/ Siepen 2006, 100) C7 yellowish white sherd, thin lustrous brown coating D Potery with non-lustrous slip: D1* ochre-coloured sherd, dull dirty reddish brown slip (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 101) D2*light sherd, transparent manganese-coloured slip (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 101) D3 light reddish brown sherd, ochre-coloured slip outside, dull dark reddish brown slip inside D4 reddish brown sherd, greyish black slip D5 white sherd, reddish ochre-coloured slip D6 white sherd, greyish black slip D7 white sherd, black slip strewn with sand D8 white sherd, inside with reddish ochre-coloured slip and strewn with sand D9 white sherd, spoted brown ochre-coloured slip E Marbled potery: E1 brown-marbled potery E2 red-marbled potery E3 white sherd, outside smooth, inside redmarbled F Smooth potery: F1 yellowish white sherd, smoothened carefully F2 reddish ochre-coloured sherd F3 dark grey sherd F4 brownish grey sherd F5 bluish grey sherd F6* greyish white sherd with sot tempering particles (dropped in Pirling/Siepen 2006, 174) F7 terra nigra F8* imitation of terra nigra (no longer mentioned in Pirling/Siepen 2006) F9 reddish sherd, surface polished, locally smothered greyish black G Coarse potery Coarse potery, in most cases meant as cookingvessels, was made ire-proof and resistant to thermic shock (sudden cooling of the hot vessel with cold water) by adding large quantities of tempering material (Gose 1950, 40). Pirling does not, in her list, distinguish fabrics that could reveal something about date and provenance. In her typology, however, she does sometimes make this distinction (Pirling 1966, 83-96). Pirling/Siepen (2006) mentions diferent fabrics in the discussion of frequent types (e.g. Gellep 66, 105, 106, 109, 115). Wherever visible to the naked eye (for lack of a mineralogic potery analysis), a distinction is made in the present study between three production centres in the Eifel (Gose 1950, 40): coarse volcanic tempering material, from Mayen; large quantity of ine tempering material, from Urmitz; greyish brown sherd with quartz sand, from Speicher. 273 — ROMAN POTTERY B1 Terra sigillata Fig. 1 Chenet 334c: 1 example Small oval terra sigillata beaker on a hollow cylindrical foot and with a proiled neck. Example: OO stray 17. Discussion: Type Chenet 334 (Chenet 1941, 84, Pl.17) occurs in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated just before AD 360 by 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated just before AD 360 as well (Chenet 1941, 154). Pirling (1974, 35) considers it a Gellep 14. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) identiies Chenet 334bc with Gellep 14, discussed immediately below. Date: IVc 2 Gellep 14: 8 examples Small oval neckless terra sigillata beaker on high conical foot. Examples: B 181.1, B 217.1, B 218.1, B 686.2, B stray 118, OO 13.1, OO stray 73, OO stray 74. Discussion: Gellep 14 is the undecorated version of Chenet 334bc, treated immediately above. Pirling (1966, 56) considers Gellep 14 a not too good imitation of Gellep 16 and dates it IVcd because of the association with a Gellep 106 with ‘sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion below of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131) and with a glass ribbed beaker Gellep 189. Pirling (1974, 35) mentions two examples in graves with coins of AD 316 and 320. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) mentions examples from Gellep dated by coins of the years 308, 310, 316 and 320; they date one example to IVB because of association with a glazed jug (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above); they repeat the date of IVcd, contested above. Date: IVAB. 3 Gellep 15: 2 examples Small oval terra sigillata beaker with short neck and cylindrical foot. Examples: B 470.1, B 654.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 56) dates one example to IV and one to IVd-Va. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 179, n. 49) assigns the only example of Gellep 15 no longer to terra sigillata but to terra nigra and dates the imitation to IVd-Va. Date: IV. 4 Nijmegen 4: 1 example Small terra sigillata beaker with cylindrical foot, oval body and high neck. Example: OO stray 19. Discussion: To be considered a variant of Gellep 14. Date: IVAB. 5 Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a): 7 examples Oval terra sigillata beaker with hollow proiled foot (Zapfenfuß, pied à bourrelet), short proiled neck and barbotine decoration under the lustrous coating. Examples: B 41.1, B 470.2, B stray 269, OO 59.2, OO stray 43, OO stray 72, OO stray 75. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 85) mentions examples as early as AD 260 and 272. Pirling (1966, 56-7) dates one example to IVab, a second one to IVcd and assumes the shape had a long life. She later (1974, 35) dates two examples to IVB (in spite of coins of AD 303 and 305) because of association with a glazed jug and a Gellep 186 (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1979, 32) mentions an example associated with a coin of AD 307, many potery vases of IVAB and a glass beaker Gellep 191, and therefore dates it to IVB. So Gellep 16 seems to occur throughout IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47-8), however, dates the type to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 6 Gellep 17 (= Chenet 333): 2 examples Small oval terra sigillata beaker with wide mouth and cylindrical foot. Examples: B stray 213, B stray 263. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 81) dates this shape to IV. Nenquin (1953, 30-33) dates two examples in Furfooz to IVB. Pirling (1966, 57) follows Nenquin. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) dates the two 274 — Gellep examples to IVcd. Date: IVBC. dates the type to IIId-IVa. Date: IIId-IVa. 7 Gellep 246 (= Chenet 337): 2 examples Terra sigillata beaker with high neck, hollow proiled foot (Zapfenfuß) and barbotine decoration under the lustrous coating. Examples: B 410.1, B stray 141. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 35-6) dates two examples to IVab because of accompanying grave goods and sees conirmation for this date in a grave at Netersheim (BJ 163 (1963) 210 ig. 5,3). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 48) dates the two Gellep examples to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 10 Chenet 343a: 2 examples One-handled terra sigillata jug (lagoena) with proiled mouth and tripartite handle; white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 129, OO 44.1. Discussion: Third-century shape, occurring also in IV: Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: III-IVB. 8 Nijmegen 8: 1 example Terra sigillata botle with lat botom (drawn in during drying), latish globular body, constricted zone at transition to narrow and high, slightly tapering, neck; grooves and white painted decoration on the shoulder. Example: OO 153.1. Discussion: The unique shape of this botle is an imitation of the blown glass shape Isings 103 (= Gellep 522): the constricted zone at the transition shoulder-neck has been taken over here as an elegant element of form; the three grooves on the terra sigillata botle imitate incised lines on the glass example. Isings (1957, 121-2) classiies the shape to III, but dates three examples to IIId-IVa and three to IVab. A comparable North African botle of El-Aouja ware with relief appliqués is also reduced to Isings 103 and dated to III (La Baume/Salomonson n.d., 145 no. 589, Pl. 58,1). Date: IIId-IVab. 9 Gellep 20 (= Niederbieber 27): 1 example One-handled terra sigillata jug with proiled foot, globular body, narrow neck and conical mouthpiece. Example: B stray 70. Discussion: Third-century shape dated by Pirling (1966, 57-8) in Gellep once to III and once to IVB: a long-lived shape. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 50) 11 Chenet 343c: 3 examples Small one-handled terra sigillata jug with proiled mouth and bipartite handle; white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 233, B stray 271, OO 92.1. Discussion: Dated as Chenet 343a above. Date: III-IVB. 12 Chenet 345b: 2 examples One-handled terra sigillata jug with wide body and white painted decoration. Examples: B 232.1, B stray 232. Discussion: Third-century shape (Oelmann 1914, ig. 27), also occurring in IV: Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: III-IVB. 13 Chenet 348: 1 example One-handled terra sigillata jug with globular body, long conical neck, wide round mouth with pinched spout and bipartite handle. Example: B stray 25. Discussion: This is the terra sigillata version of a fourth-century shape that also occurs in imitation of terra sigillata (Gellep 43), in marbled ware (Gellep 70) and in smooth ware (Gellep 79-81). See also there for date. Chenet’s igure on Pl. 21 gives an example from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Date: IVab. 275 — 14 Gellep 550 (= Dragendorf 33): 3 examples Small conical terra sigillata bowl with foot-ring. Examples: B 219.1, OO stray 76-77. Discussion: This long-lived shape corresponds to Gellep 23 and 550, Niederbieber 9 and Alzei 14. Pirling (1966, 58) dates the only example of Gellep 23 known then in Gellep to IVA. Pirling (1979, 33) dates Gellep grave 2711, in which the second example was found, to IVb. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 55) shits the second of these small examples to Gellep 550, dated IIa-IVb. Date: IIa-IVb. 15 Gellep 248 (= Dragendorf 27): 1 example Small terra sigillata bowl with indented wall and foot-ring. Example: B 674.3. Discussion: This shape occurs from the reign of Augustus to IId. Pirling (1974, 38) supposes for that reason that the example in Gellep grave 1883, dated IVA, is a reused old piece. This is also valid for our example (a botom with foot-ring, probably used upside down as a drinking cup), which can be dated to AD 65-85 on the basis of its retrograde stamp OMOM = MOMO (Polak 2000, 274 no. M100). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 52) dates the type to Ia-IId and notes that it was used as an old type in two graves dated IIIc-IVb. Date: IC. 16 Gellep 24 (= Niederbieber 8a): 1 example Small terra sigillata bowl with horizontal rim and foot-ring. Example: B stray 122. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 59) dates the only Gellep example then to IIId because of its association with a coin of Carus (282-283). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 56) dates its last example to IIId. Date: IIId. 17 Gellep 25 (= Chenet 324c, small): 9 examples Small terra sigillata bowl with carinated wall with moulding and vertical upper wall, moulding at rim. Examples: B 182.1, B 215.1, B 818.1, B stray 26, B stray 295, OO 98.1, OO 243.1, OO 484.1, OO stray 78. Discussion: This bowl is distinguished only by its smaller size from bowl Gellep 35; from Gellep 26, by the moulding at its rim. Chenet (1941, 73) mentions its provenance from Arretium and possibly Asia minor, referring to Holwerda (1936, Pl. IV, 504 and 508); he discusses its development up to IV. Pirling (1966, 59) dates an example ater AD 313 on the base of an associated coin; three others to IVab-IVB. Pirling (1974, 36-7) repeats this date, as well as Pirling/Siepen (2006, 60). Date: IVAB. 18 Gellep 26: 5 examples Terra sigillata bowl with carinated bowl with moulding, upper wall vertical, no moulding at rim. Examples: B 383.1, B 762.intr., B stray 44?, OO 133.1, OO stray 79. Discussion: This type is distinguished from Gellep 25 by the absence of a moulding at the rim. Pirling (1966, 59) dates the only Gellep example then to IVB. Pirling (1974, 37) has one example, dated ater AD 317 on the basis of an associated coin, and two to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 60-1) also dates it to IVab. Date: IVab. 19 Nijmegen 19: 1 example Small terra sigillata bowl with low foot-ring, vertical wall and horizontal rim. Example: B stray 44. Discussion: No drawing being available just before this study goes in press, not possible. Date: ? 20 Gellep 27 (= Chenet 314b): 1 example Small hemispherical terra sigillata bowl with horizontal lip ending in mouldings up and down. Example: OO stray 2. Discussion: This type whose history goes back to Olbia and Pergamon is current in IV (Chenet 1941, 67-8). It is an imitation of a metal shape (Chenet 1941, 67; Pirling 1966, 59) and occurs in Haillot and Vieuxville even in V (Pirling 1966, 59). 276 — Pirling (1974, 37) mentions two examples in Gellep: one c.AD 400, one in IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 57) combines Gellep 27 and 28 but still treats them as two diferent types and dates them to IVab but mentions examples up to Va. Date: IVa-Va. 21 Gellep 29: 7 examples Small terra sigillata bowl with everted lip. Examples: B 176.3, B 372.1, B 764.1, B stray 61, B stray 64, OO 476.1, OO stray 55. Discussion: This type, not mentioned by Chenet, is dated by Pirling (1966, 60) to IVAB because of association with a coin and its absence in IVd-Va. Pirling (1974, 37) mentions eleven examples, all also dated to IVAB. Pirling (1979, 33) repeats this date for ive new examples. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 59-60) dates them to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 22 Gellep 30 (= Chenet 319a): 6 examples Small hemispherical terra sigillata bowl with thickened rim. Examples: B 207.1, B stray 120, OO 273.1, OO 463.1, OO stray 20, OO stray 80. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 69) dates this shape throughout IV. Pirling (1966, 61) dates the only Gellep example to Va on the basis of a coin of c.AD 400. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 65) mentions two examples, both dated to Va. Date: IV-Va. 23 Gellep 31 (= Dragendorf 40, Chenet 302): 3 examples Small calote-shaped terra sigillata bowl on high conical foot-ring. Examples: B 234.1, OO 26.1, OO 186.1. Discussion: This shape, corresponding to Niederbieber 10 and occurring mainly in III, is mentioned by Chenet in Allieux-B and dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154) and Avocourt C, which stops ater Gratian (375-383; Chenet 1941, 59 and 155). Pirling (1966, 61) dates the only Gellep example then to IIId-IVa because of its association with a beaker Gellep 58 (= Künzl 1.6.1). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 52-3) dates the type to IIc- IIIC. Date: III-IVB. 24 Gellep 32: 1 example Small terra sigillata bowl without foot-ring and with everted rim. Example: B 88.1. Discussion: Pirling (1996, 61) mentions IVab Cologne graves and dates the two examples of Gellep 32 and the nine of Gellep 33 to IVAB. Pirling (1974, 37-8) repeats this date for nine Gellep examples, and Pirling (1979, 33) for one. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 58-9) dates the type to IIId-IVab. Date: IIId-IVb. 25 Gellep 34 (= Chenet 320): 32 examples Calote-shaped terra sigillata bowl with round moulding for a rim and usually with roulete decoration. Examples: B 41.2, B 81.1, B 137.1, B 250.1, B 465.1, B 484.intr., B 674.1, B 674.2, B 715.1, B 745.1, B 764.2, B 773.1, B 792.1, B stray 50, B stray 169, B stray 191, B stray 223, OO 63.1, OO 340.1, OO 472.1, OO 473.1, OO stray 3, OO stray 81-89; OO 28.3, a rim sherd, is an intrusion. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 69-72) mentions the Megarian bowl as inspiration and argues that this shape is developed from Dragendorf 37. He dates the numerous examples with roulete decoration throughout IV. Unverzagt (1919, 12) sees a development from Niederbieber 16 with incised decoration. Pirling (1966, 61-2) dates a Gellep example to IVAB, one to IVd-Va, and one to Vab. Pirling (1974, 38) has one IVab example. Pirling (1979, 33-34) dates Gellep grave 2344, which contains a Gellep 34, to phase I of the Frankish graves, i.e. Va, because of metal inds and a W-E-orientation of the grave. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 63-5) follows the groups of rouletted decoration deined and dated by Hübener (1968, deinitions 257-66, absolute dates 27982) and dates most Gellep examples to IVcd-Va. As for the Nijmegen examples, Hübener’s groups 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 are present, totalling 17 examples; 5 other examples have unclear decoration, an- 277 — other 7 are undecorated. Dijkman (1992, 151, ig. 19) gives partly new dates for Hübener’s groups, corrected according to Maastricht data; these are given below ater Hübener’s dates and preceded by D:. New work on the rouletes by L. Bakker, W. Dijkman and P. van Ossel is announced by Bakker (2007). As this new work seems not to have been published yet, Hübener’s dates are followed in the present study. Group Hübener 1, egg mouldings: B stray 191, OO 63.1. Group 2, small rectangles: B 81.1, B 773.1, OO 340.1, OO 473.1, OO stray 82, OO stray 87-9. Group 3, oblique hatching: B 745.1. Group 5, St Andrew’s cross and quincunx: B stray 223, OO 472.1. Group 5/6: B 484.intr., OO stray 3. Group 6, groups of six points: B 465.1. Unnumbered group: B 137.1. Dates: for the potery shape IVa-Vb. For Hübener’s groups of roller-stamps: Group 1, egg mouldings: AD 320-350 (D: AD 330-360) Group 2, small rectangles: AD 330-365 (D: AD 325-400) Group 3, oblique hatching: AD 340-365 (D: AD 330-450) Group 4, horizontal and vertical hatching: AD 345-375 (D: AD 375-450) Group 5, St Andrew’s cross and quincunx: AD 355-395 (D: AD 330-450) Group 6, groups of six points: AD 385-425 (D: AD 350-450) Group 7, complicated paterns: AD 395-425 (D: AD 330-450) Unnumbered, cross-hatching: AD 380-425 (D: AD 375-450) Group 8, Christian symbols: AD 400-440 (D: AD 400-525) 26 Gellep 35 (= Chenet 324c, large): 15 examples Terra sigillata carinated bowl with moulding on the carina and a vertical upper wall. Examples: B 176.2, B 427.1, B 742.1, B stray 53, B stray 119, B stray 237, OO 9.1, OO 30.1, OO 101.1, OO 168.1, OO 181.1, OO 299.1, OO 322.1, OO 354.2, OO stray 4. Discussion: This bowl is distinguished only by its larger size from bowl Gellep 25. Chenet (1941, 73) mentions its provenance from Arretium and possibly Asia minor, referring to Holwerda (1936, Pl. IV, 504 and 508); he discusses its development up to IV. Pirling (1966, 62) mentions three Gellep graves, which she dates (IVab to) IVAB, but refers to Qualburg inds that date the shape up to the end of IV. Pirling (1974, 38) repeats her date for nine new Gellep examples and says there are no indications that this type goes on as long in Gellep as it does in Qualburg. Pirling (1979, 34) dates four new examples again to IVAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 66-7) dates the type in Gellep to IVAB, but mentions Trier and Echternach, where the shape was kept in use throughout IV, respectively up to Vb. Date: IVAB. 27 Gellep 36: 4 examples Terra sigillata bowl with carinated wall, convex above the carina and with a moulding on the carina. Examples: B 435.1 (undecorated), B stray 265 (undecorated), OO 168.2 (barbotine), OO stray 90 (barbotine). Discussion: Pirling identiies Gellep 36 with Chenet 325. Chenet, however, takes barbotine decoration as a criterium, not a convex wall. Chenet (1941, 75) shows this to be a third-century shape (such as Niederbieber 19) which continues without changes into IV. Additional examples in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154), in Avocourt C, which stops ater Gratian (375-383; Chenet 1941, 59 and 155); and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). These bring its date to IVB. Pirling (1966, 62-63) has two examples from IVab, and one in IV. Pirling (1974, 38-39) has an example from IVa. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 66) dates almost all Gellep examples to IVab. Date: IVAB. 28 Gellep 249: 4 examples Terra sigillata mortarium with two bat’s ears 278 — above the spout. Examples: B 59.1, B stray 66, OO 252.2, OO stray 91. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 76-79) does not recognize this carelessly made descendant of Dragendorf 45. Pirling (1974, 39) says it is the only mortarium remaining in fourth-century Gellep, sees Niederbieber 22 as its forerunner and Alzei 3 as its descendant. Of the two Gellep examples, she dates one IVAB, the other IVA. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 68) repeats this date. Date: IVAB. 29 Gellep 37 (= Dragendorf 18/31): 9 examples Terra sigillata plate with maker’s stamp. Examples: B 14.1, B 54.1, B stray 7, B stray 268, OO 168.3, OO stray 27, OO stray 40-1, OO stray 92. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 63) mentions a single Gellep example, dated to IIB by its stamp COMINIVSF. She gives two possible explanations for this second-century plate in a fourth-century grave: either an heirloom or a ind from a grave of two centuries old. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 6970) simply calls it an old piece. Bloemers, cited by Lauwerier (1988, 79), also points out the discrepancy for OO 168.3. With three examples found in Nijmegen fourth-century graves during excavation, there can be no doubt that this old type was really still used in IV. The frequency in Nijmegen suggests heirlooms still in more or less general use. The stamps occurring are BASSI (OO stray 41), CELSINVSF (B stray 7), LOSSA FEC (B stray 268), MARTIALFE (OO stray 92), MEDDICFI (B 54.1), MODEST F (OO stray 40) and OF CRES (OO stray 27). Bassus (i) worked at La Graufesenque [1], AD 50-70 (Polak 2000, 177-82). Crestio worked at La Graufesenque c.AD 50-110 (Polak 2000, 213-6). Modestus’ stamp is from La Graufesenque [1] and dated AD 40-65 (Polak 2000, 272). Dr M. Polak kindly gave the following references for the other stamps. Celsinus: from the Argonnes, Boucheporn, Chémery-Faulquemont, Itenweiler and Sinzig, c.AD 130-160; see e.g. Bloemers/ Sarfatij 1976, 153, no. 32. Lossa: c.AD 130-160; distribution and ware suggest La Madeleine rather than Trier; see e.g. Bloemers/Sarfatij 1976, 155, no. 74 (atribution to Trier there erroneous). Martialis: from Chémery-Faulquemont, c.AD 100130; see e.g. Bloemers/Sarfatij 1976, 155, nos 8485. Meddicus: from Chémery-Faulquemont, c.AD 100-130; see e.g. Bloemers/Sarfatij 1976, 155, nos 88-90. Date: IB-IIC. 30 Gellep 38: 42 examples Large terra sigillata plate on foot-ring with convex wall and in-turned rim. Examples: B 90.1, B 151.1, B 186.1, B 189.1, B 207.2, B 217.2, B 293.1, B 381.1, B 470.3, B 686.1, B 722.1, B 741.1, B 744.1, B 764.3, B 766.1, B 779.2, B stray 62, B stray 121, B stray 123, B stray 124, B stray 130, B stray 186, B stray 187, B stray 257, B stray 302, OO 59.1, OO 94.1, OO 161.1, OO 196.1, OO 461.1, OO stray 5, OO stray 6, OO stray 22, OO stray 56, OO stray 93-100. Discussion: This is the most frequent terra sigillata plate in fourth-century Gellep and Nijmegen. There is no good parallel in Chenet (1941). It is certainly not the same as Chenet 306 with its proiled lip, mentioned by Pirling (1966, 63). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72) identiies it with Chenet 304A and dates most exemples in Gellep to IVab. However, Chenet 304A is deeper and occurs only twice in Chenet (1941, 61). So its provenance is an unsolved problem. The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen examples is 16.2, the largest 31.4 cm. As there are two gaps in this range, the irst between 21.0 and 23.4 cm, the second between 26.0 and 28.0 cm, there are three size groups: small 16.2-21.0, medium 23.426, and large 28-31.4 cm: 18, 16 and 7 examples, respectively. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72) recognizes two sizes in Gellep: 17-20 and 22-28 cm. Pirling (1966, 63) dates one example to IIId and the other iteen ones to IVAB. Pirling (1974, 39) has three example in graves dated by coins of AD 307 and 313, two of IVB, and one dated as late as IVcd, on the basis of an association with a bowl Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Date: IIId-IVB. 279 — 31 Gellep 39 (= Chenet 306): 15 examples Large terra sigillata plate on foot-ring, with oblique wall and proiled vertical lip. Examples: B 86.1, B 181.2, B 191.1, B 219.2, B 234.2, B 481.1, B stray 65, B stray 224, OO 26.2, OO 62.1, OO 98.2, OO 101.2, OO 200.1, OO 207.1, OO stray 101. The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen examples is 18.5, the largest 26 cm. As there is a gap in this range between 22.0 and 23.7 cm, there are two sizes: small 18.5-22, medium 23.7-26 cm: 9 and 7 examples, respectively. There is no large size, as in Gellep 38 and Gellep 40. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 73) identiies it with Chenet 306 and Alzei 7. Pirling (1966, 64) has one example associated with a coin of AD 313; she dates the other ive examples from three graves IVab or IVB. Pirling (1974, 40) dates two graves with this type to IVA on the basis of coins and other grave goods, and the other twelve examples in eleven graves to IVab or IVB. Pirling (1979, 34-35) dates four graves in which a Gellep 39 occurs to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 32 Gellep 40 (= Chenet 304b): 18 examples Terra sigillata plate on foot-ring, with lat oblique wall and vertical lip. Examples: B 16.1, B 176.1, B 367.1, B 465.2, B 704.1, OO 168.4, OO 252.1, OO 316.1, OO 339.1, OO 339.2, OO 354.1, OO 356.1, OO 400.1, OO 475.1, OO stray 44, OO stray 64, OO stray 102, OO stray 318. Discussion: The smallest diameter of the Nijmegen examples is 17.7, the largest one 30.7. As there are two gaps in this range, the irst between 17.7 and 20.5 cm, the second between 25.5 and 28.5 cm, there are three size groups: small 17.7, medium 20.5-25.5, and large 28.530.6 cm: 1, 10 and 3 examples, respectively. Chenet (1941, 60) metaphorically calls his type 304 (together with his 320 = bowl Gellep 34) a true guide fossil of the fourth century. This shape, which according to Pirling (1966, 64) can vary considerably in the shape of its lip without chronological consequences, is dated by her IV- VB: two examples in IVab, three in IVab or IVB, one in IVcd, two in IVd-Va, and one in VB (Frankish grave 43). Pirling (1974, 40) mentions ive examples from IVab or IVB. Pirling (1979, 35) dates an example to IVcd on the basis of an association with a glass barrel botle Isings 128 (= Gellep 213), which according to her occurs not earlier than IVcd: see below, Isings 128. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 72-3) calls the type a further development of Gellep 38 and mentions the tendency of a rim that is slanted outwards in the VAB examples. Date: IVa-VB. 33 Gellep 41 (= Chenet 313): 7 examples Terra sigillata plate with horizontal lip, the end of which is thickened. Examples: B 80.1, B 94.1, B 199.1, B 372.2, OO 144.1, OO stray 39, OO stray 103. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 64) identiies this type with Alzei 12 and Chenet 317 (later one incorrectly). Chenet (1941, 63) calls his type 313 a guide fossil of the fourth century. Pirling (1966, 64) mentions two examples in graves with coins of AD 306 and 308, and one from a grave that can be dated just before AD 350; she inds no indication for a later date. Pirling (1974, 40) changes this lightly: one with a coin of AD 305, four graves from IVab or IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 74-5) repeats this date. Date: IVAB. 34 Chenet 313i: 1 example Terra sigillata plate with rouleted decoration on its lip, which has a z-proile at its rim. Example: OO stray 57. Discussion: This plate, conspicuous by its shape, lip form and decoration is a variant of Gellep 41 = Chenet 313. Date: IVAB. 35 Dragendorf 32 (= Ludowici Ta): 1 example Terra sigillata plate with inturning rim. Example: OO 153.2. Discussion: The only example of this Rheinzabern shape wears the otherwise unknown (M. Polak, pers. comm.) stamp ATLASFEC. Schönberger 280 — (1983) dates this plate AD 175-260. The example of Drag. 18/31 (= Gellep 37, type ig. 29) shows that it may be a heirloom. Date: IId-IIIB. 36 Gellep 563 (= Niederbieber 5b): 1 example Calote-shaped terra sigillata plate with incised decoration, rim slightly everted. Example: OO stray 104. Discussion: Niederbieber 5b = Gellep 563 is shown by Pirling (1997, Typentafel 2) but not discussed, just as other new types. The Nijmegen example with its thin base within the foot-ring shows an extreme example of hollowing out within the foot-ring. This is briely mentioned by Chenet (1941, 7). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 71) dates the type to IId-IIIb. Date: IId-IIIb. 37 Chenet 301: 1 example Small calote-shaped terra sigillata plate without foot-ring or lip. Example: OO 44.2. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 59) mentions this type in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). Date: IVc. B2 Imitations of terra sigillata 38 ± Chenet 333h: 1 example Small tulip-shaped reddish brown beaker with white painted decoration. Example: B 480.1. Discussion: The parallel in Chenet (1941, 82 and Pl. XVI) comes from the well of champs 790 at Lavoye, whose contents are dated ater AD 375 (Chenet 1941, 25 and 154). Date: IVd. 39 Gellep 42: 5 examples Brown-marbled or red painted small jug with constricted foot and bipartite handle beginning on the greatest diameter. Examples: B 676.2, B 702.4, B 705.intr., B stray 49, OO stray 105. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 65) remarks that this jug occurs in both potery ware B2 (imitation of terra sigillata) and F2 (smooth potery with reddish ochre-coloured sherd). Brown-marbled potery (E1) may now be added. She dates the two jugs to IVab and IVB. Pirling (1974, 41) dates a Gellep 42 to IVB because of the association with a twisted bracelet. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76) dates the type to IVab. Date: IVAB. 40 Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348): 11 examples Globular one-handled jug with long conical neck, wide round mouth with pinched spout, bipartite handle, of red painted potery with a decoration painted in dull red. Examples: B 680.1, B 779.1, B stray 222, B stray 318, OO 478.1, OO stray 106-111. Discussion: Chenet (1941, 99) mentions examples from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154) and in Allieux-B, dated c.AD 360 (Chenet 1941, 59 and 154). Pirling (1966, 65) remarks that this model occurs in four potery wares: B2 (imitations of terra sigillata), E1 (brown-marbled), F (smooth) and G (coarse): Gellep 43, Gellep 70, Gellep 80 and Gellep 114 respectively; C4 (reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coating) may be added now: B 199.2. She dates one of the Gellep 43 examples to IIIcd-IVa, one to IVd-Va, and one to IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 77-8) dates the type in Gellep to IVBC and mentions examples in Mayen from IVcd. Date: IVa-d. B3 Reddish sherd, red or white slip 41 Gellep 45: 2 examples Jug with proiled band-shaped lip and sometimes a moulding on the neck, of light red or dark coloured potery. Examples: B 702.2, B 702.3. 281 — Discussion: Ware B3, newly deined here, occurs in one grave only, B 702. It shapes are those of ine dark coloured ware, C4. It must have been made just ater the production of ware C4 stopped with the devastation of Trier AD 355. This dates ware B3 and grave B 702 to the years AD 355360. Pirling (1966, 66) remarks that Gellep 45, inspired by metal examples, also occurs in dark colour coated and smooth potery. She dates the Gellep example of Gellep 45 to IVab or IVB. Pirling (1974, 41) arrives at the same date and so does Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76-7). Date: AD 355-360. 42 Nijmegen 42: 1 example Small angular variant of jug Künzl 12.3.1. Example: B 702.5 Discussion: The angularity, the small size and the rare ware of this unique piece all point in the same direction: a late imitation of Künzl 12.3.1. Date: AD 355-360. A scater diagram of the proportions height:width and total height:height of neck of these ive beakers, of all Symonds’ igures of his group 32, and of those of his group 61 showed these ive beakers to be nearer to Symonds 61 than to Symonds 32. They have been relegated to Symonds 61 smooth, to be discussed below. Date: IVAB. 45 Symonds 35 (=Niederbieber 33c): 2 examples Fine dark coloured indented beaker with long oval dents. Examples: OO stray 121, Remainder stray 4. Discussion: Symonds (1992, 49-53 and ig. 27) dates his group 35 in III because of their short conical necks. The shape corresponds to Niederbieber 33c (Oelmann 1914, Pl. 2) and is dated by Gose (1950, 18, Pl. 14) both in IIIab (no 206) and in III generally (no 207). Date: IIIa-d. 43 Symonds 14: 1 example Fine dark coloured indented beaker with low wide conical neck. Example: OO stray 119. Discussion: Symonds (1992, ig. 12 nos 241-254 and p. 26) names central Gaul as place of production and dates this beaker to III. Gose (1950, Pl. 14, ig. 210 and p. 18) dates it to IIIcd. Date: IIIcd. 46 Gellep 56 (= Niederbieber 32c): 4 examples Shouldered globular ine dark coloured beaker. Examples: B 54.2, B 206.1, B 292.1, B 705.intr. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 69) dates the only known Gellep example then to IIIcd. The shape is identical with Niederbieber 32c. Pirling (1974, 43) discusses four new examples, one of which is dated to IIIcd, and two to IVab, on the basis of associated potery. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 84-5) repeats these dates. Symonds (1992, 43-4 and ig. 20 no. 412) locates the production near Strasbourg or Saverne in Alsace. Date: IIIcd-IVab. 44 Symonds 32 or 61?: 5 examples Smooth ine dark coloured beaker with wide body. Examples: B 706.2, B stray 176, OO 288.1, OO 481.2, OO 483.2. Discussion: Symonds 32, a third-century type, has a wider body than the fourth-century Symonds 61 generally has (one example of Symonds 61 indeed has these proportions: Symonds 1992, ig. 46, no. 793). So do these ive belong to Symonds 32 or 61? 47 Gellep 57: 20 examples Fine dark coloured jar with short near-vertical lip and constricted foot. Examples: B 90.2, B 171.1, B 196.2, B 681.2, B 809.1, B 812.3, B 821.1, B stray 86, B stray 88, OO 9.2, OO 109.2, OO 170.1, OO 201.1, OO 234.1, OO 283.1, OO 320.1, OO 339.5, OO 383.1, OO stray 122, OO stray 304. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 69) dates this jar to IVab on the basis of associated coins of AD 315 and 317. Pirling (1974, 43-44) dates them to Constan- C4 Reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coating 282 — tinian age; two graves, however, also have a twisted bracelet and one of these a glass beaker Gellep 293, and are therefore dated to IVB. Pirling (1979, 36) has an example from a grave with a coin of AD 341 and reaches the date of IVAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 85-6) arrives at two size groups: small 6-8.4 cm, large 8.5-11 and dates the type to IVab. The Nijmegen examples have two size groups plus two larger outliers: (small is absent), twelve large pieces 8.7-10.5, ive extra large pieces 12.1-13.5, and two still larger outliers 15.1 and 18.6 cm. Date: IVab. The Trier beakers Before the types of the ine dark coloured beaker from Trier with its narrow foot, globular body and conical neck are discussed one by one, a survey of the whole seems appropriate. Both Symonds (1992, 66) and Künzl (1997, 19-22) discuss these beakers as the irst potery shape in their studies. The following subjects are treated below: the Latin word for beaker, typology, sizes and volumes, drinking habits, motoes and one graito, and chronology. The Latin word for beaker The word for beaker in third and fourth-century vulgar Latin, i.e. spoken language, was ola. This appears from the moto TEN[E]OLA on a thirdcentury beaker (Künzl 1997, 162-3, 257, Pl. 1bc), and two texts from Nijmegen, listed below: the moto IMPLEOLA and the graito OLATENEBIBE. Ola corresponds to the classical Latin olla and the archaic Latin aula (Festus, p. 23 Müll.), which both mean pot or jar. Lexica do not give the meaning beaker for olla. Besides, the texts on the beakers show that the ending -m of the accusative had been dropped in spoken language by the third century. Typology Renate Pirling (1966, 71) found diiculty in assigning the beakers to well-deined types: in her irst publication of the Gellep cemeteries, she wrote that her types 59-62 could not be exactly distinguished one from the other, nor would they be chronologically subdivided. Symonds (1992, 66-7, ig. 46) solved Pirling’s problem (without mentioning it) by assigning Pirling’s undecorated types 59, 61 and 62 to one group: Symonds 61, which covers both small, medium and large sized beakers of slim or sturdy model of the fourth century. Undecorated indented beakers are Symonds 62. For beakers decorated with white and yellow paint and/or barbotine, four types deined by Künzl (1997) are used below. So the shape of the ine dark coloured beaker comprises six types: Symonds 61, beakers Symonds 62, indented beakers Künzl 1.4.1, small decorated beakers Künzl 1.4.2, small decorated indented beakers Künzl 1.6.1, large decorated beakers Künzl 1.6.2, medium sized decorated beakers. Sizes and volumes So the sizes are taken into account in Künzl’s types, and not in those of Symonds. The sample of 315 beakers presented in Table 11 comprises all Nijmegen beakers of these six types listed in the ind catalogue. Apart from the six types in the column headings of Table 11, six size groups may be distinguished, as appears in the bar diagram in Steures (2002a, 176, ig. 2), where the frequencies of the heights of 252 of the beakers are grouped every 5 mm. The six resulting size groups are called, in analogy to contemporary dress sizes: XS (= extra small), S, M(edium), L(arge), XL, and XXL. The volumes, measured by illing one or more beakers per size group with water up to the transition between shoulder and neck, are no multiples of one another. However, in Table 11 it would seem that there is a unit of 130 cc in size groups XS, S and M: 125, 260 and 390 cc, respectively. Two 283 — Table 11: Size groups and types of 315 dark coloured beakers found in Nijmegen. K141 = Künzl 1.4.1 etc.; S61 = Symonds group 61 etc. N = 315 (343 beakers, 28 of which incomplete in height). Size Domain Mode Digiti Unciae Volume Number of beakers per type and size group cm cm 1/16 pes 1/12 pes cc K141 K142 S61 S62 K162 K161 Totals XS 9.1-12.0 10.6-11.5 5.7-6.2 4.3-4.7 125; 200 57 - 4 1 - - 62 S 12.1-13.5 12.1-12.5 6.5-6.8 4.9-5.1 260 7 - 11 2 - - 20 M 13.6-17.0 14.6-16.0 7.9-8.6 5.9-6.5 390 - 1 149 3 8 - 161 L 17.1-20.0 19.5-20.0 10.5-10.8 7.9-8.1 590 - - 33 2 - 3 38 XL 20.1-22.5 20.6-21.5 11.1-11.6 8.4-8.7 880 - - 22 - - 4 26 XXL 23.6-27.0 12.8-14.6 9.6-10.9 1100 - - 6 - - 2 8 Totals 64 1 225 8 8 9 315 - facts, also in Table 11, argue against this: there is also a volume of 200 cc in XS, and size group S appears to be a conglomerate of seven small moto-beakers, eleven beakers of Symonds’ group 61, plus two undecorated indented beakers. So the beakers do not seem to be standardized in the present-day sense of the word; which is all but impossible for a poter. But standard heights do seem to have been intended, in unciae (2.467 cm) of one twelth of a Roman foot. Calculating with the other subdivision of the foot, digiti of one sixteenth of a foot, i.e. 1.85 cm, does not lead to round numbers. The intended heights seem to be: 4.5 unciae for XS, 5 for S, 6-6.5 for M, 8 for L, 8.5 for XL, and 9.5-11 unciae for XXL. For a comparable discussion of sizes see Künzl (1997, 124-8). In the discussion of the large beakers Künzl 1.6.1 below, it is argued that the Nijmegen material does not support an interpretation of Künzl’s: that these huge beakers served as carafes. So they are treated as real beakers here. Finally, Table 11 shows the numeric preponderance of the undecorated beakers of Symonds’ group 61 over the decorated ones of Künzl’s decorated types. Drinking habits It cannot be established whether sizes had anything to do with diferent kinds of wine. The names under which wine is mentioned in mottoes outside Nijmegen are: CONDITVM (spicy), MERVM (unmixed wine) VINVM (wine), RARVM (rare), AMINEVM (famous wine from Picenum), and PICATVM (pitchy; the same moto PARCE PICATVM DA AMINEVM voices a preference for Amineum: Künzl 1997, 96, 256). It seems more likely that large sizes were intended for great drinkers. The average drinker used the quantity that goes into a medium size beaker, c.390 cc. Other drinkers drank on steadily with the extra 284 — small beakers, i.e. the moto-beakers of Künzl’s type 1.4.1. When drinking, they folded their hands comfortably around the warm beakers: some motoes found outside Nijmegen refer to wine heated by mixing it with hot water. CALDVM ‘hot’ refers to the neuter noun vinum = wine; CALO ‘I’m hot’, DACALDAM = da caldam (aquam) ‘give hot water’. The shape of these beakers with their globular bodies and conical necks seems to be designed to keep the wine warm. As it has been discussed in Steures (2002a), the word MISCE igures predominantly on the extra small beakers of Künzl’s type 1.4.1, suggesting that mixing with hot water was done in the beaker itself. Motoes and one graito Late Roman thirst clearly appears from the drinking motoes on the ine dark coloured beakers, jugs, botles and bowls. Both Symonds (1992, 112-121) and Künzl (1997, 252-259) have lists of drinking motoes. Künzl also discusses them (1997, 94-101). The number of Nijmegen motoes is small enough to give a list of them here, instead of puting them in an appendix. For the sake of completeness, those on ine dark coloured jugs and botles and one bowl appear here as well, just as two motoes on terra sigillata beakers (type Gellep 16 = Chenet 335a and Gellep 246 = Chenet 337), one on a terra sigillata bowl (Chenet 301), one on a terra sigillata botle (Nijmegen 8), one on an imitation of a terra sigillata jug (Gellep 43 = Chenet 348), and one on a brown-marbled jug (Gellep 70). Apart from these six, types in the list are those of Künzl. An asterisk indicates a moto not in the lists indicated above. The asterisk is in parentheses when the new moto is not on ine dark coloured ware. Stray inds indicated with Roman numerals are those of group A, listed at beginning of Chapter 4: 17th to early 19th-century inds, not surviving or not to be identiied. The graito is discussed after this list. B stray 140 One Nijmegen text does not it into this list: OLATENEBIBE = ollam tene bibe: ‘take the beaker (and) drink’: B stray 140. This text is not a painted moto, but it is a graito on an undecorated beaker of Symonds’ group 61. The irst excavator of the Inner City cemetery of Nijmegen, the late prof. H. Brunsting, saw it for what it is. The grafito turns a kiln waster into an article of fun: it has a iring crack in its botom. Whoever followed the advice writen on the beaker would spill wine on his dress, and that was funny. Particularly funny to receive this beaker in one’s grave. Wasters are however commonly used in graves. Chronology All ive chronological groups of the decorated beakers as deined by Suzanna Künzl (1997, 5377) are characterized by potery shapes and decoration elements. Each is given a number by Künzl. She herself indicates that she really means workshops when she writes about groups (Künzl 1997, 53 note 190). Her chronological groups are: Group I AD 255 - before 260 Group II before 260 - 270 Group III 270 - 280 Group IV 280 - 310/315 Group V 300/310 - 355 285 — * Text Classical Latin Translation Type Find number AMOTE amo te I love you 1.4.1 B 207.3 APETE avete hello everybody 1.4.1 B stray 240 AVET avete 1.4.1 B 216.1 1.6.1 OO 467.2 1.6.1 Rem. stray 13 1.4.1 Rem. stray 14 16.0 Rem. stray 15 drink, everybody 1.3.1 Rem. stray 18 AVETE ΛVETE avete BIBE drink BIBITE * DABIBERE da bibere give to drink ? B stray VI DAMI da mihi give me 1.4.1 B 298.57 1.4.1 B 177.2 1.4.1 B stray 32 1.4.1 OO 108.1 1.4.1 OO 188.1 1.4.1 OO 240.2 1.4.1 OO 42.1 1.4.1 OO stray 176 1.6.2 OO 382.1 give if you will 14.3.1 OO 188.2 drink up! 1.4.1 B 201.1 buy me 1.4.1 B stray 85 1.6.1 OO stray 180 G 246 B stray 141 DASIV da si vis EBIBE EMEME (*) ESCIP eme me excipe receive (Künzl 1997, 98 n 308) * FELICITER VIVA(S) may you live happily 1.4.1 OO 131.1 FELIX happy 1.4.1 B 5.1 1.4.1 B 57.1 1.4.1 B 196.1 1.4.1 OO 240.1 7.5 B stray 290 may you be happy 1.6.1 OO stray 179 FRVI to enjoy 1.4.1 OO 78.1 GAVDE have a good time! 1.4.1 OO 69.1 1.4.1 OO 40.1 1.6.2 OO 135.1 FELIXSIS * felix sis 286 — GΔVDIΔS gaudeas IMPLE (*) (*) Nijm.41 B 702.5 ill Nijm.8 OO 153.1 1.4.1 OO stray 292 12.2.1 OO 4.1 Ch 301 OO 44.2 IMPLEOLA imple ollam ill the beaker G 16 B 41.1 INPLE imple ill 1.4.1 OO 102.1 play! 1.4.1 B 183.1 1.4.1 B stray 234 LVDE * may you have a good time LVDITE play, everybody! 1.6.1 OO stray 181 MANENTI for who stays 1.4.1 OO 478.2 MISCE mix 1.4.1 B 423.2 1.4.1 B stray 4 1.4.1 B stray 30 1.4.1 B stray 39 1.4.1 B stray 235 1.4.1 B stray 288 1.4.1 OO 20.1 1.4.1 OO 20.2 1.4.1 OO 92.2 1.6.1 OO stray 178 7.4 B stray 63 14.2.2 B 81.3 14.2.2 B 681.1 14.5 B stray 168 14.5 OO stray 183 MISCEMI misce mihi mix for me ? B stray IX MITTEMERVM mite merum pour pure wine G 43 B stray 318 be sparing 14.1.1 B stray 128 PARCE * REP reple reill 14.4.1 B stray 137 * REPE reple reill 1.4.1 OO 149.1 reill 12.3.1 B 106.1 reill me 1.6.1 B 387.1 G 70 B 176.4 12.2.1 OO 144.2 REPLE REPLEME reple me REPLEMI/ reple mihi/ CONDITVM conditum reill spicy for me 287 — * RPLM reple me SITIO * VALE VIVAS * VΛMVS vivamus VITA * rlm (reill me) 1.6.2 OO 215.1 I’m thirsty 1.4.1 B 150.1 1.4.1 OO 31.1 1.4.1 OO 151.1 bye/be healthy, may you live 14.5 B 512.1 may we live 1.6.1 B stray 183 life, i.e. my love 1.4.1 OO 44.3 VITV vita/vitula life/cow-calf, i.e. my love 1.4.1 B stray 5 VIVA vivas may you live 1.4.1 B 751.2 may we live 1.6.2 OO 147.1 may we live 12.2.1 OO 63.2 may you live 1.4.1 B 5.2 1.4.1 B 383.3 1.4.1 B 751.1 1.4.1 B stray 31 1.4.1 OO 98.4 1.4.1 OO 289.1 1.4.1 OO 463.2 1.4.1 OO stray 28 1.6.1 B stray 38 1.6.2 B 67.1 7.5 B 248.1 ? B stray VIII VIVAMVS ΛIVΛMVS vivamus VIVAS VIVΔS vivas may you live 1.6.2 B 177.1 VIVASESE vivas ... may you live ... 12.1.3 B 234.4 use! 1.6.1 B stray 171 VTERE In groups I-IV decoration is done with white and sometimes also some yellow barbotine, applied upon the lustrous dark coating (as opposed to the terra sigillata types Gellep 16 (= Chenet 335a), Gellep 36 and Gellep 246 (= Chenet 337) treated above, where the barbotine is under the coating). There is a conspicuous use of yellow barbotine in group IV. Groups I-III are absent from the Nijmegen cemeteries. The only six representants of group IV in Nijmegen are: botle B stray 128, beaker B stray 240, beaker OO stray 181, jug OO 4.1, beaker OO 78.1, beaker OO 130.1. Group V, however, uses white and sometimes also some yellow paint and shows all the signs of series production: the fast way of decorating with paint instead of the painstaking barbotine, and the smallest variation in motoes (Künzl 1997, 97). It has almost always large dots between the leters (Künzl 1997, 70). So it appears that nearly all Nijmegen decorated beakers be- 288 — long to group V and therefore to the irst half of the fourth century. All motoes on Nijmegen decorated dark coloured beakers, jugs and bottles are executed in white paint, even in the rare cases where the rest of the decoration was done in barbotine. The decoration elements used on the potery will be treated below with every type that carries them. Symonds 61 in diferent variants: 253 examples Fine dark coloured beaker with narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck with proiled rim. 48 Symonds 61 smooth: 65 examples Examples: B 85.1, B 105.2, B 122.2, B 182.2, B 392.1, B 451.1, B 706.2, B 707.1, B 723.1, B 733.1, B 812.2, B 814.1, B stray 11-15, B stray 40, B stray 42, B stray 59, B stray 78, B stray 80, B stray 81, B stray 87, B stray 89, B stray 135, B stray 161, B stray 176, B stray 178, B stray 230, B stray 242, B stray 289, OO 25.1, OO 76.1, OO 198.1, OO 231.1, OO 243.2, OO 274.1, OO 288.1, OO 316.2, OO 319.1, OO 321.1, OO 348.1, OO 351.1, OO 426.1, OO 481.2, OO 483.1, OO 483.2, OO stray 23, OO stray 31, OO stray 123-135, OO stray 166, Remainder stray 5. 49 Symonds 61 incised: 91 examples Examples: B 41.3, B 43.1, B 81.2, B 87.1, B 151.2, B 179.1, B 189.2, B 221.1, B 222.1, B 234.3, B 293.2, B 328.1, B 367.2, B 372.3, B 381.2, B 383.2, B 395.1, B 481.2, B 482.1, B 676.1, B 687.1, B 697.1, B 701.1, B 717.1, B 723.2, B 741.2, B 742.2, B 744.2, B 744.3, B 747.1, B 766.2, B 810.1, B 819.1, B stray 58, B stray 82, B stray 177, B stray 239 (?false graito LVCI on neck), B stray 264, OO 12.1, OO 56.1, OO 60.1, OO 66.1, OO 98.3, OO 122.1, OO 133.2, OO 136.1, OO 156.1, OO 164.1, OO 169.1, OO 180.1, OO 212.1, OO 308.1, OO 339.3, OO 349.1, OO 354.3, OO 362.1, OO 467.1, OO 479.1, OO 481.4, OO 484.2, OO stray 7, OO stray 66, OO stray 136-7, OO stray 140-157, OO stray 306-7, OO stray 313, Remainder stray 6-9. 50 Symonds 61 grooved: 69 examples Examples: B 57.3, B 58.1, B 80.2, B 98.1, B 105.1, B 108.1, B 112.1, B 144.1, B 165.1, B 208.1, B 212.1, B 213.1, B 214.1, B 216.2, B 218.2, B 219.3, B 219.4, B 291.1, B 435.2, B 685.1, B 724.1, B 725.1, B 823.1, B stray 76, B stray 228, B stray 229, B stray 258, B stray 287, OO 28.1, OO 54.1, OO 62.2, OO 94.2, OO 109.1, OO 144.3, OO 151.2, OO 153.3, OO 161.2, OO 176.1, OO 176.2, OO 176.3, OO 181.2, OO 196.2, OO 200.3, OO 203.1, OO 299.2, OO 302.1, OO 317.1, OO 356.2, OO 461.2, OO 463.4, OO 468.1, OO 468.2, OO stray 29-30, OO stray 65, OO stray 68, OO stray 158-165, OO stray 305-6, OO stray 308-9, OO stray 316. 51 Symonds 61 with incised grooves: 5 examples Examples: B 741.3, OO 65.1, OO 108.2, OO 463.3, OO stray 167. 52 Symonds 61 incised and grooved: 21 examples Examples: B 47.1, B 88.2, B 298.56, B 423.1, B 456.1, B 705.1, B 708.1, B 741.4, B 743.1, B 834.1, B 834.2, B stray 140, OO 30.2, OO 63.3, OO 186.2, OO 207.2, OO 232.1, OO 424.1, OO 469.1, OO stray 168-169. Symonds 61, no details known: 1 example This beaker was not found in the depot. Example: OO 171.1. Discussion: The variants of Symonds 61 Symonds 61 is subdivided here according to the way the poter used his spatula in the variants smooth (i.e. with no use of the spatula), incised, grooved, with incised groove, and incised and grooved. This has not been done for exaggerated precision but in order to understand how the poter worked. If the spatula was used on beaker Symonds 61, there are usually three small zones with spatula marks: halfway between foot and maximum diameter, on or near the maximum diameter, and just below the transition to the neck. The term incised should be explained here, because it seems to be new. With incising I mean making the light regular incisions, common in ine dark coloured potery, by keeping the spatula lightly between thumb and foreinger and letting its tip or side dance over the surface of the pot on the turning poter’s wheel. Symonds (1992, 6, 54, 66 and passim) consequently calls it 289 — rouleting. This misnomer is traditional in the British archaeological literature (e.g. Charleston 1955, captions of Pls. 13AB; Hayes 1997, 45, caption of Pl. 15). Symonds (1992, 6, 54 and 66) argues that incising originally served the aim of masking seams that remained ater mounting, in the leatherhard stage, sections of larger vases that had been thrown one by one on the poter’s wheel. In the fourth century, Symonds argues, when coarser clay was used, the beakers could be thrown in one piece, but the rouleting remained. This may be answered as follows. The word rouleting misleadingly suggests the use of a rollerstamp or roulete, which the poter runs over the surface. This roller-stamp, for which Chenet (1941, 45-47 and passim) uses the word molete, was not used with ine dark coloured potery (it was indeed used with Argonne terra sigillata). All visible signs indicate that the clay was not leather-hard but fully plastic when the grooves or incised decoration was applied, and that the beaker still was on the poter’s wheel. The poter makes a wide zone of incised decoration by allowing the side of his wooden spatula, the other end of which he holds gently between thumb and foreinger, to dance over the surface of a piece of potery on the turning poter’s wheel. In German, this is known as das federnde Blätchen as described by Hetner (1883, 173), Czysz (1982, 322-4) and Künzl (1997, 92-93). This thin, probably wooden spatula apparently had a rectangular ending, c.0.2 cm wide. If the poter wanted to make a groove, he pushed the spatula, irmly held between thumb and foreinger, with this ending against the turning beaker. If he wanted to make a narrow zone of incising instead, he held the spatula gently but otherwise in the same way. If he held it in a way between irmly and gently, he produced an incised groove (B 741.3, OO 65.1). The few beakers, on which a groove changes into a narrow zone of incising, show that the poter lost his concentration for a moment (OO 108.2, OO 463.3). Provenance of Symonds 61 Where does Symonds 61 and the rest of the fourth-century ine dark coloured potery come from? Symond’s chapter on fourth-century pottery starts with a long discussion of this problem (Symonds 1992, 63-66). As Trier was devastated in AD 276 during a barbarian invasion, he argues that the surviving poters must have led, and he sees the Argonnes to the west of Trier as their most probable destination. He is not able, however, to show kilns with reject heaps of ine dark coloured potery there. Even his abstract of an analysis of twenty samples from fourth-century Nijmegen, which clearly shows that they are very near to third-century potery from Trier, does not make him reject his Argonnes hypothesis; further work on it is announced. In this line of argument, Symonds completely ignores the very favourable economic circumstances in fourthcentury emperor’s residence Trier. Künzl (1997, 10-18) in discussing the Trier kilns does not enter into a discussion on Symonds’ problem but does answer it implicitly: there positively are reject heaps of ine dark coloured fourth-century potery near Trier kilns. She underlines this with the title of her study, Die Trierer Spruchbecherkeramik. Date of Symonds 61 Symonds (1992, 67) remarks that he has already discussed the general chronology on the previous pages. There, however, he was so busy arguing that they did not come from Trier, that he did not mention a date for the end of the production, or for that mater, for its beginning. So we have to look elsewhere in the literature. Symonds 61 corresponds to Gellep 59, 61 and 62, to judge by the drawings: Pirling (1966, 1974, 1979) does not deine her types Gellep 59, 61 and 62. She (1966, 70-71) dates them, together with Gellep 60, as follows: a single example to IIIcd (on the basis of association in Gellep grave 62 with a Gellep 56 and a Gellep 77), and the great mass to IVAB. The time ater AD 350 is represented by association with a cooking-pot Gellep 106 of ‘sickle-shaped proile’ in Gellep grave 65 290 — (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 4445) reduces this to IVab; she does not know where these beakers come from. Pirling (1979, 37) returns to the date IVAB, with the remark that there are no signs in Gellep of examples after that time. This means a retardation of twelve years ater the end of the production with the devastation of Trier in AD 355. Date: IVAB. 53 Symonds 62: 9 examples Fine dark coloured indented beaker. Examples: B 414.1, B 704.2, B stray 83, B stray 84, B stray 180, OO 433.1, OO stray 170-172. Discussion: These beakers, the indented variant of Symonds 61, are to be dated likewise to IVAB. Pirling (1989, type plate 3) depicts one as Gellep 371, but by then she no longer discussed her new types. Symonds (1992, 67) remarks that the ive examples known to him do not look as if they were made in Trier. He further thinks that indented beakers are so rare in the fourth century because of coarser clay used. Date: IVAB. 54 Künzl 1.3.1: 1 example See Remainder stray 18 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray inds. Künzl 1.4.1 in diferent variants: 73 examples Small ine dark coloured beakers decorated with white paint, in three cases (also) with white barbotine (B stray 240, OO 78.1 and OO 130.1). 55 Künzl 1.4.1m (with moto): 51 examples Examples: B 5.1, B 5.2, B 57.1, B 150.1, B 177.2, B 183.1, B 196.1, B 201.1, B 207.3, B 216.1, B 298.57, B 383.3, B 423.2, B 751.1, B 751.2, B stray 4-5, B stray 30-32, B stray 39, B stray 85, B stray 234-235, B stray 240, B stray 288, OO 20.1, OO 20.2, OO 31.1, OO 40.1, OO 42.1, OO 44.3, OO 69.1, OO 78.1, OO 92.2, OO 98.4, OO 102.1, OO 108.1, OO 131.1, OO 149.1, OO 151.1, OO 188.1, OO 240.1, OO 240.2, OO 289.1, OO 463.2, OO 478.2, OO stray 28, OO stray 176, OO stray 292, Remainder stray 14. 56 Künzl 1.4.1d (with decoration, without moto): 22 examples Examples: B 73.1, B 183.1, B 197.1, B 236.1, B 248.2, B 292.2, B 319.1, B 706.1, B 764.4, B stray 79, B stray 179, OO 13.2, OO 130.1, OO 176.4, OO 324.1, OO 478.3, OO 478.4, OO 480.1, OO 481.3, OO stray 173-175. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 21) remarks that this is the preeminent moto-beaker. It is the longestlived, and occurs both with white barbotine and with white paint. However the type shows the greatest variety of proportions. The proportion height : maximum diameter usually lies between 1.2 and 1.5; height of beaker : height of neck between 2.0-2.8. (This variation can be clearly seen in the Nijmegen pair OO 20.1-2, apparently meant as identical but with a great diference in maximum diameter.) The irst examples of 1.4.1 already occur in chronological group II (before AD 260-270); they are predominant from group III on (AD 270-280). The last examples in group V (AD 300/310-355) were made right up to the end of the production time, ater the middle of the fourth century. The decorative elements used on the beakers of type Künzl 1.4.1 consist of zone dividers, word dividers, leter dividers and tendrils. The following elements, indicated with the numbers Künzl (1997, 39-49, type plates 9-14) assigns to them, are present. Zone dividers 3 (irregular wavy line in white barbotine), 4 (irregular wavy line in white paint), 10 (horizontal line in white paint) and 11 (doted line in white paint). The most frequent combination of these is horizontal lines above and below, but all combinations Künzl gives for group V (1997, 308, type plate 16) occur. Leter divider 70 (large round dot of white paint) occurs on almost every moto-beaker. Only four beakers have leter divider 72 (a small dot of white paint); remarkably, these are two pairs (B 751.1 and 2, B stray 26 and 27). Word dividers 58 (three or four small dots in a vertical row) and 59 (three or four small dots of paint, from top let to bottom right) occur very oten, but the following are also present: 50-53 (four dots forming together an Y), 57 (triangle of dots), 60 (small horizontal 291 — lines), and 64 (branch). Word divider 48 (small dots and a heart-shaped motif) occurs once, on a beaker with barbotine lines. Of the tendrils, which occur only on beakers without moto, 188 occurs ten times (running scroll); further, once 78 (hook on dot) and once 189 (running scroll with small dots). One exuberantly decorated example, OO 463.2, difers from the others on all points: it is thickwalled and heavy, of terra nigra rather than ine dark coloured potery, and uses leter dividers that do not occur elsewhere in Nijmegen: 71 (two large dots, one on top of the other), 75 (line of three large dots), and the unknown motif of a lozenge made of four dots. In this example, apparently the youngest of the series an exuberant farewell is said to the type, with a paradoxical VIVAS. Strikingly, all three (or four) pairs in the Nijmegen graves have identical decoration, as if they were bought especially for the grave (B 751.1 and 2, OO 20.1 and 2, OO 478.3 and OO 478.4, and possibly B stray 26 and 27). The examples of Künzl 1.4.1 that belong to chronological group V correspond to part of Symonds 63: Symonds’ examples 808-9 (from Nijmegen), 813-838 and 844-7. Date: AD 300-355. Künzl 1.4.2: 1 example Example: OO stray 177. Discussion: This is the indented beaker variant of Künzl 1.4.1. 57 Künzl 1.6.1: 10 examples Large ine dark coloured moto-beaker with a decoration zone under the moto. Examples: B 387.1, B stray 38, B stray 171, B stray 183, OO 467.2, OO stray 178-181, Remainder stray 13. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 22) dates this type to IVab or even IVAB. Künzl 1.6.1 corresponds to Symonds 63, amongst which Symonds’ examples 810-2 from Nijmegen. The decorative elements on Künzl 1.6.1 (see also above under Künzl 1.4.1) comprise zone dividers 6, 9, 11 and 16, leter di- viders 70, 71 and 119 (in white paint), word dividers 57, 64 and 68, 70 together with 57, and tendril 168 and 188. Künzl (1997, 22) suggests that the large beakers of type 1.6.1 were intended to be mixing bowls (Cratere). I doubt this. The name Crater suggests that mixing took place before pouring out; we already saw that mixing probably took place in the drinking beaker itself. M. Erdrich (pers. comm.) supports Künzl’s view. Whilst processing the inds during the excavations of cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO), he noticed wear marks on the lower inside of the large beakers, as if they had been stirred regularly; such wear marks were absent from smaller beakers. This need not mean that the large beakers served as mixing bowl for groups. Moreover, the evidence from Nijmegen, both motoes and ind circumstances, does not support this supposed function of carafe. Firstly, amongst the motoes on Künzl 1.6.1 there is, admitedly, the greeting AVETE (on OO 467.2) in the plural number (‘hello everyone’), as if the beaker was intended to be served to a group; but this same greeting also occurs on two beakers of size group XS (Künzl 1.4.1), in the forms AVET and APETE. Moreover, one of the large beakers of Künzl’s type 1.6.1 has the imperative singular VTERE (a formula oten used on gits, usually combined with FELIX ‘use (happily) on your own’): very appropriate in a single grave. Secondly, as for the ind circumstances: two of these (extra) extra large beakers were indeed found together with smaller beakers. Two others, however, though accompanied by other pottery, were found without smaller beakers. The undecorated beakers of Symonds’ type 61, which fall outside the scope of Künzl’s study, have also been screened in order to answer the question whether the L-XXL beakers were intended as carafes. In 13 cases these are accompanied by smaller beakers, as opposed to 23 cases where they are not. No less than 11 out of these 23 were the only artefact in the grave. Here too the function of carafe is improbable. Dr Hilary Cool kindly drew my atention to a moto-beaker from Neatham (Hampshire) that 292 — setles the mater. It is 20.5 cm high, so belongs to type Künzl 1.6.1 and bears the moto DAMERVM = give unmixed wine. This excludes the use of this large beaker as a mixing bowl (Moto: Collingwood/Wright 1994, no. 2498.5; ind: Millet/Graham 1986, 75 no. 32, ig. 51). Date: AD 300-355. 58 Künzl 1.6.2: 12 examples Medium sized decorated dark coloured beaker. Examples: B 67.1, B 177.1, B 722.2, B stray IV?, B stray 204, OO 28.2, OO 135.1, OO 147.1, OO 215.1, OO 314.1, OO 382.1, OO stray 21. Discussion: These medium sized beakers do not generally have the slim proportions that Künzl (1997, 22) ascribes to them. The decorative elements used (see above, under Künzl 1.4.1) are zone dividers 4, 9, 10 and 16, leter dividers 70 and 71, word dividers 57, 59 and 64, and tendrils 168, 188 and 189. All being decorated in white paint, they belong to Künzl’s chronological group V, dated AD 300/310-355. Date: AD 300-355. Fine dark coloured beaker, no data: 11 examples Examples: B 67.2, B 182.3, B 211.1, B stray 174, OO 271.1, OO 311.1, OO 321.2, OO stray 29-31, OO stray 319. 59 Künzl 14.1.1: 1 example Fine dark coloured moto-botle with wide neck and barbotine decoration in white and yellow. Example: B stray 128. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 34) remarks that most botles of her type 14.1.1 belong to chronological group IV (AD 280-310/315). This is conirmed for the Nijmegen botle by the use of white and yellow barbotine, which makes this stray ind one of the oldest pieces of potery from the Nijmegen Late Roman cemeteries. Künzl 14.1.1 corresponds to Symonds’ third-century group 50 (Symonds 1992, 56 and ig. 38-39). The function of the globular botles with funnelshaped necks is not discussed by Symonds and Künzl (but see Steures 2002a, 177-8). Symonds calls them surprisingly carafes. The painted mot- to PARCE on the Nijmegen botle (‘be sparing’, ‘just a bit’), seemingly is in stark contrast to the enthusiastic drinking motoes discussed above and betrays its function. This moto becomes understandable, if these botles were meant for water to be mixed with merum, the pure wine. In Künzl’s list (1997, 256) the word PARCE igures six times, three out of which in combination with AQVAM (‘be sparing with water’, ‘just a bit of water’). The only pouring vessels out of the six pieces with PARCE are two such botles. One of these has PARCE AQVAM ADIC MERVM: ‘be sparing with water, add pure wine’ (depicted by Symonds 1992, ig. 38, no. 702). The shape of these globular botles is particularly suited for keeping the water it contained hot. If one wanted to be sparing with water and at the same time make the wine in the beaker nice and warm, the water in the botle had to be boiling hot. The funnel shape of the neck is also particularly suited to pouring in and out boiling water without accidents. The strange absence of a handle on a botle that is very hot when in use might be explained by the wish to avoid accidents when pouring the boiling water. They were probably handled with something like oven gloves. The botles seem to have been a later invention than the beakers, because it is not clear whether they belonged to the irst series of the production of Trier moto-beakers (Künzl 1997, 34-5). I suggest that the workshops began to market them as soon as they had observed that boiling water was added in their beakers. Their botles were not the commercial success the beakers were: so far, 10 botles are known from Nijmegen, as opposed to the 343 beakers presented above. Date: AD 280-315. 60 Künzl 14.2.2: 4 examples Fine dark coloured globular botle decorated with white paint, comprising white dots on neck-moulding. Examples: B 81.3, B 681.1, OO 134.1, OO stray 62. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 34) places this type in 293 — chronological group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Künzl 14.2.2 corresponds to Symonds’ group 68 (Symonds 1992, 68, ig. 51) and with Gellep 254, dated in IVb by Pirling (1974, 46). Date: AD 300-355. 61 Künzl 14.3.1: 2 examples Fine dark coloured botle without neck-moulding, with white painted decoration. Examples: OO 188.2, OO stray 182. Discussion: The only moto-botle with narrow concave neck and without neck-moulding is Künzl 14.3.1 (Künzl 1997, 299, type plate 7); however, she knows the model only with barbotine decoration, in her third-century groups II and III. As appears from the white paint on the Nijmegen examples, they belong in chronological group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Date: AD 300-355. 62 Künzl 14.4.1: 1 example Fine dark coloured moto-botle with wide neck and neck-moulding. Example: B stray 137. Discussion: According to Künzl (1997, 34), most examples of this shape belong to the third century, but some, as appears from their white paint, to chronological group V, dated 300/310355. Our beaker with its white paint belongs to the later group. Date: AD 300-355. 63 Künzl 14.5: 4 examples Fine dark coloured globular botle with narrow cylindrical neck. Examples: B 197.2, B 512.1, B stray 168, OO stray 183. Discussion: This shape corresponds to Gellep 254. Künzl (1997, 34): ‘eine Gefäßform des 4. Jahrhunderts’; the Nijmegen examples belong to Künzl’s chronological group V, AD 300/310-355. B 197.2 has decoration in white and some yellow paint; this does occur in group V (Künzl 1997, 70). Date: AD 300-355. 64 Künzl 12.1.3: 3 examples Fine dark coloured one-handled jug with white painted decoration, which comprises white dots on neck moulding. Examples: B 234.4, B 741.5, OO stray 120. Discussion: Künzl 12.1.3 ‘shows all signs of being a series product’ and is to be dated to IVAB (Künzl 1997, 31). The type corresponds to Gellep 257 (Pirling 1974, 47), dated to IVab or IVAB. OO stray 120 has no proiled lip and so seems the be a hastily made series product. Date: AD 300-355. 65 Künzl 12.2.1: 3 examples Fine dark coloured one-handled moto-jug with smooth in-turned lip. Examples: OO 4.1, OO 63.2, OO 144.2. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 31-32) dates this jug IIIdIVab. Most pieces have white barbotine and belong to chronological group IV, but some, like the three Nijmegen examples, have white paint and so belong to group V, dated 300/310-355. Date: AD 300-355. 66 Künzl 12.3.1: 1 example Fine dark coloured one-handled moto-jug with smooth hooked lip. Examples: B 106.1. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 32, 298 type plate 6) distinguishes 12.3.1 and .2 from 12.2.1 and .2 by the shape of the lip, which is no longer in-turned, but is sharply hooked and everted. The mass of this shape was produced in her chronological group V, dated 300/310-355. The small B 106.1, which lacks its distinguishing upper half, seems nevertheless to belong to this type. B 702.5 is a small angular variant of Künzl 12.3.1 in a diferent ware, B3: see text to type ig. 42. Date: AD 300-355. 67 Nijmegen 67: 1 example Example: B 199.2. Fine dark coloured one-handled jug with wide mouth and pinched spout (not in Künzl). Discussion: This jug is unique within potery ware C4, but it has a general fourth-century shape we 294 — also encounter in other wares (Gellep 43 (= Chenet 348), Gellep 70, Gellep 80 (and Gellep 114, so far not present in Nijmegen): type igs. 40, 76 and 91). Potery ware and white paint show this jug to belong to chronological group V, dated 300/310-355 (Künzl 1997, 9). Date: AD 300-355. 68 Künzl 7.4: 2 examples Small ine dark coloured hemispherical bowl with white painted decoration. Examples: B stray 63, OO 176.5. Discussion: Künzl (1997, 25-26) mentions bowls of her shape 7 as the most frequent drinking vessels ater the globular beakers. This does not concur with the rarity of this shape in Nijmegen, where only six of them are known. She remarks that the numerous bowls of types 7.4 and 7.5 were produced up to or even ater the middle of the fourth century. Künzl 7.4 corresponds to Gellep 64, which Pirling (1966, 72) calls cylindrical and dates IVb and IVB. Pirling (1974, 47) dates Gellep 64 to IVab or IVB. Künzl 7.4 and 7.5 together correspond to Symonds 73 (1992, 69, 74 note 72, ig. 53). Symonds accepts Pirling’s date. Date: IVAB. 69 Künzl 7.5: 4 examples Small ine dark coloured cylindrical bowl with white painted decoration. Examples: B 248.1, B stray 290, OO stray 184-185. Discussion: See above, under Künzl 7.4 (type ig. 68), which corresponds to Gellep 64 (Pirling/ Siepen 2006, 95). Date: IVAB. D1 Ochre-coloured sherd, dull dirty reddish brown slip 70 Gellep 65: 2 examples Slipped coarse jug with pinched spout. Example: OO 242.2, OO stray 186. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 72) remarks that this shape is almost identical with Niederbieber 42 and that it appears from two Gellep graves that the shape was still made in the fourth century. Pirling (1974, 49-50) dates two new examples to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 76) reallocates this type to ware A2, imitations of terra sigillata and dates most examples to IVab and an earlier one to IIIC. Date: IVab. D3 Light reddish brown sherd, ochre-coloured slip outside, dull dark reddish brown slip inside 71 Niederbieber 38: 1 example See Remainder stray 21 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray inds. 72 Gellep 67: 2 examples Red-slipped plate with oblique band-shaped proiled lip. Examples: B 367.3, B 410.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) identiies this shape with Alzei 20 and dates six Gellep examples to IVab on the basis of coins. Pirling (1974, 50) dates seven new examples to IVab with the remark that examples associated with glazed pottery must be dated to IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1979, 38) mentions one new example dated IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 101-2) identiies Trier as the place of manufacture and dates the type to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 73 Gellep 68: 1 example Red-slipped plate with oblique lip thickened horizontally on outside. Example: B stray 22. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) dates the only Gellep example to the beginning of IV on the basis of association with a Niederbieber shape and a fourth-century shape. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 102) dates the same grave to IVab. Date: IVab. 74 Gellep 69: 5 examples Red-slipped plate with oblique lip thickened obliquely on outside. Examples: B 216.3, B 222.2, B 345.1, OO 176.6, OO 295 — 242.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 73) dates this plate briefly to IVab. Pirling (1974, 50-51) mentions new examples from IIIcd, IVab and IVb. Pirling (1979, 38) dates new examples to as early as III, and to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 102) calls the type contemporaneous to Gellep 67. Date: IIIcd-IVab. the dates of the frequent double-handled jugs Gellep 71 and Gellep 72, both IVab, justify this same half century as the date of Gellep 70. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 126-7) dates the type to IVAB but also mentions smaller examples, to be dated IVcd-Va. Almost all Gellep examples are also decorated with white paint or barbotine; four out of eight Nijmegen examples are. Date: IVab. E1 Brown-marbled potery 77 Nijmegen 77: 1 example Brown-marbled sharply shouldered jug with one handle and collar. Example: OO 58.1. Discussion: This shape is unique in Nijmegen and does not occur in Gellep in brown-marbled ware. Is it to be dated like the double-handled Gellep 72 to IVab. Date: IVab. Pirling (1966, 74-5) queries where this ware was made. She (Pirling 1974, 52-3) cites Oelmann (1914, 50), who situates the production of the brown-marbled ware in the Neuwied Basin on the middle Rhine, and mentions a workshop at Treis-Karden on the lower Moselle that made brown-marbled ware. Literature on Treis-Karden will be found via Cüppers (1990, 575-7). 75 Nijmegen 75: 1 example Brown-marbled mug. Example: OO stray 187. Discussion: Although this mug with its bandshaped vertical handle and conical neck has no parallel as such, its shape corresponds to the beakers Symonds 61 and its decoration with the brown-marbled technique discussed below. This dates the mug to IVab. Date: IVab. 76 Gellep 70: 8 examples Brown-marbled globular jug with pinched spout. Examples: B 176.4, B 456.2, B 686.3, B 760.1, B 762.intr., B stray 170, OO 151.3, OO 475.2. Discussion: This brown-marbled jug has the general fourth-century shape that we also encounter in other wares (Chenet 348, Gellep 43, Gellep 80, Gellep 114 and in ine dark coloured ware, type ig. 66) and that is to be dated generally to IV. Pirling (1966, 74) mentions one Gellep example, dated IV. Pirling (1974, 51) dates new examples ‘with some probability’ to IVab. Pirling (1979, 38-39) dates an example to IVB on the basis of association with coins of AD 341. However, 78 Gellep 261 or 742: 1 example Example: OO stray 18. Discussion: Brown-marbled globular jug with conical mouthpiece. Gellep 261 occurs once in Gellep, in red-marbled ware E2, in an incomplete example lacking the mouthpiece; this is reconstructed with a collar and a long mouth (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 127). Pirling (1974, 51) dates it to IVab on the basis of association with other potery. The Nijmegen example has the same ofset base as Gellep 261, but its mouthpiece is like that of Gellep 742, dated III-IVa (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 127). Date: IVab. 79 Gellep 71: 10 examples Brown-marbled double-handled jug with wide rounded shoulder and cylindrical neck with collar. Examples: B 86.2, B 177.3, B 697.2, B stray 8, B stray 71, B stray 132, B stray 300, OO stray 189190, Remainder stray 16. Discussion: The brown-marbled variant of this jug, which also occurs in smooth ware, has two horizontal grooves at the base of the neck between the beginnings of the handles. Pirling (1966, 74) draws atention to the diferences in 296 — size as opposed to the unity in shape and to the descendance from Niederbieber 46, and dates the jug to IVab. Pirling (1974, 51) repeats this date, with the note that the shape occurs up to the middle of IV, as appears from the association with a coin of AD 341. Pirling (1979, 39) repeats: IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 129) is more vague with a date in IV and mentions two size groups, 18-21 and 24-28 cm, with an outlier at 31 cm. The Nijmegen material has a group of six pieces 1622 cm and four outliers at 26, 29 (twice) and 32 cm. Date: IVab. 80 Gellep 72: 50 examples Brown-marbled double-handled jug with marked shoulder and cylindrical neck with collar. Examples: B 13.1, B 48.1, B 122.1, B 169.1, B 183.2, B 207.4, B 367.4, B 427.2, B 435.3, B 608.1, B 612.1 (= B stray 262), B 677.1, B 682.1, B 701.2, B 705. intr., B 723.3, B 741.6, B 754.1, B 810.2, B stray 43?, B stray 51, B stray 72, B stray 90-1, B stray 145, B stray 167, B stray 182, B stray 243-4, B stray 319, OO 103.1, OO 168.5, OO 170.2, OO 186.3, OO 250.1, OO 252.3, OO 290.1, OO 290.2, OO 351.2, OO 354.4, OO 475.3, OO stray 1, OO stray 63, OO stray 191-193, OO stray 195-197, OO stray 303, Remainder stray 10. Discussion: In Nijmegen, this frequent shape has two size groups: 33 pieces measure 21-27 cm, 9 pieces are 28-31 cm high with outliers as small as 12.7, 17 and 19 cm. This concurs well with the sizes mentioned by Pirling (1966, 74-5). Normally, there are two horizontal grooves at the base of the neck and two between the beginnings of the handle. Twelve Nijmegen examples have white dots on the shoulder, once in combination with a zigzag, once with small arcs. Pirling dates them IVabc: IVc on the basis of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 52-53) limits their date to IVab. Pirling (1979, 39) repeats the date of IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 129-30) dates the type to IVAB, but none of the coins associated with it in Gellep is later than AD 337. Date: IVab. 81 Nijmegen 81: 1 example Brown-marbled stopper for a Gellep 72. Example: Remainder stray 11. 82 Nijmegen 82: 1 example Brown-marbled stopper for a Gellep 71. Example: OO stray 194. It was found on jug Remainder stray 16, not on OO stray 193. Discussion: The two diferently shaped stoppers for jugs of types Gellep 71 and 72 are unique and unfortunately come from stray inds. Like Gellep 71-72, they are to be dated IVab. Date: IVab. 83 Nijmegen 83: 1 example Brown-marbled miniature amphora with globular body and wart-shaped point for a basis (miniature of Gellep 443) Example: OO stray 188. Discussion: This miniature amphora with white dots on the shoulder is unique. It imitates the shape of amphora Gellep 443 = Dressel 20 = Niederbieber 78 = Alzei 22 = Gose 442 = Stuart 138. Stuart (1963, 59) writes: ‘So the globular amphora covers a period of three centuries: c.AD 40-mid IV.’ The date of this miniature is IVab, as appears from the brown-marbled decoration. Another imitation of the shape in potery, also meant for the drinker’s table, is in Worms; it is of the same date as the Nijmegen example, but of another ware and another size (Wamser 2000, 191 ig. 157, 360 cat.no. 90d). Date: IVab. F1 Smooth potery with yellowish white sherd, smoothened carefully Roman smooth potery has a porous wall; evaporation of the liquid through the wall will require heat from the content, thus keeping it cool. 84 Gellep 408: 1 example Smooth high-shouldered honey-jar. 297 — Example: B 677.2. Discussion: Type Gellep 408 is only illustrated in Pirling (1989, type plate 5). Brunsting (1937, 109) remarks on the honey-jars, his type smooth 28: ‘The shape maintains itself without many alterations from the irst till the fourth centuries, cf. Haltern 62, Hofeim 66, but also Niederbieber 79.’ Pirling/Siepen (2006, 156) dates the type in Gellep only generally to III-IV and mentions as latest example one associated with glazed ware, to be dated IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Date: I-IVB. 85 ± Gellep 411: 1 example Smooth high-shouldered white jar with everted rim and small horizontal unproiled lip. Example: OO stray 198. Discussion: No parallels are known to me. The real Gellep 411 has a proiled lip and is depicted but not discussed by Pirling (1989, type plate 5). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 155) dates the only Gellep piece to IVab. Date: IVab. 86 Gellep 75: 1 example Smooth lat-globular honey-jar with high neck. Example: OO 152.1. Discussion: The neck of our example is higher than in Pirling (1966, type plate 6). Pirling (1966, 76) dates one of the two examples known from Gellep at that time to IVB, on the basis of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1974, 53) dates a new example to AD 320-350, on the same basis. A striking parallel for our fourth-century example is the irstcentury honey-jar Stuart 146 (Stuart 1977, ig. 50, 10) from irst-century cemetery O, partly on the same terrain as our fourth-century OO. Stuart (1977, 59) dates that example, on the basis of its white, smooth ‘pipe-clay’ and careful workmanship ‘not too late, probably mid irst-century at the latest’. Unless a irst-century piece has crept here between the fourth-century material (the irst-century cemetery O and the fourth-century cemetery OO overlap), we again have a form that continued for three centuries without alterations. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 157) dates the type in Gellep to IVab. Date: IVab. 87 Gellep 77: 4 examples Smooth jug with round lip. Examples: B 59.2, B stray 253, B stray 272, OO 413.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 76) dates this shape, which is identical with Niederbieber 62a, to IIIcd, on the basis of association with a Gellep 56. Pirling (1974, 54) publishes four new examples from three graves, two of which are dated to IIIcd on the basis of coins and a Gellep 282, and the third to IV, on the basis of potery and a glass beaker Gellep 189. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 142-3, n. 56) drops former types Gellep 264, 416, 417, 419 and 619 and subsumes them under Gellep 77, which is dated generally to III, with only one example certainly from IV. Date: IIIcd-IVd. 88 Gellep 422: 1 example Smooth jug with one handle and undercut torus-shaped rim. Example: B stray 274. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 143) dates the type to the same time as Gellep 77. Date: IIIcd-IVd. 89 Gellep 423: 3 examples Smooth jug with lip that is convex on top and lat at the underside. Examples: B stray 273, B stray 276, B stray 277. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 140) dates the type to IIcd-IIIab. Date: IIcd-IIIab. 90 Gellep 79: 2 examples Smooth jug with strongly constricted foot and horizontal painted bands. Examples: OO 316.3, OO stray 199. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 77) dates the only Gellep example to IVab, on the basis of association with 298 — a coin of Constantine the Great and fourthcentury glass and potery. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145) subsumes the former types Gellep 79-80 under one type, dated to IVab. Date: IVab. 91 Gellep 80: 3 examples Smooth jug with slightly constricted foot, four reddish brown painted horizontal bands and pinched spout. Examples: B 215.2, B 708.2, OO stray 35. Discussion: This smooth jug has the general fourth-century shape we also encounter in Gellep 43 (type ig. 40), Gellep 70 (type ig. 76), Gellep 114 and ine dark coloured potery, type ig. 66, and is therefore dated to IV. Pirling (1966, 77) remarks that red bands occur in IVab, and that associations of the Gellep examples lead to the same date. Pirling (1974, 54) repeats this date for three examples, while she dates a fourth one to IVB. A last example is dated to IVab again by Pirling (1979, 40). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145) subsumes the former types Gellep 79-80 under one type, dated to IVab. Date: IVab. 92 Gellep 81(/82): 3 examples Smooth jug with painted horizontal bands and band-shaped lip. Examples: B 150.2, B 334.1, OO 244.1. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 77) dates three examples to IVab on the basis of decoration and associations. Pirling (1974, 40) dates one example to IVb on the basis of a coin, and two other examples IVab. Pirling (1979,40) dates an example to IVB because of association with a Gellep 122 (IVcd, according to Pirling; see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 145-6) dates both Gellep 81 and 82 to IVab and says they were manufactured in Cologne. Date: IVab. 93 Gellep 263: 3 examples Smooth jug with brown bands and cylindrical mouthpiece. Examples: B 801.1, B stray 270, OO 383.2. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 53-54) dates one example to IVAB because of association with with a Gellep 109, and two others to IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 146) dates the type to IVAB and says it was manufactured in Cologne. Date: IVAB. 94 Gellep 83a: 1 example Smooth slender jug with moulding on neck and with thumb-rest on handle. Example: OO stray 200. 95 Gellep 83b: 1 example Smooth slender jug with moulding on neck and without thumb-rest on handle. Example: B 764.5. Discussion: This jug, which imitates metal examples, is dated to IIIcd-IVab by Pirling (1966, 78). Our example of Gellep 83a has a proiled rim instead of the hooked one shown by Pirling (1966, type plate 7). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 146) dates the type to IV, especially IVab. Date: IVab. 96 Nijmegen 96: 1 example Smooth jug with conical mouthpiece. Example: B 183.3. Discussion: According to Oelmann conical mouthpieces are typical of III (Pirling 1966, 58, in the discussion of Gellep 20), but the presence of such a mouthpiece on Gellep 261 (type ig. 78) shows it to go on in IVab. Date: III-IVab. 97 Gellep 84a: 8 examples Smooth double-handled jug with smooth lip. Examples: B 59.3, B 218.3, B 742.3, B stray 93, OO 176.7, OO stray 202-204. 98 Gellep 84b: 1 example Example: B 218.4. Smooth double-handled jug with proiled lip. Discussion: In Nijmegen these jugs vary even more in height than Pirling (1966, 78) states: 11.9-28.4 cm. She dates the shape from ‘still III’ to ‘entire IV’ for Cologne examples, but IVab for 299 — Gellep ones. Pirling (1974, 54-5) repeats IVab for nine examples. Pirling (1979, 41) gives again IVab for one example, and IVB for another. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 151-2) dates the type to IIId-IVB and says it was manufactured in Cologne. Date: IIId-IVB. 99 Gellep 85a: 7 examples Smooth white double-handled jug with small cylindrical foot, hooked shoulder and triangular lip. Examples: B 704.3, B stray 92, OO stray 205-209. Discussion: The Gellep examples are very smoothly inished. Pirling (1966, 79) dates one example to IVab, and two others to IVB. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 152) dates the type to IV and says it was the container for expensive imported wine. This its in well with the only example found during excavations in Nijmegen: B 704 is a comparatively rich grave with unique pieces. Date: IVAB. 100 Gellep 91: 2 examples Smooth globular double-handled jug with bandshaped lip. Examples: B 59.4, OO stray 210. Discussion: One Gellep example is dated to just ater AD 298 by Pirling (1966, 80-1) because of a series of coins ending in that year (‘terminus ad quem’); two in the beginning of IV, one IVab, one IVB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 168-9) dates the type IIIcd-IVB. Date: IVAB. 101 Gellep 441 (= Stuart 151A): 1 example Smooth stopper for an amphora Example: OO stray 211. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 8, Gellep 441) depicts this type with its open side down and thus interprets it as a stopper; she did not discuss types any more in 1989. Stuart calls his type 151A a candle-stick (Stuart 1963, 67-8), ater which he immediately doubts his own interpretation. A burning candle on such a narrow foot is dangerous; a diferent function seems obvious. As Stuart mentions eleven examples from the nearby Nijmegen Flavian legionary fortress (AD 70-104), our ind must be irst-century (the irstcentury cemetery O and the fourth-century cemetery OO overlap). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 171-2) dates the two Gellep examples Id-IId. So our example probably comes from the irst-century cemetery O, not the fourth-century OO on the same plot. Date: Ic-IId. F2Smooth potery, reddish ochre-coloured sherd 102 Gellep 87: 1 example Smooth squat globular beaker with conical neck. Example: B 16.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 79) dates the only Gellep example to IVcd because of association with a terra nigra beaker. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 160) repeats the date. Date: IVcd. 103 Gellep 89: 1 example Smooth jug with hooked lip. Example: OO 271.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 80) remarks that this shape may also occur in white smooth ware and then is to be dated IVab because of painted horizontal bands. However, she dates the only datable example of Gellep 89 to IVB because of association with a Gellep 70 and a Gellep 106 ‘with slightly sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 164) dates the type to IVab. Date: IVab. 104 Nijmegen 104: 2 examples Smooth brown single-handled jug with collar, shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71. Examples: B 201.2, B 212.2. Discussion: The shape of this smooth brown onehandled jug is that of the two-handled brownmarbled Gellep 71 and the smooth brown twohandled Gellep 637. The date of Gellep 637 300 — (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 168) is helpful: IIIcd-IVab. Date: IIIcd-IVab. 105 Gellep 637: 2 examples Smooth brown double-handled jug with collar, shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71. Examples: B 191.2, OO stray 312. Discussion: This double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 71 is not discussed by Pirling (1997, type plate 8), and is to be dated, like Gellep 71, to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 168) dates it to IIIcd-IVab. Date: IVab. 106 Nijmegen 106: 1 example Smooth double-handled jug with short wide neck and band-shaped lip. Example: OO stray 201. Discussion: As there is no parallel known for this shape and as it is a stray ind, the only basis for a date in IVab is its provenance ‘OO’. Date: IVab. 109 Brunsting 36b: 3 examples Smooth mortarium with horizontal lip, without protruding spout. Examples: B stray 24, OO stray 257-258. Discussion: Brunsting (1937, 110-1) dates the smooth mortarium from Haltern 60 (11 BC- AD 9) to Alzei 31 (AD 370-400; 406-450). Stuart (1963, 66-7), whose type 149b this is, discusses only irst-century examples. Pirling (1989 type plate 8, Gellep 442) and 1997 (type plate 14, Gellep 683) gives two type numbers to smooth mortaria with horizontal lip and protruding spout (both Brunsting 36a) but does not discuss them. Of the three mortaria mentioned here, B stray 20 comes certainly from a fourth-century grave, as it was found in the Kaaskorversgas (site b on ig. 3; the other two are marked ‘OO’. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 227-8) discusses the mortaria from Gellep, but our type is not represented. Date: IB-Vb. F3 Smooth potery, dark grey sherd 107 Gellep 766: 1 example Smooth brown double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 72. Example: B stray 43 Discussion: This smooth brown double-handled jug shaped like the brown-marbled Gellep 72 is to be dated, like Gellep 72, to IVab. The type seems not to be discussed in Pirling/Siepen 2006. Date: IVab. 108 Gellep 438 (= Niederbieber 69a): 1 example Smooth double-handled jug with globular body and slanting lip. Example: B stray 94. Discussion: This shape, not discussed by Pirling (1989, type plate 8, Gellep 438) is represented by this stray ind and looks like Niederbieber 69a; therefore to be dated III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 167) dates the type to IIIab. Date: IIIab. 110 Gellep 96: 1 example Small barrel-shaped beaker. Example: B stray 209. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 68-69 under type Gellep 55) discusses barrel-shaped beakers from irst to fourth centuries; she dates a Gellep 96 to IVB (Pirling 1966, 82) because of association with a Gellep 105 ‘with sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 178) dates the graves concerned in Gellep to IVab. Date: IVab. F4 Smooth potery, brownish grey sherd 111 Gellep 97: 7 examples Coarse botle. Examples: B 16.3, B 100.1, B 778.1, B stray 16, B stray 211, B stray 216, B stray 226. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 82) dates the only Gellep example to Valentinian age, i.e. IVC, on the basis 301 — of an Andernach parallel, but decides to IVcd. The Valentinian age its in well with the Valentinian coins found in B 778.1. It should be noted that most Nijmegen examples are not in smooth, but in coarse ware. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 173) dates the only Gellep example to IVd. Date: IVcd. 112 Nijmegen 112: 1 example Smooth double-handled jug with wide rounded shoulder and horizontal lip. Example: Remainder stray 12. Discussion: This jug has all but the same shape as Gellep 71 (IVab) and Gellep 637: what is a collar there, is the lip here. The neck with the horizontal lip is shaped the same as Niederbieber 69, so a date IIIcd-IVab seems possible. Date: IIIcd-IVab. F7 Terra nigra 113 Gellep 98: 1 example Jug with collared neck. Example: B stray 190. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 82-3) cannot date the only Gellep example. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 183-4) dates it generally to IV. Date: IV. 114 Gellep 273: 1 example Terra nigra footed bowl with proiled foot and three zones of incised decoration. Example: OO 446.1. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 57) dates the only Gellep example to IVab on the basis of a coin of AD 313. The shape corresponds to Chenet 342, which Chenet (1941, 92) dates to IVcd because it occurs in Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 189) dates the type to IVcd. See also the last paragraph of the article on Gellep 274, immediately below. Date: IVcd. 115 Gellep 274: 10 examples Small terra nigra footed bowl. Examples: B 135.2, B 299.1, B 465.3, B 687.2, B 702.1, B 801.2, B 828.1, B stray 214, B stray 267, OO 481.1. Discussion: This is a diicult type, as it was three times deined by Pirling (1966, 67-8 and 128-30; 1974, 57), twice for Roman (Gellep 51 and 274) and once for Frankish graves (Gellep 131). Pirling (1966, 68) identiies type Gellep 51 with Chenet 342 (Chenet 1941, 91-94). An interesting detail is that the German archaeologist Pirling derives it from Germanic examples, and the Frenchman Chenet from Gaulish ones. The truth seems to lie midway: in the Rhine area, as Chenet himself (1941, 92 note 2) argues. About its date and provenance, Chenet (1941, 92) says it was produced in Lavoye in IV. He knows it from Lavoye, Sépulture A, dated to just before AD 360 on the basis of 215 coins (Chenet 1941, 20 and 154); from Lavoye, the small hypocaust of ield 752 (IV, dated by coins of Constantinus II 337340, Theodora 337-340, Constans 337-350, Urbs Roma ater 340, Magnentius 350-351: Chenet 1941, 26-27); and from Lavoye, kiln E, dated IV (Chenet 1941, 24). Pirling (1966, 68) has a Gellep 51 from IIIcd; Pirling (1966, 129) has some examples of Gellep 131 from Vab and VB. Pirling (1974, 93-4) has examples of Gellep 131 from Frankish phases II and III, i.e. Vcd-VIa and VIbcd (Pirling 1966, 22). Pirling/Siepen (2006) no longer mentions either type Gellep 51 or 131 as Roman, but Gellep 274 is treated (2006, 189) and mostly dated to IVab and once to IVB. However, in the Nijmegen grave B 135, a Gellep 274 is associated with a Gellep 52 (discussed immediately below), to be dated IVd-Va; and in grave B 465, dated to AD 434-450, Gellep 274 also igures. So Gellep 274, a shape also found in Frankish potery, must at least be dated IVa-Vb for Roman graves, and for Frankish ones up to VId. Footed bowls Chenet 342 and Gellep 252, 273 and 274 cross the border between Roman and Germanic potery. Erdrich (1998) argues that these terra nigra footed bowls combine techni- 302 — cal and formal stimuli from Roman and Germanic examples and that Frankish immigrants in the Roman Empire combined Roman techniques with Germanic shapes. He calls the footed bowls a potery genre of the Salian Franks. Date: IVa-VId. 116 Gellep 52-53: 2 examples Globular beaker of not completely dark, but smooth terra nigra with proiled shoulder and short concave neck. Examples: B 135.1, B stray 221. Discussion: Beaker B 135.1 is halfway between beaker types Gellep 52 and Gellep 53, which Pirling (1966, 68) inds comparable and contemporary. She dates both to IVd because of the association of one of them with a barbaric coin of c.AD 400. But there is also an exact parallel for the shape of B 135.1: Symonds 1992, 67 and ig. 50 no. 854, from Roanne. This belongs to the heterogeneous group Symonds 64, generally dated to IV; this group also contains an exact parallel for the shape of Gellep 52: no. 855, in Mainz. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 180) dates both types to IVd-Va. Date: IVd-Va. 117 ± Chenet 333j: 1 example Small tulip-shaped beaker of terra nigra-like sandy potery. Example: B 606.1. Discussion: Chenet (1941, Pl. XVI-XVII and 81-4) distinguished his type 333 (footed tulip-shaped beakers with reddish yellow slip and constricted foot) in the long series 333a-k. Our beaker is of terra nigra-like potery and has no foot. The nearest Gellep shape is the terra sigillata Gellep 17, dated by Pirling/Siepen (2006, 47) IVcd-Va. Date: IVcd-Va. 118 Symonds 61 in diferent variants in terra nigra: 6 examples Terra nigra beaker on narrow foot, globular body and high conical neck. Symonds 61 smooth: 4 examples Examples: B 387.2, OO stray 112-114. Symonds 61 grooved: 1 example Example: OO 468.1. Symonds 61 incised: 1 example Example: OO stray 138. Symonds 61 with incised groove: 1 example Example: OO stray 115. Discussion: These are beakers of a common shape in ine dark coloured ware, executed here in terra nigra. As the production of dark coloured Trier beakers stopped in AD 355 (see above, potery ware C4), we might date these imitations to IVcd. However, the corresponding types in Pirling/Siepen, Gellep 646 (2006, 176) and Gellep 270 (2006, 177), are dated in the same time as the same shapes in ware C4. Date: IV. 119 Symonds 62 in terra nigra: 2 examples Indented beakers in terra nigra with narrow foot, globular indented body and high conical neck. Examples: OO stray 116-7. Discussion: For these, the same holds as for the above Symonds 61 in terra nigra. The corresponding type in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 180) is Gellep 94, dated IVd-Va. Date: IVd-Va. 120 Symonds 65 in terra nigra: 1 example Small beaker in terra nigra with low shoulder and conical neck. Example: OO stray 118. Discussion: Symonds 65 is dated globally in IV and belongs to the group of late terra nigra (Symonds 1992, 67-68 and ig. 50, nos 857-863). Symonds remarks that this shape was not popular outside Trier. The presence of just a single example in Nijmegen does not contradict this. Date: IV. 121 Gellep 378: 1 example Small tulip-shaped terra nigra beaker. Example: OO 132.1. Discussion: Pirling (1989) says nothing about this type but the caption of type plate 3: in Gellep, it is of potery ware C4 reddish brown sherd, faintly lustrous greyish black coating. The parallel as 303 — regards the shape in Symonds (1992, no. 641, ig. 35 and p. 54-5) belongs to Symonds’ group 43 from Trier, which was made in this ware. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 93-94) dates the ine dark coloured type to III-IVa. Date: IV. 122 Nijmegen 122: 1 example Terra nigra two-handled jug with globular body, wide neck and wide vertical band-shaped lip decorated with straight and wavy grooves. Example: OO 144.4. Discussion: There is no parallel for this shape in the literature known to me. Only the vertical band-shaped lip is reminiscent of fourth century jugs Gellep 45 and related types. The other inds in grave OO 144 date the grave to 300-355. Date: AD 300-355. 123 Nijmegen 123: 1 example Small hemispherical terra nigra bowl on low foot. Example: B stray 95. Discussion: This is a variant in a diferent potery ware of Symonds 55, which is not explicitly dated, but implicitly to III (Symonds 1992, 59 and ig. 43). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 83) dates Gellep 367 (= Symonds 55) to IIIAB. Date: ? 124 Alzei 26: 1 example Terra nigra footed bowl with everted rim. Example: B stray 96. Discussion: Its presence in Alzei, which was inhabited AD 370-400 and 406-450 (Cüppers 1990, 302-3), dates this form to IVd-Vab. Date: IVd-Vab. G Coarse potery Coarse potery is ire-proof and was used for cooking in the case of cooking-pots Gellep 100110 and for dishes Gellep 126-128 and related types. These oten have burning-marks on the outside; cooking-pots also oten have black traces of burnt food on the inside. Pirling calls Gellep 126-128 and related types plates; in this study, they are called dishes. I interpret the dishes as baking-dishes and the jugs as water boilers. Wherever possible, a distinction is made in the present study between three production centres in the Eifel (Gose 1950, 40): coarse volcanic tempering material, from Mayen; large quantity of ine tempering material, from Urmitz; greyish brown sherd, from Speicher. 125 Gellep 100: 3 examples Coarse cooking-pot with marked and concave neck. Examples: B stray 6, OO 482.1, OO stray 293. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 83) mentions four Gellep examples made in Mayen, two of which are datable: one to IVa by a coin, one to IVB by association with glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1979, 42) dates a new example to IVcd because of a coin of AD 346. The Nijmegen examples also have the coarse volcanic temper typical of Mayen. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 193) subsumes types Gellep 100 and 101 in one type 100/101, dated IVBC. Date: IVBC. 126 Gellep 101: 1 example Coarse cooking-pot with marked and concave neck and low vertical lip. Example: B 674.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 83) dates the only Gellep example to IVBC because of association with a Gellep 99; it is Mayen ware. Pirling (1979, 42-43) bases the date of a new example found without other grave goods on that of 1966: IVBC. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 193) subsumes types Gellep 100 and 101 in one type 100/101, dated IVBC. Date: IVBC. 127 ± Gellep 102: 2 examples Coarse jar with marked and conical neck. Examples: B stray 77, OO stray 212. 304 — Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) has ive Gellep examples, two of which she dates to IVab, and a third one implicitly later, because of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sickle-shaped proile’: IVB (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling (1974, 58) dates a new example to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 120 and a Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Pirling (1979, 43) dates an example to IVAB because of association with a Symonds 61; and a second one to IVB because of association with a glazed piece (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 194) dates the type to IV. Date: IVAB. 128 Gellep 103: 3 examples Coarse indented cooking-pot. Examples: B 482.2, OO stray 213-214. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) dates an example to IVB because of association with a glazed piece (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1974, 58) arrives at the same date for a new example on the same basis. Pirling (1979, 43) dates a new specimen to IVcd because of association with a heart-shaped strap end. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 194-5) dates the type IVBC. Date: IVBC. 129 Gellep 104: 3 examples Coarse cooking-pot with wide mouth and everted lip. Examples: B stray 47, B stray 203, OO stray 215. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 84) cites Hussong (1936, 78): the shape begins end of IV and lives on in Frankish context. She is not able to date three Gellep examples from Mayen with more precision. Pirling/Siepen (2006) does not seem to discuss this type as Roman any more. Date: IVd-V. 130 Gellep 105: 44 examples Coarse cooking-pot with everted lip and lidseating. Examples: B 11.1, B 54.5, B 88.3, B 150.5, B 165.2, B 182.6, B 189.3, B 216.6, B 219.5, B 243.1, B stray 9-10, B stray 46, B stray 68, B stray 69, B stray 99, B stray 103, OO 2.1, OO 9.3, OO 25.2, OO 30.3, OO 40.2, OO 40.3, OO 63.4, OO 69.2, OO 71.1, OO 101.3, OO 101.4, OO 116.1, OO 131.2, OO 133.3, OO 144.5, OO 169.2, OO 169.3, OO 176.8, OO 186.4, OO 200.5, OO 232.2, OO 249.1, OO 287.1, OO 299.3, OO 469.2, OO 475.4, OO stray 217. Discussion: Gellep 105, like Gellep 106 and Gellep 122, is a source of too late dates in Pirling’s studies. This cooking-pot, derived from Niederbieber 89 and further developing into Alzei 27, has many diferent lip proiles. Oelmann (1914, 72) and Unverzagt (1916, discussion of Alzei 27) had already remarked that the lip proiles of this cooking-pot of III and IV cannot be chronologically distinguished from one another. Pirling changes her mind on this type twice between her studies of 1966, 1974 and 1979. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 225-7) again takes a diferent view, cites the heated debate on rim shapes and even splits the type up into Gellep 460 ‘with lidseating (also known as heart-shaped proile)’, present from Gellep grave 3475 up to 6351, and Gellep 105 ‘with everted rim’, for which the term ‘sickle-shaped proile’ is no longer present in the deinition but lingers on in the discussion. This spliting up of the type is not followed here for the simple reason that the so-called heartshaped proile does igure frequently within type Gellep 105 in Pirling’s earlier Gellep publications, i.e. in many graves with numbers lower than 3475. In 1966 (84-7), Pirling follows Von Petrikovits (1937), who opposes Unverzagt and sketches a development from a ‘fading of the heart-shaped proile’ (with a quarter-round moulding, Viertelrundstab, under the lip) via a ‘sharp-sided proile’ (with a sharp moulding, Dreikantstab, under the lip) to a ‘sickle-shaped proile’ (without moulding under the lip). Pirling shows (1966, 85, ig. 10) seventeen variants of the proile, numbered a-r, which she tries to order chronologically; this fails already at proile a. In 1974, Pirling (1974, 58-60) cites a diferent 305 — classiication, by Fellmann (1952), and concludes that it opposes that of Von Petrikovits. She does not agree with either on the basis of coin-dated inds at Gellep, but still believes in a global development ‘heart-shaped - sharp-sided - sickleshaped’. At the same time, she does not want to force them into a chronological scheme. In 1979 (Pirling 1979, 43-4), the use of Fellmann’s scheme leads to an improbable result. Her last words on the question are: ‘It is becoming clearer all the time that the proiles difer very much from one another and that they do hardly allow of a chronological scheme.’ She does not, however, draw the conclusion she should have drawn: Oelmann and Unverzagt were right, and the lip proile of Gellep 105 cannot be used for dating associated inds. All Pirling’s late dates for other types on the basis of association with a ‘sickle-shaped proile’ of Gellep 105 must be dropped. Gellep 105 itself, however, can be dated through association with coins and other potery. Pirling (1966, 86) has one Gellep 105 in a grave that could be dated ‘still in III’ because of three jugs Gellep 84. A grave with a Gellep 105 and a coin of Constantine is dated IVab. Other graves with Gellep 105 are dated to IVB, among other things because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1974, 59-60) mentions coins dated from AD 303 to 330-335 in graves with a Gellep 105. Pirling (1979, 43) mentions a grave with a coin of AD 313 and one with potery of IVab date. The type is dated by coins in only two Nijmegen graves: AD 295 (grave B 219) and AD 299-303 (grave OO 176). Sixteen graves with more than one artefact, one of which a Gellep 105, have IVab dates (B 54, B 150, B 182, B 189, B 216, B 219, OO 25, OO 71, OO 133, OO 144, OO 169, OO 186, OO 200, OO 232, OO 249, OO 475), whereas six such graves have a date of IVAB not depending on a Gellep 105 alone (B 88, OO 9, OO 30, OO 101,OO 299, OO 469). This brings us to a date of IIId-IVB for cookingpot Gellep 105 (and Gellep 460, which is not rec- ognized here as a type in its own right). NB The presence of shoes in the large jar of this type in grave OO 63 makes it probable that the jar further contained clothes, and certain that it did not contain food. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 225) cites Haupt (1984, 448-9), who says that large pots were made for special agrarian and manufacturing uses. Date: IIId-IVB. 131 Gellep 106: 50 examples Coarse cooking-pot with handle, everted lip an lid-seating. Examples: B 57.2, B 59.5, B 67.3, B 81.4, B 94.2, B 151.3, B 181.3, B 184.1, B 189.4, B 196.3, B 197.3, B 200.1, B 203.1, B 206.2, B 218.5, B 228.1, B 234.5, B 293.3, B 301.1, B 355.1, B 421.1, B 730.2, B stray 21, B stray 48, B stray 52, B stray 74, B stray 100 (lid B stray 101 belongs to it), B stray 104, B stray 105, B stray 162, B stray 184, OO 62.3, OO 71.2, OO 90.1, OO 102.3, OO 145.1, OO 149.2, OO 152.2, OO 168.6, OO 197.1, OO 411.1, OO 476.2, OO 476.3, OO stray 8, OO stray 218-222, OO stray 310. Discussion: Gellep 106, like Gellep 105 and Gellep 122, is a source of too late dates in Pirling’s studies. Pirling (1966, 87) writes: ‘Apart from the presence of an eye-shaped handle, these jars correspond to those of type 105. If one wanted to lit the jar by means of this handle, it could not be allowed to be large. So the jars of type 106 are smaller on average than those without handle of type 105. The proiles of the jars with handle vary even more than those without.’ (Transl.: D.St.) She shows nineteen variants of the proile of Gellep 106, numbered a-t (Pirling 1966, 87, ig. 11). She remarks that the ‘heart-shaped’ proile with the quarter-round moulding under the lip is absent, that the ‘sharp-sided’ proile with the sharp moulding under the lip occurs only twice, and that the remainder has ‘sickle-shaped’ proiles without moulding under the lip, in all sorts of variants. She considers them on average somewhat later than Gellep 105. She can date two examples: one by a coin of AD 306, the oth- 306 — er by Frankish personal ornaments of her phases II and III (c.425-525 and c.525-600: Pirling 1966, 22). As with Gellep 105, the denial follows in 1974 (Pirling 1974, 60-61): ‘heart-shaped, sharp-sided and sickle-shaped’ appear to be contemporaneous. So also all Pirling’s late dates on the basis of association with a Gellep 106 of ‘sickle-shaped’ proile must be dropped. She then dates Gellep 106 by means of coins of AD 313 and 323. Pirling (1979, 44) has three dates for Gellep 106: by a coin of AD 307, by a piece of glazed potery of IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above), and by a west-east orientation of a grave, ‘so’ from IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 197-8) no longer distinguishes between ‘heart-shaped’ and ‘sickleshaped’ proiles and dates the cooking-pots of light colour and small particles of tempering material ‘throughout the period’, the other wares to IV. Only one Nijmegen grave with a Gellep 106 has a coin date: AD 301-303, grave OO 149); ive other have earlier coins ranging from I BC to AD II (B 59, B 67, B 203, B 218, OO 168). Sixteen graves with more than one artefact, one of which a Gellep 106, have IVab context dates (B 59, B 151, B 181, B 184, B 189, B 196, B 197, B 206, B 228, B 730, OO 71, OO 102, OO 149, OO 152, OO 168, OO 197), whereas nine such graves have a context date of IVAB not depending on a Gellep 106 alone (B 57, B 67, B 81, B 94, B 203, B 234, B 293, OO 62, OO 476). This makes the date for Gellep 106: IVAB (with late representants IVcd-VId, apparently not occurring in Nijmegen). Date: IVAB. 132 Nijmegen 132: 1 example Coarse lat lid without rim proile and lat knob. Example: OO stray 229. Discussion: No parallel known. Date: ? 133 Gose 564: 2 examples Coarse lid with low rim-proile and conical knob, lat on top. Examples: B stray 97, B stray 101. Discussion: Gose (1950, 47) dates this lid to IIIcd. However, B stray 101 was found on a Gellep 106 and is therefore to be dated IVAB. Date: IVAB. 134 ± Gellep 483: 1 example Coarse lid with lightly indented rim, convex wall and lat knob. Example: OO stray 259. Discussion: No real parallels for this large lid, d 21, are known to me. The Gellep 483 which Pirling (1989, type plate 14) depicts is not discussed there. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 210) dates the only example in Gellep to IIIab. Date: ? 135 Gellep 108: 4 examples Coarse cooking-pot with marked, somewhat narrow neck. Examples: B 98.2, B 258.1, B 465.4, B stray 56. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 88-89) mentions a Gellep 108 from a grave with a coin to be dated ater AD 364. Three examples outside Gellep lead to her date: from IVd onwards. Pirling (1979, 44-45) repeats this date for two new examples: one from a west-east grave, one from a grave with glass beakers of IVd date. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 200) dates the shape to IVd until Frankish times, but cites a coin dated AD 364 associated with Gellep 108. Our example B 98.2, however, is associated with a coin of AD 310 and a Symonds 61, dated IVAB, in an east-west grave. So Gellep 108 igures already in IVB; or, when the coin dating-rules used in the present study are applied, grave B 98 even dates within coin periods 2 and 3, i.e. between the date of the coin, AD 310, and AD 330. I therefore date grave B 98 to AD 330 and type Gellep 108 to AD 330-V. Date: AD 330-V. 136 Gellep 109: 46 examples Coarse cooking-pot with marked concave neck and vertical handle. 307 — Examples: B 250.2, B 319.3, B 344.1, B 482.3, B 715.2, B 723.intr, B 757.1, B 760.2, B 764.6, B 773.2, B 779.4, B 786.1, B 792.2, B 817.1, B 820.2, B 827.1, B stray 102, B stray 163, B stray 172, B stray 202, B stray 212, B stray 218, B stray 225, OO 24.1, OO 37.1, OO 42.2, OO 56.3, OO 83.1, OO 273.2, OO 276.1, OO 308.2, OO 322.2, OO 322.3, OO 361.1, OO 373.1, OO 423.1, OO 433.2, OO 472.3, OO 483.3, OO stray 223-228, OO stray 317. Discussion: This common handled cooking-pot derives from Niederbieber 95. Pirling (1966, 89) dates most examples to IVAB and gives coindatings of AD 326 and 348. Associations with a Gellep 104 and a Gellep 52 lead to a date of IVcd: so it occurs throughout IV. Pirling (1974, 61-62) has associations with coins of AD 305, 313, 317, 320, 330 and 346: IVAB, whereas Pirling (1979, 45) has associations with coins of AD 332 and 333 (2x), twice with glazed potery from IVB (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above), once with a glass pointed beaker Gellep 185 and a heart-shaped belt-tongue of IVcd. Again: throughout IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 199) again dates the shape throughout IV. In Nijmegen graves, the shape igures eight times in IVab (B 319, B 760, B 764, B 779, B 820, OO 42, OO 361, OO 433), twelve times in IVAB (B 482, B 827, OO 24, OO 37, OO 56, OO 308, OO 322 (2x), OO 373, OO 423, OO 472, OO 483), twice together with the disputed type Gellep 122 (B 344, B 715) and three times together with the long-lived type Gellep 34 (B 250, B 773, B 792). In Nijmegen too, the shape may have been used througout IV, but its use in IVC cannot be proven or refuted. Date: IV. 137 Gellep 110: 2 examples Coarse cooking-jar with vertical handle and slightly concave neck. Examples: OO 463.5, OO stray 320. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 89) cannot date this cooking-pot, as it is twice the only artefact in the grave. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 200) has one example dated by a coin of 340 and dates the type to IVcd. Date: IVcd. 138 Gellep 111: 2 examples Coarse indented beaker with cylindrical neck. Examples: B 114.1, B stray 206. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 90) remarks that this beaker has the model of the ine dark coloured beakers, and she cites one example, which is dated to IVd by a coin of AD 375. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 195) repeats this date. Date: IVd. 139 Gose 545: 1 example Large coarse jar with lid-seating. Example: OO 106.1. Discussion: Although this jar has the shape of Gellep 105 (see remark there), its size is enormous (h 31.7, d 33.3). Gose (1950, 46) dates an example from Trier, Altbachtal to IVA. Date: IVA. 140 Nijmegen 140: 1 example Coarse small yellow and pink beaker. Example: B 80.3. Discussion: This beaker of yellow and pink coarse ware, and Gellep 93 of greyish black smooth ware have the shape of Symonds 61. Pirling (1966, 81-82) does not date the only Gellep example. However, she does date Gellep 94, of the same greyish black ware and with the indented form of Symonds 62, to IVd-Va, because of its association with a belt with animals’ heads and with a glass beaker Gellep 192. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 178) dates the type to IVab. Our example, however, is associated with two IVAB shapes: a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 41. Date: IVAB. 141 Gellep 496: 2 examples Coarse crucible-shaped beaker. Examples: B stray 236?, OO 19.1. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 14) depicts this beaker without discussing it. It already occurs as Niederbieber 119, so it already exists in IIIAB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 218) dates the only Gellep example to IVab (it is accompanied by a 308 — coin of AD 308), Mayen-made examples to IVcd and examples from graves in Mayen to IVC. Date: IIIA-IVC. 142 Gellep 673: 1 example Coarse jug with wide base, narrow neck and pinched spout. Example: OO stray 36. Discussion: Pirling/Siepen (2006, 202) mentions one example from a IId-IIIa grave in Gellep. Date: IId-IIIa. 143 Niederbieber 98 or Gose 512: 1 example See Remainder stray 19 in Chapter 4, Catalogue of the stray inds. 144 Gellep 115: 14 examples Coarse jug with conical neck and pinched spout. Examples: B 6.2, B 86.5, B 728.1, B 815.1, B stray 57, B stray 208, B stray 217, B stray 266 (small related shape), OO 78.2, OO 161.3, OO 356.3, OO stray 24, OO stray 33-4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 91) dates an example to IVab because of a coin of AD 309 and a Gellep 57, and two to IVcd on the basis of a Gellep 106 with ‘sickle-shaped proile’ (see however discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131) and a small bowl Gellep 28. Pirling (1974, 62-63) dates three out of seventeen new examples with coins of AD 303, 305 and 310, and the other ones to IVAB on the basis of unspeciied associations. Pirling (1979, 45-46) dates eight new examples to IVa-Vab: four to IVab, two to IVB, one ‘late’ because of a west-east oriented grave, and one to Vab because of a buckle with ixed plate and animals’ heads. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 203) dates the type to IVa-Va and mentions the variation in size, 18.5-33.5 cm, with a mode between 23 and 28 cm. In Nijmegen, the mode is 19-26 cm, with one outlier at 12 and one at 29 cm. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IVa-Va. 145 Gose 516/517: 2 examples Coarse jug with lat horizontal lip. Examples: B stray 73, OO 194.1. Discussion: This jug corresponds to Niederbieber 96 and is dated by Gose (1950, 44, pl. 51) IId-IIIab if one looks at Gose 516, and IIIcd if at Gose 517. Jug Gellep 66, similar to Gose 516 and discussed immediately below, suggests a later date: IVAB. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IId-IVB. 146 Gellep 66: 8 examples Coarse jug with marked neck and horizontal lip. Examples: B 59.6, B 395.2, B 730.1, B 820.1, B stray 2, OO 196.3, OO 203.2, OO 382.2. Discussion: This jug corresponds to Niederbieber 96 and with Gose 516. Gose (1950, 44, pl. 51) dates his 516 to IIIcd. Pirling (1966, 72-3) assigned this shape to a diferent ware: D2, red painted and dated it to IVab because of its association with a coin of Constantine, a hemispherical beaker Gellep 222 and a jug with painted bands. Pirling (1974, 50) dates Gellep 66 implicitly to IVcd on the basis of coins of AD 313 and 315, a Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151) and a Gellep 106 (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling (1979, 38) dates two examples to IVA (‘Constantinian age’) and one to IVB on the basis of a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 205) transposes Gellep 66 to fabric G, coarse ware, mentioning the same ive examples that were called ware D2 earlier (Pirling 1966, 72), and dates the type to IVAB. In view of the thermal shock-proof coarse ware, this must be a water boiler. Date: IVAB. 147 Nijmegen 147: 1 example Coarse double-handled jug with biconical body and horizontal lip. Example: OO 200.4. Discussion: No parallel is known to me but the irst-century Stuart 131. The other inds of grave 309 — OO 200 date the grave to IVab. Date: IVab. 148 Nijmegen 148: 1 example Small coarse footed bowl. Example: B stray 227. Discussion: This is a variant of terra nigra footed bowl Gellep 274. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 189) dates Gellep 274 to IVab, but it is argued above that it should be dated IVa-VId. The Nijmegen example is in coarse ware. Date: IVa-VId. 149 Gellep 120: 20 examples Coarse bowl with rim thickened on inside and with constricted foot. Examples: B 123.intr., B 150.4, B 177.4, B 177.5, B 216.4, B 451.2, B stray 98, B stray 293, OO 144.6, OO 170.3, OO 176.9, OO 250.2, OO 413.2, OO 483.4, OO stray 26, OO stray 232-235, OO stray 311. Discussion: Gellep 120-122, which always have a groove under the rim, are diicult to distinguish (by the width of the base). They all evolve from Niederbieber 104. Pirling (1966, 92) dates graves in which Gellep 120 occurs to IVa and IVB. Pirling (1974, 64) discusses Gellep 120 and Gellep 121 together and dates two graves with new examples to IVab, and a third one to IVB because of the presence of a Gellep 103. Pirling (1979, 46) also discusses them together and dates them with two coins of AD 313 and 341. The later one is IVB, the two others IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 216) dates the bowl to II-IVB. Date: II-IVB. 150 Gellep 121: 5 examples Coarse bowl with lip thickened on inside and wide base. Examples: B 47.3, B stray 292, OO 136.2, OO 252.4, OO stray 25. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 92-93) remarks that Gellep 120 and Gellep 121 cannot be distinguished chronologically and dates Gellep 121 to IVab and IVB on the basis of associated inds. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 216) dates the bowl to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 151 Gellep 122: 37 examples Coarse bowl with lip thickened on inside. Examples: B 5.3, B 139.1, B 176.5, B 189.5, B 189.6, B 220.1, B 248.3, B 334.2, B 344.2, B 456.3, B 715.3, B 730.3, B 764.7, B 779.3, B 803.1, B 834.3, B stray 18-20, B stray 215, OO 20.3, OO 42.3, OO 71.3, OO 78.3, OO 168.7, OO 176.10, OO 197.2, OO 243.3, OO 249.2, OO 361.3, OO 382.3, OO 482.2, OO stray 9, OO stray 58, OO stray 236, OO stray 305, OO stray 315. Discussion: Gellep 122, like Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, is a source of too late dates in Pirling’s studies. Pirling (1966, 93) cites Unverzagt (1916, 34), who remarks in the discussion of Alzei 28 (the not very similar descendant of Gellep 122) that the everted rim is a characteristic that begins c. AD 350. (It must be remarked here that Gellep 122 does not have an everted rim.) At the time, Pirling only had two examples of Gellep 122, one of which she dates too late, in IVc, on the basis of association with a Gellep 72 (of IVab date) and a Gellep 106 ‘of sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussions of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131); she dates the other (in grave 772) implicitly to IVcd because of a Gellep 109, a glass botle Gellep 199 and an axe. Pirling (1974, 64-65) again cites Unverzagt but also Von Petrikovits and Fellmann, and discusses three examples that make her think of IVcd because of associations with Gellep 106 ‘with sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussions of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131), but which are also associated each with a Gellep 72, of IVab date. Her conclusion then is, that the example of bowls of type Gellep 122 in Gellep does not clearly airm a IVcd date. Pirling (1979, 46-47) must again admit that association with jug Gellep 81 and Gellep 83 points to a IVab date. So most examples are clearly dated to IVab, and the association with a Gellep 122 should not be used to argue a IVcd or later date (e.g. Pirling 310 — 1979, 48, when discussing a Gellep 128). Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 217) dates most Gellep examples (without discussion) to IVcd, but says that they also igure in IVab graves. Date: IVab. from other sites as late as Va, there is no proof of such late example in Gellep. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 236-7) dates the dish to IV. Nijmegen has no grave later than IVAB containing a Gellep 126. Date: IVAB. 152 Niederbieber 103: 2 examples Coarse bowl with carinated wall and everted lip. Examples: B 319.2, OO stray 237. Discussion: The designation for these two bowls, ‘Niederbieber 103’, has been chosen for want of something beter: no real parallels are known to me. The lid-seating and the quarter-round moulding, common to Niederbieber 103 and 89, are absent here. The association of B 319.2 with a Künzl 1.4.1 justiies a IVab date. Date: IVab. 154 Nijmegen 154: 1 example Coarse dish with base-disk and in-turned lip. Example: B 451.3. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. There is no parallel for this shape known to me; it is a variant of Gellep 126. The other two pieces of potery in B 451, a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 120, are to be dated IVAB. So this new shape is to be dated to IVAB, like Gellep 126. Date: IVAB. 153 Gellep 126: 47 examples Coarse dish with in-turned lip. Examples: B 85.2, B 90.3, B 423.3, B 676.3, B 686.4, B 705.2, B 705.intr., B 725.2, B 728.2, B 728.3, B 734.1, B 743.2, B 760.3, B 763.1, B 764.8, B 809.2, B 810.3, B 827.2, B stray 111, B stray 115, B stray 205, B stray 207, B stray 220, B stray 294, OO 37.2, OO 56.2, OO 249.3, OO 316.4, OO 356.4, OO 361.2, OO 362.2, OO 383.3, OO 423.2, OO 472.2, OO stray 59a, OO stray 69, OO stray 240247, Remainder stray 1-3. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. Pirling (1966, 94) already mentions 28 examples and calls this dish one of the most frequent shapes of Gellep. She dates the shape throughout IV: one to IVab, ive to IVB because of association with glazed pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above), and one possibly IVcd because of a bowl Gellep 28. Some examples from elsewhere are dated IVd and Va. Pirling (1974, 65-66) names 46 new examples, four of which dated by coins of AD 307, 315, 317 and 324. Also in other Gellep graves there was no proof of dates later than IVab, but Pirling names two examples outside Gellep, dated by coins of AD 364 and 367. Pirling (1979, 47) again has three examples dated by coins of AD 307, 313 and 333. She adds: although this type is known 155 Gellep 513: 1 example Coarse dish with convex wall. Example: OO stray 59. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. It is one out of seventeen new types of dishes that Pirling (1989, type plate 15) depicts without discussing them. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 230) dates the type to IIaIIIB. So the Nijmegen example may be a stray ind from the irst-century cemetery O on the same plot as the fourth-century OO. Date: IIa-IIIB. 156 Gellep 128: 124 examples Coarse dish with lat base and oblique wall. Examples: B 47.2, B 54.3, B 54.4, B 67.4, B 86.3, B 86.4, B 150.3, B 165.3, B 166.1, B 176.6, B 182.7, B 183.4, B 183.5, B 183.6, B 184.2, B 184.3, B 191.3, B 196.4, B 198.1, B 206.3, B 212.3, B 216.5, B 218.6, B 218.7, B 241.1, B 292.3, B 392.2, B 395.3, B 410.3, B 427.3, B 608.2, B 701.3, B 723.4, B 723.5, B 724.2, B 726.1, B 811.1, B 812.4, B 820.3, B 834.4, B 834.5, B 834.6, B stray 23, B stray 33, B stray 60, B stray 67, B stray 75, B stray 106-110, B stray 112-114, B stray 116-117, B stray 173, B stray 185, B stray 219, B stray 247, OO 25.3, OO 26.3, OO 26.4, OO 26.5, OO 48.1, OO 48.2, OO 59.3, OO 87.1, OO 96.1, OO 101.5, OO 101.6, OO 101.7, OO 102.2, OO 103.2, OO 108.3, OO 109.3, OO 112.1, OO 133.4, OO 144.7, OO 144.8, OO 152.3, OO 161.4, OO 161.5, 311 — OO 164.2, OO 164.3, OO 168.8, OO 168.9, OO 170.4, OO 176.11, OO 186.5, OO 186.6, OO 186.7, OO 200.6, OO 200.7, OO 207.3, OO 232.3, OO 240.3, OO 250.3, OO 250.4, OO 271.3, OO 290.3, OO 290.4, OO 349.2, OO 351.3, OO 354.5, OO 354.6, OO 382.4, OO 479.2, OO stray 10-12, OO stray 248-254, OO stray 300-302. Discussion: These are baking-dishes (Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 235): many have burning-marks. Pirling (1966, 95-96) distinguishes two sizes (Gellep 127, large, and Gellep 128, small) and six variants ater the shape of the wall because she hopes for a chronological distinction, but with hardly any result. Pirling (1974, 66-67) gives up the distinction between the variants for want of chronological results. Carelessness on the part of the poter with this plainest and cheapest shape led to the variation in shape. She gives several coin-dates: AD 299, 303, 305, 313, 316, 317, 323, 330, 333, and adds that in any case they were not used in IVcd. Pirling (1979, 47-48) repeats this, but strangely enough she wants to date one example to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 234-6) gives up the diference in size and drops type Gellep 127; the dishes are dated to IIIcd-IVAB: some are associated with Gellep glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Date: IVAB. 157 Gellep 497: 1 example Coarse dish with almost vertical wall and horizontal lip. Example: B 207.5. Discussion: This is a baking-dish. It is one of seventeen new types of dishes that Pirling (1989, type plate 15) depicts without discussing them. The overlap in time of the other potery in B 207 is IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 229) dates the dish to IIcd-IIIa. Date: IVab. Coarse dish, no data: 2 examples Examples: B 169.2, B 182.8. 158 Gellep 666: 4 examples Coarse money box with convex wall sinking inwards where there is small horizontal plane with a coin slot. Examples: B 372.4, B stray 3, OO stray 255-256. Discussion: The nature of the money box implies that it will be damaged in the end, so it is not certain that Gellep 123 (Pirling 1966, 93, type plate 10) was indeed a money box. The only possible money box from Nijmegen excavations (as opposed to stray inds), B 372.4, contained no coins. One end of the coin slot of B stray 3 is preserved: it certainly was a money box. Why an empty money box should be placed in a grave is uncertain. As a children’s atribute? Boldeti (1720, 496), reproduced in Willemsen (2003, 79, ig. 52) seems to imply so by showing two money boxes amidst children’s atributes from Roman catacombs. Grave B 372 was incomplete, so we do not know whether it was a child’s grave; the other three pieces of potery in it (a beaker Symonds 61, a large terra sigillata plate Gellep 41, and a small bowl ± Gellep 29) suggest it was the grave of an adult, dated IVAB. So, though Kellner (in Wamser 2000, 118-9 ig. 92) calls the Roman money-box a timeless shape, we can easily date the only Nijmegen grave it was found in. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 213) inds it hard to date the two money-boxes in Gellep. Fiedler/Höpken (2007, 97) reports the ind of a series of opened money boxes in a ritual deposit in Apulum (Rumania) and suggests the function of an ofertory-box. This causes Höpken (2008) to suggest that an opened money box in a grave means that money was collected by friends and relations of the deceased in order to pay for the funeral. For money boxes, see also Graeven 1901. Date: IVAB. Potery, no data or no type: 14 examples Examples: B 177.6 (bowl), B 182.4, B 182.5, B 227.4, B 819.2 (bowl), B 834.8 (‘plate’), OO 43.1, OO 87.2, OO 134.2, OO 134.3, OO 153.4, OO 188.3, OO 200.2, OO 332.1 (beaker). 312 — Handmade potery ROMAN GLASS 159- Diferent shapes: 6 examples 164 Examples: B 751.3, B 795.1, B stray 260?, OO 340.2, OO 340.3, OO 426.2. Discussion: Handmade potery, six pieces, was excavated in four graves. Grave B 795 had beaker B 795.1 as the only grave good; the other unique trait of the grave was a group of imbrices partially covering it underground. The beaker cannot therefore have been given because of budding ethnic sentiments: otherwise, the exceptional covering with Roman building material would not have been chosen. Strikingly, the other graves containing handmade potery also contained datable wheelmade potery; in two of them personal ornaments allow us to tell sex and age of the deceased. The small biconical jar B 751.3 was found in a small coin with two beakers Künzl 1.4.1 and an iron bracelet with beads: a girl, buried between AD 300/310 and 355. The small urn OO 426.2 was associated with a beaker Symonds 61 and a crossbow ibula type Prötel 3/4C (Van Buchem V, Keller 4B): a man, buried between AD 330 and 355. Two things are immediately clear from this: the handmade potery was not given for want of beter, but for an apparently positive reason; that reason, whatever its nature, could be valid for a girl and for a man. Moreover, the two graves were made in fully Roman context. The small double-handled jar OO 340.3 and jug OO 340.2 were associated with a terra sigillata bowl Gellep 34: a person of unknown sex, buried between AD 300 and 425 (the life span of Gellep 34 in Nijmegen). In the ith century, home industry may have led to the two pieces of handmade potery. Date: IVa-Va. The glass (not only the notoriously vulnerable colourless glass, which was decoloured with manganese) has frequently disintegrated completely in the acid environment of the Nijmegen sand. In this case, the shape could only be saved if it had been already stabilized in situ, e.g. by spraying it with a solution of joiner’s glue or a synthetic that hardens on contact with air. This was frequently not done in the 1950’s and even later, and as a result the glass has fallen apart into crumbs with a diameter of 0.2 cm. Nevertheless, the shape could sometimes be noted down during excavation. Even so, enough larger fragments and even complete proiles if not shapes have survived in order to give an overview of the shapes present. The same order of forms as in Roman potery, taken over from Pirling, is used here: pots, beakers, botles, one-handled jugs, double-handled jugs, small bowls, bowls, dishes, plates. Isings (1957) and studies of Roman glass in the museums of Bonn (Follmann-Schulz 1988), Neuss (Van Lith 1994), Trier (Goethert-Polaschek 1977), Mainz (Harter 1999) and Augst/ Kaiseraugst (Rüti 1991) are also taken into account. 165 Gellep 802 (= Isings 67a): 1 example Globular jar with latened rim folded outward, downward and inward. Example: OO stray 13. Discussion: This is a storage jar, oten used secondarily as an urn (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 302: Gellep 802). The examples Isings (1957, 86-7) mentions are dated IB-III. In Trier, it is dated from Nero (AD 54-68) to Hadrian (AD 117-138: Goethert-Polaschek 1977, 240, Form 147a, 352). In Mainz, it is dated from Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to Claudius (AD 41-54) and its association with a coin of Valentinian II (AD 378-383) is doubted (Harter 1999, 80, Form C1a, 210). The only Nijmegen example comes from the Reinaldstraat and so possibly from O (irst-century cemetery O, E, S, CC) or OO (fourth-century cemetery Nijmegen-East). 313 — Date: IB-III. 166 Gellep 700 (= Isings 68): 1 example Globular ointment jar with latened rim. Example: B stray 248. Discussion: Isings (1957, 88-89) counts this form amidst the irst-century shapes, but also mentions it in a III-IV grave under the Cologne church of St. Severin. Pirling (1997, type plate 15: Gellep 700) depicts this shape without discussing it. Van Lith (1994, 310) dates these unguentaria from Claudian-Neronian age until IId. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 275) calls it a long-lived form and dates it to Ic-IV. Date: Ic-IV. Gellep 178-180 (= Isings 96, Trier 49a): glass hemispherical beakers in three variants of contemporaneous date (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 240). 167 Gellep 178: 12 examples Glass hemispherical beaker of wide shape. Examples: B 172.1, B 697.3, B 701.4, B 734.2, B 742.4, B 763.2, B 805.1, OO 37.3, OO 400.2, OO 413.3, OO 484.3, OO stray 260. 168 Gellep 179: possibly 1 example Glass hemispherical beaker of slender shape. Example: B 143.3? 169 Gellep 180: 8 examples Glass hemispherical beaker with slightly everted rim. Examples: B 128.1, B 135.3, B 137.2, B 196.5, B 218.8, B 663.2, OO 433.3, OO stray 261. Discussion: Isings (1957, 113-114) classiies all hemispherical bowls or beakers (‘We know nothing of their use, however’) of her type 96 with the third-century shapes, but she dates most examples she mentions to IVcd, and sometimes as late as Vb. Pirling (1966, 96-97) does not refer to Isings 96 and subdivides it with the words ‘of wide shape’, ‘of slender shape’, and’ with slightly everted rim’. The glass-blower cracked them of and ground the rims smooth. The colour varies from light green to all but colourless. Pirling (1966, 96) dates some of the Gellep 178 beakers to IVab or IVcd on the basis of association of potery; the rest plainly to IV. She divides Gellep 179 and Gellep 180 in a similar way. Pirling (1974, 67-68) discusses the three shapes together as there is no chronological diference and gives coin dates of AD 346, 313, 305, 324 and 307. Conclusion: the beakers occur in Gellep at least up to the middle of IV, but until later elsewhere. With later examples, the wall is thicker and the glass contains more bubbles and is darker in colour. Pirling (1979, 48) has three coin dates AD 333, 341, 341: IVB. One is dated to IVd because of association with a buckle. FollmannSchulz (1988, 5) classiies, without chronological consequences, these beakers into four variants according to the shapes of their rims. The glassblowers cracked of three of these and then ground the rims smooth. The rim of the fourth variant was bent outwards and the edge heated in the furnace to form a ire-rounded rim. This last variant is generally considered late, but starts IIIB. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 240-1) treats the three shapes together, observes that botle Gellep 197 is oten combined with such a glass, decides that it must be a cup not a bowl, and that wine was the content. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 50-9, 350) dates these beakers to IV. Cool (2003, 248; Cool/Baxter 2005) suggests that these beakers may have been ‘beer glasses for the lads’ or ‘cups for gentlemen’. For that reason, the Nijmegen glasses have been screened on the association with known gender attributes. Almost the opposite seems to be the case in Nijmegen: apart from one association with a certain and one with a probable male atribute (axe B 143.8, bucket B 704.9), there are seven associations with female atributes: with bracelet B 172.3, beads B 196.6, beads B 218.10, pin B 663.3, bracelet OO 37.4, comb OO 400.4, and beads OO 413.4. Moreover, glass beaker B 697.3 was found in a child’s grave, which contained a coin of 120x30 cm and spouted jug B 697.5. So in Nijmegen these beakers could be used by both genders and all ages, but most of them are found with women. Date: IIIc-Vb. 314 — 170 Gellep 181: 1 example Hemispherical glass beaker with blobs in the same colour of the wall. Example: B 497.intr. Discussion: Isings (1957, 116 and 131-2) dates hemispherical beakers of her form 96 with blobs only to IV. Pirling (1966, 97) has one example from a grave to be dated IVab, as appears from association with Gellep 80, Gellep 222 and Gellep 223. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242) repeats this date. Barkóczy (1972) dates hemispherical beakers with blobs from Pannonia to c.AD 380-440. Date: IVab-Vb. B 680 171 Gellep 182 (= Isings 96a): 3 examples Hemispherical glass beaker with blue blobs. Examples: B 680.2, B 704.4, B 766.3. Discussion: Isings (1957, 116 and 131-2) dates hemispherical beakers of her form 96 with blobs only to IV. Pirling (1966, 97-98) has one example she dates to IVB because of association with a Gellep 72 and a Gellep 106 ‘with slightly sickle-shaped proile (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242) dates it to IVab. Barkóczy (1972) dates hemispherical beakers with blobs from Pannonia to c.AD 380-440. Harden et al. (1988, 101-102) follows Fremersdorf (1962, 7 and 13-14), dates these beakers III-Va and names two processes for making the blobs: dripping them on and reheating, or dripping them on at such a high temperature of the beaker that the blob immediately fuses with the wall. Date: III-Va. 172 Gellep 189 (= Isings 96b): 8 examples Hemispherical glass beaker with ive or six pinches. Examples: B 381.3, B 481.3, OO 355.1, OO stray 262-266. Discussion: These beakers have a ire-rounded rim. Isings (1957, 116 and 132) dates them only to IV and names several Nijmegen examples. Pirling (1966, 100) dates an example to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 106 ‘with sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131); one example to IVab because of association with a Gellep 16, and two to IVB. She concludes that these beakers lasted throughout IV and says that the shape lasts on in the early Frankish Gellep 238 (see immediately below). Pirling (1974, 71) dates an example to IVab because of association with a Gellep 29 and a Gellep 72, one to IVB because of association with a glazed piece of pottery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above), and two to IVAB. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 248) implicitly dates the beaker to IIIC-IVab. Date: IIIC-IVab. 173 Gellep 238 (= Isings 96b): 2 examples Small glass bowl with glass thread decoration and pinches. Examples: B 16.4, OO stray 321 Discussion: Pirling (1966, 153-154) has one example, which she dates to Frankish phase I (Vab, see Pirling 1966, 22) because of association with bracelets of that period. Werner (1958, 387 ig. 13) has a distribution map and supposes the origin in a Belgian workshop on the river Maas/ Meuse. The only regularly excavated example in Nijmegen comes from a grave that contains two pots dated IVcd; dating this bowl to IVcd also solves the problem that otherwise there would be a gap of half a century between related types Gellep 189 (IIIC-IVab) and Gellep 238 (Vab). So 315 — the bowl is to be dated IVcd-Vab. Pirling/Siepen (2006) does not discuss the type, as it had been deined as Frankish and the book is about Roman inds. Date: IVcd-Vab. 174 Gellep 190/236: 1 example Glass cauldron-shaped beaker. Example: B 465.5. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 100 and 153) deines this shape twice, once for Roman and once for Frankish glass. The one in a Roman child’s grave is dated to IVd because of association with a barbaric imitation of a coin of Gratian (375-383). The one in a Frankish grave is dated to Vab because of association with a dish ibula and a Gellep 149, while bow ibulae found with it are to be dated at the transition from Frankish phases I to II, i.e. c.AD 450 (Pirling 1966, 22). Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 248) dates the type IVd-Vcd. Date: IVd-Vcd. 175 Nijmegen 175: 1 example Low and wide cylindrical beaker of colourless glass without foot, base bulging slightly up; two horizontal grooves. Example: OO stray 323. Discussion: No parallels known; being a stray ind, it cannot be dated. Date: ? 176 Gellep 296 (= Isings 131, Trier 62a): 1 example Tulip-shaped glass beaker with foot-ring. Example: OO 250.8. Discussion: The shape of this beaker is reminiscent of Isings form 131, ovoid jar (Isings 1957, 160), dated IIId-IV. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 84-6, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 253-4) dates the beaker to IVab because of associated potery. Date: IV. 177 Gellep 183 (= Isings 106b2, Trier 52b): 1 example Glass blob beaker of slender shape. Example: OO 200.8. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 98) mentions a single example from a rich lady’s grave, dated IVab because of association with a Gellep 184 and a Gellep 75. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 68-9, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 242-3) has three examples from rich graves, dated IVAB. Date: IVAB. 178 Gellep 184 (= Trier 52b): 1 example Glass beaker of slender shape. Example: B 206.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 98) dates an example c. AD 300 on account of the latest coin, dated AD 298, of a series of nineteen coins. She dates two other graves in which it occurs to IVab. Pirling (1974, 68) also arrives at IVab for three examples. Pirling (1979, 48-49) dates an example also to IVab because of association with a Gellep 72 and a Gellep 105 ‘of heart-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 244) mentions three women’s graves in Gellep in which the type igures and dates the type IIIdIVab. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 68-9, 350) dates this beaker to IV. Date: IIId-IVab. 179 Gellep 185 (= Isings 106b1-c2, Trier 53a): 7 examples Slender conical glass beaker. Examples: B 125.1, B 143.2, B 512.2, B 674.5, B 726.2, OO 400.3, OO stray 60. Discussion: This shape corresponds to Isings 106b1, dated by Isings (1957, 127) to IVcd. Pirling (1966, 98-99) dates an example to IVab because of association with a Gellep 81 and a Gellep 84a; and one to IVc because of association with a chiselled buckle. She draws atention to many beakers of this shape at Mayen, always with glass coils, all dated IVC. Pirling (1974, 68-69) mentions a grave with a coin of AD 341, but mentions examples elsewhere to be dated ater AD 351 and between AD 355 and 360, and so concludes to IVc(d). Pirling (1979, 49) dates one to IVB because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of 316 — the date of glazed potery above), and one to IVcd because of association with a heart-shaped strap end. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 255) dates the type to IVBC. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 69-73, 350) dates the beaker to IV. Isings and Van Lith (1992, 22) give a colour photograph and a technical description of B 726.2: ‘It is made of bluish green tinted glass and decorated with yellow glass thread. This was applied in several stages. First, a glass thread was coiled twice around the lower wall. Ater that, pieces of glass thread were heated locally in the lame of an oil lamp, bent into arcs and applied in pairs one opposite to the other melted onto the glass wall. Ater that, a glass thread was applied in several coils above them and drawn into arcs with a small metal hook. In order to get a good base, the botom was dented in. Finally, the beaker was cracked of at the desired place and the rim carefully ground smooth.’ (transl. D. St.) A similar example was found at Oudenburg (Böhme 1974, 295, Pl. 95, 13). Date: IVBC. 180 Gellep 187: possibly 1 example Conical beaker with wide base and rim bending outwards. Example: OO 209.1? Discussion: The fragments OO 209.1, the only artefact in the grave, were tentatively identiied as Gellep 187. Pirling (1966, 99) dates the grave in which the only Gellep example was found to IVab, but remarks that the beaker seems to be much earlier: a piece from Cologne was dated to II. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 257) dates the same grave to IIId-IVa and cites parallels from II-IIIC. Date: II-IVa. 181 Gellep 193? (= Trier 58a): 2 examples Glass slender bell-shaped beaker with foot-ring. Examples: B 197.5, OO 101.8. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 101) dates an example to IVB because of association with two cookingpots Gellep 106 ‘with faint sickle-shaped proile’ (see however the discussion of Gellep 105 and Gellep 106, type igs. 130-131) and says that the shape lasts into Frankish times. Pirling (1974, 71) dates a new example to IVB because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 252) dates the beaker to IVab. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 7680, 350) dates the beaker to IV. Date: IVab. 182 Nijmegen 182: 1 example Tulip-shaped beaker with high foot-ring and applied serpentine glass thread. Example: B 749.1 Discussion: The serpentine decoration is applied in the same way as on Gellep 194 (below): thick glass threads laid in waves whose summits touch. The shape corresponds to the fourth-century Isings 109b. The drawing of Isings (1957, 136) shows how the high and wide foot-ring was made: by pushing the end of the glass balloon back inwards, so that a double wall was made with round (hollow or solid) foot-ring. As the beaker is the only grave good in B 749, we may date it like Gellep 194 to IVab. Date: IVab. 183 Gellep 194: 2 examples Glass beaker with foot-ring and applied serpentine glass thread. Examples: B 197.4, B stray 320 Discussion: Pirling (1966, 101-102) dates the only Gellep example to IVab, but draws atention to third-century Cologne examples. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 259) repeats this, but inds the date for the Cologne examples too early. We do not know the measurements of B 197.4; those of B stray 320 are enormous, c.40 cm. Date: IVab. 184 Gellep 294 (= Isings 35): 1 example Glass beaker with vertical dents and foot-ring. Example: OO 133.5. Discussion: Pirling (1974, 72) has one very thinwalled example, which she dates to IVab or IVB. Fourth-century examples occur at Andernach 317 — and Vermand (Isings 1957, 49-50). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 250) dates the beaker to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 185 Gellep 195: 7 examples High glass beaker with lightly constricted foot and incised horizontal lines. Examples: B 7.1, B 150.7, B 719.1, OO 168.10, OO 250.5, OO 290.5, OO 423.3. Discussion: As with the Gellep examples, the glass blower has cracked the beaker of and ground its edge smooth. Pirling (1966, 102) dates two examples to IVB because of association with glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling (1974, 72-73) gives the same date to two examples on the same basis, and IVab or VB to the other ive, because of association with potery. A last example is dated to IVAB by Pirling (1979, 50-51). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 259) dates the beaker to IVAB. The shape, not treated by Isings (1957), corresponds to Goethert-Polaschek 59 (1977, 82-3, 350), dated by her to IVC, and to FollmannSchulz (1988, 83, Tafel 36, 147) 285-6, dated to IV. Date: IVAB. 186 Nijmegen 186: 1 example Glass serpentine beaker. Example: B 180.1. Discussion: The sherds of the only Nijmegen example suggest a beaker. Glass threads applied in the shape of an 8 and fused on the widest parts of the 8. The coin date of grave B 180 is AD 316318. Date: IVa. 187 Gellep 521 (= Isings 114b, Trier 96): 2 examples Glass beaker on blown foot, with globular body, a rib at the transition shoulder-neck, and cylindrical neck. Example: B 687.3, B stray 321 Discussion: B 687.3 has dents in the body and thus imitates Symonds 62. Pirling (1989, type plate 16) depicts Gellep 521 without discussing it. Isings (1957, 142-3) calls it an imitation of the ine dark coloured beakers from Trier and dates the Nijmegen example IVcd. Because of associa- tion with other grave goods (a Symonds 61 and a Gellep 274), the date must be earlier. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 254, 475) dates the grave with the only Gellep example to ‘not before the third decade’ and to IVB because of a glazed piece of pottery. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 153-4351) dates the beaker to IV. Date: IVab. 188 Gellep 197 (= Isings 104b, Trier 101b): 2 examples Globular glass botle without foot-ring, incised horizontal lines and splayed neck. Examples: B 818.2, OO stray 267. Discussion: An example with a glass beaker upside down on its mouth was found in Gellep according to Pirling (1966, 102-103), who suggests it is a table carafe to be dated to IVab. She does so after Isings (1957, 124), where it appears that most of these botles of Isings 104b, a type that started in III, are to be dated in those years. Pirling (1975, 74) dates ive new examples with coins of AD 313 and 341 to IVab up to IVB, and because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). She remarks that these botles occur almost always together with hemispherical glass beakers and so formed a table set; she suggests wine as the content. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 241, 262) repeats this. See further at Gellep 298, immediately below. Pirling (1979, 51) conirms the combination with a glass beaker, and dates the shape ‘at least’ to IVAB because of association with a piece of glazed potery and conical glass beakers from IVc (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 261) dates two botles in cremation graves to III, and the vast majority to IVAB. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 163-179, 351) dates the botle to IV. Date: IVAB. Gellep 197/298: 1 example Example: OO stray 268. Discussion: The loose splayed neck may have belonged to an example with or without foot-ring. Date: IV. 318 — 189 Gellep 298 (= Isings 104a, Trier 101a): 2 examples Globular glass botle with foot-ring, incised horizontal lines and splayed neck. Examples: B 726.3, OO stray 269. Discussion: Isings (1957, 123) sees this botle as a possible imitation of the ine dark coloured bottles. As it has been argued above, under Künzl 14.1.1, that this shape is a water botle, I suggest this function also for glass botles Gellep 197 and Gellep 298. Pirling (1974, 74-75) dates this botle with foot-ring to IVcd, so as a later variant of Gellep 197. She does so because of association with a coin of AD 346 and of parallels outside Gellep. Pirling (1979, 51-52) dates a new example again to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 186 (a type not found in Nijmegen), although she is troubled by the presence of jug Gellep 263, which belongs to IVab. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 262) calls the botle later than Gellep 297 and dates it to IVC. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 156-163, 351) dates the botle to IV. Date: IVC. 190 Gellep 198 (= Isings 101, Trier 79a): 19 examples Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck and round lip. Examples: B 512.3, B 592.1, B 663.1, B 706.4, B 747.2, B 812.1, B stray 35-36, B stray 127, B stray 193, B stray 249, OO stray 270-277. Discussion: This shape begins in III but is mainly a fourth-century shape (Isings 1957, 119-20). Pirling (1966, 103) dates an example to IIId, although it is associated with a Gellep 105. She notes that early examples are blue and late ones green; she dates one of these to IVcd because of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Pirling (1974, 75) has three examples with coin dates: AD 323, 315 and 299; the later one is nevertheless dated IVB because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). She dates a fourth example to IVcd because of association with a conical glass beaker Gellep 292 and a gilt silver mounting. Throughout IV, she concludes. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 264) dates the botle to III-Va. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 125131, 351) dates it to IV. Harter (1999, 286-8, Form G27a, 342) dates the botle to IIId-IVab. Follmann-Schulz (1988, 30-2, nos 51-61, 142-147, Tafel 5) mentions some in Ivab and some in IV. Date: III-Va. 191 Gellep 199: 4 or 5 examples Glass botle with oval body, sometimes a ‘kick’, cylindrical neck and a round lip. Examples: B 218.9, OO 9.7?, OO 290.6, OO 473.2, OO 473.3. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 103) would like to date an example to IIId, but she had to change that to IVa because of association with a Gellep 105. Moreover, she thinks that the shape lasts on into IVcd because of association with a Gellep 122 (see however the discussion of Gellep 122, type ig. 151). Pirling (1974, 75-76) dates two examples to IVab and one to IVcd without stating why. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 265) calls the kick an early characteristic and dates the botle to IVa-d. Follmann-Schulz (1988, 28-29, nos 44-47, Tafel 4) dates them to IIIa-IV. Kicks are sometimes explained as a means to trap deposit and preventing it from geting out when the wine is poured. Botles with kicks are not mentioned in Isings (1957); they do not igure in Trier (Goethert-Polaschek 1977) and Mainz (Harter 1999), but do igure in Nijmegen, Gellep and Bonn: a regional characteristic because of more deposit? Date: IVa-d. 192 Nijmegen 192: 1 example Botle with decoration of four pinches. Example: B stray 210. Discussion: This botle with four pinches like on Gellep 189 and Gellep 238 can only be dated like these to IIIC-IVab and IVcd-Vab, respectively. As the glass thread is absent on Gellep 189 and on Nijmegen 192, I suggest to date it like Gellep 189. Date: IIIC-IVab. 193 Gellep 698: 1 example Glass botle with oval body and a deep kick. 319 — Example: B stray 252. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 15) depicts Gellep 689 without discussing it. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 267) dates the botle to IIIB. Date: IIIB. because of association with IVab potery. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 270) repeats this. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 115-7, 350) has quite a diferent date for this free-blown shape: Ic-IIb. Date: IVab. 194 Gellep 203?: 3 examples Small glass botle with bag-shaped body and wide neck. Examples: OO 170.5, OO stray 279-280. Discussion: OO 170.5 cannot be said to be widenecked. Pirling (1966, 104) dates the only Gellep example to IVB because of association with a piece of glazed potery (see however the discussion of the date of glazed potery above). Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 268) dates the botle to III-IVB. Date: III-IVB. 198 Isings 102a (= Trier 109a): 2 examples Glass cylindrical botle with folded rim. Example: B stray 251, OO stray 282. Discussion: Isings (1957, 120-121) dates this shape IId-IV. The fourth-century example from cemetery Nijmegen-East she mentions (180 OO) is the same as OO stray 282. As the shoulder of this botle is wider than its base, Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 185-7, 351) rightly remarks that its lower part was blown into an open mould; she dates it to IVab. Date: IId-IVab. 195 Gellep 523 (= Isings 83): 2 examples Glass balsamarium, body hardly wider than neck. Examples: B 701.6, OO 252.6. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 16) illustrates Gellep 523. It is Isings’ (1957, 99-100) form 83, a second-century shape, which continues up to the fourth century. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 267) dates the botle to IVab. Date: IVab. 196 Gellep 219 (= Isings 105): 1 example Glass toilet botle. Example: OO 9.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 109) has four Gellep examples, all to be dated IVab, one of which with a coin of AD 313. She cites Isings (1957, 126), whose form 105 it is (her irst fourth-century shape) and who dates it IIId-IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 276) dates the botle to IVab. Date: IVab. 197 Gellep 202 (= Trier 71): 2 examples Glass botle with lat base, hemispherical body and cylindrical neck. Examples: B stray 250, OO stray 278. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 104) has one example of thick olive-green glass, which she dates to IVab 199 Isings 78a: 2 examples Mould-blown colourless lask on foot and with conical neck: double female human head with curved and pointed noses, ring-locks, earrings and one mouth slightly opened, the other closed. Examples: OO stray 285, OO stray 322. Discussion: It appears from the description in Isings (1957, 93-94) that she classiies double human heads in her form 78a; the caption gives by mistake 78b. She dates the shape Ic-IVd/Va. There are two identical and exceptionally large examples from Nijmegen-East: OO stray 285 lacks base and neck of the botle and still measures 15.6 cm in height. Several photographs of it have been published: Mededelingenblad Allard Pierson Museum Amsterdam 80 (2001) 12, ig. 36: side view, on which earring, not drawn here, visible; calendar Archeologie in Nederland 2001, May: one of the faces en trois quarts.). OO stray 322 is in many fragments including the foot, some large enough to see that they come from the same mould as OO stray 285. Prof. C. Isings (pers.com. 17-10-2006) writes: ‘When I would make a new typology now, I would no longer treat the early and late examples of shape 78 together. They are diferent and so far I know of no transitional examples.’ 320 — There are two identical examples in the RömischGermanisches Museum in Cologne. One (no. 56,408) was found on the Waidmarkt in Cologne (La Baume 1983, 225, ig. 206); the other (Glas 946) is of unknown provenance. A third complete example, h 24.8, d 7.6, is in Worms Museum. It is called a male beardless head in Geiberger (2005, 158, ig. 41), although the earring is clearly visible. Harter (1999, 299, ig. 1182ab) shows a fragmentary example in Mainz, possibly from the same mould as the Nijmegen examples, but does not pronounce on gender; the earring is visible. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 257-8, Taf. 80, nos. 1532-3) treats two similar botles from a diferent mould in Trier: no ears depicted; no statement on gender. Goethert (2007a, 390, ig. 6; and in: Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.18.56) shows a now completed example from Trier, the same as her 1532 in 1977; the forehead and lower part of the cylindrical neck, still missing in 1977, have been integrated; the top of the neck with proiled rim and handle, already mentioned as lost in 1977, have been restored in other material. She mentions the Rhineland and northern France as the distribution area and dates these botles, made in bipartite hinged moulds, to IVab. Nijmegen may now be added to the distribution area. Date: IVab. 200 Gellep 302 (= Isings 50): 2 examples Square glass botle. Examples: B 704.5, B stray 45. Discussion: The only example from excavation has disintegrated. The sketch in the plan of the grave does not indicate a lip; probably it is the low variant Isings 50a. Isings (1957, 63-66) dates the small square botle Ib-IV. B stray 45 is a high square botle, Isings 50b, dated Ic-IIIcd (Isings 1957, 68-69). The corresponding Gellep types are 302 (low) and 845 (high). Pirling/Siepen (2006, 287) dates Gellep 302 to Ib-IV and the one grave with a Gellep 845 to IIIcd-IV. Date: Ib-IV (low variant); Ic-IIId (high variant). 201 ± Gellep 708: 1 example Small glass conical jug. Example: OO stray 286. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 16) depicts Gellep 708 without discussing it. The shape does not occur in Isings 1957. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 284) dates the botle to IIIab. Date: IIIab. 202 Isings 121a (= Trier 123c): 1 example Blue transparent glass jug with four dents in the globular body, narrow neck, wide mouth; handle and glass coil around neck opaque white. Example: OO 252.7. Discussion: Isings (1957, 152) dates three of these small jugs to IV, IVB and ‘possibly III-IV’. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 209, 352) dates the jug to IV. Date: IV. 203 Isings 88c (= Trier 117b): 2 examples Glass jug with handle at 90o to the spout and with glass coils in two places. Examples: B 701.8, B stray 164. Discussion: Isings (1957, 106) dates this shape IIcd-IV. Her fourth-century example is B 701.8. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 200, 352) dates the jug to II-III. Date: IIcd-IV. 204 Gellep 713 (= Isings 99, Trier 123b): 2 examples Glass jug with base-ring; spout on maximum diameter and handle at 90o to it. Examples: B 697.5, OO stray 287. Discussion: Pirling (1997, type plate 16) depicts Gellep 713 without discussing it. The shape corresponds to Isings 99, which Isings (1957, 118) dates II-IVd/Va. She remarks that the shape is usually called a feeding botle, but that it seems uncomfortable and even dangerous for that use. Van den Dries (2007, 79) remarks that the spout of such glass feeding botles is too sharp to put it into the mouth and suggests that they were especially made for the grave. The only grave it was found in is a child’s grave, as appeared from the length of the coin, 120 cm. Pirling/Siepen 321 — (2006, 282) dates the jug to II-IV. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 208-9, 352) dates the jug to IVab, exactly the period in which grave B 697 is dated. Date: II-Va. 205 Gellep 217 (= Isings 120b): 1 example Glass jug with emphasized shoulder. Example: B 697.4. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 108-109) has an example that she dates to IVab because of association with two jugs Gellep 84a, and remarks that examples elsewhere are to be dated to IVB and IVab. The shape corresponds to Isings 120b, which Isings (1957, 150-1) dates to III-Va. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 288) dates the jug to IV. Date: III-Va. 206 Gellep 218: 1 example Glass carafe with globular body. Example: B 471.1. Discussion: The Nijmegen example has a globular body, the Gellep carafe an oval one. Pirling (1966, 109) dates them to IVab. Pirling (1974, 78) dates a new example to IVab or IVB. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 289) dates the jug to IIId-IVB. Date: IIId-IVB. 207 Isings 122 (= Trier 128): 2 examples Glass pear-shaped or conical jug with funnelshaped mouth. Examples: B stray 126, B stray 165. Discussion: Isings (1957, 153) dates one example by a coin of Constantinus II (337-340), and two others to IVcd-Va. Date: IVb-Va. 208 Isings 124a (= Trier 117a): 1 example Beaked glass jug with spout opposite handle. Example: B 728.4. Discussion: Isings (1957, 154) refers to a single example from the Porte Blanche cemetery at Strasbourg, of IIId-IV date. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 199-200, 352) dates this jug to I-III. Isings’ date its grave B 728, with its three coarse dishes, much beter. Date: IIId-IV. 209 Gellep 301 (= Isings 51a): 1 example Low wide cylindrical glass botle with bandshaped handle. Example: B 176.7. Discussion: Isings (1957, 67-68) refers to examples dated Ib-IIcd, and one from a ind dated no more precisely than AD 85-III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 286) dates the only Gellep example by a coin of AD 251 to IIIcd. However, our Isings 51a is associated with IVab and IVAB potery in grave B 176; B 176 is earlier than graves B 25 and B 26, both dated to IVAB, so it may safely be dated to IVa. Date: Ib-IVa. 210 Gellep 333 (=Isings 89, Trier 121): 7 examples Glass one-handled barrel jug. Examples: B 27.1, B stray 125, OO 250.6, OO 250.7, OO 252.5, OO 290.7, OO stray 288. Discussion: Pirling (1979, 52-53) has an example dated to IVB by a crossbow ibula Keller 4A and an amphora-shaped strap end. She cites Isings (1957, 106-107), who shows that her form 89 was produced Id-IVd/Va: an exceptionally long-lived shape. Isings (1970), however, distinguishes the earlier from the later examples, especially by the shape of the mouth. She writes about an early example from Nijmegen: ‘The neck is indented at the underside and its rim has been folded just a bit outwards, then obliquely up and inwards. This type of rim occurs in other jugs (..) and especially in the second half of the irst century and in the second’ (137-40; transl. D.St.). And about the late examples, she writes: ‘The loruit of the barrel jugs falls only in the third and fourth centuries. In that period, they were made in diferent sizes. Many of them carry a stamp of the manufacturer of the glass (or possibly the manufacturer of the contents). The name Frontinus is the most frequent. There are jugs with one handle, but examples with two handles occur in the fourth century. The jugs now have a wide lat mouth, the rim folded inwards (..; 142, transl. D.St.). Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 202-4, 352) dates one example to IIab and seven others to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 285) dates the jug to III-IV. 322 — As for the contents, Isings (1970, 137) writes: ‘Although we (..) may surmise that part served for wine, we cannot prove it, because the contents survived nowhere’ (transl. D.St.). The hard black deposit in OO 252.5 does suggest wine, but it has not been analysed yet. Date: IV. 211 Gellep 213 (= Isings 128, Trier 142): 3 examples Glass double-handled barrel jug. Examples: B 143.1, B 680.3, B 824.1. Discussion: Example B 143.1 has the irm name FRON(tinus) on the underside of the base; the bases of the other two examples have not been preserved. Pirling (1966, 107) dates an example to IVB because of association with a coin of AD 337, and one to IVab. She cites Isings (1957, 158), who dates her corresponding form 128 throughout IV. Pirling (1974, 78) says that Isings dates the shape to IVB and IVcd, and dates two new examples to IVcd because of associated inds. Pirling (1979, 53) dates two examples to IVB or IVcd because of association with a pin and an indented glass bowl. See also discussion of Isings 89, above. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 234-5, 352) dates the jug to IVcd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 292) dates it to IVBC. Date: IVBC. 212 Isings 61: 2 examples Glass aryballos with four compartments. Examples: B 172.2, OO stray 289. Discussion: Isings (1957, 78-81) dates these aryballoi, which were carried by a small chain to the bathhouse, to Ib-IVab, the latest example being B 172.2. The aryballos OO stray 289, which has dolphin handles, is discussed by Isings/Van Lith (1992, 21, ig. 23, let): “The large aryballos comes from the Late Roman cemetery near Museum Kam (near the Barbarossastraat). It is a peculiar example, not only because it is all but colourless, but also because it consists of four separately blown parts, which were then put together. The parts were probably meant to hold diferent perfumed oils. The four openings may have been closed with four small bronze stoppers. The botle has a foot, a trait mainly found with Late Roman examples. Aryballoi with two or more compartments, made of decoloured glass, were also found in Late Roman cemeteries of Cologne and they were possibly made there (Fremersdorf/PolonyiFremersdorf 1984, 107-8, nos. 238-240). Their date is probably third and maybe the beginning of the fourth century.” (Transl. D.St.) Date: Ib-IVab. 213 Gellep 212 (= Isings 129, Trier 144): 3 examples Glass botle with globular body, cylindrical neck, collar, and three or four handles. Examples: B 59.7, B 674.6, OO 58.2. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 107) dates two examples: one to IVab because of association with a coin of AD 313, the other to IVB because of association with a fragment of terra sigillata with a complicated roulete patern. She cites Isings (1957, 159), who writes of her form 129 that it is commonly called [by archaeologists] diota (Greek for double-handled or rather double-eared; the word, however, occurs only once in Latin literature, in Horace Carmen I,9,8, where it doubtlessly refers to a large amphora from the cellar) and dates it both to IVab and to IVcd. Pirling (1974, 77-78) has an example dated IVab or IVB because of association with a twisted bracelet, and a third one IVcd because of association with a conical glass beaker of type Gellep 185 = Isings 106b1-c2. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 236, 352) dates the jug to IV. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 291) dates it IVa-d. Date: IVa-d. 214 Gellep 538 (= Isings 42b): 1 example Small glass bowl with rim hanging over. Example: B stray 192. Discussion: Pirling (1989, type plate 18) depicts Gellep 538 without discussing it. The shape corresponds to Isings 42b, which Isings (1957, 58) dates to IId/IIIa-IVd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 291) dates the jug to IVAB. Date: IVAB. 323 — 215 Nijmegen 215: 1 example Splaying glass beaker or bowl on hollow foot. Example: B stray 231. Discussion: No parallels are known to me. Date: ? corresponds to Isings 116a, which Isings (1957, 143-144) dates to IVcd-Va, and to Isings 116b (decorated), dated IIId-IVd. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 295) dates the bowl to IVB. Date: IVB. 216 Gellep 221 (= Isings 117, Trier 28): 2 examples Glass bowl with nine dents. Examples: B 14.2, OO stray 290. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 110) mentions two such bowls, both to be dated to Va because of association with a buckle with animals’ heads, a rosete-shaped belt pendant and a Gellep 192 in one grave; a francisca, a terra nigra footed bowl and a barbaric silver coin in the other. She refers to similarly shaped but colourless bowls from Cologne, where they are dated IVab. Pirling (1979, 53) has two new examples of thick, olivegreen glass, both dated to Va because of associations and of parallels with a grave containing a coin of AD 411. The shape corresponds to Isings 117, which Isings (1957, 147-8) dates to IV, some of them IVd, and one from a cemetery of IVd-Va date. Goethert-Polaschek (1977, 39, 349) dates this bowl to IVcd. Siegmund (1998 ig. 81) puts it into phase Niederrhein 1, AD 400-440. Pirling/ Siepen (2006, 298) dates the bowl to IVd-Vab. However, the association in grave B 14 with two buckles of type Sommer 1Cb1, dated to AD 310360, shows that the bowl already occurred in IVc. Date: IVc-440. 218 Gellep 541 (= Isings 97): 1 example Small glass plate with foot-ring and lip folded downward and inward. Example: B 150.6. Discussion: The Nijmegen example has been completely preserved but has been squashed into a lat disk; it was irst interpreted as a silver mirror by the excavator, and as a bronze mirror by the inventory book. Pirling (1989, type plate 18) depicts Gellep 540 and Gellep 541 without discussing them. The shape corresponds to Isings 97, which Isings (1957, 116-117) dates to IId/IIIa-IVb. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 301) dates a grave in which such a plate was found by a coin of AD 341 and mentions a grave in Brunssum of IIIcd date that contained similar small plates. Date: IIIcd-IVb. 217 Gellep 222 (= Isings 116a/b): 3 examples Almost hemispherical glass bowl. Examples: B 701.5, B 704.8, OO stray 14. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 110-111) discusses a bowl with depiction of Bacchus, engraved on the outside and to be viewed from above, i.e. through the glass, and cites Harden (1960, 45f), who ascribes all bowls of this shape with engravings to a Cologne workshop active AD 320-330 [with a margin of 30-40 years, Pirling/Siepen (2006, 296) adds]. Pirling dates a second example also to IVab. Pirling (1979, 54) dates a new example to IVb because of association with IVab potery and a crossbow ibula. The shape (undecorated) 219 Gellep 224 (= Isings 113): 1 example Glass drinking-horn with knob-like thickened end. Example: OO stray 314 Discussion: Pirling (1966, 112) assigns one Gellep example to Evison’s group II (Evison 1955, 1975), a Belgian product dated IV-Va. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 303) repeats this. Although decoration with glass coil and incised arcs lasts up to Frankish glass of VI, the technique of cracking-of visible on it must be dated to IV. The shape corresponds to Isings 113, about the date of which Isings (1957, 141-2) is uncertain. Date: IV-Va. Glass, no data: 37 examples Examples: B 58.2, B 94.3 (beaker), B 216.7 (botle), B 221.2, B 244.1 (botle), B 345.2 (botle), B 606.2?, B 664.1, B 680.4 (indented), B 686.5, B 704.6 (botle), B 704.7 (beaker), B 705.3 (botle), B 705.4 (small botle), B 706.3 (small botle), B 745.2, B 762.1 (small jug), B 763.3, B 764.9, B 324 — 828.2, OO 9.5, OO 9.6, OO 101.13, OO 103.3, OO 129.1, OO 131.3, OO 145.2, OO 176.12, OO 201.2, OO 250.9, OO 242.4, OO 242.3, OO 339.6, OO 339.7, OO 349.3 (beaker), OO 361.4, OO 467.3 (beaker). Discussion: In all these cases, tiny crumbs of glass is all that remains. Techniques to save the shape in situ did not exist yet at the time of the excavations. Sometimes the shape could be seen in situ and was noted down. FRANKISH POTTERY The presence of Frankish potery in the Grutberg area is tantalizing. Though B stray 146-154 are almost complete pieces that most probably come from graves, not a single grave containing such a jar was found during the careful excavations in area G that did produce B stray 307-315. Alternatively, they may come from one or more votive deposits. Comparing the Nijmegen Frankish potery with Pirling (1966, 128-47, type plates 11-3) has proved diicult. Although some carinated jars look like Gellep 139 and Gellep 140, they can better be described according to Siegmund’s work on Merovingian culture. Siegmund (1998) distinguishes eleven phases of the Merovingian period on the lower Rhine and shows the characteristic types (1998, 204-5, ig. 81). Carinated jars, indicated there with KWT (for Knickwandtöpfe) occur from his phase 3, AD 485530, to his phase 9, AD 640-670. Below, the stray inds from the inner city of Nijmegen, environs of the Gru(i)tberg and Broerstraat, are given according to Siegmund’s periods and types. The shapes not treated in Siegmund 1998 cannot be dated: they are all stray inds. They will be treated ater Siegmund’s types under the heading Uncertain potery. Phase 3, AD 485-530 220 Siegmund KWT 1.11: 1 example Carinated jar with sharp carination and low shoulder. Example: B stray 311 Discussion: The earliest carinated jar with decoration in Siegmund (1998, 204-5, ig. 81, KWT 1.11), is paralleled in our B stray 311 for the low shoulder and the low zone of grooves above the sharp carination; the decoration below the carination, however (ingernail impressions and groups of vertical grooves), is unparalleled in Siegmund. Date: AD 485-530 Phase 4, AD 530-555 221 Siegmund KWT 1.22: 1 example Carinated jar with sot carination and high shoulder. Example: B stray 312 Discussion: Siegmund’s small carinated jar KWT 1.22 has a high slightly everted rim with horizontal grooves as on the Nijmegen sherd B stray 312. Date: AD 530-555 222 Siegmund KWT 2.21: 1 example Carinated jar with oval stamp impressions on the shoulder. Example: B stray 314 Discussion: A carinated jar with oval stamp impressions containing dots, KWT 2.21, also from Siegmund phase 4, is comparable to the Nijmegen sherd B stray 314. Date: AD 530-555 223 Nijmegen 223: 1 example Small double-handled footed bowl. Example: OO stray 291 Discussion: Similar oval stamps containing dots are also reminiscent of the small footed bowl with two vertical handles OO stray 291. Date: AD 530-555 Phase 5, AD 555-570 325 — 224 Siegmund KWT 2.31: 2 examples Carinated jar with incised horizontal lines on the shoulder. Examples: B stray 153, B stray 155 Discussion: Our carinated jars B stray 153, with four horizontal grooves on the shoulder, and B stray 155 with three, ind their best parallel in Siegmund’s KWT 2.31. Date: AD 555-570 228 Siegmund KWT 3.21: 1 example Sharply carinated jar with rouleted decoration on the shoulder. Example: B stray 150 Discussion: The sharply carinated B stray 150 with six horizontal rouleted rows of small impressed squares on the shoulder its best with KWT 3.21. Date: AD 610-640 Phase 6, AD 570-585 229 Siegmund KWT 4.11: 1 example Sotly carinated jar with horizontal grooves on the shoulder. Example: B stray 147 Discussion: The sotly carinated B stray 147 with three horizontal grooves on the shoulder its best with KWT 4.11. Date: AD 610-640 225 Siegmund KWT 3.11-12: 3 examples Carinated jar with rouleted decoration on the shoulder and collar between shoulder and lip. Examples: B stray 146, B stray 154, B stray 309 Discussion: Siegmund’s KWT 3.11 and 3.12 with horizontal rouleting above the carination are parallels for the Nijmegen sherd of B stray 309. Also our B stray 146 and 154, with their collars on the transition to the lip, under which four zones of rouleting, are paralleled in Siegmund’s KWT 3.11-12. Date: AD 570-585 Phase 8, AD 610-640 226 Siegmund KWT 2.22: 1 example Carinated jar with rouleted decoration under a horizontal line on the shoulder. Example: B stray 307 Discussion: Although there is no direct parallel for our B stray 307 on Siegmund’s ig. 81, with its two horizontal grooves under which four zones of rouleting, it its best with Siegmund’s KWT 2.22. Date: AD 610-640 227 Siegmund KWT 2.43: 1 example Carinated jar with high undecorated shoulder. Example: B stray 148 Discussion: The undecorated B stray 148 with its relatively high shoulder is paralleled by KWT 2.43 from the same phase. Date: AD 610-640 230 Siegmund WWT 2.1: 1 example Sagged globular jar with everted lip. Example: B stray 151 Discussion: WWT stands for Wölbwandtopf, globular jar. B stray 151 has the sagged shape and the everted lip of Siegmund’s WWT 2.1. Date: AD 610-640 Phase 9, AD 640-670 231 Siegmund KWT 4.3: 1 example Carinated jar with two cordons and rouleting on the shoulder. Example: B stray 315 Discussion: Sherd B stray 315 with its two cordons and rouleting exactly its Siegmund’s latest carinated jar KWT 4.3. Date: AD 640-670 UNCERTAIN POTTERY Three potery shapes and two shapes of the same ware, all stray inds, are without parallel whatsoever. 326 — 232 Nijmegen 232: 1 example Small globular pot with ridge between shoulder and everted lip. Example: B stray 152 Discussion: No parallel for this small globular pot with ridge between shoulder and everted lip is known to me. Date: ? 233 Nijmegen 233: 1 example Globular pot with groove between shoulder and everted rim. Example: B stray 149 Discussion: No parallel for this globular pot with groove between shoulder and neck and everted rim is known to me. Date: ? 234 Nijmegen 234: 2 examples Coarse botle with high cylindrical neck. Examples: OO stray 230-231. Discussion: No parallel is known to me for these stray inds. In the ind catalogue of Chapter 4, they are listed with Roman coarse potery because of a slight resemblance to the ‘Roman’ handmade botle Gellep 317, dated Va (Pirling/ Siepen 2006, 174), but their status really is unclear. In the museum card catalogue, they are called Frankish. Date: ? 235- ‘Ubbergen potery’: 2 examples 236 Pink coarse ware. Examples: B stray 157, B stray 256. Discussion: B stray 157 is a coarse beaker with careless rouleting; B stray 256 is a coarse botle with tulip-shaped mouth, rouleting and horizontal grooves. No (good) parallels are known to me. This potery ware is shown and discussed in Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 108-109) and Van Enckevort et al. (2000b, 25). They compare these two pieces plus a third one (a spouted jar with handle of Frankish type Gellep 144) with the waste of an unpublished kiln at Ubbergen (some 1.5 km east of the cemetery of the inner city), which they date c.AD 700. They note that these pieces also come from graves in the environs of the Gru(i)tberg, just like the carinated and globular jars discussed above. This provenance is correct: B stray 256 comes from Korte Nieuwstraat/Grutberg, whereas B stray 157 was found on the Houtmarkt, in the sandstone sarcophagus B stray 156. There is indeed a striking likeness in colour and texture of these three diferent shapes, but whether the quoted suggestion is correct can only be shown by publication of the Ubbergen kiln, including clay analysis of rejects from the kiln and of these three pieces. So far, everything else points to a IVd date in the case of the beaker, and there is a third-century Roman parallel for the botle. B stray 157 was found in the sandstone sarcophagus B stray 156 with high lid (destroyed during the sewerage works that led to its discovery) on the Houtmarkt in 1866. Next to the sarcophagus coins of Valentinian I (364-375), Valens (364378) and Theodosius (385-395) were found (B stray 158-60; Daniëls 1955, 247). The careless rouleting on the beaker is comparable to that on a cooking-pot Gellep 110 from grave OO 463, datable around AD 350, as appears from the presence of OO 463.2, identiied above as the latest example of Künzl 1.4.1. The lost high lid of the sarcophagus of the Houtmarkt, which Daniëls (1955, 247) and Holwerda, quoted there, took for Frankish, is paralleled by the preserved high lid of the Roman sarcophagus of the Grutberg in grave B 620, dated AD 318. The botle B stray 256 with its tulip-shaped mouth is paralleled by a third-century provincial Roman botle from Monte Negro: Germanović et al. (1965, 467-478), inhumation grave 89 at Duklje (Doclea). Frankish parallels (no foot, biconical body): Gellep 285 (Pirling 1974, type plate 7); (no foot, globular body) Siegmund Fla 1.2 in Siegmund’s phase 10, AD 670-705. Date: c.AD 700, or IVd for the beaker, III for the botle. 12 Typology of dress accessories and small objects Atributes and origin Some grave forms and small, mostly metal, objects are not generally Roman, but have a distinct origin within the empire. Tufa sarcofagi and niches in the inhumation graves, as well as bronze miniatures in combination with North Sea shells, interpreted here as Sabazios attributes, point to contact with or even provenance from Cologne: see the present chapter, section Unique pieces from female burials and Chapter 13. Some ibulae even have an ethnic origin: there are so few East Germanic-Sarmatic ibulae in Nijmegen, that they must have shown that the owners were, in Carol van Driel-Murray’s (2003) words, ethnic soldiers. Fith-century long bronze hairpins are of Germanic origin. Such a role, as indicators of Frankish ethnicity, has erroneously been assigned recently to the Roman crossbow ibulae. See Chapter 14, Excursus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?! Gender atributes Most human skeletal material has either completely dissolved (without even leaving outlines) in the acid Nijmegen sandy soil or deteriorated into a state that did not allow of identiication of gender and age. So we have to go by common opinion among archaeologists on male and female atributes. This common opinion will be found per kind of atribute in the discussions of the types. The general division, in the order given below, is as follows. For men: crossbow ibulae, bow knob ibulae, tweezers, axes and a bucket. For women: pins, earrings, necklaces, pendants, beads, all other ibulae, bracelets, most inger-rings, one make-up box, combs, mirrors, cosmetic paletes, wooden chests, shears and sewing-needles; although mirrors and shears are not always female atributes, in Late Roman Nijmegen they are. For both genders: belts, buckles, belt stifeners, knives, shoes and decorative nails. MALE ATTRIBUTES For male belt sets, see the section Atributes for both genders. Hinge ibula with long hinge arms: 1 example Example: B 140.5. Discussion: Van Buchem (1966, 59-63) considers this ibula the earliest crossbow ibula. Sommer (1984, 75) sees it as a forerunner of the crossbow ibulae and dates it IIIab. Haalebos (1986, 58) does not consider it a crossbow ibula and supposes it was worn by soldiers IId-III. Date: IId-III. Crossbow ibulae: 15 examples in several varieties General discussion. Name: Crossbow ibulae, which are hinge ibulae (as opposed to spring ibulae), are known in German as Zwiebelk(n)opibeln; in Dutch irst as kruisboogibulae, but nowadays as drieknoppenibulae; Swit (2000) calls them crossbow brooches; I prefer ibulae instead of brooches, as brooches may be used just for decoration, whereas ibulae are always used to hold two ends of the same piece of cloth together. Use: Van Buchem (1966, 53-55) shows that men (high-ranking soldiers and oicials) used the crossbow ibula in order to fasten the large mantle, known as chlamys, on the right shoulder, in order to leave the right arm free. Of the 158 crossbow ibulae with exact ind circumstances known in the database of Swit, 48% were found on the right shoulder, 10% on the let shoulder and 5% on the breast; 37% were not worn at burial; ‘it is possible that the brooches found on the let shoulder are those of let-handed persons’ (Swit 2000, 4). The foot of the ibula pointed upwards and projected above the shoulder. Positions in the Nijmegen graves: three times (20%) on the right shoulder, two times (13%) on the let shoulder, three times on the coin, three times on the botom of the coin, two times in the middle of the grave, two times unknown. Typology: Crossbow ibulae developed almost organically from AD 290 to AD 500. Typology al- 327 — 328 — ways divides such slow developments into distinct types, meant to be clear-cut but never being so (cf Swit 2000, 13). As a result, competing typologies of the crossbow ibulae have been set up by Van Buchem (1966 and 1973) and by Keller (1971). Neither of these typologies appeared to be satisfactory for identifying the present Nijmegen crossbow ibulae in practice, or for any other crossbow ibulae not taken into account in existing typologies: the same problem was encountered by authors publishing the Lauriacum, Gellep and Lankhills ibulae or cemeteries (Jobst 1975, 92-3; Pirling 1979, 58; Clarke 1979, 257, cited by Swit 2000, 3). In the German literature, Keller is followed. However, Haalebos (1986), the most recent Dutch monograph on ibulae, follows Van Buchem. The unsatisfactory state of afairs is shown by the existence of at least three later typologies: Sommer (1984, 75, based on Van Buchem, Keller, Noll 1974, and Pirling 1979, 56-60) and Prötel 1988, who combined Keller’s types 3 and 4. For the time being, Swit (2000, 13-88) rounds of the typological discussion by partly revising Prötel’s typology (22, Table B), which she concisely compares with that of Keller’s (14, Table A). She takes regional variations into account. The unfortunate result in this study is a mixed typology, using two subtypes of Swit’s (2ii and 2iii) and four subtypes of Prötel’s (3/4A, B, C, D); meanwhile, considerations from other typologies are used below. Bow and foot decoration: Patek (1942) gives two plates of drawings of bow and foot decorations of crossbow ibulae from Pannonia (Pl. XXIX and XXX). Swit (2000, 38-55) enumerates decorations by leters and numbers, but never totally reveals the system behind her numbers; only circle and dot foot decorations are shown systematically on p. 50, ig. 48. Where possible, Swit’s decoration numbers have been given in the ind catalogue. Ethnicity: Since 2005, several Nijmegen archaeologists proclaim the idea that crossbow ibulae are typical of Frankish soldiers and so use them as proof of Frankish presence (Willems et al. 2005, 184, 219; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 126, 79, 99). Two facts, however, show them to be Roman not Frankish: Swit’s distribution map (2000) shows them along the south side of the entire northern border of the Roman Empire; consular diptychs show them to be proudly worn by the highest oicials in Rome (Buchem 1966). Chronology: The presence in Nijmegen of types Swit/Prötel 2 and 3/4 and the absence of types 1, 5 and 6 makes it clear that the Nijmegen crossbow ibulae play a role only during the fourth century and possibly also in the irst decade of the ith. Beginning and end of their development are absent. Crossbow ibula Swit 2ii (Van Buchem IIIB; Keller 2A; Sommer IIb; Prötel 2): 4 examples Crossbow ibula with hexagonal crossarm on which a decoration piece with undulating upper side, with hexagonal faceted knobs, and a foot in which decoration paterns have been made with a ile (decoration Swit a10). Examples: B 345.3, OO 415.1, OO 461.3 (Keller 2A3A), OO 467.4. Discussion: Sommer dates his IIb to AD 290-363. Van Buchem (1966, 72) dates his types IIIA (with a small undecorated support piece on the crossarm) and IIIB (type Deurne) to AD 280-320, but expects a wider period (AD 250-340). Keller (1971) dates the mass of his type 2A to AD 310350 on the basis of coin inds. Haalebos (1986, 69) writes that type [van Buchem] IIIB seems to originate somewhat later than IIIA and to have been used up the decennium 330-340. I subscribe to Keller’s Bavarian coin dating, AD 310350, however far away Bavaria may seem to be: we are discussing a generally Roman development. Date: AD 310-350. Crossbow ibula Swit 2iii (Van Buchem II or IIIB; Keller 1A or 2A; Sommer IIa; Prötel 2D): 1 example Crossbow ibula with hexagonal crossarm without a decoration piece and with hexagonal faceted knobs, pronounced cuf at base of bow, foot shorter than bow. 329 — Example: OO 161.6 Discussion: The absence of a decoration piece on the crossarm is characteristic of Sommer IIa (corresponding to Van Buchem II and Keller 1A). Keller calls hexagonal faceting rare in his type 1A, and a ixed characteristic of his group 2; Van Buchem does not mention it as a characteristic, but does show it in his group IIIB. So our ibula is a transitory example, and this feature helps to date it. Sommer’s IIa is dated 250-320; Van Buchem dates his group II to AD 240-320, and his IIIB to AD 280-320. Keller dates his 1A to AD 290-320, and his 2A to AD 310-350. The transitory character of our ibula narrows all these possibilities down to AD 310-320. Date: AD 310-320 according to the above considerations; but AD 335-365 according to Prötel. The context of the only example in Nijmegen, with ive pieces of potery, shows a date before the destruction of the potery centres Cologne and Trier (AD 353-355, see Chapter 14, section Two potery periods) to be the right date, and so I adhere to AD 310-320. Crossbow ibulae Prötel 3/4A, B, C, D (Van Buchem V, Keller 3A-3B; 4ABC): 10 examples Knobs are onion-shaped, broader than long. Crossarm has long rectangular or trapezoid cross-section, hexagonal in subtypes 3/4C and D. The bow is shorter than the foot and frequently narrower than it. The foot is longer than the bow, with geometric (3/4A), dot and circle (3/4B), involuted (3/4C) or trapeze decoration (3/4D). Crossbow ibula Van Buchem V (type Vösendorf) has as its main characteristic a crossarm more or less rectangular in section that forms a whole with the decoration; the decoration on them is not an apart piece, but has been made in their tops with a ile. The foot is long and richly decorated, mostly with dot-and-circles and notches. The knobs are onion-shaped. Examples: Prötel 3/4A: B 167.2, B 409.1, OO 248.1, OO 271.4. Prötel 3/4B: OO 283.2 (Keller 3B, entire foot covered with decoration). Prötel 3/4C: OO 426.3 (Keller 4B), OO 437.1 (Keller 4). Prötel 3/4D: B 782.1 (Keller 4C), B stray 181 (Keller 4C). Subtype unknown: B stray 27 (not drawn). Discussion: Van Buchem (1966, 85) calls this his type V and gives AD 340 as a terminus post quem for onion-shaped knobs, and gives coin dates between AD 337 and 380. Keller (1971, 3738) dates the majority of his type 3 to the reign of Constantius II (AD 337-361). Keller (1971, 3841) dates his type 4, with variants depending on the decoration of the foot, to AD 350-380. Haalebos (1986, 69) gives no date for Van Buchem V. Keller ignores his own latest coin date for his type 3 (Valens, AD 364-378). Dates: Prötel 3/4A: AD 325-355 Prötel 3/4B: AD 350-410, but the only example is dated 337-348. Prötel 3/4C: AD 330-410 Prötel 3/4D: AD 330-410 Bow knob ibulae: 2 examples Example: B stray 3a, OO stray 298. Discussion: Van Buchem (1975, 254-255, 262 ig. 15) writes that the bow knob ibula (a spring ibula) owes the shape of its bow and foot to that of the crossbow ibulae (which are hinge ibulae). Böhme (1974, 51-52) remarks the same on support-arm ibulae (German: Stützarmibeln; Dutch: steunarmibulae). The only Nijmegen example of such a support-arm ibula, OO 362.4, comes from a female burial and is treated below under the ibulae for women. The similarity of the Nijmegen bow knob ibula B stray 3a and support-arm ibula OO 362.4, with dot-and-circles on the sides of the bow and faceted foot, is striking. Van Buchem dates our bow knob ibula to IV. Date: IV. Tweezers: 3 or 4 examples Examples: B 59.intr (iron, deviating model), B 61.3 (from one piece of bronze), B 62.1 (idem), OO 144.13 (bronze, no further information: not found in depot). 330 — Discussion: The two preserved bronze tweezers belong to Pirling’s (1966, 210) form A, undecorated tweezers with tapering arms, which she cannot date. Tweezers in Late Roman graves are usually considered male atributes. Pirling does not say so, but the other inds in several Gellep graves with tweezers speak for male burials: a francisca, a long sax, and a spatha found with a belt set. Böhme (1974, 127) remarks that they occur in northwest German cemeteries in male burials, but sometimes also in female ones. Our example B 61.3 comes from a male burial and was hung from a belt with metal belt set, as was the axe found with it. Examples B 62.1 and OO 144.13 come from IVab graves that were not otherwise marked by male or female atributes. The iron tweezers B 59.intr are kept with inds from a IVab female burial (mirror, cosmetic palete, pins) but is of a diferent model for which parallels are known to me only from our own times: the two blades end in a lancet shape and are welded together there. These tweezers possibly are an intrusion from a much later context. Date: IVab. Iron axes: 3 examples Examples: B 61.2, B 143.8, B 353.1 (no data). Discussion: The small curved iron axe B 143.8 with protruding reinforcements around the hole, which give it in side view a semicircular notch at the underside, belongs to the earliest type, put by Siegmund (1998, 204, ig. 81, FBA 2.3) in his period 1, between AD 400 and 440. Böhme (1974, 104-5) calls this axe with its lightly curved top and strongly curved underside his type B, which occurs from III to V, and gives parallels from Belgium and northern France and in cemeteries on the right bank of the Rhine. The curved axe B 61.2, carried above the let leg, with its blade on the wide belt and the edge to the outside, i.e. to the let, is put by Siegmund (1998, 204, ig. 81, FBA 1.1) in his period 2, between AD 440 and 485. Böhme (1974, 106) calls this his shape C, which he does not date. Axe B 353.1 is in the ind list, but could not be found in the depot or the documentation. Iron axes, occurring in Roman and Frankish context between AD 400 and 610 (Siegmund 1998, 204-205, ig. 81) are considered ighting axes, meant to be thrown. They are associated with a passage in Procopius’ Bella, writen between AD 540 and 555. This passage 6,25,3-4 treats the manner of ighting of Frankish intruders under Theudibert/Theodebert in northern Italy in AD 539 and goes: “they had a small body of cavalry about their leader, and these were the only ones armed with spears, while all the rest were foot-soldiers having neither bows nor spears, but each man carried a sword and shield and one axe. Now the iron head of this weapon was thick and exceedingly sharp on both sides, while the wooden handle was very short. And they are accustomed to throw these axes at one signal in the irst charge and thus to shater the shields of the enemy and kill the men.” Now double-edged axes are unknown from Frankish archaeological context. E. Zöllner, cited without source in Engemann/Rüger (1991, 184) has suggested that their qualiication as doubleedged is an ancient topos, i.e. an idea recurring in literature. Dahmlos (1977) treats the archaeological and literary sources for among others these axes. Hübener (1980) treats the axe types from the Merovingian period. For a completely diferent interpretation of axes in Late Roman graves, as symbol of the reclaiming of land by new groups of land owners independent of the patron-client relations connected with the villa system, see Theuws/Alkemade 2000. A third interpretation is given by Brulet (1995, 102-3): for no stated reason, he uses on his map of northern Gaul an icon of an axe like B 143.8 as the indication of a praefectus Laetorum et Sarmatorum, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum XLII. The axes of the Nijmegen graves are too few for a choice between these interpretations. Date: B 143.8: AD 400-440; B 61.2: AD 440-485. 331 — Unique pieces from male burials Wooden barrel-shaped bucket: 1 example Example: B 704.9. Discussion: The shape of this small barrel deviates from those of the conical and cylindrical wooden buckets and containers that Böhme discusses (1974, 132-133). He supposes, on the ground of drinking glasses frequently found in them, that they served to scoop beer from a large container and to divide it over the drinking glasses. They mostly occur in male burials, but sometimes also in female ones. He interprets them as atributes of the Germanic social top layer, on the ground of their combination with prestigious table ware: they irst occur in rich graves from Norway to Slovakia, and spread into the area between Elbe and Loire in the fourth century. Auleger (1997) just says that wooden buckets belonged to both genders of the elite in Frankish cemeteries. Neither author dates them. Our grave B 704 was a rich burial, as appears from the plank-built chamber and ive glass vessels found in it. Nothing in it, however, indicates a Germanic origin or the gender of the deceased. The other inds in B 704 date the grave to AD 320-367. Date: AD 320-367. Iron hook: 1 example Example: OO 467.5. Discussion: No parallels are known to me for the lat but thick iron hook from grave OO 467, which the other inds show to be a male burial from IVab. Its function also remains unclear. Most probably it is an intrusion. Date: IVab? FEMALE ATTRIBUTES Short bone pins: 14 examples in two graves Examples: B 298.58-67 (ten examples, lying on the vanished right arm); B 59.14 (four examples, lying to the right of the upper legs; lost). Discussion: Bone pins are not known from Gellep. Neither are they known to Böhme (1974), who discusses the Germanic burials between Elbe and Loire. As the four pins from B 59 were not found upon inspection in the museum depot, only those from B 298 can be discussed here. This grave, which also contained 55 coins, among which nine from the years 313-317, is dated by its latest coin (317-320) to 318. Four pins lack their heads; the lengths of those with head varies between 7 and 9.5 cm. The shape of the heads suggests they were made on a lathe: two are conical, one is disk-shaped, one has a globe on a cone, and two have ive indentations plus a knob (the knob of one of these got partially lost between the moments of inding and drawing). The position, not on the head but on the right half of the body, suggests they were kept in a little bag, possibly in the right hand. As appears from the miniature pair of scales B 298.69, the lady in this grave was a worshipper of Sabazios and kept to the Cologne variant of his cult. There is a striking similarity with the inds from the lady’s burial of Cologne-Lindenthal (Noelke 1984), which contained, apart from many other grave goods, four bone pins, a miniature pair of scales and other Cologne Sabazios miniatures, and a common whelk (Steures 2004ab). So it seems probable that the bone pins too played a role in the Cologne Sabazios cult. They may not be hairpins but so-called divining rods, as used in the divination technique of sortilege, the casting of lots; it that case, they do not ‘lack heads’ but are batons meant like that. The other inds in B 298 date the grave to AD 318; those in B 59, to IVab. Date: IVab. Bronze pins: 9 examples Examples: B 592.3 (latish globular gilt head, in child’s burial), B 663.3 (with polyhedral head), B stray 196 (pin and small ring, no data), B stray 296 (bronze pin from a medieval or later grave), OO 383.4 (fragment of shat), OO 466.1 (broken but complete, l 16.7, with long proiled head), OO stray 47a (l 13.6), OO stray 47b (with pomegranate-shaped head, l 9.8). Discussion: B 663.3 has a head with the polyhedral 332 — model, frequent also in beads: a cube from which the eight corners have been removed, so that a body with fourteen plane faces emerges. B 592.3 has the other frequent model: latishglobular. OO 466.1 and OO stray 47a have a model of which no parallel is known to me: a baluster crowned with a globe. In none of these cases the position in relation to the body is known. The artefact dates of the graves in which they occur are AD 301-400, 341-350, and 301367, respectively. When these dates are compared with those of the silver pins discussed immediately below, their most probable date seems to be IVBC. Date: IVBC. Silver pins: 10 examples Examples: B 122.3 (with axe-shaped head, in a child’s grave), B 293.6 (with polyhedral head, on the right in a wooden chest), B 620.11 (latishglobular head), B 620.12 (with gilt pomegranateshaped head in which crossing curvy lines have been cut), B 690.1, B 690.2 (both with polyhedral head), B 701.10 latish-globular gilt head, found below the skull, so worn on the back of the head, probably to secure a head cloth), B 701.11 (polyhedral head, in wooden chest), B 743.3 (with polyhedral head), OO 252.9 (with polyhedral head). Discussion: Two pairs of silver pins can be identiied: B 620.11 and 12, on top of the head; B 690.1 and 2 next to the right temple. Four instances are known of single pins next to the head: B 122.3 (next to the let temple in a child’s grave), B 743.3, B 701.10 (under the head, i.e. on the back of the head), OO 252.9 (on top of the head, with remains of ?leather, possibly a cap kept in place with the pin; cf. remark of Pirling 1974, 88). The remaining two silver pins, B 293.6 and B 701.11, were each lying in a wooden chest, which, it appears, also functioned as a jewelry box. Pirling (1966, 120-1) dates a silver pin with globular head to IV. Pirling (1974, 88-89) dates pins with polyhedral head IVB-V. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 361) dates pins with polyhedral head throughout IV. Pirling (1979, 64) dates a silver pin with globular head to IVB-cd, one with a polyhedral head to the same period, and one with a pomegranate-shaped head to IVB at the earliest. The pin with axe-shaped head B 122.3 can be dated to IVb, as appears from potery and a coin of Constantinus I from 323-324 found with it; it has parallels in Barrière-Flavy (1901 I, 102, Pl. LXIII, 2-5); Lindenschmit (1880-1889, 386); Pilloy (1886-1912, I Pl. 16,35, II 348, Pl. 19,23). Though the shape of this pin is reminiscent of the axe type Siegmund FBA 4.1, dated 570-585 (Siegmund 1998, 204 ig. 81), it is clear from the pottery and the coin in the grave that the pin must be dated to IVb, and that the head was not meant to look like this axe: the axe type did not exist yet. Date: see discussion. Long pins: 4 examples (in two pairs) of four diferent models Examples: B 465.6 (type Wijster), B 465.7 (type Vermand), B 798.3 (type Fécamp), B 798.4 (type Tongeren). Discussion: Pirling (1966, 182) dates a pin of type Fécamp (see below) at the transition of her phases I and II, in VB. Böhme (1974, 35-39) classes these pins under the name of Haarpfeile (‘hair arrows’); four of his ive types each occur once in Nijmegen, Inner City, in two pairs. B 465.6, found above the skull, head of the pin to the right: bronze pin type Wijster, l 25.5, with mushroom-shaped head on which ive radial grooves, top of shat ribbed, under which three prisma zones. Böhme (1974, 35, Abb. 12) dates type Wijster to Va or Vab on p. 39 and to his phase II, AD 380-420 on p. 155. B 465.7, found next to the right temple, head pointing down: pin type Vermand, l 16.9. Connected to the head by means of two links is a bronze sheet lunula, from which three rhomboid sheet bronze jingles with punched rims are suspended. Böhme (1974, 36-37, 39) dates this type Vermand from Valens (364-378) to Merovingian times. For a possible meaning of this lunula, see the section Pendants below. B 798.3: top part of a bronze pin type Fécamp, 333 — preserved l 5, d 0.9-0.4, entirely decorated with ribs and three faceted zones. Böhme (1974, 35, ig. 12; 38 155) dates type Fécamp to IVd and to his phase II, AD 380-420. B 798.4 Top part of an iron pin, preserved l 4, d 0.4-0.3, with fragment of a wooden head (now mineralized), d 2.3, immediately under which a biconical gilt bronze bead, d 1.5, with crosshatched zone, around the iron shat. Variant of Böhme’s type Tongeren with multiple decorative heads (1974, 36, 39, 155), dated by him to his phase III, AD 400-450 until end of V. Böhme (1974, 39) dates Rhenen grave 356 to VB; in it was a pin of type Tongeren (Böhme 1974, Taf. 60,1). Böhme (1974, 37) remarks that long pins were always worn alone, as opposed to small pins. This does not agree with the facts in both Nijmegen graves, which he does discuss (B 465 on p. 285, Taf. 85 as Nymwegen-Nieuwstraat; B 798 on p. 285, Taf. 86, as Nymwegen-Marienberg). The position of the pins in B 465 is also incorrectly given on his p. 160, ig. 53. He remarks that they were mostly lying next to the right temple of the deceased, and that they were used in order to pin a hair net, coif or head scarf. A large starched coif seems to me the most probable possibility in the case of the spectacular pins in B 465. Below, it is argued that the lady in B 465 was a priestess of a pole-shaped idol shown on three bronze-sheet pendants in her grave (see sections Pendants and Unique pieces from female burials for her pendants and sceptre). I suggest that she was buried in full pontiicals (cf. Steures 2002b). One of these pontiicals might be bent rod B 465.12+21, treated below in the section Shapeless iron. In the case of grave B 798, only the position of the pin of type Fécamp is known: next to the let shoulder, together with a tutulus ibula. The distribution area of the long pins is shown by Böhme (1974, 160 and map 9): Gaul, Belgica and the Lower Rhine area, and on a smaller scale east of the Rhine. He calls them a certain sign of Germanic population (p. 165). He sees them as a sign of long-term contact between the popula- tion east of the Lower Rhine and the Germanic inhabitants of northern Gaul (p. 188). In 1999, he presented a new distribution map of the pins of type Wijster (Böhme 1999, ig. 5). Dates: type Fécamp IVd or AD 380-420; type Tongeren AD 400-500; type Vermand from Valens (364-378) to Merovingian times; type Wijster Va or Vab or AD 380-420. Wire earrings: 3 pairs and single one of gold; two single ones of bronze. Examples: B 204.1 (pair twisted together near let shoulder), B 620.13 (pair in the ears), B 680.5-6 (pair in the ears), OO 250.12 (one gold-wire earring in wooden chest), OO 413.6 (curved round bronze wire). Discussion: The simple gold-wire earrings either have got a real eye by bending back the wire end and soldering it (B 620.13, B 204.1), or have been hooked one end in the other (B 680.5-6, OO 250.12). In all cases the wire end was led through the eye and bent back: the earrings were meant to be worn permanently. There are no real parallels in Gellep (Pirling 1979, 63). Böhme (1974, 3940) can mention only four graves between Elbe and Loire with earrings, one of which is our sarcophagus of the Grutberg (B 620). Only Cortrat grave 6 has comparable earrings and is dated IVd-Va. The other inds in B 204 do not allow to date the grave precisely; those in B 620, to AD 317-318; those in B 680, to IVa-d; those in OO 250, to AD 317-330; those in OO 413, to AD 334350. Date: IVab. Metal-wire necklaces: 5 examples Examples: B 204.4 (necklace of S-shaped links of bronze wire); OO 250.11 (necklace of gold wire links with small precious stones); OO stray 294 (three necklaces of bronze wire links with glass beads). Discussion: No parallels for the metal-wire necklaces from Gaul or Germany are known to me. The Nijmegen necklaces difer considerably one from the other. Scant remains exist of B 204.4: one complete s-shaped link of bronze wire, a 334 — few fragments of other links and three glass beads is all that remains. The technique used for making the links of OO 250.11 had been used earlier for Roman jewelry: the links of gold wire, all identical, l 0.9, were bent into eyelets at both ends, ater which the end was turned once around the wire under the eye. Two parallels for OO 250.11, one with pearls, the other with glass beads, were found in Banassa and are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Rabat, Morocco (Exhibition catalogue Morocco 2004, 201, nos 35 and 36, museum inv.nos PI89.8.9.1 and 99.7.14.2412). Two further parallels for this technique are in the British Museum: the second-century necklace BMCJ 2731 of unknown provenance exists of cut-out paterns alternating with such links with an emerald each; a necklace from Carthage of c.AD 400 completely exists of such links, each link having a sapphire en cabochon (polished without facets), a pearl or an emerald alternately (Dalton 1901, no. 242; colour photograph in Antike Welt 35 (2004) 74, ig. 6a). So three out of four known parallels for OO 250.11 come from Africa; possibly one, in Aalen, from Germania Superior. The position of the four emeralds on our necklace OO 250.11 is conspicuous: all on the same side of the body as the fastening hook, i.e. on the right if the lady who wore it was right-handed. The other precious stones on it are four polyhedral garnets and eight sapphires en cabochon. The unique and conspicuous fastening of eye and hook is described in detail in the ind catalogue. The other inds in B 204 do not allow the grave to be dated precisely; those in OO 250, to AD 317-330. Date: IVa-d. Pendants: 4 examples with a total of 12 pendants Examples: B 154.1 (bronze-wire ringlet from which hangs a link with a bead), B 238.1 (bronze pendant on a rivet), B 465.9 (lunulate pendant and six bronze wire pendants on a bead-and-ibulae pectoral: see remark to B 465), B 465.25 (three identical Preßblech pendants). B 465.25 Discussion: B 154.1, interpreted as an earring by the excavator, deviates from the gold-wire earrings described above, both in material (bronze-wire), way of fastening (one end turned around the other), and in the presence of a bronze-wire pendant with a bead on it. More likely it is to be interpreted as a pendant, probably on a thread of now vanished organic material, put apart in the corner of the coin; the more so, as it was not lying next to the head. The link is made in the same way as those of the gold-wire necklace OO 250.11 and may therefore be dated in Roman times, although the nearest parallels for this pendant are to be dated in Böhner’s phase IV, i.e. the seventh century (Böhner 1958, 116, H; cf. 114, D1). The presence of a rivet in the eye of pendant B 238.1 makes it improbable that it was part of a necklace; it may have been riveted to something made of leather. It was lying near the right shoulder. I know of no parallels for this ind; neither can it be dated, as it was the only artefact. The lunulate pendant on the pectoral from B 465 is the second one in this grave of a woman (l of coin trace 1.70): the other one is on the long pin B 465.7, type Vermand. Lunulae were worn by women and children as amulets of fertility and growth because of their association with waxing moon and menstruation (Der kleine Pauly, s.v. Luna 2; Klumbach 1939; Zadoks-Josephus Jita/ Witeveen 1977). A disadvantage of this 335 — interpretation is, that such an amulet will be of no use, once the person who wore it dies. A possible beter interpretation of the lunula can be found in Schade (2003, 14-15, Pl. 1.6-7.10, Pl. 2.1): some third-century empresses had themselves portrayed on coins in a lunula. She interprets this lunula as the iconographic parallel of the corona radiata of their husbands. The imperial couple thus became the bearers of the lux aeterna, and as Sol and Luna they symbolized the aeternitas domus divinae (the eternity of the divine house). So a lunula in a grave may mean: eternal life ater death. Pirling (1974, 87-88) records three lunulate pendants from Gellep, two of which probably from child inhumations in women’s graves. The three identical pressed bronze-sheet (Preßblech) pendants with horizontal tubular eye B 465.25 bring Nijmegen in contact with the history of the Empire and have for that reason been treated before in Steures 2002b. They show two antithetical male busts with heavy chins and draped shoulders; between them a frontal poleshaped idol with raised arms shaped as leaved branches; legend TV (behind the head on the let), X (behind head on the right) and IIECF or IIECE (below). There is nothing like these pendants in Merovingian Preßblech (Klein-Pfeufer 1993). The inspiration for these pendants comes from a barbaric imitation of a Roman medallion, the only one they really look like: a large gold medallion, known in one example from Zagórzyn, woj. Kaliskie (or Wielkopolski) in Poland, where it was found in 1927 as part of a treasure, since then in the Münzkabinet in Berlin (Regling 1928; Dressel/Regling 1972, 400-402, Taf. XXIX, 265; Seipel 1999, 40 (distribution map), 43 ig. 6, 186-188, cat.no 15; Steures 2002b, 183 ig. 5). It was found together with many fourth-century solidi and many worn denarii of the irst and second centuries AD (showing the same preference for old silver coins as does the denarius of Marcus Aurelius/Faustina in the mouth of the lady in grave B 465; Tacitus already noticed this preference in Germania 5, published AD 98). The medallion is in solid gold, has a diameter of 7,5 cm and weighs, together with a heavy tubular eye soldered on secondarily, 242.49 grams. In the original publication, it is supposed that the medallion itself without the eye weighs 48 solidi = 218.40 grams = two-thirds of a Roman pound. The obverse shows, within a beaded rim, two emperors’ heads opposite each other, with the strange legend R/EZ/ISROMA/NO/R/VM, to be interpreted as REGES ROMANORUM. This strange legend, together with the clumsy style of the obverse, speaks for a barbaric origin of the medallion. The reverse is identical with the reverse of another large golden medallion, of Valens, who was emperor in the east of the otherwise undivided Empire 364-378 (Kubitschek 1909, 39 no. 355, Pl. 20; Seipel 1999, 40 (distribution map), 43 ig. 6, 186-188, cat.no 15; Steures 2002b, 183 ig. 5; Bemman/Quast 2008, 161). One of the emperors on the Berlin medallion must therefore be Valens, the other his brother Valentinian I, emperor in the west 364375. The medallion must date before 24 August 367, the day on which Valentinian’s young son Gratian was given the title of Augustus in the west: its date is narrowed down to the years 364-367. This puts the Berlin medallion just before Valentinian’s fortiication of the Rhine, from its source in the territory of the Raetii up to the ‘Channel-Ocean’ (fretalem Oceanum), in the year 369, as mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus 28,2,1 and repeated 30,7,6. Byvanck, who irst thought that the North Sea was meant by fretalem Oceanum (Byvanck 1931-1947, I 435), later changed his mind and supposed it was the English Channel. Valentinian, he wrote, fortiied no further down the Rhine than Cologne, and then following the frontier of the territory under direct Roman control, i.e. the road Cologne - Gulik - Heerlen - Maastricht - Tongeren - Bavay - ports on the English Channel (Byvanck 1943, 668-9). Nowadays, however, there is communis opinio among Dutch archaeologists that Valentinian visited Nijmegen on 20 September 368 - with a route of the emperor in the neighbourhood of 336 — Nijmegen and a daring emendation of novo mansione to noviomago in Cod.Theod. 1.6.6 of 20 September 368 as evidence (Seeck 1919, 234; Stolte 1966; De Boone 1954, 103; PRE s.v. Valentinian I, second series 7, 2147; Van Es 1981, 52; Mioulet/ Barthen 1994, 47; in Holleman 1994, Valentinian ‘according to Ammianus Marcellinus’ is in these regions, grumbling over the bad state of the defense works along the frontier). The possibility of his presence is indeed supported by dendrochronologic evidence from the Late Roman bridge on the river Maas between Cuijk and Middelaar, some 11 kilometers south of Nijmegen. This shows a repair phase in winter 368 - spring 369 (Mioulet/Barthen 1994, 47): if Valentinian himself was not in or near Nijmegen, his executives were. This would have meant an opportunity for nearby Germanic leaders to receive the usual Late Roman payment for their neutrality or active support: Roman gold, especially heavy medallions (Bursche 1999). I suggest that another copy of the Berlin medallion was actually handed to a Germanic leader in or near Nijmegen on that occasion. It was then kept in the family for some generations, and led a descendant around AD 440 to have the Preßblech pendants made as a means of tightening the bonds between himself and his followers. It was not the only medallion of Valens to ind barbaric imitation: the Vienna medallion mentioned above was inspiration for a gold pendant from Norway (cf. Kubitschek 1909, pl. 21, 355 with Salin 1935, 217, ig. 505). Nor were the Nijmegen pendants the only Germanic ones inspired by the Berlin medallion. Professor H.W. Böhme kindly drew my atention to the only known Germanic parallel for our Nijmegen Preßblech pendants with antithetical imperial busts. It is a large disk ibula from the earliest inhumation of the small cemetery of Beelen in Westfalen from the middle (Böhme, pers. comm.) or second half of the ith century (Grünewald 1995, 292 and ig. on 290). On the disk ibula there is a gold Preßblech with two antithetical male busts. The hair descending to the neck, indicated by hatching, is exactly like that on the Nijmegen pendants, while the heavy chins on the Beelen ibula must be derived from the Berlin medallion. Grünewald thinks it is something completely diferent: ‘Das Zierblech ist mit einem komplizierten, mehrfach deutbaren Ornament in Preßtechnik versehen. Eine Maskendarstellung wird ihrerseits aus zwei stilisierten Darstellungen von Tiermenschen gebildet.’ This leads him to speculate on the Germanic animal style I. The frontal idol shown on the Nijmegen pendants between the two heads reminds of polelike wooden idols from northwestern Europe in the Iron Age and Roman times (Toorians 1995 has a parallel in Roman times in the Netherlands; further aield: Glob 1969, 182, igs. 74-75; Megaw 1970, nos. 280-282). The maker of the pendants seems to mean the bonding of a Germanic group around an idol. The gold medallion that had served as inspiration showed a dynastic link. The maker of the pendants thus interpreted borrowed Roman iconography in his own Germanic way. The legend on the pendants, TV X IIECF, escapes interpretation for the time being. It is tempting, though, to read awkward Latin into it: TVX HEC F = dux haec fecit: the military leader made this. Unfortunately, only hec as an indeterminate form of the pronoun hic inds a parallel (Schmitz 1991, 77: hec tumulo fecit Hunudrec); TVX for dux and II for h do not. All maters considered, it seems more probable that the text is not awkward Latin but a nonsense inscription of the kind that is frequently found on barbaric imitations of Roman coins, especially on those of the ith and sixth centuries AD (Werner 1935, 108, coins 4 and 7 (V AD); 114-5, coins 46-58 (VI AD)). Whether the family of the deceased woman wrote clumsy Latin or not, it is clear that they emphatically felt like old-fashioned Romans, witness the antique denarius, the interlaced Star of David (see below, in the section Fibulae) borrowed from Roman table silverware, and the Preßblech pendants with their Roman shape and iconography. And it is clear that they were emphatically Germanic, witness the long pins, 337 — B 13.3 OO 413.4 OO stray 294 the composite dish ibula and the idol on the pendants. The pendants, threefold for a reason that escapes us, were lying on a place of honour: on the axis of the coin, just below the feet of the deceased. A last question to be considered is: why put these unique pendants from a men’s world into the grave of a woman? The only reasonable answer seems to be that the deceased lady was intimately linked with that world in a personal way, rather than merely being the wife or daughter of a Germanic leader. It will be argued below that the lady in grave B 465 was a priestess of the pole idol shown on the pendants: she had a sceptre in or near her right hand: see section Unique pieces from female burials: Priestess’ sceptre. Date: AD 434-450 Beads: 36 examples (34 graves, 2 stray inds) Examples: B 13.3, B 139.2, B 140.4, B 154.1, B 180.12, B 196.6, B 197.8, B 198.5, B 203.4, B 204.2.3.4, B 218.10, B 298.70, B 465.9, B 465.14, B 465.24, B 620.9a, B 620.9e, B 620.10, B 620.18, B 661.1, B 670.2, B 740.2, B 751.4, B 778.7, B 338 — 778.10, B stray 139, B stray 198, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 9.11, OO 9.12, OO 12.2, OO 88.1, OO 99.1, OO 129.2, OO 207.4, OO 250.10, OO 273.3, OO 304.1, OO 311.2, OO 339.14, OO 345.1, OO 382.5, OO 396.1, OO 413.4. Table 12: Bead types, their incidences and frequencies Legend: Koch=Koch 1977, 1987, 1997; PE=Siegmann 1997, 2002-2005; Riha=Riha 1990; TM=Tempelmann-Maczynska 1985; Var (ater type number)=Variant; N=Number. N Riha 1201 B 218.10 1 Riha 1218 OO 9.9 51 Riha 1218 OO 207.4 1 Riha 1219 OO 9.9,11 184 Riha 1224 B 740.2 1 Riha 1224 OO 396.1 3 Riha 1225 B 751.4 2 Riha 1225 OO 413.4 1 Riha 1227Var B 620.9e 1 Riha 1228Var OO 207.4 1 Riha 1228Var OO 304.1 1 Type Incidence Author, number Cemetery, grave.ind Koch 11,10 B 670.2 1 Riha 1235 OO 273.3 10 Koch 27,39Var B 778.10 1 Riha 1235 OO 413.4 1 Koch 460 B 465.9 1 Riha 1236Var B 197.8 9 Koch 475 OO 304.1 1 Riha 1243 OO 9.11 3 Koch 497 OO 304.1 1 Riha 1243 OO 129.2 1 Koch 499 OO 304.1 6 Riha 1248 B 465.9 2 PE1.1.2-1a B 298.70 27 Riha 1248Var B 620.9e 4 PE1.1.2-1aVar B 298.70 14 Riha 1280Var OO 9.11 3 PE1.1.2-1aVar OO 9.11 14 Riha 1304 OO 9.11 1 PE1.2.04-1Var OO 207.4 1 Riha 1306 B 203.4 1 PE1.3.02-01Var OO 345.1 3 Riha 1310 OO 396.1 1 PE1.3.02-03 OO 345.1 10 Riha 1310Var OO 413.4 1 PE1.3.02-04 OO 345.1 1 Riha 1316 OO 311.2 1 PE1.3.03-06a OO 345.1 1 Riha 1324 B 740.2 2 PE1.3.10-43 OO 345.1 2 Riha 1324 OO 273.3 4 PE1.3.10-43 OO 345.1 22 Riha 1324 OO 413.4 1 Riha 1.1 B 140.3 1 Riha 1326 OO 311.2 2 Riha 1.3-1157 OO 9.12 1 Riha 1328 OO 382.5 1 Riha 1183 OO 99.1 1 Riha 1328 OO 413.4 2 Riha 1193? B 778.7 1 Riha 1329Var OO 413.4 1 Riha 1194 OO 207.4 1 Riha 1331 OO 311.2 2 Riha 1197Var B 620.9a 1 Riha 1345Var B 204.2 5 Riha 1199 B 198.5 1 Riha 1345Var B 204.3 1 339 — Riha 1345Var B 740.2 1 Riha 2931d B 465.9 2 Riha 1352 OO 207.4 2 Riha 2931d OO 9.9 42 Ri 2808,11Var B 197.8 3 Riha 2931d OO 12.2 24 Ri 2808,13Var OO 304.1 1 Riha 2931eVar B 197.8 8 Ri 2808,22Var B 465.9 1 Riha 2931f OO 9.9 61 Riha 2820 B 740.2 1 Riha 2931fVar OO 382.5 3 Riha 2826fVar B 620.18 1 Riha 2934 OO 12.2 39 Riha 2844 B 204.4 1 Riha 2934 OO 88.1 2 Riha 2844a OOstr294 34 Riha 2934b B 218.10 1 Riha 2844x OO 413.4 4 Riha 2935a OO 382.5 1 Riha 2846 B 204.4 1 Riha 2935b OO 382.5 2 Riha 2846 B 465.9 4 Riha 2947 OO 382.5 1 Ri 2846,16Var OO 273.3 1 Riha 2947Var OO 382.5 1 Ri 2846,16Var OO 9.10,1 >2 Riha 2947cVar OO 9.11 3 Riha 2876 B 198.5 32 Riha 2947f OO 273.3 12 Riha 2876 OO 9.9,11 35 Riha 2947fVar B 620.18 8 Riha 2876, 12 OOstr294 9 Riha 2951b B 465.9 2 Riha 2876, 13 OO 9.11 2 Riha 2951f B 778.9 1 Riha 2925a B 197.8 18 Riha 2952cVar OO 413.4 1 Riha 2925a OO 413.4 1 Riha 2952eVar OO 413.4 2 Riha 2925aVar OO 9.9 6 Riha 2961Var OO 304.1 2 Riha 2925b B 197.8 13 Riha 2968a OO 382.5 3 Riha 2925b B 218.10 2 Riha 2968a OO 413.4 1 Riha 2925c OO 88.1 1 Riha 2968aVar B 197.8 2 Riha 2925d OO 413.4 1 Riha 2968b OO 382.5 4 Riha 2925e B 465.9 1 Riha 2968bVar OO 396.1 1 Riha 2925e OO 9.10,11 66 Riha 2968f OO 304.1 3 Riha 2925e OO 273.3 4? Riha 2968fVar B 203.4 2 Riha 2931a B 198.5 34 Riha 2968g B 13.3 16 Riha 2931b OO 311.2 10 Riha 2968g B 203.4 7 Riha 2931b OO 382.5 10 Riha 2968g B 465.9 1 Riha 2931c OO 250.10 49 Riha 2969a OO 88.1 6 Riha 2931d B 13.3 16 Riha 2971a OO 9.11 4 Riha 2931d B 198.5 12 Riha 2971c OO 382.5 16 340 — Riha 2971c OO 413.4 44 Riha 2971c OOstr294 14 Riha 2976 B 218.10 2 Riha 2976, 11 OO 9.9 1 Riha 2979a OO 273.3 1 Riha 2979a OO 304.1 9 Riha 2979b B 751.4 1 Riha 2979b B 218.10 1 Riha 2979bVar OO 396.1 1 TM 27Var B 465.9 225 TM 135 OO 129.2 1 TM 137 OO 129.2 5 TM 137 OO 382.5 1 TM 145 OO 9.9 3 TM 146 B 465.9 1 TM 147Var B 203.4 1 TM 147Var B 204.4 1 TM 160Var B 203.4 1 TM 375aVar B 180.12 1 TM 387b B 203.4 40 TM 387b B 465.9 14 TM 387b OOstr294 1 TM 390 B 197.8 29 TM 390 B 203.4 1 TM 390 OO 9.10 1 TM 395a B 203.4 1 TM 395b B 203.4 1 TM 430 B 620.10 1 TM 430 OO 413.4 1 TM 535Var B 620.9a 1 Discussion: Gender. Beads are universally called women’s attributes. Melon beads, however, were also used as soldiers’ amulets and as amulets on horses (Höpken 2003, 353-4). Types. Table 12 gives the types, their incidences and their frequencies. It should be noted that the number ater the name of the most frequently quoted author, Riha, are not her type numbers but her igure numbers. Positions. Strings of beads were worn around the neck, on the breast as part of a pectoral (B 465.8,9,13,14), and at the right wrist; when they were not worn in the grave, they were mostly lying at the let side of the deceased. This appears from the following known positions of beads in relation to the body: once (an amber bead) above the back of the head (B 620.10), nine times near the head, apparently around the neck or, in one case, as part of a spectacular pectoral (B 620.18, B 465.9 (pectoral), B 204.3, B 198.5, B 180.12, OO 273.3, OO 311.2, OO 345.1, OO 304.1), once to the right of the shoulder (OO 99.1), ive times near the right arm (B 298.70, B 204.2, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 382.5), once to the let of the head, put inside a bronze bracelet (B 203.3), once between the thighs, apparently put on the coin and sunken later (OO 12.2), once to the let of the lower legs, apparently put there apart (OO 9.11), once to the let of the feet, apparently put there apart (OO 207.4), twice in a potery vessel (B 196.6, OO 413.4), and once apart outside the coin (B 197.8). Numbers. Strings of more than ten beads were usually mixed (15 examples: B 13.3, B 203.3, B 218.10, B 197.8, B 198.5, OO 9.11, OO 9.9, OO 9.10, OO 9.14, OO 382.5, OO 273.3, OO 311.2, OO 345.1, OO 304.1, OO 413.4). W. van der Sluijs (pers. comm.) comments on the reconstruction of OO 345.1 in the ind catalogue: reconstructing Roman bead strings is risky because, remarkably, they were not always of symmetric design, e.g. a necklace may be half blue, half green. This remark is borne out by the composition of gold-wire necklace OO 250.11, where all four emeralds are on the same side of the body as the fastening hook. Strings of only one kind of beads of the same col- 341 — our and shape occur only four times (B 465.9: dark blue miniature glass beads, gilt or with gold-coloured incrustation, bronze ringlets and a lunulate pendant (see above, Pendants; below, the section Pectoral, and the discussion of the positions of the inds in B 465); OO 12.2: 49 biconical transparent blue glass beads; B 204.2: ive jet or black glass beads each pierced twice, worn as a bracelet; OO 250.10: 49 ring-shaped beads of blue transparent glass. The double occurrence of a 49-bead (= 72) string (OO 12.2, OO 250.11) may not be incidental and recalls number symbolism or even mysticism.) Six times, the number of beads lies between 6 and 10 (B 620.18, B 196.6, OO 207.4, OO 88.1, OO 129.2, OO 396.1). Three times, it lies between 2 and 5 (B 139.2, B 661.1, B 204.2). Seven times, there is only a single bead (B 670.2, B 620.10, B 778.7, B 778.10, B 180.12, OO 99.1 (worn by a man?), OO 339.14). Materials. Most beads are made of glass. Other materials are: amber (B 620.10, B 197.8, B 196.6, OO 413.4), jet (B 204.2-3, B 740.2, OO 207.4), ?rock-crystal (B 197.8), rolled silver sheet (B 196.6), bronze and ivory (OO 413.4), and stone (B stray 139). Glass beads are either transparent or opaque. Transparent glass beads have the following shapes: globular, latish globular, lat-cylindrical, latoval, ring-shaped, tubular, biconical, disk-shaped, barrel-shaped, polyhedral (cubes the corners of which have been removed, so that a body of fourteen planes emerges), irregularly latish, heartshaped, almond-shaped, and hexagonal prisms. The predominant colours of transparent glass beads are green and blue; yellow is rare. Opaque glass beads are of the following shapes: short cylindrical, segmented (i.e. long tubular with transverse ribs and grooves), lat, latish globular, cylindrical with two grooves, lat cylindrical, and hexagonal prisms. The colours are more numerous: white, light green, greyish green, greenish, green, bluish, blue, mixed blue, dark blue, yellow, light brown, brown, dark (no colour distinguishable), black. Both transparent and opque glass beads sometimes have a decoration of glass wire and/or knobs of diferent colours: B 670.2, B 778.10, B 180.12, OO 304.1. Some models. Three melon beads occur (B 140.4, B 203.3, OO 9.12; the irst in faience, the later two of transparent blue glass), possibly reused stray inds from earlier centuries (cf. Pirling 1966, 116, 117 ig. 13, 24; Pirling 1974, 83). B 203 and OO 9 with their bracelets and strings of beads are clearly female burials. Glass melon beads already occur in Celtic contexts and were made until the early Middle Ages. The enigmatic cremation burial B 140 with its melon bead, shears and soldiers’ ibula, however, brings to light a characteristic of melon beads in the irst (from Claudian times: S.M.E. van Lith, BJ 1994, 320) and second centuries AD: as a soldiers’ amulet and around the necks of military horses. The only known workshop for making faience melon beads is in a soldiers’ barracks in Cologne-Alteburg (Höpken 2001; for a melon bead in a horse burial: Theune in Pirling/Siepen (2006, 566). Gilt glass beads are either of transparent colourless glass, originally gilt under an outer layer of glass, type TM 387b (B 203.4, centuries I-X) or opaque dark blue glass with gold-coloured encrustation (B 465.9 and 14; a variant of the black glass type TM 27, mid ith-century). The at least 234 latish globular miniature opaque dark blue glass gilt beads B 465.9 have two unpublished parallels from Aalden-Hoge Hof, municipality of Zweeloo, province Drenthe, NE Netherlands (Assen, Drents Museum 1950/IX 3 and 1950/IX 36): black glass gilt beads with irisation where the gilding is worn of (W. van der Sluijs, pers. comm.; Sluijs 2007, type TM 387b, Goldüberfangperlen = gold-slipped beads). Like grave B 465, the Zweeloo beads are to be dated to Vb (M. Erdrich, pers. comm.). The two barrel-shaped dark blue translucent glass with white glass thread of OO 304.1 have an unpublished, possibly ith-century parallel from Beek in the Liemersmuseum (W. van der Sluijs, pers. comm). The dark blue translucent glass bead of OO 304.1 with six yellow eyes with black have 342 — Late Roman parallels (Riha 1999, no 1177; Guido 1978, Pls. II, IV). The jet beads B 204.2-3 and B 740.2 are known as trilobite beads (Riha 1990, 91: Typ 27, 1345). Riha (1990, 91) quotes Keller, who thinks that imitations in black glass come from Pannonia or Raetia and are fourth-century. OO 207.4 has two jet beads of cylindrical shape. Dates. Riha (1990, 91) writes that Haevernick dates trilobite jet beads like B 204.2-3 and B 740.2 to IIIcd-IVab. Pirling (1966, 118) dates two graves with amber beads in IVab and IVB; she dates a grave with a horn bead, comparable in shape to our bone beads in OO 413.4, to IVB. Pirling (1974, 84) dates beads with a decoration of glass wire to IVB. Pirling (1979, 61) remarks that beads are frequently found in graves without potery or glass vessels, and she supposes that they were mostly given in IVcd. Böhme (1974, 41) dates strings of beads of one colour each mainly to IV, especially to IVcd, and the larger beads with glass wire decoration to V. The presence of segmented beads B 298.70 in a grave dated by its coin series to AD 317-320 shows this model at least to be earlier. The same holds for beads OO 88.1, associated with a coin of AD 317-325. Guido (1978, 92) dates segmented beads from Gallo-Roman examples of I BC to examples in England, beginning in II and frequent IIId-IV. According to Riha (1990, 88) the segmented beads become more numerous IIIdIV; the transparent examples from Augst are accompanied by coins of IVB date. The cylindrical glass bead B 778.10 with zigzag decoration, which looks as if it is incised but probably has lost a glass wire decoration, belongs to a group of opaque cilindrical beads that occur from AD 70-IIab up to V (TempelmannMaczyńska 1985, XXII, types 304-309). Similar beads with glass thread and blob decoration are in OO 304.1. They are exotic beads of the Roman period, without precise date, according to Guido 1978. Late beads. A curious case is grave B 661, where four glass beads were found: two tubular, two barrel-shaped, l 0.4-1.5, green and brick red. From the same grave comes an eighth-century copper sceata. Opaque brick red glass beads occur not earlier than IVd, but they remain en vogue for centuries (Siegmann 1997), and tubular green ones are again popular in VIIIab. So the beads and coin belong together (W. van der Sluijs, pers. comm.) and we have in B 661 one isolated eighth-century grave in cemetery B. Anyway, the presence of two eight-century sceatas B 319.intr and B 661.2 are proof of activities in the eight century on the terrain of cemetery B. The other inds in B 319, where the other eighth-century sceata was found, date that grave unequivocally to IVab. Red brick glass beads like the ones in OO 345.1 do not occur before IVd. The greyish blue transparent beads in the same string of beads OO 345.1 have their best parallels in Liebenau grave P10/A2, which is in Siegmann’s phase 1a, i.e. IVdVa (Siegmann 2002-5, volume 4, s.v. P10/A1). The presence of these greyish blue and brick red glass beads in OO 345 makes it the latest datable grave of cemetery OO, dated here, because of the continuity of cemetery OO, to IVd, i.e. AD 376-400. W. van der Sluijs (pers.comm.) comments: All beads belong to well-known small Late Roman types. The few exceptions are: three ?reused melon beads, the trilobite beads B 204.2-3 and B 740.2, the bluish grey bead or spindle whorl from B 180, the gilt or gold-coloured encrusted beads from the ith-century grave (B 465.9) and grave OO 304 with two beads with molten-on glass wire and the bead with molten-on yellow dots and zigzag wires, to be dated 300-400. Bead complexes from the following graves belong to her early group (Van der Sluijs, 2007): B 13, B 198, B 203, B 218, B 298?, B 740, OO 9 (both early and late), OO 12, OO 88, OO 129, OO 207, OO 311, OO 382, OO 396. Bead complexes from the following graves belong to her late group: B 197 (‘possibly already Frankish’), B 465, B 670 (Van der Sluijs compares it to bead 31 in the girdle of the ‘Zweeloo princess’: Van Es/Ypey 1977, Vons-Comis 1988), OO 9 (both early and late), OO 304, OO 345 (‘possibly 343 — already Frankish’) Date: IVa-Vb, most graves being dated IVab; possibly one case VIIIab. Pectoral The pectoral from grave B 465 has been reconstructed from inds B 465.8,9,13,14. It is described in the ind catalogue of B 465. Böhme (1974, 160-1, ig. 53) shows it in more simple form. The parts of the pectoral are discussed in the sections Beads, Armbrustibulae, Composite dish ibulae with Preßblech decoration, and Pendants. Date: AD 434-450. Fibulae: A Germanic and other ibulae from the time of the cemeteries B Earlier Roman ibulae, deliberately put in the Late Roman graves C Earlier Roman ibulae, from the grave illing (intrusions?) or stray inds A Germanic and other ibulae from the time of the cemeteries Armbrust ibulae with faceted foot as wide as the bow: 6 examples Examples: B 143.4, B 465.8, B 465.11, OO 207.12, OO 362.5, OO 412.2. Discussion: Armbrust ibulae with their wide spring derive their name from their supposed similarity to the medieval crossbow, which is called Armbrust in German. Böhme (1974, 7-8) calls the Armbrust ibulae with faceted foot as wide as the bow the most frequent ibula of the region between Elbe and Loire in the fourth century; in VB one such ibula occurs in Gellep grave 968. The ways of wearing it in Nijmegen are the following: three times they occur as the only ibula in the grave; two graves containing Armbrust ibulae combined them with other ibulae. As the only ibula: B 143.4 was lying at the height of the right shoulder of a small person; apart from this female atribute there was a male one as well: an axe outside the coin, to the right of the hip. OO 207.12 had three ingerrings on its bow and was lying together with other personal ornaments to the let of the feet in the coin. OO 412.1 was lying on the right shoulder as the only artefact in the grave. Combined with other ibulae: B 465.8 was lying together with three small beads on the let next to the lower jaw, the point of its needle pointing upwards. B 465.11 was lying on the middle of the breast, the point of its needle pointing upwards. (To the right of the head was lying composite dish ibula B 465.13.) In the discussion of the positions of the inds in B 465, it is suggested that they were part of a spectacular pectoral. The iron Armbrust ibula OO 362.5 was lying on the middle of the upper body, while on the right shoulder there was lying OO 362.3 and on the let shoulder support arm ibula OO 362.4. Date: IVB-VB. Support-arm ibula with rod-shaped bow and rectangular foot, with axe-support: 1 example Example: OO 362.4. Discussion: The only ibula of this type from Nijmegen was lying on the let shoulder of a person who had tutulus ibula OO 362.3 on the right shoulder and Armbrust ibula OO 362.5 on the middle of the body: so we are dealing with a woman. Böhme (1974, 51-52) classiies this ibula, as a derivate of the crossbow ibula, with the male atributes, but he does know six examples from women’s graves, all east of the river Weser: see his ind list 10, p. 356-7 and map 10. His proposed date of Vab for this type does not it in with the date of AD 334-348 for grave OO 362, derived from potery and a coin of AD 330-340. Date: IVb. Tutulus ibulae: 4 (or 5) examples Examples: B 620.14, B 798.1, B 798.2 (ground plate with spring of a bowl or tutulus ibula), OO 362.3, OO stray 67. Discussion: So far, tutulus ibulae have not been found in pairs in Nijmegen. Fibulae OO 362.3 and B 620.14 are of Böhme’s second type, which he 344 — B 620.14 calls type Nijmegen ater B 620.14 and dates to IVab (Böhme 1974, 19-24). They have been preserved almost completely: in the irst, a conical top piece may be missing; in the later, two layers of organical material are missing. They consist each of a bronze ground plate with bronze spring, and a silver top part (illed with lead in at least one case) alternating with other material, around a stem riveted in the ground plate. B 620.14 was found on the let shoulder of a girl and was the only ibula in this inhumation; OO 362.3 was lying on the right shoulder, while there was a bronze support-arm ibula on the let shoulder, and an Armbrust ibula on the middle of the chest. Part of the ground plate with spring of tutulus ibula B 798.1 is preserved, as is the decorated top piece: the middle part is vanished; together with a pin of type Fécamp they were lying on the let shoulder. The decorative disk with which the top piece closes is not correctly depicted by Böhme (1974, 22, ig. 7 and Pl. 86,3): his drawing was presumably made before the disk was cleaned and restored. This disk looks most like that of Vermand grave 24, which belongs to Böhme’s type Oudenburg, dated to IVC (Böhme 1974, 22, ig. 7; 24, Pl. 138, 1a). The ground plate B 798.2 (position in relation to the body unknown) is smaller than that of B 798.1 and therefore probably belongs not to a tutulus but to a composite dish ibula with a (vanished) Preßblech (cf. Böhme 1974, 285, Pl. 86,6). The lower part of tutulus ibula OO stray 67 is of Böhme type Nijmegen. It is mentioned and depicted by Böhme (1974, 286, Pl. 86,14). The decorative plate of B 798.1 is decorated with four anchors, two cordons and waves. It is tempting to see this as a symbolic image characterizing the lady who wore it: in the eyes of the person who chose the ibula for her, she may have been someone quiet amidst diicult circumstances. The cordons seem to contribute to the symbolism: the cables of the anchors. It reminds the author of the moto of the Dutch founding father, prince William of Orange (15331584): Saevis tranquillus in undis = Quiet amidst the raging waves. Date: Type Nijmegen IVab; type Oudenburg IVC. East Germanic-Sarmatian sheet ibulae (‘Blechibulae’): 4 examples Examples: B 288.1 (silver, lost), B stray 1 (bronze; a complete example and the bow of a second one), OO stray 297 (silver). Discussion: Three out of four Nijmegen sheet ibulae with semicircular head and foot fanning out are stray inds; the only one found during excavations, a silver example, has been lost. Van Buchem mentions B stray 1 and OO stray 297 amongst Frankish ibulae (Van Buchem 1941, 122, nos. 1415 and 1414 respectively, Pl. XIX 7 and 6). They can however be dated in Late Roman times, as the Scotish Traprain silver treasure shows. This treasure is dated by its latest coins of Honorius (west, 395-423; Curle 1923, 5, 84, Pl. XXXII, XXXIII). Its date is further curtailed by the latest coins of the setlement in which the scrap silver treasure was found, of Arcadius (east, 383408; Curle 1923, 110). This ibula type dates therefore not later than Arcadius’ time. The Traprain treasure is also helpful to assign the sheet ibulae to an ethnic group. The sheet ibula in the treasure is one of only two personal ornaments in it; the other one is a Sarmatian hand mirror (Curle 1923, Pl. XXXII, XXXIII; cf. Sulimirski 1970, 153 ig. 55, 169 ig. 63, 195 ig. 345 — 73). A Sarmatian hand mirror was found in Gellep grave 4607, in a part of the cemetery consisting only of IVcd graves (Pirling 1988, 455). This same combination of a Sarmatian hand mirror and such a sheet ibula with a somewhat more pointed foot was found in a woman’s grave near Reims; they are considered proof of the presence of Alano-Sarmatians in Gaul (Pirling 1988, 460 Abb. 6; Kazanski 1986). Pirling calls the ibula East Germanic-Sarmatian. This type of sheet ibula is considered East-Germanic in the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (s.v. Fibel und Fibeltracht, K. Späte Völkerwanderungszeit und Merowingerzeit = Martin 2000, 132 (542), ig. 129, 2); however, all 13 examples depicted there have litle knobs at the edge of the head, which are absent from the Nijmegen and Traprain ibulae. Therefore, the Nijmegen and Traprain ibulae and two examples from the Crimea (Salin 1935, 9 no. 13a, 11 no. 14) seem to be the earliest ones in the type series. Finally, exact parallels for our ibulae are in the Troyes museum, and are considered proof of the presence in Gaul of Alanians, a Sarmatic, i.e. a south Russian ethnic group (Sulimirski 1970, 188, Pl. 57, 58); their capital Orléans was besieged by the Huns AD 451. To round of: these sheet ibulae from both Nijmegen-Inner City and Nijmegen-East are East Germanic-Sarmatian, dating to IVcd-Va, and are especially connected with the Sarmatian ethnic group of the Alans. Alans were mentioned twice as horsemen by Vegetius together with the Huns (Epitoma rei militaris 1,20 ; 3,26). People were coming from southern Russia to Gellep, Nijmegen, Reims, Troyes, Orléans, and their plunder was found as far as Scotland: the Sarmatians were here as Roman auxiliary troups. There were praefecti Laetorum et Sarmatorum in central and northern Gaul (Notitia Dignitatum XLII 65-70; Brulet 1995, 104; see remark on the axes above). Date: IVcd-Va. B 465.13 Composite dish ibulae with Preßblech decoration: 2 or 3 examples Examples: B 365.1, B 465.13, B 798.2? Discussion: The bronze Preßblech decoration was glued to the slightly concave bowl-shaped base with resin. The Preßblech of B 365.1 is lost and four scars can be seen where it was glued. The ground plate B 798.2 (position in relation to the body unknown) is smaller than that of the accompanying tutulus ibula B 798.1 and therefore probably belongs not to a tutulus but to a composite dish ibula with a (vanished) Preßblech (cf. Böhme 1974, 285, Pl. 86,6). Neither ibula can be assigned to a type as deined by Böhme, so their date cannot be more precise than the entire period of this kind of ibula: IVa-Vb (Böhme 1974, 28). Böhme (1974, 26) assigns B 465.13 with the interlaced Star of David to his type Rhenen, thus called ater the two examples found in Rhenen graves 356 and 844 (Böhme 1974, Pls. 60,2 and 67,10). He dates Rhenen grave 356 to the middle of V (Böhme 1974, 39). Rhenen, with its as yet unpublished Late Roman/early medieval cemetery, is some 25 km NW of Nijmegen. Preliminary publication: Van Es/Wagner 2000. Böhme calls the Star of David unthinkable without the IVC Kerbschnit belt sets and dates the type in Vab. And, I might add, it is also unthinkable without the interlaced Stars of David on Roman silver tableware made in several areas of the Ro- 346 — man Empire in the fourth century: the luted bowl of Mildenhall, dated IVc (Brailsford 1947, Pl. 6), and bowl 52 of the Kaiseraugst treasure, put in the ground in 352/352 (Kaufmann-Heinimann/Furger 1984, 10 and 36-37). The later one was probably made in Naissus, present-day Niš in Serbia, as were two other Kaiseraugst pieces with interlaced motives, nos 41 (a luted bowl as well) and 60. Composite dish ibula B 465.13 of type Rhenen was lying to the right of the head and above the vanished right shoulder of the priestess in grave B 465: it may have fastened her dress on the right shoulder. In the discussion of the positions of the inds in B 465, it is suggested that it was part of a spectacular pectoral. Date: IVd-Vb; type Rhenen VB. Gold open-work disk ibula: 1 example Example: B stray 238 Discussion: This gold decorative piece, depicted in colour photograph by Bloemers et al. (1981, frontispiece on p. 4), is assigned by Vierck (1974, 357 and 356, ig. 17,4) to a series of Byzantine and ‘byzantinizing’ jewels from the stylistic group around the goldsmith Eligius (AD 588660), because of its open-work tendrils. Eligius, who was bishop of Noyon from AD 639, worked as a goldsmith in the Paris court of the Merovingian king Dagobert I. (Ater his death he was canonized and is known in English as St. Eloi, patron of goldsmiths.) This makes this stray ind, bought from an art dealer and reportedly found near the Broerkerk, a conspicuously late piece for the Inner City cemetery. The ind report may be false. Date: AD 608-639, assuming Eligius was an accomplished goldsmith at the age of 20 and stopped this work when he became a bishop. Frankish bow ibula: 1 example Example: OO stray 299. Discussion: The Frankish bow ibula depicted by Van Buchem (1941, Pl. XIX 5, p. 122, no. 1413) comes from the Hunerberg, so possibly from cemetery Nijmegen-East. Vallet (19972, 684) calls it the standard female ibula in northern Gaul in VIa: straight foot, semicircular head decorated with ribs and spiral motives, and elongated by ive knobs. The model corresponds to ibula 12.8 in Siegmund (1998, ig. 81), which belongs to his phase 3, AD 485-530. Date: AD 485-530. B Earlier Roman ibulae, deliberately put in the Late Roman graves There are too many earlier Roman ibulae present in the Late Roman graves of Nijmegen to consider their presence accidental, i.e. to think that they happened to get into the illing. We see the same phenomenon with irst- and second-century coins, discussed in Chapter 3. Aucissa ibula: 2 examples Examples: B 132.1 (bronze), OO 48.3 (iron) Discussion: Aucissa ibulae are hinge ibulae, typical of Roman soldiers and made in pre-Flavian times, so in Iab(c) (Haalebos 1986, 43). OO 48.3, of which the position in relation to the body is unknown, may have been dug up unintentionally and thrown into the grave with the illing. B 132.1 was lying to the right of the top of the head and may have been a found example, reused intentionally. Date: Iab(c). Wire ibula: 2 examples Examples: B 204.5, B stray 317. Discussion: B stray 317 comes from a feature earlier than IV near grave B 680; B 204.5 comes from a grave with many female atributes and was lying near the let leg. (Its name in common parlance, soldier’s ibula, is hardly mentioned in the literature, apart from Van de Weerd (1944, 332, no. 13A) and the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (s.v. Fibel und Fibeltracht 516, Abb. 112,1.) The round hole in the foot inds a parallel in a wire ibula from Maurik (Haalebos 1986, 93, ig. 43, 34). Haalebos (1986, 51-52) dates the wire ibulae AD 70 to IIcd. Example B 204.5 may be a found and reused one. Alternatively but less probably, it may have unintention- 347 — ally come into the illing of the grave and sunk to the level of the grave goods aterwards. Date: Ad 70-IId. Knee ibula: 1 example (lost) Example: OO 186.10. Discussion: Knee ibulae, thus called ater the conspicuous bend in their bow, were made in the irst century AD (Haalebos 1986, 30-31). The lost example OO 186.10, which was found on the lower body on the let and was accompanied by seven pieces of potery from IVab, must have been either a found and reused one or an intrusion. Date: I. Hinge ibula with lateral knobs: 1 example Example: B 517.intr. Discussion: There seems to be no exact parallel for B 517.intr. It may be assigned to Van Buchem’s group 20B: strongly proiled bow with lateral knobs (Van Buchem 1941, 96-98, Pl. XI 1-22) and Haalebos’ hinge ibulae C (Haalebos 1986, 46-47, ig. 32, 4-5), dated by him from Claudian times to II. So it may be that B 517.1, found in unknown position in relation to the body, is either an intrusion or something intentionally thrown in the grave as it was being illed. Date: IB-II. C Earlier Roman ibulae, from the grave illing or stray inds (an Aucissa ibula and a wire ibula, discussed above in section B, belong to this category) Eye ibula: 1 or 2 examples Examples: B 231.1, B stray 304. Discussion: Eye ibulae mainly come from Claudian times (Haalebos 1986, 35-41). B 231.1 can therefore be considered either an intrusion from earlier times or something intentionally thrown into the grave as it was being illed. B stray 304, found on the Mariënburg, is called ‘a very big eye ibula’ in the documentation. Date: IB. Rosete ibula: 2 examples Examples: B 227.3 (fragment), B 299.2 (fragment). Discussion: The fragmentary rosete ibulae belong to an early Roman type (Van Buchem 1941, 74-76, Pl. IV), which seems to have been used mainly by indigenous Gallic women (Haalebos 1986, 73; his note 145 refers to B 227.3). For neither example the position in relation to the body is known: one may surmise they are intrusions or intentionally thrown objects in the illing of the grave. Their fragmentary state argues for the irst possibility. Date: IB. OO 101.11 Trumpet ibula Almgren 101: 1 example Example: OO 101.11. Discussion: This conspicuously decorative Germanic silver trumpet ibula comes from an unknown position in the grave, and with its date of Id it will be either an intrusion or something intentionally thrown in the grave as it was being illed in. Date: Id. Other ibulae: 4 examples Examples: B 690.4 (pin of a ibula), B 829.1 (no data), B stray 54, B stray 195. Discussion: No drawing exists of B stray 54. B stray 195 is, according to Van Buchem (1941, p 98, no. 650, Pl X 34), a hinge ibula with strongly proiled bow, found on the Mariënburg; Daniëls (1955, 244, n. 3) contradicts this and thinks that the ibula with inventory number BE.IV.51A is the 348 — one found on the Mariënburg; if so, there is no drawing. B 829.1 is lost and there are no data. Bracelets: A Sapropelite bracelets B Glass bracelets C Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire, with a small bell Related with these: small bells with tongue D Undecorated bracelets with expanding fastening E Bronze bracelets: strip, solid penannular and snakeshead bracelets F Hollow bronze sheet bracelets with an iron core G Bone bracelets Combinations of bracelets in our cemeteries usually are a sign of prosperity: they occur in ive rich graves, in two reasonably rich graves, and in two graves with hardly or no other grave goods. The graves concerned are: B 620 (several metal wire bracelets in a rich girl’s grave), B 701 (several examples in a wooden chest in a rich grave), OO 12 (several examples in a reasonably rich grave), OO 9 (several examples in a rich grave), OO 207 (several examples in a reasonably rich grave), OO 252 (diferent materials, same type in rich grave), OO 195 (one at each forearm in a grave with grave goods), OO 382 (several examples in a rich grave), and OO 311 (several examples in grave with one grave good). A Sapropelite bracelets: 3 examples Examples: B 196.7, OO 129.3, OO 252.10. Discussion: The three bracelets discussed here were not found on a wrist. Pirling (1966, 118-119) mentions a bracelet of this sot dull-black material from a grave dated by coins to the years ater AD 298. Under a microscope, the material proved to be cannel coal or sapropelite: a stone formed by the accumulation and compression of dead water-organisms under anaerobic conditions. The material is discussed by M. Teichmüller in Pirling (1974, 227) and in Der Neue Pauly s.v., where its provenance from Bohemia and Moravia is mentioned. Pirling (1974, 87) mentions four sapropelite bracelets to be dated in IVB or IVAB; they were never found on the wrist. Pirling (1979, 62) mentions a sapopelite bracelet, datable to either IVab because of potery or to IVB because of glass beads found with it. Date: IVAB. OO 9.8 B Glass bracelets: 3 examples Examples: B 180.11 (black), OO 9.8 (transparent dark green), OO 252.8 (shining black, opaque). Discussion: Pirling (1974, 86-87) mentions a glass bracelet from a child’s grave in a part of the Gellep cemetery with only IVcd graves. Pirling (1979, 62) dates a new glass bracelet also in IVcd. The Nijmegen graves are to be dated 316-318, 301-350 and 301-350, respectively. Date: IVab. C Bracelets of twisted or twined bronze wire, with a small bell, 6 examples Examples: B 13.2, B 172.3, B 197.7, B 203.3, B 620.7, B 699.1. Discussion: Three out of the four graves mentioned are children’s graves, as appears from their dimensions: the bracelet of twisted metal wire is a litle girl’s atribute. Pirling (1966, 118) mentions a bracelet, twined from three bronze wires with fastening consisting of hook and eye, in a fourth-century grave. Pirling (1966, 180-181) dates them up to Vab. Pirling (1974, 85-86) dates 349 — fourteen new examples to IVB and one around AD 400. Pirling (1979, 61-62) mentions one more example, which she dates ater AD 350 because of its W-E orientation. Swit discusses the bracelets with twisted square section (2000, 128, ig. 151, top right) and the two-strand cable bracelets without (2000, 124; distribution map p. 125, ig. 146) and with wrapped terminals (2000, 123, ig. 144 botom right; distribution map p. 126, ig. 148). Date: IVAB. From B 699.1 hangs a small bell with a tongue. Related to these bracelets are the following inds: Small bells with clapper: 4 examples, two of which hanging from a bracelet Examples: B 185.1, B 683.1, B 699.1, B 740.1. Discussion: Three out of these four graves are children’s graves; the association with twisted bracelets makes it probable that it is a small girls’ atribute. Pirling (1966, 126-127) mentions a small bell from a child’s grave (IIId-IVa), remarking that bells are found more oten in Roman graves (KölnJbVFG 4, 1959, 25), and supposing an apotropaic purpose. Also in the Roman catacombs, twisted bracelets with small bells are interpreted as small girls’ atributes. Willemsen (2003, ig. 52, 79-82) discusses an engraving from Boldeti (1720) on which they are depicted together with dolls. The small bell with concentric circles botom let on this engraving is a striking parallel for the small bell B 185.1 from Nijmegen. Date: IVAB. D Undecorated bracelets with expanding fastening: 8 examples Examples: B 402.1, B 402.2, B 592.2, B 620.9a (iron), B 751.4 (?, iron), OO 207.5, OO 207.6, OO 473.4. Discussion: Undecorated bracelets with expanding fastening consist of metal wire bent in an oval shape whose ends overlap several cm, ater which they are twisted around the wire next to it. They were made to allow for growth or passing over the hand by sliding the ends nearer to one another and thus widening the bracelet. They were probably bought for girls, who kept wearing them into adult age, as appears from the lengths of the coins in which they were found: child’s grave, length unknown - 140 - 160 - 162 - 170 - 194 - 200 - 204 cm (the values above 160 being well over the average length of women of this time). B 620.9, from the sarcophagus of the Grutberg, deviates in three ways from the other examples: it is made of iron wire, it has two metal beads outside the slide fastenings, and 8-shaped iron links hang from it. Remains of three ine bone bracelets, which had been preserved in the iron corrosion, have been let in place at restoration. The iron bracelet B 751.4, which has not been cleaned, has three complete and three broken glass beads on it, and is probably also an iron-wire adjustable bracelet. Pirling (1966, 118) mentions one adjustable bracelet from IVB. Böhme (1974, 45, Taf. 95,11) mentions a variant made of thick wire with thin ends. Swit discusses these bracelets (2000, 127; distribution map p. 125, ig. 146). Date: IVAB. E Bronze bracelets: 28 examples (7 strip bracelets, 8 solid penannular bracelets, 8 snakeshead bracelets, 5 other bracelets) Examples of strip bracelets: B 172.3, OO 12.9, OO 195.1, OO 195.2, OO 341.1, OO 382.6, OO 413.5. Examples of solid penannular bracelets: B stray 29, OO 12.4, OO 12.5, OO 88.2, OO 207.7, OO 473.4, OO stray 295-6. Examples of snakeshead bracelets: B 154.2, B 185.2, OO 12.7, OO 12.8, OO 37.4, OO 311.4, OO 311.5, OO 311.6. Examples of other bronze bracelets: B 701.12, OO 207.8, OO 382.7, OO stray 295-296. Discussion: Swit (2000, 117-185) treats fourthcentury bronze bracelets. As with the crossbow ibulae, she refers to all kinds of decorations by means of numbers, showing drawings without ever deining the decorations or referring to, let alone giving, the complete list from which she 350 — draws. Nevertheless, her decoration numbers are given here. On strip bracelets we have decorations a2 (Swit 2000, 129; distribution map 141 ig. 170), a5 (129; distribution map 140 ig. 169), a14 (129; 132 ig. 156 botom right; distribution map 142 ig. 172) and h3 (145; distribution map 152 ig. 189). On snakeshead bracelets terminals of Swit’s type 1 (153; distribution map 169 ig. 215, something that looks like an abstract version of the naturalistic type 10 (but that is from Raetia and Noricum: 153; distribution maps 170 igs. 217-218), and type 31 (173, distribution map 224). Some decorations found on Nijmegen bracelets are not treated in Swit 2000. The Nijmegen bronze bracelets were never welded fast. There are closed bracelets, bracelets which can be opened and permanently open bracelets. There are two closed bronze bracelets. The ends of the strip bracelet OO 382.6 have been riveted together. OO 311.3 has a double twisted fastening that cannot be expanded (in contrast to the adjustable bracelets discussed under D). Both are strip bracelets with engraved decoration. The other strip bracelets which can be opened derive their rigidity from their fastening. Engraved decoration on the entire exterior surface is found on bracelets of lat-oval section (OO 88.2, OO 195.2, OO stray 296) and on strip bracelets; in four out of these ive, the fastening consisting of hook and eyelet has been preserved (OO 12.9, OO 207.8, OO 195.1, OO 341.1, OO 413.5; eyelet preserved on OO stray 296). B 701.12 possibly has an eyelet. The permanently open bracelets derive their rigidity from their round or square section; they frequently have decorated ends. One has lancetshaped ends (snakesheads?: B 185.2), seven have stylized snakesheads as terminals (B 154.2, OO 37.4, OO 12.6-7, OO 311.4-6). Four permanently open bracelets (called penannular solid bracelets by Swit 2000, 130 ig. 153 top let; distribution maps 131, ig. 154-155) are completely undecorated or almost so: OO 12.4,5,7 and OO stray 295. Also undecorated but lat and band-shaped as well is the permanently open bracelet OO 207.7, which was worn together with three other thin bracelets. An incomplete thin ribbed bracelet is unique: B 172.3. Date: IVAB for all three kinds. F Hollow bronze sheet bracelets (with an iron core?): 3 examples Examples: OO 9.13, OO 29.12, OO 311.7. Discussion: An incomplete hollow bronze sheet bracelet with ingeniously hammered decoration and probably an iron core: OO 9.13; bronze tube OO 29.12 and lat-rectangular iron pieces OO 311.7 possibly also are parts of such bracelets. Pirling (1974, 86) has two such bracelets in one grave, datable to IVB by a coin of AD 337. Cf. Swit (2000, 180 ig. 228). Date: IVcd. G Bone bracelets: 4 examples, 3 of which from one grave Examples: B 620.9b-d (three), B 701.13. Discussion: All four bracelets are in a very fragmentary state. They occur in two rich graves, which both also contain another bracelet. They are very thin and have a round, lat-oval or Dshaped section. As the three examples in B 620 were (partially) preserved by corrosion, other examples elsewhere may have been lost. Date: IVAB. Finger-rings A Gold inger-rings B Silver inger-ring C Bronze inger-rings D Iron inger-ring E Opaque glass inger-rings Only three inger-rings are mentioned for Gellep (Pirling 1966, 119; 1979, 62-63, remarking that inger-rings do not belong to the usual inds). The Nijmegen cemeteries have so far produced twelve rings. Böhme (1974, 120-122) remarks that inger-rings occur both in female and in male graves. There are no parallels for the Nijmegen rings in the studies mentioned. 351 — B 680.5-6, B 680.7 OO 250.13 A Gold inger-rings: 3 examples Examples: B 680.7 (with gold bezel), OO 250.13 (with gem), OO stray 313 (adjustable inger-ring, found on a spoil heap during the excavations near the Margriet pavilion). Discussion: The worn gold inger-ring B 680.7 with gold bezel, on which the upper bodies of a man and a woman are depicted, has the Greek legend OMONOIA = concord. The woman on the let, in proile, raises her right forearm to the breast of her husband on the right, whose body is shown frontally but who turns his head towards her and apparently does not reciprocate her caress. The ring has been discussed by the excavator Brunsting twice: in a newspaper and in an archaeological review (Brunsting 1952a; 1953). He considers it to be a wedding ring that had been worn for a long time. The conspicuous number of seven gold globules with which the bezel is soldered to the hoop, he suggests, might refer to the seven week-gods of the Septizonium, the seven planet-gods, in Roscher’s words Lenker des menschlichen Schicksale: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercurius, Juppiter, Venus, and Saturnus. He does ind parallels but no clue for a date. OMONOIA rings and an OMONOIA gold girdle are discussed by Kathrin Schade and interpreted as wedding atributes; their iconography is compared with that of married couples on sarcophagi (Schade 2003, 124-127, Pl. 15.3-5 (rings), Pl. 17.2 (girdle), Pl. 16.1-2 (sarcophagi)). Her observation that in iconography emotional utering is given to the female half and that the man remains passive, its in very well with the depiction on the Nijmegen ring. But even her study gives us no clue for a date of the Nijmegen ring (other than: earlier than her Theodosian examples), as it has no real parallel. The gold inger-ring with gem OO 250.13 with its special form has no parallel I know of. A comparable human igure on the bevelled glass stone: Gellep grave 740 (Pirling 1966, part 1, 175 ig. 6). Pirling assigns grave 740 to her phase III, to be dated VIbcd (Pirling 1966, part 2, 22, 93, Pl. 65). The other inds in OO 250, however, put the date for the Nijmegen ring no later than IVA. The adjustable gold-wire inger-ring OO stray 313 is unique amongst the inger-rings, but can be compared to the adjustable bronze-wire bracelets of the same structure and is therefore to be dated IVAB. Date: IVAB. B Silver inger-ring: 1 example Example: OO 207.9. Discussion: From the bow of Armbrust ibula OO 207.12 hang two open bronze inger-rings and one closed silver inger-ring. The silver ring, inner d. 1.7, has a hoop w 0.2, which broadens to the shoulders with an engraved triangle each and to a thicker round bezel, d 0.5, with an engraved x. Date: IVab. 352 — E Opaque glass inger-rings: 3 examples Examples: B stray 194 (2x), B stray 199. Discussion: One of these rings has a decoration of three times an O. No further data. Rings of unknown function: 13 examples (18 rings) Examples: B 620.19 (fragment of a small bronze ring, position in sarcophagus unknown), B 670.1 (small bronze ring plus half a second one), B 704.10, B 778.8 (small bronze ring), OO 12.10 (thin bronze ring), OO 49.1 (bronze ringlet, no data), OO 186.9 (bronze ring, no data), OO 195.3-4 (two bronze rings), OO 277.3-4 (two bronze rings), OO 473.5 (iron ring). OO 102.4 C Bronze inger-rings: 5 examples Examples: OO 9.14 (with bezel), OO 29.2c (ingeror belt-ring), OO 102.4 (with gem), OO 207.10-1 (two out of three rings, hanging from a ibula), OO 304.2. Discussion: Grave OO 29, in which not only bronze ring OO 29.2c occurs, but also iron ring OO 29.1, is a male burial, as appears from the belt set. OO 102.4 has a glass gem in which an animal to the let is indicated with a series of drill holes. OO 207.9-11 are three small inger-rings, hanging from the bow of an Armbrust ibula Böhme 37e, i.e. the standard ibula of the Frisia area. One is a silver closed ring, two are bronze open rings, consisting each of a hoop widening from 0.05 to 0.2. The triple bezel of OO 304.2 consists of three oval planes divided from one another by incised lines; on the middle plane there is a semi-globular thickening. Date: IVabc. D Iron inger-ring: 1 example Example: OO 29.1. Discussion: Iron inger-ring OO 29.1 was found in a male inhumation, as appears from a belt set. It has not been cleaned and seems to have a bezel. Date: IVd. Sapropelite (also known as cannel coal or lydite) makeup box: 1 example Example: OO 250.17. Discussion: Make-up or jewelry box OO 250.17 is made of sapropelite, a material discussed above in section A of the bracelets. Its material and dimensions (d 11.4, h when closed 3.9) make it a unique piece. A comparable smaller example made of real lydite (= black lignite, called ater a site near the Lydian city of Gagis) was found in Gellep grave 1223 and dated by Pirling to IVab (Pirling 1966, part 2, 144, Pl. 102:18ab, Pl. 118:4; Pirling/Siepen 2006, 305). In the same study, however, she dates it to IIId-IVa and interprets it as a make-up box because of a lydite spatula lying near it, probably used for applying make-up (Pirling 1966, part 1, 125). Such an indication is missing for the Nijmegen example. The fact that it was empty and that the grave also contained a wooden chest, in which jewelry was usually kept, may mean that this was a make-up box as well. The function of unguent-box, however, is excluded: the intricate incised decoration of the interior botom would be invisible under the unguent and could not be cleaned hygienically. So the most probable function seems to be a box for a powder-puf. When the owner used it, she would see the decoration enhanced by the powder lying in the incised lines. Date: IVA. 353 — Bone combs: 3 examples (one lost) Examples: B 620.16, B 834.7 (lost), OO 400.4. Discussion: Both preserved combs are triangular in shape and consist of three layers of bone, held together with metal pins: B 620.16 had ten bronze pins, of which one is lost; six iron pins are preserved in OO 400.4. Three layers does not mean three plates: comb B 620.16 has seven bone parts; one plate of the middle layer of OO 400.4 is twisted, protrudes and shows a straight side. Some beginnings of the teeth, sawn in the middle layer, are preserved in B 620.16. The outer surfaces of both combs are decorated with dot-and-circles along the sides. Böhme (1974, 122) calls this model form A, to be dated in IVab. According to the documentation there was also a comb B 834.7: if it ever existed, it is now lost. Date: IVab. and Glass Mirror Covers, about whose date and provenance she is silent. The silver-plated bronze mirror OO stray 48, found in the Hugo de Grootstraat, belongs to Lloyd-Morgan’s group Rc (no. 2), Roman Lid Mirrors (Lloyd-Morgan 1981, 74). On p. 69 she seems to imply that this group is irst-century; in that case, the mirror comes not from the fourth-century cemetery OO, but from the irst-century cemetery, which it overlaps. Date: IVab. Cosmetic paletes: 3 instances Examples: B 59.15 (porido verde), B 180.8, B 180.9. Discussion: Cosmetic paletes are not mentioned by Pirling for Gellep, nor by Böhme for the ElbeLoire area. Cosmetic palete B 59.15 is a reused round piece of costly opus sectile, porido verde antico (metamorphic labradorite poririte, provenance: Marathonisi in the southern Peloponnese; determination H. Kars). The two possible cosmetic paletes B 180.8 and B 180.9 are round and of white granular limestone; these too may be reused architectural material. Date: IVab. B 620.17 Mirrors: 3 examples Examples: B 59.13 (lost), B 620.17, B stray 283?, OO stray 48. Discussion: Of those found in the excavation, only mirror B 620.17 with its lead seting is preserved in a heavily restored state (Kempkens 1999, 7). Böhme (1974, 48) writes that mirrors with lead seting are known from Roman graves of the third and fourth centuries, but he mentions this example as the only one between the Elbe and the Loire. Pirling (1966, 1974 and 1979) mentions no mirrors in Gellep. Lloyd-Morgan (1981, 106) assigns this mirror to her group Y, Glass Mirrors B 26.1 Wooden chests: 14 examples plus three loose keys and a ?bolt of a lock Examples: B 26.1, B 207.6, B 293.4, B 320.1, B 701.9, OO 24.2, OO 103.4, OO 144.11?, OO 250.18+14 (decorative nail), OO 250.19? (wood remains with red paint; nails), OO 252.11, OO 301.1, OO 305.1?, OO 339.10 (presumed), OO 354 — 339.11, OO 339.12 (presumed), OO 361.6; B 140.7 (iron keys), B 227.2 (bolt of a lock?), B stray 261 (bronze key). Discussion: The most important literature on these wooden chests is Buschhausen 1971, Gáspár 1986 and Radnóti 1957. Dinkler-von Schubert 1980 points out that these chests were known as arcae not as scrinia, as Buschhausen 1971 calls them. It may be added that the Latin word arcanus (meaning hidden, concealed, secret, private) is connected with arca. Medusa heads on the chests were meant to keep everyone but the owner from looking inside. Measurements of seven chests are known: B 26.1 B 293.4 B 701.9 B 207.6 OO 24.2 OO 339.11 width depth height height lid 38 40 38 38 11 56 ? 6 ? ? ? ? 36 20 24? 35 11 50 28 26 27 ? 11 ≥30 The measurements of B 320.1 (see there) can only be guessed at, but they are of a diferent order: some 10x6 cm. On wood joints and iron corner reinforcements the following remarks may be made. Gáspár (1986, 36), in her book on such chests, refers to Sokolskij, who had remarked that wood joints in antiquity were such that no metal reinforcements were needed. This opinion is not supported by the Nijmegen material presented here: we do ind wood joints three times, but much more often bent lozenge-shaped iron corner reinforcements are used to join side and back. Wood joints are found in B 293.4, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. B 293.4 has dovetails in the front corners of the lid. In B 701.9 two strips on the inside of the front (top right) have been chiselled out, which served to hold two laths that together formed a small compartment for small objects. When the chest was restored (Kempkens 2001), the compartment was made over the entire depth of the chest. OO 339.11 has a dovetail top right between side and front. Moreover, its lid has a hollow proile that closes over the raised inner border of the chest. Iron corner reinforcements are present on four or ive chests: B 26.1, B 293.4, B 207.6(?), OO 250.4 and OO 339.11. Their presence is mysterious, because they are not needed on wood joints. Moreover, they are needed only on heavy chests meant for heavy contents; nothing of the sort has ever been suggested for these chests, nor will it be suggested below. Their coarse character and the sometimes large nails that held them (lat head 1x1 on OO 339.11) excludes that they were meant as decoration. A possible explanation is that they were needed to bear the weight of the lid when it hung completely open. Further nails were found in one possible chest of 56x48, in grave B 6. Remains of iron hinges were found in three chests: B 293.4, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. In B 701.9 one was preserved and restored. In B 293.4 two have been preserved in corroded condition: lat strips of iron that were apparently mounted on the back with two nails each, l 9-13.2, w 2-2.2. At their top is a hole, through which goes the eye of another strip. These strips, broken of in all cases, were apparently mounted vertically on the back of the lid. Two iron hinges of OO 339.11 each consist of two partly folded iron strips, mounted with two iron nails; the vertical one goes with its central part around the hinge pin, the horizontal one does so with two side parts each. Two large bronze decorative nails with rectangular shats and heavy lat-globular heads covered with silver decorative plates held the front holes of each horizontal hinge strip. A discussion of locks is to be found in Gáspár (1986, 40-58). Iron locks, mounted on the inside on the wood have been found in B 26.1, B 701.9 and OO 339.11. The shape of the keyhole in the bronze sheet mounting of B 26.1 and B 701.9, a narrow vertical slit with rounded ends, implies a turning lock in which the key was probably revolved 360o. The iron lock of B 701.9 is preserved, but neither this nor the hinges were included in the 2001 restoration, since they were 355 — only located in the museum depot in 2002. The plate that was part of the lock on the inside of the chest is 10 cm high, and its width tapers from 6.7 at the top and 5 at the botom. The iron lock consists of a strip hanging from the inside of the front of the lid plus this internal lock plate nailed onto the wood and curved in such a way that the iron strip could slide between it and the wood. A square hole in the lock plate has an upstanding bronze pin at the botom right corner, which would snap into a corresponding hole in the strip. The (missing) key conceivably drew the strip towards the wood and away from the bronze pin, thus allowing the chest to open. Chest OO 339.11 has a keyhole of bearded shape. All three belong to Gáspár’s lock type VIII. Keys were found with chests OO 250.18 and OO 252.11. Key OO 250.18a is a turning key with partly hollow shat, that must have ited over the tongue of a lock of Gáspár’s type VIII. OO 252.11e is a slide key and presumably belongs to a lock of Gáspár’s Type III, variant 2. This key is put through the keyhole into the bolt, turned 90o and ited under the tumbling pins that keep the bolt in its place. The key is then lited together with the tumblers, ater which the bolt is slid sidewards together with the key. Turning keys without a lock to which they belonged are the two iron ones B 140.7 and the bronze B stray 261. The small bronze object B 227.2 with rectangular hole and protrusions possibly is the bolt of a lock with a tumbler in the rectangular hole. The bronze sheet mountings were decorative and were ixed with bronze decorative nails, and/or, in the case of loose pieces with igures on them, a white substance; excavator Brunsting in his notes calls it gypsum, whereas restorer Kempkens, in the case of B 701.9, names it lead or tin with lead/tin disease (Kempkens 2001, 1.7). Willer (2000, 366) discusses the alloy used for the bronze sheet of a comparable chest: 86% copper, 7% tin, 7% zinc, no lead. ‘This alloy would be named red brass nowadays, an alloy with good properties for forging, which makes a bloat-free cast possible, a necessary condition for hammering it out to a thin sheet.’ The complete scheme of bronze sheet mountings is known for four chests: B 26.1, B 701.9, OO 339.11 and B 293.4. The irst three mentioned are decorated according to the scheme of Gáspár group VI (1986, 55-56, ig. 44). These groups do not imply a chronology. B 293.4 was decorated in a scheme not depicted by Gáspár: two continuous corner mountings with three protruding and two indented compartments; above them, on the corners of the lid, were mountings corresponding to the protruding compartments. These corner mountings of the lid and the protruding compartments underneath are decorated along their inwardpointing rims by cuting out seven semicircles and piercing two holes behind each semicircle. B 293.4 also has a rectangular keyhole plate and above it, on the lid, a corresponding rectangular plate where the handle must have been. On OO 339.11 the thin undecorated bronze sheet is mounted on the front corners in two groups of three horizontal strips with three small bronze nails each; two narrower corner strips were on the front corners of the lid. In the middle of the top rim is the keyhole plate. Above it, on the front of the lid, is a bronze sheet rectangle with two incised concentric circles between two bronze eyelets in which the handle hangs. The omega-shaped handle has bent proiled ends. On B 26.1, eight bronze sheet corner plates are placed on the front corners in such a way, that square ields with concentric circles and ive decorative nails decorate the front. Also, there are three pentagonal and four round plates decorated in relief. The pentagonal ones have a rosete, which has a frontal human head in its centre, the round ones a winged Amor standing to the right under a tree. B 701.9: Six corner plates connect front and sides: two on the lid, four on the corners. The inside edges are notched with alternating triangles and rectangles; a keyhole-shaped hole is cut behind each triangle. Top and botom edges of the corner plates are punched with small diagonal crosses. On the middle of the top edge is the keyhole plate, decorated in the same way and 356 — B 701.9 mounted with decorative nails showing frontal lions’ heads in relief within a beading. On a loose rectangle to the let is a Christian representation: the chaste Susanna. On the middle, round plate a Medusa head with parted hair and a plait in the middle. Between the top corner plates and the keyhole plate are two vertical rectangular plates with Christian representations: on the let, Daniel in the lions’ den, to the right the raising of Lazarus. These three rectangular plates are the oldest known Christian representations in the Netherlands. They have the common theme ‘God saves from oppression’, a theme discussed by Van Laarhoven (1992, 20-27) as characteristic of the earliest Christian iconography of biblical themes. The Medusa head, from pagan mythology, is conspicuous amidst the Christian representations but can be regarded as apotropaic. (Neuss 1933, 45-47, who also calls the lions’ heads apotropaic; Buschhausen 1971, 9; ClaußThomassen (1991) treats the famous bronze sheets from Mainz-Kastel with - far clearer parallels for the Christian imagery on B 701.9.) Steures (2004a) shows the Nijmegen and MainzKastel parallels together. Of the other chests, the scheme is not completely known; corner and decorative plates were used here too. The following decorative bronze sheets deserve mention. OO 24.2: rectangle with cut-of corners and concave sides, along which oblique punched bows; in concentric circles, a decorative nail with a thin silver plate on an thin bronze plate with Medusa head. A fragment of OO 250.18 shows a fragment of a punched round plate with a Medusa or lion’s head. The facetted green glass plate OO 250.14 was mounted on an iron nail and may have been part of chest OO 250.18. Where contents could be determined, they concern (apart from a coin in OO 339.11) female ornaments, perfumes, dressing accessories, and repair sets. B 320.1: two bronze rings, a bronze buckle with incised tongue, a piece of bronze sheet, a strap end (V-shaped piece of bronze sheet with two rivets on it), a piece of bronze wire or bracelet. B 293.4: sewing-needle, silver pin. B 701.9: glass balsamarium, silver pin, two fragments of a spiral-shaped bracelet, bone bracelet. Two other chests without preserved contents were accompanied by female ornaments: with OO 250.18 necklace, earring, makeup (or jewelry) box and chain of beads; with OO 252.11 bracelets, balsamarium and pin. Pirling (1974, 92) mentions two chests in one grave, one of which, near the head, contained pins, and the other, in the foot end, contained beads, coins, a bracelet and a key. The presence of dress accessories suggests that the chest was used predominantly for the storage of veils and scarves (e.g. OO 250.20 is a piece of textile found in chest OO 250.18). In all cases where the contents told something about the gender of the deceased, ive out of ten chests, this was a woman. Gáspár (1986, 39), who discusses chests in Pannonia, however warns that the idea that chests are purely female is untenable. The position of the chests in the graves was as follows. Once (B 26.1) above and east of the head; once (B 293.4) to the let of the head end; once (OO 339.11) to the right of the head; once (B 701.9) in a large niche to the right of the hip; once, in a child’s grave (B 320.1), ± 25 cm from the foot end on or in the coin; twice (OO 24.1, OO 250.18) in the foot end of the coin, and three times (B 207.6, OO 103.4, OO 252.11) outside the coin on the foot end; so in six out of ten cases near the foot end. 357 — For the distribution of the chests, see Buschhausen (1971) and Böhme (1974, 49-50). About the chronology of the chests the following may be remarked. Chest OO 339.11 contained a coin from AD 332-333 and so was deposited in or ater those years. Pirling (1966, 126) mentions three chests from Gellep, to be dated c.AD 300, IVab and IVB. So they are to be dated to IVAB. Date: IVAB. Iron shears: 2 examples Examples: B 140.2, B 465.23. Discussion: Shears were found in one male (B 140, with a hinge ibula with long hinge arms and a melon bead, both soldiers’ atributes) and one female burial. Pirling (1966, 210) mentions four shears from Gellep: one in a male burial, two in female burials, and one uncertain. Böhme (1974, 126-127) remarks that one-piece shears occur as oten in Germanic male as in female burials, that they are oten near the feet of the deceased, and sometimes near the head or right shoulder. In six instances it is combined with comb and razor within a case, which suggests that at least some of the shears were meant for hair and beard dressing. Finally, he remarks that they only occur in rich burials. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 417-8) points out that shears occur in burials that are diferent from the usual graves, e.g. as they were cremations in the middle of inhumations. This holds for our grave B 140; and the female inhumation B 465 is rich and late, in a time that most graves did not get grave goods anymore. Their inal remark, that shears were probably Germanic rather than Roman, its in with the mixed Roman and Germanic nature of the artefacts in B 465, especially the pectoral suggested in the remark to B 465. Date: IVa-Vb. Ear-pick: 2 examples Example: OO stray 52-3 Discussion: Literature on ear-picks may be found via Cahn/Kaufmann-Heinimann (1984, 122, no. 39). Ear-picks not having been found in regular excavations in cemetery OO, it is doubtful whether these object do come from the Late Roman cemetery. Bronze sewing-needles: 5 examples Examples: B 293.5 (in wooden chest), B 465.19, B stray 196b, B stray 254. OO stray 51. Discussion: The presence of sewing-needle B 293.5 in a wooden chest shows that such chests could contain, apart from personal ornaments, also repair sets for textile. This suggests in its turn that the largest volume of the chests was used for the storage of clothing. (Böhme (1974, 48) mentions needle-cases with iron sewingneedles with threads atached, in the area to the right of the Rhine.) The other inds in B 293 date the grave to IVAB; those in B 465, to AD 434450. Date: IVa-Vb. Glass game counters: 2 examples Examples: OO 12.3, OO 37.5. Both Nijmegen game counters come from female burials. They are of opaque blue or black glass, are round, have a more or less lat underside and a latish convex top. These calculi were used in sets, both in board games (Rieche 1981), and on wooden abaci or calculating boards. Such a playing set is known from Gellep, where 24 decorated playing disks in two colour sets were found, which in view of their number will have been used in the ludus XII scriptorum (Pirling 1966, 125-126, colour plate B opposite p. 124). Giving a single calculus, useless for either calculation or gaming, seems to be a symbolic ritual referring to chance or fate, which play a great role both in games and in (early) death. The theme of board games with this symbolic meaning in graves is discussed by Vermeule (1979, 80-2) and Junker (2003, 11 and 36 n. 41). Both graves OO 12 and OO 37 are dated IVAB by many other inds. Date: IVAB. 358 — Unique pieces in female burials Bronze spatula: 1 example Example: OO 9.15 Discussion: Only one drop-shaped end of a spatula was found. Iron stilus: 1 example Example: OO 252.12 Discussion: The complete iron stilus with point and erasing blade OO 252.12 was found in the top illing of a lady’s grave. It may be an intrusion, or it may have been thrown in intentionally as the grave was being illed in. If so, it was a symbol of the literacy of the lady. Date: AD 350. B 620.15 Tambourine sticks: 4 examples from one grave Example: B 620.15 Discussion: Van Buchem (1958b) already noticed parallels for our four tambourine sticks from the sarcophagus of the Grutberg: at Heßloch and Kaiseraugst. Since then, eight more examples in the northwestern part of the Empire (between northern Italy and Nijmegen) from the third and fourth centuries have become known, all found in rich graves of girls or young women. They are discussed by Martin (1991, 51-57) as parallels for the tambourine sticks of Kaiseraugst grave 814. These ten examples are: Nijmegen B 620 (this study; Fasti Arch. 12, 1957, no. 8280; Van Buchem 1958ab; Böhme 1974, 285, Taf. 84,10; Swinkels/ Deckers-Hageman 1997, 31-34; Steures 2003), Samson grave 9 (Dasnoy 1968, 291), Eprave- Croix-Rouge (Dasnoy 1968, 300), Vermand’Calvaire’ (Viollier 1911), Villers-sous-Erquerie (Baudon 1910), Gellep 552 (Pirling 1966, 127-128, Pl. 52, 1-4), Heßloch grave of 1934 (Biehn 1936), Koenigshofen (Hat/Thevenin 1968; Hat 1970, 324-6; exhibition catalogue Besançon 1993, 25), Kaiseraugst 814 (Martin 1991, 51-57, Taf. 52, 1-24) and San Pietro Incariano (Beschi 1974/75). An eleventh example was found in Brunssum, some 100 km south of Nijmegen (Bogaers 1966). The Nijmegen tambourine sticks come from the grave of a young girl (8-10 years old, or even younger, dentists say who have seen her teeth in the museum). The sticks are made from pear or apple wood, still favourite materials for making musical instruments such as recorders, because these materials are easily worked. The following description is based on the reconstruction drawing by the late J. Ypey; its correctness appeared from observations by the author on the surviving fragments before two tambourine sticks were restored by Jo Kempkens in 1998-1999 (Kempkens 1999, 20-20.2). Length 37.3 cm, diameter 3.5 cm. A symmetrically proiled middle part serves as a handle. Two rectangular apertures, 1.9 x 8.4 cm, have been cut out on both sides of this handle. Somewhat beyond the middle of each aperture, at 6.3 cm from each end of the stick, are two heavy bronze bowl-shaped ratles, their downturned rims directed away from each other (d 4.2-4.7 cm, h 0.75-0.9 cm) on a transverse iron rod (l 3.9, d. 0.4 cm) whose ends have been latened into disks in order to keep the rod in its place. On both ends of each aperture are bronze sheet bands, ends overlapping 1 cm, each kept in place by one bronze nail; width near the handle 1.2 cm, near the ends 1.7 cm. So there are four bands per tambourine stick. There are 13 fragments of wood preserving the complete diameter and bound by or showing impressions of the bronze sheet bands, plus two fragments showing impressions. So the (minimum) number of tambourine sticks from the sarcophagus of the Grutberg is four. The number of preserved ratles, six, i.e. three pairs, is strange, as there must have been eight pairs to four 359 — tambourine sticks. Thickness and weight of the jingles (100 grams per pair: Rimmer 1981, 240) preclude that the missing ones would have corroded away completely: the tambourine sticks appear to have been destroyed before their remains were put in the foot end of the sarcophagus. This was conirmed by the position of broken pieces of the sticks, and the position of one of the bronze sheet bands: near the knees. There are no indications that the four tambourine sticks would have been connected to one another; a small piece of textile clings to one of the bronze bands. Rimmer (1981, 240) remarks that the Nijmegen tambourine sticks are heavy and un-childish. It may be added that they weigh at least 300 grams apiece (100 grams per pair of ratles), so at least 1200 grams for the four sticks, and that they can only be handled with ease with one stick in each hand. The middle part is evidently meant as the grip. Holding two in one hand crossways is impractical even for the hand of an adult. The conclusion seems to be, that two adults played the instruments at the burial ceremony. The junction into pairs with a short chain in the case of tambourine sticks found at Heßloch and Kaiseraugst points in the same direction (and shows how they were handled: vertically or diagonally in two ists, some 10 cm apart). In view of this, the suggestion of Martin (1991, 56) that the instruments were put in these graves because each of the deceased girls liked to play them accompanying herself during a dance, may be rejected. Scipio Aemilianus writes in fragment Malcovati 30: vidi (..) puerum bullatum (..) cum crotalis saltare, quam saltationem impudicus servulus honeste saltare non posset. (‘I saw a boy with a bulla [i.e. son of Roman citizens] dance with percussion instruments, a dance an impudent slave boy could not do with decency.’) In view of Scipio’s words it also is to be excluded that her parents or other family members from this elite would have handled them. The Copa, a poem in the Appendix Vergiliana, shows us a female dancer of low esteem playing these tambourine sticks ad cubitum = to make people lie down in her brothel-like inn (Steures 2003). Looking at the Copa vs 3 (lasciva) and vs 33 (with an ofer of sex) and Scipio Aemilianus’ fragment, we may well understand what the sound of tambourine sticks alluded to: sex. In the Nijmegen case, the instruments were destroyed on purpose before being put in the grave. So they seem to have been made especially for the burial ceremony: hired dancers would not have allowed them to be destroyed if they were their own instruments. All maters considered, the other suggestion of Martin (1991, 56) seems to be more probable: that this kind of instrument played a role at a wedding feast, and that they would have been put in the graves of the deceased girls to make good for the wedding they would never have. This was common practice in antiquity, as with the statue of Phrasikleia (Boardman 1978, 73), with loutrophoroi (In ‘t Veld 1991, pace Kurtz/ Boardman 1971, 152), and, in Late Roman cemeteries, possibly diadems (Martin 1991, 23-28). The subject of the ‘non-atained wedding’ is further discussed by Stefanie Martin-Kilcher (2000). I do not subscribe to her view (2000, 71) that such a tambourine stick is meant in Anthologia Palatina 280, where Timareta dedicates her ball, her dolls and τύμπαvα to Artemis. A τύμπαvov is a round instrument, either an all-metal ketledrum or a tambourine with a drum-skin. Moreover, the τύμπαvα in the poem, like the ball and the doll, are atributes of Timareta’s girl’s age and therefore dedicated the virgin goddess Artemis. Date: AD 317-318. Boar’s tusk: 1 example Example: B 298.68. Discussion: NB This and the following paragraphs on miniature pair of scales and North Sea shells have been published separately as Steures (2004b). B 298 is a female inhumation, as appears from ten bone pins and a chain of glass beads. It also contained two ine dark coloured beakers, a miniature pair of scales, a series of 55 coins and 360 — a series of North Sea shells. Böhme (1974, 116-7) enumerates a number of boars’ tusks from graves between the river Elbe and the Loire as well as in England without interpreting them. He does remark that boars’ tusk amulets probably had the same meaning as boar’s tusks on helmets. The same criticism can be made of Arends (1978, 149, 152-3, 163), who studied a number of amulet categories in the Alamannic area between AD 450 and 700. His only conclusions are: boar’s tusks igure in medium to poor graves in the sixth and seventh centuries, as frequent in male as in female graves, and more oten in pockets of the clothing than as pendants. Three other authors do interpret boar insignia. Beck opens the irst chapter of his monograph Das Ebersignum im Germanischen (Beck 1965, 4) by remarking that boar insignia are related to weapons both in literary tradition and in pre- and protohistoric inds; that, however, belts, buckles and ibulae refer to the chthonic-vegetative aspect of the boar insignia. However, he ignores boar’s tusk amulets to the point of not even mentioning the word Amulet in his index. Pauli (1975, 129) points in the same two directions, by stating that boar’s tusks in Celtic weapon graves refer to power and prowess, and by adding that their more general meaning appears from their presence in children’s and women’s graves. That meaning might be growth and fertility: Fingerlin (1981) shows that lunate amulets made from two boar’s tusks belong to horse gear of Germanic tribes in both Early and Late Roman Imperial times. The same use has been found in the cases of a Roman and a modern amulet (Hansmann/Kriss-Retenbeck 1977, 133, 245-6, igs. 522 and 542); this use of the amulets has been related to their lunate form with its associations of growth (waxing moon) and fertility (menstruation). A disadvantage of this interpretation is, that such an amulet will be of no use, once the person who wore it dies. A possible beter interpretation of the lunula can be found in Schade (2003, 14-15, Pl. 1.6-7.10, Pl. 2.1): some third-century empresses had themselves portrayed on coins in a lunula. She interprets this lunula as the iconographic parallel of the corona radiata of their husbands. The imperial couple thus became the bearers of the lux aeterna, and as Sol and Luna they symbolized the aeternitas domus divinae (the eternity of the divine house). So a lunula or a boar’s tusk in a grave possibly means eternal life ater death. And, of course, a boar’s tusk is a good symbol for aggression, or, puting it more positively, for energetic activity. It is argued below that the mollusks in the shells from the same grave were eaten at the initiation dinner of Sabazios worshippers. Boar’s meat is delicious and Apicius (8,1; 1,1-9; 7,7-8) gives many recipes. Like the shells and the chestnuts discussed below, the tusk may be a memento of this highly symbolic dinner. Date: AD 317-318. Miniature bronze pair of scales: 1 example Example: B 298.69 Discussion: Miniature bronze pair of scales: arm 6.5 cm with central suspension eye, and two eyes in disks of 0.8 cm at the ends (the central hole being higher than the side ones); upper side of arm serrated on one side; the scales, d 2.1 cm, each have three holes, in one of which a small leather thong; remains of a leather purse and a thread on the underside of one of the pans. The shortness of the arm of the pair of scales excludes the possibility that it is a precision balance: the longer the arm, the more precise the balance. Moreover, the central suspension hole must be on the same level as the side holes from which the scales are hung if the pair of scales is to be precise. Steuer (1987, 424) describes the Roman pairs of scales, of which our example is a rude miniature, as follows: “Otmals weisen die Balken auf einer Armhälte, selten auf beiden, eine skalenartige Einteilung durch Kerben oder Bohrungen auf, die zum Verschieben eines zusätzlichen Diferentialgewichtes gedacht ist. Eichmöglichkeit und Koppelung der gleicharmigen Waage mit den Vorteilen der Schnellwaage werden die Ursache für diese 361 — zusätzliche Ausrüstung sein. (...) Aus der ganzen Zeitspanne der Römischen Kaiserzeit werden Waagen in Kastellen und Siedlungen gefunden. Als Grabbeigabe sind sie aüßerst selten und gehören dann in die spätrömische Zeit.” The imitation of the serration excludes the possibility that this miniature pair of scales is meant as a coin balance, even though a series of ityive coins from periods with diferent denominations is present in the same grave. Steuer (1987, 425) writes about the group to which our miniature pair of scales belongs, as follows: “In der Gegend von Köln und Bonn konzentriert, mit wenigen Parallellen aus anderen Gebieten, so in Südengland [and now also in Nijmegen] indet sich aber als Grabbeigabe während des 3. und 4. Jahrhunderts eine Art Miniaturwaage. Sie kommt meist zusammen vor mit Miniaturausführungen von Tieren und Werkzeugen. Diese Waagen und Werkzeuge als Grabbeigaben sind mit dem Mithras-Kult in Zusammenhang gebracht worden.” These groups of so-called Mithraic symbols from rich female inhumations in Cologne and Bonn comprise three kinds of objects; in the classiication of Manning (1966, 50): 1. miniature agricultural tools; 2. animals (lizards, crested snakes, toads or frogs, once a tortoise, once a pair of oxen); 3. ‘symbols’ (oxen’s yokes, ladders, pairs of scales, keys). Cumont (1896, II 525-6) had already pointed out that these miniatures have nothing to do with Mithras: only the snake and the ladder belong to his iconography. Lehner (1915, 51) agreed. Still, the name ‘Mithraic symbols’ (in parentheses) has stuck (Haberey 1949; Linfert-Reich 1974; Wamser et al. 2000, 358-9, cat.no. 87; Kiernan 2009, 195-210). Steuer (1987, 425-6) continues about the miniature pairs of scales: “Sie gehören als Grabbeigabe ausschließlich zu Frauengräbern, so daß u.U. auch die wenigen Frauengräber mit regulären Feinwaagen in diesem Zusammenhang gesehen werden müssen. Bei den Miniaturwaagen handelt es sich um bewußt nachgeahmte Feinwaagen, da bei einigen von Ihnen auch die Kerbenleiste für das ver- schiebbare Tariergewicht vergröbert mit abgeformt ist. Aufällig ist zudem, daß die Gräber mit Miniaturgerät, darunter die Waage, meist auch Münzen enthalten. (...) Die Deutung dieses lokalen, auf die Kölner Gegend beschränkten Kultbrauches ist ofen und hilt vorerst für die Bewertung der Münzwaagen nicht weiter.” Manning (1966, 53), who publishes the only group known then of these miniatures with alleged provenance outside Germania Secunda (‘a tumulus in Sussex’), interprets these miniatures as objects from the cult of Sabazios, on the basis of comparison with symbols on a bronze Sabazios hand in London (= Vermaseren 1983, no. 75). Although Manning is not the irst to call the Cologne miniatures Sabazios symbols, he is the irst to argue their connection to Sabazios. Haberey (1934, 277), writing on inds in the Late Roman cemetery near the Severinstraße in Cologne, calls them in passing ‘(Sabazios?-) Symbole’. However, Haberey did not repeat his suggestion in several publications in which he reported the ind of such miniatures (Haberey 1949, 1960, 1962) and even once expressly refused to name a god (Haberey 1949, 104). Sabazios is a Thraco-Phrygian god, known since the ith century BC, but whose mystery cult became popular in Roman Imperial times. His cult is mainly known from bronze hands with many symbols on them. Agricultural tools are all but absent from the Sabazios hands (apart from a pruning knife and a shovel: Vermaseren 1983, nos 3, 15, 69?, 72). Manning’s interpretation of the agricultural tools is based on two passages in Diodorus Siculus, 4,4,1 and 3,64,2. Sabazios is called a second Dionysos there, he has yoked oxen for the irst time, and he has invented many useful agricultural tools. Manning atributes the symbolic meaning of soul scales to the miniature pairs of scales. In this, he is in agreement with Lane (1989, 33), who discusses the pair of scales as a Sabazios symbol: “Another frequent symbol, occurring on 27 hands and three plaques, is the pair of scales. Here it would seem that the obvious 362 — Table 13: Combinations of pairs of scales with representations of animals, ladders and agricultural tools (oxen’s yokes included) Scales +toad +lizard +snake +ladder +tools Sabazios hands 27 18 16 20 2 - Cologne miniatures 16 3 10 4 14 12 interpretation is that of weighing the worshipper’s merits, or conversely his sins. Perhaps a large and obvious pair of scales was kept in every Sabazius-sanctuary and used at some point in the ritual.” The authors of the corpus of Sabazios monuments (Lane 1980; Vermaseren 1983; Lane 1985; Lane 1989) refer to neither Manning’s article nor the Cologne miniatures. But a statistical base for Manning’s interpretation can be given with the help of the index to the corpus of the Sabazios hands (Vermaseren 1983). There are 96 Sabazios hands in the corpus; 27 of these have on their backs a representation of a pair of scales and of animals. Table 13 gives the combination of representations of pairs of scales with those of animals on Sabazios-hands, in comparison with combinations of miniature pairs of scales with miniature animals, ladders and agricultural tools in the Cologne female inhumations (the later on the basis of the table in Manning 1966, 56; stray inds in the Cologne Niessen Collection have not been counted (Loeschcke/Willers 1911); loose balance arms and pans have been counted as one pair of scales per grave). Linfert-Reich (1973) discusses the groups of Cologne miniatures as if they consist of agricultural tools only (and reptiles mentioned in passing). She suggests that they were meant for working the Elysean ields in the hereater, and ends with the sweeping statement: ‘Spekulationen mit dem Mithras- oder Sabazioskult, oder gar unbekannten Kölnischen Sekten brauchen also für unsere Geräte nicht bemüht zu werden.’ However, Linfert-Reich ignores much of the evidence and, furthermore, the Elysium has always been a paradise of meadows where work was out of the question, whatever the changes in the ideas on the hereater. Manning is right in suggesting a connection between the Cologne groups of miniature scales, ladders, agricultural tools and animals and the Sabazios cult. That Sabazios was worshipped in Cologne appears from the ind of a Sabazios hand there (Vermaseren 1983, no. 50). It seems to be obvious to think of a Cologne variant of the Sabazios cult, because the agricultural tools are lacking on the Sabazios hands. On the other hand, it seems to be exaggerated to call it a sect, because everything in it can be tracked down to the iconography of and literature on Sabazios. I subscribe to the interpretation put forward independently by Manning and Lane: the Nijmegen miniature pair of scales is to be interpreted as an instrument to weigh the soul of the deceased lady and comes from the Cologne variant of the Sabazios cult. Ater the above had been writen, Mr L. Swinkels of Museum Het Valkhof, where the inds are kept, drew my atention to Verhoeven/Ector (1984). They publish two miniatures, a balance arm and a yoke, from Veldhoven (some 60 km southwest of Nijmegen), reach similar conclusions and also speak of a local Cologne variant of the Sabazios cult. They suggest a link between the date around 270-280 for many Cologne miniature groups and the court of the Gallic emperor Postumus at Cologne (258/9-260), apparently leaning on Haberey (1962, 402). This relation seems improbable, for the following reasons. The balances are found also in graves of the irst half of the fourth century (see Table 14 in the section on North Sea shells below). From their own Table on p. 147 it appears that the largest and most famous group of miniatures, from Roden- 363 — kirchen, dates from the time of Gratian, AD 367383. Moreover, at least two of the graves with pairs of scales have been brought in relation with large villae rusticae outside Cologne, not with an urban elite (Cologne-Lindenthal: Noelke 1984; Rodenkirchen: Haberey 1949, 102). The miniature agricultural tools are beter understandable in the context of a villa rustica than in that of an urban court elite. But above all: nothing in Postumus’ propaganda par excellence, the coins, points in the direction of Sabazios, whereas he honours many other gods, amongst whom another god with a mystery cult, Serapis (RIC V II, 328-368, esp. 331). Mr Maarten Dolmans kindly drew my atention to the presence of Sabazios miniatures in the Municipal Museum of Roermond, some 75 km due south of Nijmegen. They come from a Roman cemetery near Roermond. Nijmegen and Roermond may now be added to the distribution map of Sabazios miniatures in Verhoeven/ Ector (1984, 140). Their table on p. 147 shows the date of these miniatures: from Probus (coin of AD 276-282) to Gratian (coin of AD 370-380). Kiernan (2009, 195-210) discusses the Cologne miniatures under the name of the so-called “Mithrassymbole” and sums up the interpretations put forward: as symbols of Mithras; as weights; as symbols of Sabazios (“This theory has most recently been adopted by Steures (2004b) in his discussion of the Nijmegen grave, and is currently the most popular interpretation of the Mithrassymbole.”); a Germanic tradition as magical amulets and jewellery; as symbols of fertility and wealth; and some new ideas. In his conclusions on the Mithrassymbole he writes (p. 210): “These models are a very speciic and localised type grave good, not votive oferings. The Mithassymbole themselves have been something of an archaeological puzzle for well over a century, and there is still no deinitive explanation for them.” Date: AD 317-318. North Sea shells: 1 example (several species in one grave) Example: B 298.71-73 Pullet carpet-shell (Venerupis pullastra Montagu, 1803; Dutch tapijtschelp; perhaps best known under its Italian name of vongola), 1 fragment of right valve; cockle (Cerastoderma (Cardium) edule Linnaeus, 1758; Dutch kokkel), 6 fr of let valve, 5 fr of right valve, 3 fr undeterminable; 1 common whelk, incomplete (Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758; German Wellhornschnecke, Dutch wulk). Discussion: The common whelk, the largest shell (4-10 cm) to be found on the North Sea beach, has been found in four or ive female inhumations from Cologne to Nijmegen from the second half of the third century and the irst half of the fourth. It is always accompanied by a coin series, in three cases by a miniature pair of scales, in one case by other miniatures, and in three cases by bivalve shells: see Table 14. The Cologne and Gellep graves are richly provided with grave goods. Table 14: Roman female inhumations with common whelk (Cw), shells (Sh), coin series (Cs: number and dates of earliest and latest coins), in some cases with miniature pair of scales (Sc) and miniature agricultural tools and animals (Mi). Place Grave Literature Cw Sh CsDates Sc Mi Cologne V.Werthstr 6 Fremersdorf 1931 1 6 38 89-337 no no Cologne Lindenthal 2 Noelke 1984 1 - 23 224-282 yes yes Cologne Severinstr 2 Doppelfeld 1959 1? 9 268-337 no no Gellep 533 Pirling 1966, 70 1 5 17 161-311 yes no Nijmegen B 298 this study 1 >7 55 10BC320 yes no The positions in the graves where the shells were found are as follows. In Cologne, Von Werthstraße grave 6: together with coin series under the remains of a textile bag near the right hand. In Cologne-Lindenthal grave 2: just as the coin series not indicated on the otherwise pre- 364 — Table 14: Roman female inhumations with common whelk (Cw), shells (Sh), coin series (Cs: number and dates of earliest and latest coins), in some cases with miniature pair of scales (Sc) and miniature agricultural tools and animals (Mi).) Place Grave Literature Cw Sh Cs Dates Sc Mi Cologne V.Werthstr 6 Fremersdorf 1931 1 6 38 89-337 no no Cologne Lindenthal 2 Noelke 1984 1 - 23 224-282 yes yes Cologne Severinstr 2 Doppelfeld 1959 1? - 9 268-337 no no Gellep 533 Pirling 1966, 70 1 5 17 161-311 yes no Nijmegen B 298 this study 1 >7 55 10BC-320 yes no cise grave plan on p. 379 Abb. 2; ‘die im Sarg entdeckte einzelne Wellhornschnecke’ (p. 413). Cologne, Severinstraße grave 2: no data; simply indicated as Schneckenhaus. Gellep, grave 533: the whelk (not a mediterranean Turitella, as Pirling writes (1966, 70, Pl. 48, 26)) was lying in the middle of the grave; the other ive shells under which a scallop (Pecten maximum or Jacobaeum) in the middle of the grave, next to the cremation remains. Nijmegen, B 298 = Lange Nieuwstraat grave 88: with bone pins, boar’s tusk, miniature pair of scales, sweet chestnuts, necklace and coin series on the right upper or lower arm. Though the whelk and the molluscs are edible and as such discussed in many cookery-books and lists of mollusc merchants, it is never found as food on a plate. The position in a bag near the right hand in Cologne, Von Werthstraße grave 6, and in Nijmegen on the right arm suggests that the shells were empty when they were put into the graves and that they were very important to the deceased ladies. The only practical use whelk shells ever had for man is their function of horn, the predecessor of the fog-horn on the North Sea. This practical use is excluded here as the whelks still have their apex and therefore no mouthpiece to blow on (Von Werthstraße, Lindenthal, Gellep). In view of their appearing together with miniature pairs of scales and coin series a symbolic meaning seems to be the most probable. Three studies on amulets, one general and two archaeological, give no speciic clues for North Sea shells (Hansmann/Kriss-Retenbeck 1977, 136; Pauli 1975, 128; Arends 1978 discusses cowri shells in Alamannic graves). As the miniature pair of scales in the same Nijmegen grave has above been tentatively interpreted as a soul balance from the mystery cult of Sabazios in its Cologne variant, a symbolic interpretation of the whelk and the bivalve shells in the same sphere seems to be the most atractive. The aim of mystery cults was to approach the divine as near as possible via diferent levels of initiation (Klot 1999, 8). Every horn-shaped snail shell with its clearly visible whorls one on top of the other can be used as a symbol for these levels of initiation, and most of all the largest one to be found in this region: the common whelk. In the same vain it is writen on the website of the Jabikspaad (a Frisian connection to the pilgrim’s route to Santiago de Compostela, with a common whelk as logo): ‘In the kabbalah (the Jewish secret doctrine) the horn-shaped shell is the image of the diferent levels in reality that are connected in the way of a snail shell. This symbolism can be applied to the pilgrim as follows: the lowest whorl is the bodily level. (...) The middle whorl is the moral level. (...) The topmost whorl is the spiritual level. (...)’ (Translation D.St.) And the bivalve shells? Mystery cults knew the obligation for the initiates to keep silent to the uninitiated. I suggest that the bivalve shells are a symbol of this clamming up. (Klot 1999, 7. The 365 — usual etymology of mystery given by Klot, ibid., from μύω = to close the eyes, is wrong. If anything, mystery cults opened the eyes of the initiates, the highest level of initiation in Eleusis being έπoπτεία = watching. The associated verb is μυέω = to initiate.) As all the molluscs concerned are edible and Sabazios-worshippers held ritual dinners (Klot 1999, 38 and igure on 39), it seems to be obvious that these molluscs were eaten at the initiation dinner. Mystery cults ofered their initiates the prospect of a happy hereater, to the exclusion of the non-initiated (Klot 1999, 30). In Aristophanes’ Frogs, Dionysos descends into the underworld; in verses 454-6 a choir of initiates in the underworld sings: ‘for us alone who have been initiated the sun, the holy light shines’. Gluck’s immensely popular Dance of the blessed spirits from his Orfeo, another (mythical) descent into the underworld, perpetuates this idea. People who believe in this provide their deceased loved ones with a proof of initiation in order to guarantee their happiness in the hereater. Both from Dionysiac and Orphic mystery contexts we know of graves containing gold tablets with texts inscribed that were to serve as initiation certiicate, and as such as a passport giving entry to the realm of the happy few in the underworld (Klot 1999, 30-31; Maddoli 1996, 497-8). Applied to the graves in Cologne, Gellep and Nijmegen: the position of the shells together with a coin series near the right hand or arm, and in Gellep next to the cremation remains, suggests that each lady believed she needed the shells in her hand luggage on the journey to the underworld. The shells, I suggest, as a passport that proved her initiation, the coins for a long journey or for another purpose not understood yet. Date: AD 317-318. Sweet chestnuts: 1 example Example: B 298.69b Discussion: The above interpretations of the miniature scales, the shells and the coins in B 298 were already expounded in Steures (2004ab). Nothing was known then about a ind of plant remains in the same grave: the three documentations on which the present ind catalogue of cemetery B is based do not mention them. As a small leather thong was mentioned (and drawn with pencil) in the miniature scales B 298.69, Mr Ronny Meijers of Museum Het Valkhof had been asked in September 2002 to have a look at the scales. He answered that there was no thong remaining, but that he saw impressions of plant remains and a twined thread on the underside of one of the scales. It was not until August 2007, that Prof. C.C. Bakels in a chance meeting told me that the excavator, Prof. Brunsting, had given her plant remains from B 298; she did not know for sure what they were but thought of chestnuts. The same aternoon, she handed me a (cigar) box containing a slip of paper in the handwriting of the late Prof. Brunsting. The slip contained a list of inds of grave LN 88 = B 298, ending with the words: ‘1 bronze pair of scales. By the proximity of the bronze, plant remains were preserved’ (transl. D.St.). Two days later, Prof. Bakels had writen the present Chapter 9, Plant remains in B 298. The chestnuts were lying against the miniature pair of scales in its leather purse, so just like the shells they were not placed onto a plate or dish, and were most probably not meant as food for the deceased lady. Anyway, sweet chestnuts were not popular as food. Apicius (5,2,2) has no more than one recipe, in which they seem less important than the lentils they go with, and Athenaios’ Deipnosphistai (2,54c-d) even contest their edibility. So what do chestnuts mean in this symbolical context? Chestnut wood (always sweet chestnut or Castanea sativa Mill.: the horse-chestnut or Aesculus hippcastaneum L. entered southern Europe not before the 16th century) was known as weather, water and soil resistant (Theophrastos, Historia Plantarum 5,4,2; 5,4,4; 5,7,7) and therefore popular as material for props in vineyards (Columella 4,33,1-5). Their charcoal was used for smelting iron ore (Theophr. o.c. 7,9,2). Enough 366 — B 298 The miniature set of scales, the shells and the ornaments in grave B 298 show the deceased to be an eccentric lady from Cologne, who worshipped Sabazios. material for symbolism around endurance and the four elements of air, water, earth and ire. Conclusion of the last four sections: The miniature pair of scales is to be interpreted as a soul balance from the mystery cult of Sabazios in its Cologne variant. I suggest that the shells were put in the grave as a memento of the initiation dinner and as a passport giving access to the happy part of the hereater. As both scales and shells have parallels mainly in Cologne, I assume that the lady in the Nijmegen grave was a Sabaziosworshipper from Cologne, and that the same holds for the Gellep lady. As opposed to the rich graves of her fellow worshippers in Cologne and Gellep, the Nijmegen grave is not conspicuously richly furnished. The boar’s tusk, without a parallel in this context, is possibly to be interpreted as a symbol of life ater death and/or energetic activity. Priestess’ sceptre: 1 example Example: B 465.16 (a triple ring) and B 465.18 (bronze-sheet knob with mineralized wood in it). Discussion: The section on the three identical bronze-sheet pendants with pole idol (see above, section Pendants, B 465.25) ended with a question and its answer: ‘A last question to be considered is: why put these unique pendants from a men’s world into the grave of a woman? The only reasonable answer seems to be that the deceased lady was intimately linked with that world in a personal way, rather than merely being the wife or daughter of a Germanic leader.’ One more object from her grave has to be mentioned here in order to suggest her position in that men’s world. Near the vanished right hand a bronze sheet knob illed with wood remains was found, consisting of a conical upper part closed with a disk at the top, and a cylindrical lower part (h 2.2 cm, d top 1.9-2.7 cm, d tube 1.8-2.0 cm; cf. Böhme 1974, Taf. 85, 5). It clearly is the 367 — decoration of the knob of a staf. The shape of the small knob with its sharp edge excludes the possibility that it was a walking stick. It seems probable that the staf was held not at the knob, but in the middle part of the shat. Staves are signs of dignity for priests, high oicials and rulers. As the later two possibilities may be safely excluded, I suggest that the deceased lady was a priestess of the idol shown on the pendants. The triple ring B 465.16 with its inner diameter of 1.9 cm seems large for a lady’s inger. It may have been around the sceptre. The only parallels of wooden sceptres with end knobs and with metal parts around the middle known to me come from Britannia, especially sceptres known in the Gallo-Roman temple in Wanborough, Surrey: apparently priests’ atributes (O’Connell/Bird 1994, 94-6, Pl. 11, 107-121; cf. Henig 1984, 136-141, Pl. 62). The only (male) priest of such a pole idol we know of is that of the goddess Nerthus = Mother Earth, mentioned in Tacitus’ Germania 40. This priest sometimes drove the goddess in a chariot drawn by cows through many tribal territories. Something similar happened as late as AD 369372, when the Visigoth king Athanaric had an idol carried around through the setlements of the Christianized Goths (Sozomenos hist. eccl. 6,37): such a priestess seems to be possible in the ith century. Date: AD 440-450. Silver agrafe with four hooks and christogram: 1 example Example: B 690.3. Discussion: Squarish silver plate, reconstructed l 2.3 cm, with originally four hooks bent downwards and inwards extending from its four corners. The two hooks on the right were partly (top) or completely (botom) broken of. Its top surface (h 1.6, w 1.4) has an incised decoration of a christogram (ligature of X and P) in a rectangle, in such a position that the christogram stands when the hooks are on the let and right. It was found on top of the head, while next to the right temple there were two silver pins with polyhe- B 690.3 dral heads. The object has oten been depicted because of the christogram and got diferent names: Brunsting 1969, 24 (‘hair ornament’), Van Es 1972, 202 ig. 47 (‘small bronze plate’), Noviomagus 1979, 68 ig. 80 (‘silver pin’), Bloemers et al. 1981, 120 (idem), Van Es 1981, 261 ig. 203 (‘small silver plate’), Willems 1990, 84 (‘silver pin’: new photograph, which clearly shows the hooks on the let). The object itself got no atention, and the authors did not ask how this staple-like object could be fastened in the hair. The problem is treated in Steures 2004a and in the present section of this study. Four parallels are known: one with a christogram, one whose shape and decoration are similar to B 690.3 but without a christogram, and two that correspond only in shape. The parallel with christogram is an unpublished tin-plated bronze agrafe with four hooks from Collection C.S. in Munich, which was shown at the exhibition on Constantine the Great at Trier in 2007 (Schmidt 2007). It probably comes from Spain and its date is given as IVA, probably for typological reasons, because it is compared to the labarum: double punched square, double punched circle, christogram in the centre (standing when the hooks are above and below), and dot-and-circles in the four corners. The later would then be rudimentary imperial portraits 368 — (imagines clipeatae), and the double circle a stylized laurel wreath, according to the reconstruction of the labarum by W. Hahn (1999). The best parallel up to the year 2007 was found as ind no. 6462 on the botom of a funerary pit, a closed ind to be dated around AD 350, near the Roman villa at Montmaurin (Haute-Garonne, between Toulouse and the Pyrenees). The excavator, G. Fouet, discusses this silver agrafe à quatre crochets (‘agrafe with four hooks’) three times (Fouet 1958, 168 ig. 28; 1963, 285 ig. 5, 289-291; 1969, 184, Pl. XLIX, LVIII). No parallels are known to him. The decoration on its square middle part is partly punched, partly incised: in a cadre of four triangular pairs of horns there is a circle (d 0.9 cm) divided by a cross. The quadrants have stylized symbols: crescents, possibly an axe, possibly a star. Fouet shows the striking similarity of this decoration and that on the reverse of coins of the Volcae Tectosages, who lived between Toulouse and Narbonne; and that of a circle divided by a cross on textless altars in the Pyrenees for a Jupiter-like god, one of which was found in the same villa (Fouet 1963, 285 ig. 5,6, 290). Fouet (1963, 292, note 51) considers his agrafe 6462 to be a particular form of the staple-like dress-hook known as agrafes à double crochet (double-hooked agrafes), the origin of which goes back to La Tène III in the irst century BC. These occurred in the Gallo-Roman culture, e.g. four times in the same Montmaurin villa. The double-hooked agrafes have their most frequent appearance in Merovingian times, esp. in the 7th century, in an area Fouet describes as ‘from Belgium to Lyon and from Normandy to the Rhine areas’ (Fouet 1963, 277). Martin (1991, 78), however, thinks that the four-hooked agrafes are the forerunners of the double-hooked ones. Schulze-Dörlamm (2002, 137) writes that agrafes of Late Roman time were only worn by the provincial Roman population of Gaul, and that they were used in the early middle ages exclusively by the Romanesque population of the Merovingian empire. Her opinion is untenable, as we also know of ex- amples from the Netherlands, three of which of unknown date and provenance in Nijmegen (Roes 1954a, Pl. XIX, 81 and 84 (84 should be 82); Roes 1954b, 331 ig. 140 botom: Friesland; 332 ig. 141: Domburg). Audin (1955, 158) describes the distribution area ‘from Frisia to Switzerland and the area around Lyon’. Gellep grave 1121 contains a brooch mounted on such an agrafe à double crochet, accompanied by a twined bracelet, datable IVc - Vab (Pirling 1966, 132, Taf. 91, 23abc). Audin (1955, 158-9) and Jeannet (1957, 151) made the objection that textile and hook of the agrafe à double crochet would have ruined each other if someone would have worn it. On the basis of his excavations in Lyon where he found ten agrafes, Audin (1955, 159) is convinced that they were used in order to close shrouds. The two other parallels for the Nijmegen agrafe with four hooks, from Abbeville female burial 52 and from Yverdon ‘Pré-de-la-Cure’, are depicted by Schulze-Dörlamm (2002, 139, Abb. 3) ater the original publications. In view of the Montmaurin parallel, which is irmly rooted in southern France, it seems probable that our Nijmegen example has the same date and provenance. Southern France was christianized much earlier than the Netherlands: the Nijmegen lady may have come from that area. As the christogram was a decoration on an ornament, it was meant to be seen: the lady proclaimed that she was a Christian. That cannot have been a problem in the fourth century, in which all emperors were Christians (originally even Julian, who got his nickname the Apostate not for nothing). It is striking that the Nijmegen and the Montmaurin four-hooked agrafes both carry religious symbols, but from two very different religions. In view of the likeness of the Nijmegen agrafe and its four parallels to the present-day bandage hooks of thin metal and elastic with which rollerbandages are ixed, it seems likely that they were applied in order to ix two layers of the same piece of textile that had been drawn irmly one over the other: the textile itself ixes the hook and one will not easily loose it. It is not 369 — necessary to suppose with Fouet (1963, 278; 1969, 184) that the agrafe was sewn to the edge of the textile: in that case two hooks would have been beter replaced by sewing-holes. In view of the horizontal position of the Nijmegen agrafe three textile objects seem to be possible: bandage, head-shawl and headband. Bandage can be excluded: one does not leave pins under a bandage if they have angular heads, as there were two on the right temple. For the same reason a head-shawl may be excluded: the heads of the pins were meant to be seen as ornaments. Remains that the agrafe was used in order to ix the two ends of a headband on the front top side of the head (cf. Fouet 1963, 278). We know of more instances of headbands being closed there (e.g. Bianchi Bandinelli 1970, 33 ig. 38: Demeter/Kore from Ariccia). So the lady wore a head dress that was kept in its place with the two pins, a headband and the agrafe. The position of the Nijmegen agrafe on the top front of the head its in with Schulze-Dörlamm’s supposition that a ith-century example (of completely diferent shape and decoration) from Mainz was used in order to close a diadem on the forehead (2002, 138-140, Abb. 4). The Abbeville agrafe was found on the middle of the breast: it closed clothes or a shroud. The Munich agrafe with four hooks and a christogram in vertical position cannot have been meant for a horizontal headband and must have closed a garment in vertical direction, though it is not clear what kind of garment that was if not a bandage on the arm. Date: c.AD 350. Small textile bag with handle: 1 example Example: B 185.4-6. Discussion: The small handbag with a handle B 185.4 was found in a girl’s grave, as appears from the dimensions of the coin (140x55 cm) and the presence of bronze bell B 185.1. Three round links of an iron chain are visible, d 1 cm, on a heap of two textiles, now carbonized. Textile 1 is folded, c.5x5 cm, and textile 2 consists of two card-wet bands, l 13 cm and 3.2 cm. It may have been a small bag with a band handle, hanging from a chain around the waist. The presence of textile bags or sacks, now completely vanished, has been supposed in view of the position of shells, coins and bone pins in B 298. Also in B 298 there were remains of the leather case of miniature pair of scales B 298.69. Miniature pantomime mask: 1 example Example: B 197.6. Discussion: The main text of the description in Van Boekel (1987, 798-9) is copied below; notes and detail description are let out. “Miniature mask of a woman with high onkos. The woman has an oval face, a rounded chin, a prominent curved nose, and full lips. The small mouth is closed. Eight thick curls frame the face and a thick curl (or ear-ring?) is visible on either side of the face near the cheeks. The relief on the woman’s skull is not sharp. Horizontal bands are rendered by two rounded cavities encircled by ribbons above the hair-roll. The onkos is devided into two oblong parts with concave fronts and rounded tops, reminiscent of animal ears. Two small suspension holes are pierced in the skull behind the smooth back of the onkos. The mask’s back is concave. The mask is completely covered with white slip on which many small traces of elaborate painting remain. Green paint is visible on the front of the onkos. Traces of blue-brown and redbrown paint are found in the concave front of the let part of the onkos, the let cavity in the head-dress, and on the lips. The head-dress preserves traces of brown and brown-red paint (PCC Brown C and Brown/Red B5, respectively. Yellow-brown paint (near PCC Yellow/Brown A3) is visible on the forehead and on the face along the let eye. Traces of brown paint (slightly darker than PCC Brown C6) are seen on the let part of the hair and head-dress, and on the let protruding lock (or ear-ring). The mask can be ascribed to the Trier-Süd ceramic centre (...) and is dated to AD IVA by the ind-circumstances (...). Type I, A.” Van Boekel (1987, 790) interprets it as the depic- 370 — tion of a pantomime actor because of the closed mouth. About its function in the grave she writes (1987, 790): “The masks are a Dionysiac-Bacchic symbol and therefore have an eschatological signiicance, namely, the guarantee that the deceased will be accepted in the Bacchic thiasos in the Underworld to lead a new, happy existence.” In 1996, she is more cautious and writes the following caution before the same interpretation: ‘Perhaps a religious meaning may be connected with these grave inds.’ (Van Boekel 1996, 26). Her interpretation is supported by a similar one of the many miniature theatre masks from the Greek necropolis of the island of Lipari, north of Sicily, from the fourth and third centuries BC (Bernabò Brea 1981, 21-5; Bernabò Brea/Cavalier 2001, 19-22). Date: IVab. Distaf?: 1 example Example: OO 12.11. Discussion: The thin round iron rod with wooden handle, preserved length 12.8, d 1 cm, from a female burial possibly is a distaf, the stick on which wool was wound for spinning by hand, and that was held in the let hand by a righthanded spinner. There are two usual interpretations for the symbolic deposition of distafs in female inhumations. The irst interpretation, of social standing, is discussed comprehensively by Elisabeth Trinkl (2000) and succinctly by Van Es (1981, 212). Trinkl’s most important sentence goes: “Vor allem im Sepulkralbereich werden die Geräte der Wollverarbeitung ein Synonym für die domina, die zeitlebens ihren Plichten nachkam und alle Agenden im und um das Haus organisierte.” Van Es discusses an amber distaf in an inhumation at Esch (some 60 km west of Nijmegen) as an atribute of women of the propertied class: “Perhaps they managed not only the kitchen and the larder, but also they supervised textile production by the female staf. The amber distaf from a Cologne workshop could point in that direction. It does not look like a real tool, but rather like a symbol of the dignity of the mistress, just like the rank of the sergeant-major is underlined by his baton.” (Transl. D.St.) This use of a wand as the atribute of the matron as head of the household is indeed mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (14,6,17), who ridicules the habit of parading the entire household through the streets of Rome behind the matron holding a virga, as if she were at the head of an army. Generally, no spindle-whorls are found in graves with distafs: indeed a sign that the distaf is an atribute of the highest rank within the household. The second interpretation, a transcendental one, is expressed by Renate Pirling (1976 = 1994, 85-89) in an article with the signiicant title Klothos Kunkel (Clotho’s distaf): gagate and amber distafs would be an allusion to the Parcae, the three godesses of destiny. Clotho is the one who spins our life’s thread. Two examples of a terracota statuete of a woman with distaf are known from the Netherlands. Van Boekel (1987, 578584) treats them under the heading Women with distaf/Parcae. The one in the Gallo-Roman temple of Aardenburg atests to use in religious rites; the other in the Roman villa of Hoogeloon probably had a role in private domestic worship (Van Boekel 1987, 580). These two interpretations do not exclude one another and so may be applied at the same time. Date: IVAB. ATTRIBUTES FOR BOTH GENDERS Coins: 70 graves, 14 stray, 209 coins Examples: see coin lists ater Chapter 14. Discussion: Coins play an important role in dating the graves and the interpretation of the two cemeteries. As there are many diferent aspects, they are discussed in diferent chapters of this study. In Chapter 3, Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue, in the section titled First and second-century coins and ibulae: intrusions? (p. 12), it is argued 371 — that early coins (and ibulae) were put into the graves intentionally; in the section titled Assessing the dates of the graves in real years (p. 12-15), the way the coin periods were used for fairly exact dates is discussed. In Chapter 12, Typology of dress accessories, the two eighth-century sceatas are discussed in the section on Beads because of the association of one of them with eighth-century beads in grave B 661 (p. 307). Finally, coin periods and mints are discussed in Chapter 14, Interpretation, in the section titled Chronology - The beginning. Ater the inal chapter, there are three coin lists: Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers; Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins; Coin list 3: per coin ater its latest minting date. Metal belt sets in diferent variants: 43 examples Examples: listed below with each variant. General discussion: In his monograph on belts and their metal mountings of the fourth and ith century AD in the Roman Empire, Sommer (1984, 4) presents a classiication in two series. In series 1, buckle and strap end are the outmost ends of the belt. In series 2, independent metal mountings form the outmost ends: small ribbed tubes (Astragaltüllen) and/or endplates; in that series, the buckle is mounted separately at some distance or made part of the endplate, while the strap end is mounted on a narrower elongation belt, which is riveted onto the main belt. The terminology used below is: buckle frame (the curved part of the buckle, through which the belt is led), tongue (the movable pin that goes through a hole in the belt) and plate (the metal piece riveted to the belt; it may be connected to the buckle frame by means of a hinge, or may be ixed, i.e. cast in one piece with the buckle frame). If, on the other hand, the belt is riveted back to itself, it passes around a rod. First-century soldier’s buckle: 1 example Example: OO 66.2. Discussion: The shape of the fragmentary buckle OO 66.2, which consists of a rod and a peltashaped bow, is known from irst-century fortress contexts (Bishop/Coulston 1993, 97, ig. 59,15; Bishop/Coulston 2006, 108, ig. 62). It also occurs, however, in fourth-century Spain (Sommer 1984, Pl. 14,7), so it cannot be dated with certainty. Date: I-IV. Buckle Sommer 1A with bag-shaped plate in variants a and c: 7 examples Examples: Sommer 1Aa (with round D-shaped or oval bow): B 654.2, OO 242.5, OO 283.3 (silver), OO 368.1. Sommer 1Ac (with two animal heads biting inwards on the bow): OO 373.2a (1Ac3, dolphins’ or ducks’ heads), OO 402.1 (1Ac1, lion’s head, degenerated here to ribs). Deviating: OO 29.2a with two rudimentary animals’ heads biting outwards. Discussion: Sommer (1984) discusses the buckles with bag-shaped plate on p. 18-21 and depicts them on Pl. 1, nos 1, 4 and 7. He classiies them with his chronological group 1 (Sommer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the ities of the fourth century (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). The variant represented by OO 29.2a, with bag-shaped plate combined with two rudimentary animals’ heads on the buckle frame biting outwards, does not occur in Sommer’s group 1, and inds a parallel for the heads in Sommer’s series 2, variant 1c, dated AD 407-450. The coins found in grave OO 29 show that it indeed comes from the years in between: the latest coin is of Valentinian II (378-383). OO 29.2a is therefore to be dated to IVd. Date: Sommer 1Aa and 1Ac: AD 310-360; OO 29.2a: IVd. Buckle Sommer 1Cb, with rectangular plate and saddleshaped to oval bow: 6 examples Examples: 1Cb1 with smooth buckle frame ends: B 14.3, B 14.4, B 132.2, B 167.1, OO 271.5; 1Cb4 with richly decorated plate: OO 366.1. Discussion: Sommer (1984) discusses these buckles on p. 22-23 and depicts them on Pl. 2,6 and 372 — Pl. 3,4-6, repsectively. He classiies 1Cb1 with his chronological group 1 (Sommer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the ities of the fourth century (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). On p. 62 he classiies 1Cb4 with his chronological group 2, dated AD 364/70-407/8 for northern Gaul and the Rhine area. Date: Sommer 1Cb1: AD 310-360; Sommer 1Cb4: AD 364-408. Buckle Sommer 2B, with open-work fence-like plate: 1 example Example: B 723.6. Discussion: Sommer (1984, 34) classiies these buckles in variants a-f, characterized by decorations; these are not present on B 723.6. He puts three of these in his chronological group 1 (Sommer 1984, 59), which he dates, for northern Gaul and the Rhine area, between AD 310 and the ifties of the fourth century (Sommer 1984, 76, 79). Date: AD 310-360. Belt set Sommer series 2, variant 1, shape c: 1 example. Example: B 61.1. Discussion: This belt set, corresponding to Ypey’s BB1 (Ypey 1969, 113-114, ig. 18), is described in detail in the ind catalogue. Ypey remarks on his distribution map (ig. 21), that his series B with loose buckle (as opposed to his series A, in which the buckle is part of the endplate) does not occur in the Danube area (cf. Sommer 1984, 110, map 7). Ypey (1969, 94) connects his type A with the campaigns against the Quadi beyond the Danube of the years 373-380, in which many Frankish soldiers from northern Gaul took part. He concludes (Ypey 1969, 114) that belts of his series B did not yet exist at the time of those campaigns and therefore date ater 375. Both his types A and B, he supposes, originated in northern Gaul and the Rhine area. Böhme 1974 (61-62, 285-286, 361; Pl. 84, 11-18) classiies this belt set with his type Vieuxville, which sometimes has three but usually two end plates with ribbed tubes (Astragalröhre) slipped onto them. On p. 155, he classiies his type Vieuxville with his phase II, c.AD 380-420. In a discussion on the problem, which Germanic groups (laeti established in the Empire or foederati crossing the border) had decisive inluence on the material culture of the Roman area north of the Loire, Böhme (1974, 205) rejects the laeti on the grounds of chronology and status, and considers among others the Nijmegen grave with this belt set that of a Roman oicer of Germanic origin. He suggests calling them foederati. In 1997, Böhme retracted this opinion: see below. Sommer (1984, 7-9) classiies belts with narrow end plates, on which ribbed tubes (Astragalröhre) have been slipped, with his series 2, variant 1, shape c, which his distribution map 7 (Sommer 1984, 110) shows to occur in northern Gaul, the Rhine area, and the north-west of Germania Libera. He does not date this series of belts as a whole (apart from the caption of his distribution map: chronological group 3); instead, he discusses buckle and strap end separately, and puts them in chronological groups, which he subsequently dates. The endplates with Astragaltüllen are, curiously enough, not further discussed. The buckle with animals’ heads biting outward (rudimentarily present on our buckle) and the short ixed plate is Sommer’s shape 3, type f, apparently variant Haillot (although the characteristic punched decoration is absent here; Sommer 1984, 39-40, 132, Pl. 17, 3-5). This kind of buckle is in his chronological group 3, which Sommer dates AD 407-450 (Sommer 1984, 65, 78-79). The strap end belongs to Sommer’s shape B, type c, variant 2 (Sommer 1984, 49-53, Pl. 21, 1-6): amphorashaped, no indication of handles, no end decoration; this is also in his chronological group 3, dated 407-450 (Sommer 1984, 65, 78-79). A more precise date for the Nijmegen belt set can be derived from the reuse of two pieces, which show cut-out (Kerbschnit) decoration on their back sides, which were invisible when the belt was worn: one of the endplates and one of the middle-sized belt stifeners. Ypey (1969, 114) remarks, that both pieces apparently were part of earlier belt sets and used as repair pieces in a time when Kerbschnit was no longer in fashion. I 373 — therefore propose to date the Nijmegen belt set to Vb. On the use of belt sets of his series 2, variant 1, Sommer’s conclusion on p. 86 is negative: it cannot be assigned to a formal uniform corresponding to an oicial Roman dress code. So it is not possible to identify it with the cingulum militiae known from ancient literature. Nevertheless, four tables of sites (e.g. Table 3 on p. 90: series 2, variant 1c) lead him to the conclusion that these belts were worn by frontier soldiers; which kind, is again impossible to say. But also barbarians wore this kind of belts: in 12 graves (=34%) with such belts barbarian atributes like comb, shears, tweezers and lint-and-steel were found; 43 graves between Elbe and Rhine, apparently of Germanic soldiers returned home ater Roman service, contain this belt set (Sommer 1984, 101, notes 108 and 114). On the place of manufacture, inally, Sommer (1984, 103) remarks that his map 7 on p. 110 shows that they were made in the provinces Germania II and Gallia II. Böhme (1997, 101) retracts his 1974 opinion: he now rejects the name of foederati, and says that ‘most such grave inds’ in northern Gaul can be explained by the presence of Germanic peoples connected with military contingents and by groups of followers of headmen from the right bank of the Rhine, which came into Roman service and were completely integrated in the imperial army. ‘So these new troups were oicial Roman soldiers known as auxilia, not independent free groups of warriors acting independently.’ Date: Vab. Belt stifeners: 3 examples Examples: B 180.4 (buterly-shaped), B 714.1 (propellor-shaped), OO 29.2ef (iron strips). Discussion: Belt stifeners, both propellor-shaped and strips, belong to Sommer’s belts of series 1, variant 3 (Sommer 1984, 5-6). Sommer gives no date, apart from a depiction on the Arch of Constantine (AD 315) and a grave in Russia (c.AD 340). Grave B 180 is a female inhumation, as appears from a bracelet and a bead, and to be dat- ed AD 316-318, as appears from two coins of the years 303-305 and 316-317. Iron belt sets like the strips OO 29.2ef are of barbaric origin, according to Sommer (1984, 101). Fingerlin (2002) discusses many propellor-shaped belt stifeners. Date: IVab. Strap ends of diferent shapes: 3 or 4 examples Examples: B 143.6?, B 320.5, OO 29.2b (Sommer shape D type a), OO 248.2. Discussion: B 143.6 (bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), found at the height of the waist, may be a belt stifener and a strap end; no parallels known. B 320.5 is a bent strip of bronze with two rivets, found, together with a buckle whose plate is not preserved, in a girl’s grave, which also contained a wooden chest. OO 248.2 is a smooth lancet-shaped thin piece of bronze without rivets or holes, vaguely resembling amphora-shaped strap ends. Only OO 29.2b belongs to a well-deined type: Sommer shape D type a (Sommer 1984, 55, Pl. 23,2-3), a strap end folded from bronze sheet with a tube-shaped fold, richly decorated with niello-illed engravings. Sommer (1984, 63) puts it in his chronological group 2, dated AD 364/70-407/8 for northern Gaul and the Rhine area. The strap end was found with a large iron buckle and two iron belt stifeners, showing the grave to be Germanic (cf. Sommer 1984, 101). The latest coin in grave OO 29 is of Valentinian II (378-383). Date: IVC. Two rings against each other (belt fastening?): 2 or 4 examples Examples: B 180.7, B 320.2?, B 465.22, B 687.5?. Discussion: Three inds come from female inhumations. B 465.22 consists of a bronze and an iron ring against each other and was lying to the right of the hip. B 180.7 was lying in an unknown position and consists of a larger iron and a smaller bronze ring. These are possibly fastenings for textile belts (belt end passed through both rings and passed back between the two rings). Parallels from late antiquity are, however, unknown to me. 374 — Another possible belt fastening of this type is B 320.2: two rings in a wooden chest that contained other clothing accessories. The same may hold for the two rings B 687.5, found near the feet; they might be the fastening of a belt lying at the feet. Alternatively, these may have been rings that connected the straps of a leather belt. Date: IVa-Vb. Iron buckles: 6 examples Examples: B 140.3 (female, barbarian), B 180.5 (female), OO 29.2d (male), OO 60.2 (unknown), OO 338.1 (unknown), OO 361.5 (unknown). Discussion: Sommer (1984, 101) calls iron belt sets barbarian. This is true for female grave B 140, in which shears were also found. There are, however, no other barbarian atributes in female inhumation B 180, with coins of AD 303-5 and 316-7. The IVC belt set from grave OO 29 has been discussed above, in the section Strap ends. The large oval buckle from grave OO 60 is dated to IVAB by the presence of a beaker Symonds 61. The D-shaped buckle from grave OO 338 is accompanied by coins dated AD 330-ater 340. The buckle from OO 361 dates to IVab, as appears from the potery found with it. Date: IVabc. gether with a small iron axe (Siegmund 1999 type FBA 2.3, AD 400-440). B 54.6 is a bronze ring, which had an iron tongue before it was restored; it was lying in a niche to the let of the waist and is dated IVab by potery. B 320.3, the shape of whose plate cannot be reconstructed, was in a wooden chest in a girl’s grave and was dated IVab by potery. Bronze buckle B 465.17 with oval plate was lying to the right of the waist in the grave of a priestess dated AD 434-450. It is to be dated to mid V (M. Erdrich, pers.comm.; parallel in Rhenen grave 356, dated to VB: Böhme 1974, 39, 268, Taf. 60). B 704.10 is a fragmentary buckle, lying to the right of the head outside the coin together with seven bronze rings; the high status of this grave appears from the plank-built chamber and a wooden bucket. OO 30.4 is a bronze (buckle?) mounting: strip, ends riveted together; it is dated by potery to IVab. OO 26.6 is lost; it was a bronze buckle, to the let of the feet; the grave, containing coins from AD 260-70, is dated by IVab potery. Finally, OO 347.1 is a D-shaped buckle frame with carelessly incised decoration and an iron tongue, found in the middle of a grave otherwise without artefacts. Small rectangular bronze buckles: 2 examples Examples: OO 287.2 (to the right of the feet, in the coin), OO 371.1 (to the let of the waist). Discussion: The buckle near the right foot in OO 287 may belong to a separately deposited belt; it is dated by a Gellep 105 (IIId-IVB). The belt in OO 371 was accompanied by coins dating AD 330-341 and is therefore to be dated to IVB. There are no good parallels in Sommer (1984): those on Pls. 13-15 are clearly larger. Date: IVB. Belt pendant: 1 example Example: OO 373.2b. Discussion: No exact parallel is known to me for this folded strip-shaped strap end with dot-andcircles, one of which camoulages a rivet. Shape and decoration are reminiscent of two pendants from Liebenau grave II/230 (Böhme 1974, Pl. 29, 5-6), discussed at length by Werner (1964) as Donar amulets. It is dated by an accompanying buckle of type Sommer 1Ac3 with ducks’ heads and a Gellep 109 dated IVab. Date: AD 310-360. Remaining buckles: 9 examples Examples: B 54.6, B 143.5, B 180.6, B 320.3, B 465.17, B 704.10, OO 26.6, OO 30.4, OO 347.1. Discussion: B 143.5 is a D-shaped buckle of which no plate is preserved; it was lying to the right of the waist outside the coin in a boy’s grave to- Iron knives: 17 examples Examples: B 59.8, B 140.1, B 143.7, B 180.10?, B 465.20, B 481.4, B 659.1, B 687.4, OO 101.9, OO 101.10, OO 144.9, OO 200.9, OO 271.6, OO 290.8, OO 366.2, OO 433.4, OO 478.5. Discussion: Pirling (1966, 123-4) lists iteen iron 375 — knives from Gellep (three in male, three in female burials, the rest not to be determined), most of them with short and wide triangular blades, to be considered miniature models of butchers’ knives or sacriicial knives. She dates them throughout IV. Pirling (1974, 91) adds nine new examples (one in a male, one in a female burial). Again, triangular blades are predominant, with long handles, she now adds. She dates three knives to IVB, and one to IVcd. Pirling (1979, 67-8) has two new knives, one dated IVab, one IVB. Böhme (1974, 128-30) mentions many diferent types of iron knives between Elbe and Loire. The Nijmegen types with lancet-shaped blades occur mainly in northwest Germany and northern France (the later in female burials). The distribution according to gender in Nijmegen is: three male burials (B 143, OO 271, OO 366), four female (B 59, B 140, B 465, B 180), eight not to be determined. It is diicult to recognize a patern in the positions of the iron knives in the Nijmegen graves. Two were lying near the let hand: B 465.20 (priestess), B 687.4. Near the upper legs: OO 366.2. In the middle of the grave: OO 433.4. In the foot end: B 481.4, OO 271.6 (male). Apart from other inds in a cremation: B 140.1. To the right outside the coin: B 143.7. In a niche: OO 101.9 (at the hight of the waist, not known right or let, in a terra sigillata bowl which also contained bone remains). To the let of the head: OO 290.8. In an unknown position: B 659.1, B 59.8, B 180.10, OO 478.5. The patern seems to be: hanging from a belt or with a burial meal. The shapes of the knives are as follows. All blades end in a point; 16 out of 17 have two convex sides, asymmetrical in four cases, symmetrical in eight (and one unknown: B 180.10 possibly is the point of a blade). They cluster in three widths: wide, medium and narrow. A wide blade (ratio length:width = 1.9-2.4) have OO 290.8, OO 271.6, OO 433.4 and B 687.4. A medium blade (ratio l:w = 2.8-3.1) have B 481.4, B 143.7, B 659.1 and OO 366.2. A narrow blade (ratio length:width = 3.8-4.6) have B 140.1, B 59.8, B 465.20 and OO 101.9. OO 478.5 has a completely diferent shape, with a convex cuting edge and a concave back. No correlation can be found between position in the grave, (a)symmetry and width of blade. The question whether the four forms served diferent purposes must remain open. Date: IVa-Vb. Shoes: 14 examples (sometimes more than one ind number per grave) Examples: B 59.11 (sole), B 59.12 (sole), B 183.7 (hobnailed sole), B 198.3 (hobnailed sole), B 316.1 (sole), OO 3.1 (c.30 hobnails), OO 63.5 (hobnails), OO 206.1 (c.40 strips of 3-5 heads of hobnails), OO 207.14 (hobnails), OO 283.5 (hobnails), OO 290.9a (leather remains) and 9b (hobnails), OO 323.1, OO 339.9, OO 371.5 (leather remains near the let foot), OO 382.9 (leather remains with small iron hobnails). Discussion: In the fourth century, shoes with hobnails form a minority, so the absence of hobnails does not necessarily imply absence of shoes (Dr C. van Driel-Murray, pers. comm.). One male burial (OO 283) and ive female ones (B 59, B 198, OO 217, OO 339, OO 382) have shoes; the gender in the eight other graves could not be determined. During the excavations, the patern of the hobnails was never ixed by means of plaster or synthetic material. The pattern has been preserved in B 316.1: according to Groenman-Van Waateringe a marginal row along the entire sole, under the forefoot a second marginal row, a lozenge and three straight rows, under the heel two long rows and a short one. The positions in which the shoe remains were found are as follows. We do not know it in four cases (B 198.3, OO 3.1, OO 206.1, OO 283.5). The deceased may have had the shoes on in two cases, although both are uncertain: B 183.7 (near the feet, in the coin) and B 59.11 and 10 (B 59.11 near let foot, B 59.12 near right foot). In two cases they were lying between the feet (OO 207.14 and OO 290.9a-b). In one case there were leather remains near the let foot (OO 371.5). In the last three cases the shoes were not near the 376 — feet: in or on a wooden chest (OO 339.9), in a large coarse pot Gellep 105 (OO 63.5) and under the coin (B 316.1). So we know that the deceased did not have his shoes on in ive out of eight known cases, and it may be six out of seven. Philpot (1991, 167) remarks that in Britannia there are few graves with hobnails in the civitas capitals and many in the country, where apparently the rite concerned occurred more oten. Further, that it appears from a large series of inhumations in Lankhills in the period AD 310410, that the shoes were not put near the feet in the beginning of IV, and that they were usually worn or put near the feet later on. On p. 173 he remarks that some have interpreted the presence of shoes that were not worn by the deceased as an expression of the belief that the deceased needed the shoes in the hereater, probably even for the journey to the underworld (Cf. Driel-Murray 1999, 2001 and 2002). Philpot himself prefers the idea that the grave was seen as a room the deceased lived in. Date: IVab. Decorative nails and rivets: 9 examples Examples: B 198.2 (two bronze rivets), B 364.2 (bronze decorative nail), B 496.1 (bronze rivet), OO 9.17 (bronze decorative nail), OO 144.10 (iron rivet with Medusa head), OO 168.12 (bronze split pin), OO 207.13 (small bronze rivet with shat), OO 302.2 (bronze rivet). Discussion: There is considerable variation in decorative nails and rivets not associated with wooden chests: iron nails about which nothing is known (OO 339.9); simple decorative bronze nails with lat-convex head (B 496.1) or convexconcave head (OO 9.17); a bronze rivet with hollow proiled plate and square shat (OO 302.2); a bronze ring with a split pin on it (OO 168.12, function unknown). Of three decorated nails, B 364.2 has a round proiled head and a square shat, and the other two have a lat head with igurative decoration in a diferent metal. The bronze OO 207.13 with gold foil on it has a rosete within a proiled rim. The iron OO 144.2 has a bronze plate with raised rim and in the centre a Medusa head with globules to represent the hair (there is also a Medusa head on wooden chest in B 701). Date: IVAB. Unique pieces Bronze heart-shaped pendant: 1 example Example: OO 19.2. Discussion: The pendant, w 5.7, h 5.3 cm, with a proiled knob at its lower end and at its top a suspension strip that curves back to a hole in the middle where it forms a fastening by means of a rivet with curled end. This is a piece of horse gear. Pendants of this type occur on the same terrain of the Hunerberg in Flavian pits in the canabae (cf. e.g. Bishop/Coulston 1993, 106, ig. 65,2). It must be remarked that this grave only contained unique pieces: a crucible-shaped beaker further unknown in Nijmegen but present in Gellep (Gellep 496); and a small lead disk, possibly a spindle-whorl. So the pendant may have been put intentionally in the grave rather than being intrusive in the illing. Date: IC. Bronze basin: 1 example Small hemispherical basin with rounded base, h 4.3-4.7; d 15.5. The rim is thickened and rounded on the inside of the vessel. The basin has concentric grooves from spinning on the lathe inside and out. Only the inside of the vessel is tinned. Soldered on the outside, 1.5 cm below the rim, is a lozenge-shaped escutcheon with an eye on the top, on which a ring ( 2) is hanging. Example: B 181.4. Discussion: Photograph by J. Cloosterman, 21 March 1978; Daalen et al. 2005, 31) in the right hand of its inder J.R.A.M. Thijssen. A silver bowl of about the same shape and dimensions occurs in Gellep grave 932 (Pirling 1966, catalogue 112 and Pl. 77, 2ab). Pirling (1966, 127) suggests it was meant for cult use. Pirling (1974, 80) mentions a bronze plate, fashioned from the base of 377 — a larger vessel and dates it IVB. The other inds in B 181 date that grave to IVAB. Barate et al. (1984, 119-122, with further literature) publishes a silvered pewter basin of similar form and somewhat larger dimensions in Chalon-sur-Saône, bearing a Christian inscription, and points out the popularity of the shape in potery, glass and metal in IV and Va. Decorations on the shape may be pagan, secular or Christian, and a secular use of the Chalon basin, despite its Christian inscription, is quite possible. Date: IVAB. Stone spindle whorl: 1 example, lost Example: B stray 255. Discussion: No data. Cameo: 1 example Example: B stray 144. Discussion: Female head with diadem. Daniëls (1955, 252) refers to Verslag 1922, 10, no. 34c. No further data. Lamps: 3 examples Examples: B stray 55, B stray 241, OO stray 38. Discussion: B stray 55 is a lamp with two spouts and one handle of white potery with a brownish black coating, h 5, w 7. Cf. Menzel 1969, nos. 485-7. B stray 241 is a lamp Loeschcke IV with volutes on the sides of the spout. Anchor and dolphins on its mirror could be interpreted in a Christian sense, but this is improbable. OO stray 38 is an open lamp Loeschcke XIB, dated by to I-III. Pirling/Siepen (2006, 407-8) mentions ive such lamps from Gellep, dated to II. They were used to burn tallow or wax. Lead lamp: 1 example Example: B stray 259. Discussion: Lead open lamp. No further data. Bronze statuete: 1 example Statuete of Hercules mingens Example: OO stray 46 Discussion: The statuete was published in Zadoks/Peters/Witeveen 1973, 10, no. 10. Organic Wooden plank: 2 examples Example: B 410.4, B 829.2. Discussion: No data. Textile remains: 15 examples (plus textile handbag B 185.4 treated above) Examples: on B 61.2, on B 162.1, B 185.3, many scraps in B 465 and B 620, OO 26.9, OO 29.11, OO 242.8, OO 250.20 (not analysed), OO 271.10 (on buckle), OO 362.7, OO 366.3, OO 366.4 (on knife), OO 371.5, OO 400.5, OO 402.2, OO 433.5. Discussion: The condition of the textiles is poor. The fragments are very britle and are semi-carbonized. The objects are of interest because they represent various types of weaves and give an indication of the type of textile technology to be found in the region at this time. There is no indication that these textiles were imported pieces (type of ibre, spin, weave, and so forth). Based on the inds from other contemporary and near-contemporary Roman sites, it is clear that these pieces are representative parts of the textile horizon of this area and date. The oldest ind, B 620 (the sarcophagus of the Grutberg), was studied at the ROB in the sixties, most probably by J. Ypey. That description comes irst. Three have been studied by G.M. Vogelsang-Eastwood; her report follows ater that on B 620. The other ones have not been studied. B 620 One textile remain clings to bracelet B 620.7, three to bracelet B 620.9, called here B 620.9a-c; one to tutulus ibula B 620.14; one to a bronze sheet band of one of the tambourine sticks B 620.15. B 620.7: Fibre: vegetable (lax?). Size: not noted down; very small. Spin: z/z. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.16 in the presumed warp, c.11 in the presumed wet. Weave: tabby. Use: no indication. B 620.9a: Fibre: unknown. Size: not noted down; very small. Spin: z/z? Twist: not noted down. 378 — Count: c.20 in the presumed warp, c.25 in the presumed wet. Weave: tabby. Use: no indication. B 620.9bc: Presumably the same length of cloth. Fibre: unknown. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: z/z. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.11 in the presumed warp, c.13 in the presumed wet. Weave: tabby. Use: no indication. B 620.14: Three layers of presumably the same length of cloth. Fibre: vegetable, presumably lax. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: s/s. Twist: unknown. Count: c.24 in the presumed warp, 26-30 in the presumed wet; one of the fragments has c.16 thicker threads in the presumed warp, c.24 iner threads in the presumed wet. Weave: tabby; one of the fragments shows doubling of the presumed warp and was presumably part of the selvedge. Use: no indication. B 620.15: Fibre: unknown. Size: not noted down, very small. Spin: s/s. Twist: not noted down. Count: c.10 in the presumed warp, c.8 in the presumed wet. Weave: tabby. Use: no indication. B 185.3 The only facts noted down are as follows. Size: pieces of 0.4-0.6 cm. Weave: twill. OO 366.3 The ind is made up of two textiles, the irst textile (a) is a large fragment made up of several layers of cloth. The second textile (b) is somewhat smaller and was apparently resting on the irst piece. It would appear that they are from the same length of cloth. The cloth is now carbonized. There are areas of green on the material which would appear to be a copper deposit from another object, rather than indicating the use of a dye or pigment. Fibre: animal?. Size: (a) 7.7 x 3.5 (b) 3.8 x 2.3 cm. Spin: z/z (some paired threads, this may relect a weaving fault rather than the deliberate use of paired threads). Twist: medium/medium. Count: 24 in the presumed warp; 16 in the presumed wet. Weave: 1/2 twill (it should be noted that no selvedges are present so it is not clear whether it is actually a 1/2 or a 2/1 twill. Nevertheless, the presence of plied threads in one direction indicates that this was the wet, and thus a 1/2 twill form. In one area of the web there is evidence of the use of thicker thread (S,3?z) which appears to turn back on itself. However, due to the poor condition of the cloth at this point, this detail is not clear. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used. OO 366.4 This ind is made up of a single textile which is now a light brown in colour. There is no indication of any colour or decoration. The size of the object makes it very diicult to draw any conclusions about the nature of this ind. Fibre: animal? Size: 2.0 x 1.8 cm. Spin: z/z. Twist: loose. Count: c.12 in the presumed warp; 22 in the presumed wet. Weave: wet(?)-faced tabby weave. Use: There is no indication of how this cloth may have originally been used. Animal bones, not on plates: 2 examples Examples: B 182.9 (two bones, chicken?), B 497. intr. (bone frgms, cow?); B 497.intr. (sheep/goat). Discussion: B 182 is a cremation grave, in which there is a demonstrable earlier intrusion: B 182. intr. is a wall fragment of a irst-century Belgian beaker. The animal bones B 182.9 may therefore be an intrusion as well. The bones in B 497 were in unknown position, so probably they too are an intrusion in the illing of the grave. Cow’s molar: 3 examples Examples: B 504.intr., B 505.1, OO 319.2. Discussion: The only interpretation in ancient literature of teeth as amulets is found in Pliny NH 28, 257/8 and Julian Or. 7, 206. They tell that teeth of horse and wolf were used as an amulet for small children in order to alleviate the eruption of their teeth (RAC sv Amulet A VII). This seems a strange meaning for an amulet in a grave. Moreover, grave B 505 measures 200 cm, B 504 155 cm. Their interpretation must remain open, if they are not intrusions. Deteriorated organic remains: 2 examples Examples: OO 242.5a, OO 373.2. Discussion: OO 242.5a is made up of four larger and several small lumps of carbonized organic 379 — material. On one piece there are traces of what appears to be a weave, but under a microscope, it would appear that it is an organic material which has deteriorated in narrow strips (leather?). Leather remains: 4 examples Examples: OO 12.12, OO 271.9, OO 366.1a, OO 381.1?. Discussion: No data. Shapeless metal Shapeless lead: 8 examples Examples: OO 19.3 (small lat round lead disk), OO 122.2 (lead, no data), OO 195.5 (lead, lat piece), OO 223.2 (puddle of lead), OO 249.4 (folded lead strip), OO 249.5 (strip), OO 271.8+11 (fragments of lead sheet), OO 359.1 (drop of lead). Discussion: All lead was found in cemetery Nijmegen-East (OO). The puddle of lead OO 223.1 (outside the coin, to the let of the head) and the drop of lead OO 359.1 (to the let of the head, no trace of a coin), if they are not simply intrusions, suggest that lead was molten during both inhumation ceremonies, but the reason remains unknown. Disk OO 19.3, d 2.4, th 0.2, may have had a central hole: spindle whorl or amulet? OO 122.2 was outside the coin, to the right of the head, but its shape and function are unknown. The torn piece of lead OO 195.5 was lying on the middle of the upper body and may have been put there intentionally. OO 223.1 (outside the coin) and 2 (on the waist) were folded pieces of lead sheet. They were folded open in the laboratory of Museum Het Valkhof in order to look for graiti. There were none; hammer traces are visible. That lead may be intrusive in the (top) illing of the graves is proven by OO 249.5, where it is wrapped around the lint of a modern rile or pistol. For the ancient use of lead, cf. Der Neue Pauly s.v. Deixio. The special use of lead for curse tablets, sometimes put into graves with the implicit request to the deceased to hand them to the underworld deities (Gager 1992), was reason for opening the folded lead sheet OO 223.1-2; there was no text. A rolled strip of lead with punched text and symbols, reportedly found in a Marienburg grave in 1998 and depicted in Van Enckevort et al. (2002a, 106: drawing; 2002b, 24: photographs) is called a curse tablet there. It turned out to be a forgery, ater the present author had writen an unpublished paper in 2002 to voice his mistrust of this and other christograms reportedly found in and near Nijmegen in the years 1995-1999 (Toebosch 2005, Horssen 2006). All the others appeared to be forgeries as well (Holleman 2000 presents them as genuine inds in a Dutch newspaper; Meijers et al. 2005 technically proves them to be forgeries; Horssen 2006 combines the arguments of the present author with the scientiic proof). Shapeless bronze: 27 examples Examples: B 139.3 (bronze remains), B 143.6 (bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), B 180. coin (two irregular strips of bronze), B 196.8 (pieces of bronze sheet), B 198.4 (tube: spring tube of a ibula?), B 205.intr. (bronze slag), B 256. intr. (folded strip of bronze sheet), B 312.1 (bronze wire), B 320.4 (bronze sheet with rivet), B 320.6 (piece of proiled bronze wire or bracelet, bent out of shape), B 486.1 (piece of bronze), B 620.20 (bronze knob), B 706.5 (small bronze tube in a split pin), B 778.9 (bronze tube, possibly a bead), OO 9.16 (bronze plate, no data), OO 49.2, OO 101.12 (scrap of bronze mounting), OO 107.1 (shapeless piece of bronze sheet), OO 144.11 (curved lid or corner reinforcement of bronze sheet), OO 144.14 (drop of bronze), OO 176.14 (fragment of bronze), OO 208.1 (piece of bronze), OO 229.1, OO 247.1 (scrap of bronze sheet), OO 366.5, OO 404.1 (shapeless piece of bronze), OO 473.6 (bronze sheet folded double). Discussion: Further comment is relevant for the following. B 143.6 (bronze sheet with 2 rivets; small tube), found at the height of the waist, may be a belt stifener and a strap end. B 620.20 is a knob found at the neck of the young girl in 380 — the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. B 320.4 was in a wooden chest with a strap end: a clothing accessory? B 320.6 is a piece of bronze wire, possibly a bracelet. The mysterious small tube B 706.5 in a split pin was the only metal object in a niche and had been put there intentionally. The tube B 778.9 was lying in a botle together with beads and pendants and probably is a bead. B 180.coin are mountings for a wooden object. OO 144.11, a curved lid or corner reinforcement of bronze sheet, is, apart from the sapropelite box discussed above, the only indication we have for a round box of perishable material. Shapeless iron: 13 examples Examples: B 465.12 (two halves of a bent iron rod with textile bands around it in two places), B 465.21 (bent iron rod), B 741.7, OO 71.4 (lat disk d 7.0), OO 88.5, OO 90.2, OO 94.3, OO 223.1, OO 250.16, OO 271.12, OO 283.6-8, OO 307.1, OO 339.13, OO 352.1 (link?), OO 415.2, OO 428.1, OO 469.3 (scrap of iron sheet). Discussion: Further comment is only necessary for the following. In the case of B 465.12 and B 465.21 one should take into account that this grave with its many unique pieces has been identiied as that of a priestess. The two iron objects may be part of her pontiicals, but cannot be identiied with certainty. B 465.21 might be the broken-of bend of bent rod B 465.12, which was kept in a bent position by textile bands wrapped around it in two places. The symbolic meaning might be: sot powers overcome hard power. The breaking-of must have taken place when the textile bands were already being mineralized. OO 311.7 possibly is a bracelet. OO 415.2 is an iron object, bent and with a square nail hole, found on or above the lower body of a person who wore a crossbow ibula on the right shoulder. 13 Typology of the graves Niches: a minimum of 137 graves and a maximum of 146 had a niche (9 graves uncertain), 8 of which, all in cemetery B, certainly with an empty one, indicated below with (e). Italics: graves with certain orientation and one niche with certain relation to the body; these data have been used in drawing up Tables 15 and 16. The details of each grave may be looked up in the ind catalogue in Chapters 5 and 6; the age and gender of the deceased (wherever known), in Chapter 7. Examples: 92 graves with one niche, on the N: B 7 (e), B 13, B 67, B 85, B 86, B 150, B 151, B 176, B 177, B 186, B 189, B 191, B 207, B 211, B 216, B 217, B 218, B 219, B 221, B 234, B 241, B 248, B 292, B 319, B 381, B 383, B 387, B 395, B 410, B 421, B 423, B 435, B 451, B 470, B 471, B 564 (e), B 619 (e), B 643 (e), B 676, B 681, B 686, B 687, B 701, B 702, B 705, B 706, B 726, B 728, B 734, B 742, B 746 (e), B 760, B 764, B 766, B 803, B 809, B 812, B 818, B 820, OO 13, OO 20, OO 22, OO 30, OO 44, OO 99 (e?), OO 102, OO 135, OO 161, OO 164, OO 181, OO 196, OO 200, OO 248, OO 287, OO 316, OO 317, OO 319, OO 322, OO 340, OO 349, OO 351, OO 354, OO 356, OO 361, OO 362, OO 382, OO 383, OO 395 (e?), OO 400, OO 413, OO 440 (e?), OO 472; 30 graves with one niche, on the S: B 54, B 69 (e), B 122, B 181, B 512, B 581 (e), B 677, B 741, B 743, B 763, B 810, B 814, B 815, B 821, B 827, OO 26, OO 37, OO 59, OO 78, OO 98, OO 101, OO 106, OO 143 (e?), OO 152, OO 153, OO 176, OO 232, OO 250, OO 290, OO 473; 4 graves with one niche, on the W: B 708, OO 19, OO 109, OO 186; 3 graves with one niche, on the E: B 183, B 236, OO 348; 5 graves with two niches: B 723 (2xN), B 819 (1 N, 1 S, one empty), OO 144 (1 N, 1 S), OO 243 (2xN, one empty?), OO 323 (1 N, 1 S, both empty?); 3 graves where the niche was the only part of the grave found and its orientation therefore unknown: B 817, OO 168, OO 188; 9 graves where the presence of a niche is uncertain: B 184, B 358, B 566, B 805, OO 162, OO 278, OO 393, OO 447, OO 482. Discussion: A niche is a hole dug horizontally from the side of the grave trench. It usually is some 50 cm higher than the loor of the grave (varying from 10 cm lower than the grave loor up to 88 cm above it). Many Nijmegen niches seem to be level with the grave loor; seem, because they are not well documented. Most niches contained grave goods, i.e. drinks and/or meals. An old article on niches in Late Roman inhumation graves is Haberey (1934). He reports that many niches in the Severinstraße Late Roman cemetery in Cologne were subdivided by wooden planks into diferent levels (not a trace of that custom in Nijmegen); that 31 out of 210 graves had niches (i.e. 15%; the percentage in Nijmegen is 10-11%); that they usually measure some 40x50 cm (25x35 up to 70x70); that they were also found in Cologne graves in clay and in gravel soils; and that their distribution area includes Worms, Ehrang and Bregenz. We may conclude that this area is the Roman northwest on the continent. Haberey considers graves with niches to be miniature chamber tombs. There is a striking diference here between Cologne and Nijmegen on the one hand and Gellep on the other. In Nijmegen, 137 out of 1323 graves have niches, i.e. 10.3%; at the time of Haberey’s article, Cologne had 15%. In Gellep, no more than 39 graves out of 1258 inhumations had niches, i.e. 3.1% (Pirling/Siepen (2006, 13-4). The ratio behind the Nijmegen niches comes out best when they are sorted according to three criteria: 1. is the head of the deceased to the east (an E-W grave) or to the west (a W-E grave)?; 2. is the niche to the let or the right of the body?; 3. at the height of which body part is the niche? Table 15 shows, e.g., that the niche is to the right of the head in 17 E-W graves, i.e. in 28% of the total of 61 E-W graves with one niche each; and that one E-W grave, i.e. 2%, has a niche to the let of the head. Tables 15 and 16 show that the preferred side of the grave is the north (81% in E-W graves, 70% in W-E graves). This means that the niches were mostly made where the gravedigger could see what he was doing, the daylight falling in from the south; and that the 381 — 382 — Table 15: Positions of niches in relation to the body in E-W graves with one niche each (N=61) N = right W 3x 1x 2x 2x 11x 9x 4x 17x 5% 2% 3% 3% 18% 15% 7% 28% feet shins legs thighs waist torso shoulders head 1x - 2x - 4x 3x - 1x 2% - 3% - 7% 5% - 2% E S = let Table 16: Positions of niches in relation to the body in W-E graves with one niche each (N=13) N = let W - - - 4x 1x 1x - 3x - - - 31% 8% 8% - 23% head shoulders torso waist thighs legs shins feet 1x - - - - 2x - 1x 8% - - - - 15% - 8% E S = right position to the right or let of the deceased was less important. As to the dates, no Nijmegen niche is later than AD 367 or more probably AD 355: they all fall within the irst potery period, deined in Chapter 14. This irst potery period is characterized by abundance, and the niches were meant to stow away this abundance. The second potery period is characterized by scarcity, so niches were no longer needed. Iron nails: in 628 graves (407 in cemetery B, 221 in OO) Examples: B 1, B 5 (probably of a wooden chest 56x48) -7, B 10, B 12-6, B 20-3, B 27, B 30, B 33, B 41, B 43, B 47, B 48 (many), B 52, B 54, B 62, B 64-5 (one), B 67, B 69-71, B 74, B 76-7, B 80-3, B 86-91, B 93-4, B 97-101, B 103-5, B 107, B 110-2, B 114-7, B 121-38, B 140, B 142, B 144, B 146-7, B 149-52, B 155-6, B 158-9, B 161-8, B 170-6, B 231-2, B 234, B 239, B 241-2, B 244-52, B 255, B 259, B 262, B 264, B 268, B 271, B 275-6, B 279, B 291 (many) -303, B 305-6, B 312, B 315-23, B 325-6, B 328-9, B 331 (clamps under coin), B 333-5, B 338-40, B 342-7, B 350-1, B 370, B 372, B 374-9, B 381, B 383-7, B 391-3, B 395-7, B 399, B 401-2 (nails in museum depot; not in inds note), B 403, B 410 (in a long object to the let of the coin, hammered in from both sides), B 412-4, B 416-23, B 426-32, B 434-6, B 438-9, B 443-9, B 451-3, B 455-7, B 465-7, B 470, B 474, B 479, B 481-2, B 486-7, B 489 (two outside coin), B 383 — 492, B 494-6, B 578-9, B 581-91, B 595-6 (one), B 598 (one) -9, B 600, B 602-4, B 606-7, B 609-10, B 613-7, B 619 (one), B 621-4, B 626 (not preserved), B 628-31, B 635-8, B 640, B 644-6, B 64850, B 652, B 654-5, B 661-3, B 665-6, B 670-6, B 682-6, B 688, B 690-2, B 694, B 696-706 (B 704 some nails), B 710, B 714, B 717-28, B 730-5, B 737, B 739-49, B 751-6, B 759-64, B 766-72, B 775-7, B 780-1, B 784, B 786-7, B 790-1, B 795, B 798-9, B 828, B 831 (one), B 832 (two), B 834; OO 2-5, OO 9, OO 12-3, OO 19-20, OO 24, OO 26, OO 28-9, OO 31, OO 32, OO 36-7, OO 40, OO 48-9, OO 53-4, OO 56-60, OO 63, OO 65-6, OO 70-2, OO 74-5, OO 78, OO 82-4, OO 88, OO 90, OO 96-9, OO 101-112, OO 116, OO 118, OO 120, OO 122, OO 127-9, OO 131-2, OO 134-5, OO 142, OO 144-5, OO 147-153, OO 157, OO 161, OO 164, OO 168-70, OO 173-8, OO 180-1, OO 186, OO 193-5, OO 196, OO 198-201, OO 203, OO 205, OO 20710, OO 223, OO 228, OO 231, OO 241-3, OO 248, OO 250-2, OO 255-6, OO 259 (one), OO 269, OO 271-5, OO 278-9, OO 283, OO 289-90, OO 292, OO 294, OO 304, OO 307, OO 314-5, OO 317-27, OO 333, OO 335, OO 337-40, OO 342-52, OO 354-6, OO 358, OO 360-2, OO 366, OO 368-73, OO 375-7, OO 381-3, OO 387, OO 393-4, OO 396-7, OO 400-2, OO 404-6, OO 408, OO 411-3, OO 415, OO 419-26, OO 430-5, OO 437-8, OO 440-1, OO 444, OO 446, OO 473 (38 nails), OO 476. Discussion: Nails with square shat and latish head occur so oten that their presence was taken for granted by the excavators. They were generally not counted by the excavators, but 32 graves got the remark ‘no nails’. This is surprising, as 407 out of 834 graves in cemetery B contained nails, i.e. 49%, and 221 out of 489 graves in cemetery OO, i.e. 45%. What was considered the normal amount of nails appears from remarks on deviations, mentioned above in parentheses: six times 1 nail, twice 2, once ‘some’, twice ‘many’, once 38): the unconscious norm is an unspeciied number between 2 and ‘many’; 38 is clearly noted as an exceptional case. Ater having excavated 190 graves in cemetery OO, the excavators decided to study the number and positions of the nails in the remaining graves and started, from trench 211 in 1981, making excavation drawings with special atention to nails. Counts on these drawings and bar diagrams (not shown here) of these counts show two main and two sub-groups. Main group 1: twenty-ive graves have 1-11 nails, the mean in that group being 2-6. Main group 2: eleven graves have 13-17 nails, with a mean of 13. Subgroup 1: two graves with 19-20 nails. Sub-group 2: two graves with 23-24 nails. In many cases, the presence of nails is the only indication of a coin. The remark ‘no trace of coin, but nails are present’ occurs 28 times out of 162 graves without coin trace. The models of the coins reconstructed from the nail paterns are discussed in the next paragraph but one. Remaining iron parts of coins: 7 examples Examples: B 138.1 (iron mountings), B 670.coin (large nail), OO 273.4 (iron mounting strip), OO 273.5 (nail with square shat, l 7.5), OO 278.1 (long iron nail), OO 305.1 (two iron cramps). Discussion: There are two enormous nails: B 670. coin and OO 278.1 OO 278.1 resembles a ship’s nail in the Romano-Celtic shipbuilding tradition: bent twice into the model of the hooked nail (Marsden 1994, 13 ig. 3). Could part of a ship have been in grave OO 278? At Oosterbeintum in Frisia and on many places in Scandinavia, ship’s nails were found in early medieval cremations: parts of demolished ships were apparently used in pyres there (Oosterbeintum graves 335, 393, 433: Knol et al. 1996, 44; Scandinavia: pers. comm. Dr R. Bockius). This possibility can safely be excluded for inhumation grave OO 278 with its clear coin trace. The only possibility remaining is that someone familiar with shipbuilding made this coin: no surprise in a city on a river. Coins: 864 examples by P.A.M. Zoetbrood General discussion: In 583 graves of cemetery B and in 281 of cemetery OO, coins were recognized. The following text on coin types focuses 384 — on cemetery OO, where in 136 graves the coin construction has been studied (see Chapter 2, Introduction to cemetery Nijmegen-East (cemetery OO), section Ways of excavating). Although the wood of the coins had completely decayed, apart from very few fragments near iron objects, a clear outline could be recognized in most cases. The presence of nails, in most cases in clear relation to coin traces, airmed the use of coins. In the other graves of cemetery OO there is not a trace of a coin, be it discoloration or nails. Relation to the grave. Generally, the grave is not much larger than the space needed for the cofin. In 82% of the graves originally recognized, the trench was 10-70 cm longer than the coin. Also 82% of the graves originally recognized have a width between 20 and 75 cm more than that of the coin. In almost all graves, the coin, if any, was placed in the middle of the grave, also in the larger graves. In six graves only, the coin was put against the long side of the grave (OO 148: in N half; OO 57: against SE side; OO 90: against the N side; OO 288: against the E side). It appears that the grave diggers sometimes did not know the size of the coin to be expected: a sign that grave digging was a cratsman’s work. Graves without a trace of a coin were smaller and shallower than those with coin. Shape. The information in 64 graves was too incomplete to determine the shape of the coin. Most of these were incompletely excavated or disturbed. Some of those 64 did have nails. For 266 graves two coin shapes can be distinguished: rectangular (75%) and tapering (6%); 18% had no trace of a coin. In seven graves, there were clear coin traces but no nails (OO 36, OO 100, OO 130, OO 306, OO 310, OO 311, OO 418). A relation between the shape of the grave and that of the coin could not be established. Length, width, height: Table 17 puts the data of length and width together. Table 17: Lengths and widths of coins in cemetery OO Length (N=193) Width (N=214) Domain 56-240 cm 33-55 cm Most are between 160-220 cm - Peak between 180-210 cm 40-50 cm There is of course a relation between length and width of the coins. Coins shorter than 160 cm usually have a width under 45 cm and mostly near 30 cm. In the majority of the coins, the length of 160/165 up to 220 cm corresponds to a width between 40 and 55 cm. As against length and width of coins, which can be measured fairly precisely from the discolorations caused by the perished wood, the original height of the coins cannot be taken with any conidence. The remaining heights of the discolorations lies between 5 and 55 cm. Construction. There were traces of wooden coins in 281 graves of cemetery OO. The wood itself has perished completely, apart from fragments in direct contact with metal objects. As a rule, a fairly clear outline was recognized. In the majority iron nails were found, varying from a few up to dozens, found in clear relation to the line of the coin. As opposed to the discolorations, their positions do give some information about the construction of the coins. Firstly we must conclude that wood junctions were used, as we have coin traces without any nail (OO 100, OO 125, OO 229, OO 288, OO 306, OO 311, OO 379, OO 418). In a number of graves, no nails were used for sides and botom, but some were found at a higher altitude: for the lid? (at both ends: OO 75 and OO 277; at one end: OO 275, OO 309 and OO 312). The small number of nails in many graves shows that there too wood junctions must have been used, and nails only where needed. Only in the graves with excavation numbers 192327 (see Appendix 1b for their numbers in the present catalogue), the positions of the nails 385 — were noted in three dimensions. Only for 50 of these graves ive types of junctions (types 1-5) between botom and sides can be distinguished; the other 86 graves contained no coin traces or no nails, or did not permit a reconstruction even though both were present. For the other graves, with excavation numbers 1-189 and 901-919, there is no certainty, as the altitude of the nails is unknown. Still, paterns can be recognized in the distribution of the nails, which either suggest or exclude that a grave belongs to the ive types of construction: the uncertain examples treated with each type. Coin type 1: 19 examples + 8 uncertain ones Examples: OO 24, OO 74, OO 128, OO 132, OO 156, OO 186, OO 196, OO 216, OO 222, OO 223, OO 240, OO 241, OO 242, OO 246, OO 274, OO 279, OO 335, OO 341, OO 360. Uncertain examples: OO 3, OO 5, OO 96, OO 101, OO 255, OO 314, OO 345, OO 400. Discussion: Coins whose sides are nailed against the botom board with single nails in the long sides roughly opposite each other. In a majority of these cases, the corner is formed by nailing the long sides to the end side of the short side boards. In some cases, also the short side board is nailed against the botom board. Oblique horizontal nails in corners are a slipshod (sometimes extra) way of joining long and short sides. No vertical nails were found in the lower half of the grave. Discussion of the uncertain examples: The single nails in the long sides are roughly opposite each other; nails in the short sides also in the cases of OO 3, OO 5, OO 101, and OO 314. This group looks like coin type 1, but it does not contain coins where nails were found at all corners. Anyway, they do not belong to types 2-5. Coin type 2: 14 examples + 13 uncertain ones Examples: OO 72, OO 122, OO 164, OO 194, OO 232, OO 243, OO 244, OO 248, OO 278, OO 283, OO 287, OO 340, OO 363, OO 387. Uncertain examples: OO 4, OO 31, OO 325, OO 326, OO 333, OO 346, OO 349, OO 371, OO 381, OO Table 18: Certain coins of type 1 Long Short Oblique against against horizontal short botom in corner OO 24 2 sides 2 sides - OO 74 2 sides - x OO 128 - - - OO 132 1 side - - OO 156 - - - OO 186 1 side 1 side - OO 196 - - x OO 216 - - - OO 222 - 1 side - OO 223 2 sides 2 sides x OO 240 - - - OO 241 1 side - x OO 242 2 sides - x OO 246 2 sides 1 side x OO 274 - - - OO 279 2 sides - x OO 335 2 sides - x OO 341 2 sides - - OO 360 2 sides - - 383, OO 401, OO 423, OO 434. Discussion: Coins whose long sides are nailed against the botom board in one, two or three pairs opposite each other. This distribution in pairs suggests that the botom board was carried by clamps. In cemetery OO, there is no certain evidence for such clamps, but graves B 318, B 331, B 481, B 595 and possibly B 397 do have them. Like in group 1, in a majority the corner is formed by nailing the long sides to the end side of the short side boards. In some cases, also the short side board is nailed against the botom 386 — Table 19: Certain coins of type 2 Long Short Oblique against against horizontal short botom in corner OO 72 2 sides - - OO 164 2 sides - x OO 194 - - - OO 244 2 sides - - OO 278 2 sides - - OO 287 - 1 side x OO 122 2 sides - x? OO 248 - 2 sides - OO 283 1 side - x OO 363 2 sides 1 side - OO 387 2 sides - x? OO 243 - - x OO 340 2 sides - - - - x One pair Two pairs Three pairs At least one pair OO 232 board. No vertical nails were found in the lower half of the grave. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Nails in four corners and one, two or three pairs of nails in the long sides; nails in the short sides hardly occur: one pair in OO 4, OO 31, OO 326, OO 333, OO 346, OO 371, OO 383, and OO 401; two pairs in OO 349, OO 381, and OO 423; three pairs in OO 325 and OO 434. OO 326 and OO 346 have one nail in a short side each. This group of coins looks like type 2 and anyway not like types 1 or 3-5. But, as the altitude of the nails is not known, the ‘pairs’ may not be pairs at all. Coin type 3: 9 examples + 8 uncertain ones Examples: OO 89, OO 90, OO 94, OO 112, OO 161, OO 210, OO 338, OO 361, OO 362. Uncertain examples: OO 26, OO 53, OO 98, OO 104, OO 107, OO 208, OO 318, OO 347. Discussion: Coins whose botom board is nailed onto longitudinal beams from the top down. Vertical nails with their points down show that the botom board is nailed onto the beams on both sides and sometimes also in between. In the majority of these coins, the long sides are nailed against the beam and/or the beams; in half the cases, the short side is also nailed against botom board or beam. In one case only the long side is nailed in the corner against the short one. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Nails are found in the four corners and in the long sides. Nails in the short sides hardly occur; a nail in a short side at OO 26, OO 53, and OO 104. This group cannot belong to types 2-5; similarity to type 1 is possible only if no corner nails were used near the botom board. Coin type 4: 6 examples + 7 uncertain ones Examples: OO 71, OO 231, OO 249, OO 272, OO 339, OO 386. Uncertain examples: OO 30, OO 58, OO 63, OO 102, OO 148, OO 153, OO 198. Discussion: Coins whose botom board is nailed from below onto the long and short sides: vertical nails pointing upwards. In this group of six coins there are two pairs of similar construction: OO 272 and OO 249 as against OO 339 and OO 386. The outline of the coin of OO 231 is uncertain, but there are four nails pointing upwards. OO 71 has two such nails. Discussion of the uncertain examples: Only in the four corners there were nails that joined the long sides against the short ones. Coin type 5: 2 examples Examples: OO 131, OO 280. Discussion: Two small coins have one nail pointing upwards in each corner. 387 — Table 20: Certain coins of type 3 Table 21: Certain coins of type 4 Long Short Long Oblique Long Short Long Oblique against against against horizontal against against against horizontal short botom botom- in corner short botom botom- in corner beam beam OO 89 - x x - OO 71 - - - x? OO 90 - x x - OO 231 - - - - OO 94 - x x x OO 249 - - x x OO 112 - - x - OO 272 - 1 side x x OO 161 - x x - OO 339 2 sides - - - OO 210 - - x x OO 386 2 sides - - - OO 338 - - - - OO 361 2 sides - - x OO 362 - - - x Stone: 20 examples Examples: B 6.1 (tufa), B 43.2, B 48.2, B 94, B 395.4-5 (lat pieces), B 402.5 (stone at foot end), B 421.2, B 435.4-5, B 504.1 (piece of white limestone), B 504.2 (Namur crinoidal limestone also known as stinking limestone), B 536.2 (building fragment: block of composite stone), B stray 306 (lat fragment of sandstone), B 537.intr. (limestone fragment 16x10x4.5 with ridge), B 699.0 (slate-stone slab), B 701.7, B 702.7, OO 186.8, OO 232.4. Discussion: It should be remarked that stone, apart from the ine layers of gravel in the icepushed ridge, does not naturally occur in or near Nijmegen, so all stone was brought here by man. B 48.2, B 43.2, B 395.4-5, B 701.7 and B 702.7 are lat pieces of stone that covered potery vessels (to the existence of B 43.2 has been concluded because beaker B 43.1 was empty; it was not noticed for itself). B 421.2 is a lat piece of stone that was lying next to cooking-pot B 421.1, which it had apparently covered originally. In grave B 94 a ield stone together with two tile fragments covered all grave goods. B 402.5 was a ‘rather large oblong piece of stone’ against the foot end, counterpart of complete tile B 402.4 against the head end. B 699.0 is a unique piece: a slatestone slab 101x73x10 cm, on which the coin (84x35 cm) of a girl stood. B 504.1 and 2 are large blocks of white limestone and grey so-called stinking limestone, which were found along the long south edge of the grave, together with a tegula fragment with cement on it: reused building-materials. The same holds for B 537.1 and B 536.2. Brick: 24 examples Examples: B 20, B 29.1-2 (two complete imbrices), B 57.2a (fragment of imbrex), B 57.4 (two tegula fragments), B 94, B 233 (two tiles), B 402.4 (complete tegula), B 409.2 (imbrex fragments), B 504.3 (tegula fragment), B 547.intr. (imbrex fragment), B 622, B 650, B 663, B 681.3-4, B 689, B 702.6 (complete imbrex), B 759.intr., B 794.intr., B 795.2-6 (imbrices), OO 62.4-5 (eight iting imbrex fragments and one non-iting), OO 150.1, OO 203.3, OO 366.6, OO 431.1 (tile fragment), OO stray 16 (an apparently complete tegula with stamp LXG; not found in museum store). Discussion: Brick can have four functions in the graves: covering a group of grave goods, covering individual grave goods, covering the grave or the inhumation, and lateral limit of the grave. Covering a group of grave goods: In B 94 two iting 388 — fragments of an imbrex and two tegula fragments together with a ield stone covered all grave goods in the western (foot) end. The complete imbrex B 702.6 covered four out of ive grave goods in a niche (in the northwest, to the let of the feet). Covering individual grave goods: Individual grave goods were covered by imbrex fragments in the case of OO 62.4-5 and OO 203.2. In B 681 three tegula fragments each covered an individual grave good in a niche on the north side. One of these has a fragmentary brick stamp: (branch) G. This must be a stamp of Legio X Gemina, which occupied Nijmegen AD 71-104; to be precise: one of the stamps 68, 69, 70 and 74, in Brunsting/ Steures 1995 and 1997, all of which have a branch before the G. Covering the grave or the inhumation: Complete imbrices B 29.1-2 covered a very small grave of 70x20 cm. They possibly did not serve as grave marker above the ground, as they were still complete; see also the ind circumstance of B 795.2-6 below. A marker underground, in case one would like to dig a new grave in the same plot? In the case of B 795.2-6 three complete and several fragmentary imbrices were lying on the longitudinal axis of the coin. As a beaker was found on a higher level, they cannot have served as grave marker above ground. The three iting imbrex fragments B 409.2, whose position in the grave was not clear, will have covered something in the grave but it remains unclear what. Lateral limit of the grave: Grave B stray f consisted completely of tegulae. Complete tegula B 402.4 was standing against the head end of the grave, and was a counterpart of a rather large oblong stone against the foot end. OO 431.1 was a tegula fragment at the head end. Two identical tiles had been placed against the long north side of B 233. There was cement on B 504.3: reused building material, just like the two stone fragments B 504.1-2, put against the long south side of the grave. Unclear remains the function of the brick fragments in B 20, B 663, B 650, B 622, B 689, B 759 (in grave illing, so probably intrusions), B 794, and B 547. The most probable solution is that these are all intrusions, which got accidentally into the graves when they were being illed in. Stone sarcophagi: 8 examples Examples: B 458.1, B 536.1, B 580.1, B 601.1, B 620.0, B 627.1, B stray 156, B stray 280, Remainder stray 17. (NB B stray 280 and Remainder stray 17 are earlier sarcophagi, as appears from their grave goods.) Discussion: Table 22 summarizes what we know about the sarcophagi from the documentation. In the second longest sarcophagus found during the excavations, the one from the Grutberg, a young girl (8-10 years or younger) was laid to rest. All other sarcophagi were (as good as) empty when found. We may safely assume that all ive smaller sarcophagi were also meant for children. The largest one, only 10 cm longer than that of the Grutberg, was probably also meant for a child. All sarcophagi are rectangular and undecorated inside and out. Two sarcophagi have notches at their tops for a lever that would have helped to put the lid in its place: B 580.1 two notches on a long side, B 620.0 one on a short side. There are three types of sarcophagus lids. For B 580.1 a lat slab is certain; B 620 has a high roof model with four oblique curved planes; B stray 131 had a similar lid, which got lost when it was lited before it could have dried. The lid of B 458, which was apparently lost when it was tried to lit it, had a lat underside, side planes h 10 (at corners) and 15 (under the rib), two slightly concave top planes along the rib. It is shown on a photograph but was not drawn in the object drawing. (Two other drawings have its shape wrong: the detailed drawing of B 456-8 and the overall drawing of Brunsting’s excavation in area LN.) The sarcophagus of the Grutberg (= B 620.0) is dated by its grave goods and coins to AD 317318; B stray 156, to VI. As to the distribution of these simple sarcophagi, they are all but absent from Gellep (a single sarcophagus: Pirling/Siepen 2006, 13) but 389 — Table 22: stone sarcophagi number drawn l w h lid stone age artefacts B 458.1 yes 100 45 30 low tufa child no B 536.1 no 105 63 ? ? ? <7 no B 580.1 yes 107 61 41 slab ? ? no B 601.1 yes 120 50 60 lost limestone ? no B 620.0 yes 160 66 58 high tufa f <8 yes B 627.1 yes 126 37 52 lost tufa ? no OO 338 - - - - OO 361 2 sides - - x OO 362 - - - x There is a marked diference in measurements with the stray inds of sarcophagi, dated ?, IIIa and AD 270-280, respectively. The sarcophagi found in the excavations were all meant for children; the stray sarcophagi of earlier date, for adults: B stray 156 no 170 59 46 high sandstone ? yes B stray 280 no 232 85 40 ? tufa ? yes Rem.str. 17 no 280 80 62 ? tufa <40 yes present in Cologne (Haberey 1934) and Worms (Grünewald 1990, 21). Both in Cologne and in Worms a bed of chalk in the sarcophagi was atested (Haberey 1934, 276-7; Grünewald 1990, 38), probably put there to accelerate the decomposition of the body. Nothing like it was atested in the two Nijmegen intact sarcophagi, which were both emptied in the Nijmegen Museum G.M. Kam, i.e. under ideal circumstances (Oude Graafseweg and Grutberg: Buchem 1951 and 1958a; in the present study: Remainder stray 17-21 and grave B 620). The report, writen by Brunsting on the day the Grutberg sarcophagus was opened, 14 October 1957, does not mention such a chalk layer, nor do the ive photographs of the contents show a white layer (two of them published in Swinkels/Deckers-Hageman 1997, 32). The only white substance Brunsting mentions was on the forehead, tentatively interpreted by him as an unction: see remark to grave B 620. Date: IVa-VI. 390 — 14 Interpretation Time Before: was there a ‘gap of Nijmegen’ AD 270313? The present-day city of Nijmegen, on a bend of the river Waal, partly on an ice-pushed ridge in the SE and partly on the low bank of the river in the NW, has a long range of Roman sites. From E to W: on the ice-pushed ridge Kops Plateau, Hunerberg and Valkhof; and on the low S bank of the river the Roman town of Ulpia Noviomagus. The town of Ulpia Noviomagus is usually dated with the help of coins and potery in its cemetery (Brunsting 1937) to AD 70-270. The latest coin in the tiny excavated part of its town-moat is an antoninianus of Gallienus and dates from AD 259-260 (RIC V/1, 44 (C); Bogaers/Haalebos 1986, 3, 10 n. 12). Though the causes are guessed at in the literature, it is not clear how its end came (Brunsting 1937, 210; Noviomagus 1979, 62; Van Es 1981, 156; Willems 1990, 72; Van Enckevort et al. 2000a, 84; Haalebos/Willems in: Willems et al. 2005, 52; Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 27-8, 74 (‘The end of the urban setlement, as a result of the Germanic raids, may be dated to c.260/270’), 79). Even less clear is, what happened to the population between the end of Ulpia Noviomagus and the beginning of the setlement on the Valkhof and its Late Roman cemeteries, which are subject of the present study. Also around 260/270, communis opinio has it, the auxiliary fortresses of the limes in the Dutch part of Germania Inferior were abandoned and the frontier collapsed (Van Es 1981, 47; Bechert/Willems 1995, 26-7). The Franks had newly formed (Panegyrici Latini 11.5.4; 7.2) from the Germanic tribes on the right border of the Rhine (Amsivarii, Bructeri, Chamavi, Chatuarii, possibly the Chati) and from AD 260 onward they invaded the Roman Empire many times, as far as southern Gaul and Hispania. Trier fell AD 275/6. Bechert/Willems (1995, 26-7) writes: ‘Earlier on, it was supposed that with the invasions of the Franks in the second half of the third century, part of the fortresses on the limes of lower Germany, especially those west of Ni- jmegen, were demolished and given up. Nowadays, however, we have come to the conclusion that this was perhaps an oversimpliication. In principle, it seems to be correct that the fortresses on the lower Rhine, between the bifurcation of the river Waal and the coast, were abandoned, at the latest during the fall of the Gallic Empire (274) and the invasion of the Franks c.275. On the other hand, the evidence is accumulating that at least some of the fortresses, such as Meinerswijk, Utrecht and Valkenburg, were again put into use in the fourth century.’ (Transl. D.St.) The authors are silent on what happened in Nijmegen, just behind the limes, between AD 270 and 313, when the Late Roman cemeteries began. Such reticence is not present in the more recent literature. Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 9) shows a blank between AD 270 and 300 in a graph of the occupation history of Nijmegen and writes on the town of Ulpia Noviomagus, to the west of the Valkhof (84): ‘.. activities of cratsmen. Around the middle of the third century, they came to a (temporary) end. In the fourth century, Frankish colonists seem to have been squating in the ruins of the town.’ (Transl. D.St.). In 2003, Van Enckevort and Thijssen write: ‘Just ater the middle of the 3rd century these activities came to an end. Nijmegen, like other parts of the Lower Rhine area, was abandoned around AD 260/270’ (in: Wilson (ed.) 2003, 70-1). It should be noted that this later quotation is about entire present-day Nijmegen with its long range of Roman sites, not only about its town of Ulpia Noviomagus. Willems et al. (2005, 111) repeats the message of Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 9). Driessen’s (2007, 167, 170) thesis on the topography, setlement continuity and monumentality of Roman Nijmegen is again silent on the end of Ulpia Noviomagus and so glosses over the two problems of setlement continuity: before and ater the Late Roman cemeteries. Willems/van Enckevort 2009, the redrated English version of the study in Dutch Willems et al. 2005, is unclear about a gap of Nijmegen, as the following three 391 — quotes show: ‘At the start of the 4th c., Constantine succeeded in re-establishing Roman control of the Lower Rhine ater some decades of chaos.’ (27) ‘However, the shit of the centre of habitation to the Valkhof and surroundings does not mean that Ulpia Noviomagus was entirely deserted in this period. There are various indications now that there was some habitation in the Late Roman period.’ (28) ‘Like other places in the Lower Rhine area, Nijmegen was largely abandoned around 270 under the pressure of recurring atacks by Germanic tribes. Under Constantine the Great Nijmegen became a signiicant setlement once again, but Ulpia Noviomagus was not rebuilt, although there are indications that Frankish colonists lived amidst the ruins.’ (79) The same study (99) and Koster (2010, 4) sum up the evidence: some crossbow ibulae, terra sigillata with roller stamp decoration and some fourth-century coins. So, if indeed these fourth-century inhabitants of Ulpia Noviomagus were Frankish, they exclusively used things Roman and cannot be recognised as Frankish; a motif we shall see recurring below, in the section Excursus 1: Cemetery OO Frankish?! There is enough evidence to show that this ‘gap of Nijmegen’, even for Ulpia Noviomagus itself, does not exist: coins, potery, literary evidence, and, to be discussed below, the population size of Ulpia Noviomagus and the Valkhof setlement. Coins Firstly, our own cemeteries do have coins from the period (see Coin list 3): two antoniniani from AD 270, one from 272-280, one from 276-282, and one follis from 295; moreover, the ten coins from the irst fourth-century coin period (AD 298-307) all fall within the time of this supposed gap of Nijmegen. Secondly, a recent study of the coins from the Kops Plateau has twelve coins dating to AD 270300, eleven of which barbaric imitations (Van der Vin 2002, 200, nos. 4348-59): 4x Divus Claudius II, AD 270-290; 3x Tetricus I, AD 270-273 (one of which an oicial coin, RIC 82-84); 2x Tetricus I, AD 270-280, 1x Victorinus/Tetricus c.270-290; 1x late third century, c.270-290; 1x late third century, c.290-300. They must have been used and lost on the Kops Plateau during the supposed ‘gap of Nijmegen’. A similar situation in Cuijk on the river Maas, a few kilometers south of Nijmegen, prompts Van der Vin to write (in: Van Enckevort/Thijssen 2002, 78): ‘Very recent numismatic research has shown that the (numerous) barbaric imitations of the antoniniani of the Gallic Empire in Northern Gaul (the S of the Netherlands, Belgium and the N of France) remained in circulation until the early fourth century. With that, we reach a linkup with the earliest emissions of Constantine the Great (between AD 306 and 310), and that way the hypothesis of continuity in the occupation gains more and more probability. The absence of ‘oicial’ coins in those years remains however remarkable.’ (Transl. D.St.) The absence of oicial coins is not remarkable: it is the cause of the presence of these barbaric imitations. The so-called barbaric imitations of the late third century have nothing to do with barbarians. They are emergency money, especially small change, issued by inventive private and semi-oicial Roman workshops in times when oicial emissions did not reach these regions (Brulet 1990, 14-5; Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 82; Kropf/Van der Vin 2003, 58; Gilles in: Grüßinger 2007, I.3.7,31,33,34). In other words: they represent a courageous atempt of local people to keep the economy going in hard times. Kropf/ Van der Vin (2003), the article Van der Vin alludes to in the above quotation, speaks of local copies instead of barbaric imitations. The abstract of this article is as follows (p. 55): ‘The coin series from sites in the Dutch River area show a break during the last decades of the third century and the irst decade of the fourth century AD. Coins minted for Aurelian and his successors to the throne up to Constantine I are very scarce for all sites. The break has been interpreted to indicate the end of occupation of castella and setlements 392 — around AD 275. When the site inds from the Dutch River area are presented in the form of an adapted histogram however, the coin series show a striking similarity to site inds from Roman Britain, where, on the whole, continuity was safeguarded during the third century. The article argues that this gap in the coin series - detectable all over the western part of the Roman Empire - is caused by the special character of coin circulation during this period in the west and does not indicate the end of activities on the site that provided the coins. Coin inds even seem to suggest continuity during this period for a number of sites in the Dutch River area.’ The special character of coin circulation during this period in the west is explained as follows (p. 59): ‘The coins of the Gallic Empire [AD 260-274] (...) The coins minted for Tetricus I (whose rule started in November 271) and Tetricus II (coruler with his father from the beginning of 273 on) formed the most important component of Gallic circulation. An enormous number of late third-century hoards in the west close with a coin of one of the Tetrici. These coins and their local copies dominated circulation in the west for a long period (Schulzki 1989, 60).’ One particular feature of coin circulation in the west the article discusses (p. 58-9) concerns the coins of Gallienus (emperor AD 253-268), whose coin minted AD 259-260 was the latest datable one in the town moat of Ulpia Noviomagus: ‘The hoards show that relatively few coins minted for Gallienus (produced before AD 268) and Claudius II (AD 270) penetrated coin circulation in the Gallic Empire before AD 274 (Mattingly 1951, 282-3; Schulzki 1989, 51). Large scale inlux started only ater the end of the Gallic Empire in that year. The coins of Gallienus and Claudius II reached their zenith in the coin circulation of the former Gallic Empire in the second half of the seventies and in the eighties of the third century (Van Heesch 1998, 139) and dominated circulation in that area up to AD 294 (Schulzki 1989, 51).’ So the the chances are that our Gallienus coin, minted AD 259-60, only landed in the town moat of Ulpia Noviomagus between AD 276 and 294. The conclusion for Nijmegen and other places is (p. 79): ‘.. the histograms of, notably, Grave, Cuijk, Maurik, Nijmegen and also Heerlen and Maastricht strongly indicate continuity of coin circulation during the last three decades of the third century and the irst decades of the fourth century.’ Also in other recent publications we ind signs of continuity in the Dutch river area. Aarts (2007) writes about the site of Tiel-Paasewaaij that it is clear that all emission periods from Augustus up to the beginning of the fourth century are represented. Potery The other cause that made it diicult to detect activities in Nijmegen or rather Ulpia Noviomagus in this period is stated as follows (Kropf/Van der Vin 2003, 56): ‘Dating inds from this period proves to be a problem. In the west, a lot of ceramics and other artifacts from the late third and the early fourth century cannot be dated exactly (Curnow 1988, 61; Willems 1989, 36).’ That may be as it is, but irstly we do have a Trier beaker dating to AD 270-280 in the Oude Graafseweg sarcophagus. The sarcophagus (ind catalogue: Remainder stray 17-21) was found well within the built-up area of present-day Nijmegen. It is dated to AD 270-280 by the presence of a beautiful ine dark coloured beaker from Trier, of Künzl’s chronological group IIIc (photo: Steures 2009, 200, ig. 5). The ind report contains the suggestion ‘the grave of a magistrate of Ulpia Noviomagus near his suburban villa?’ (Van Buchem 1951, 8). The lines of commerce with Trier (for the beaker) and the Eifel (for the sarcophagus) were open for people with money. Secondly, in his 1937 study of the cemetery of Ulpia Noviomagus, Brunsting himself mentions no less than 18 pieces of fourth-century potery 393 — and then explains them away, so it is worthwile to look at these pieces and at his explanation. First the potery. Numbers 1-5: colour-coated Trier beakers of Brunsting’s type 8c belong to the fourth-century types Symonds 61 and Künzl 1.4.1 (Brunsting 1937, 202, 80-1, Pl. 3, 8c1-2; ind numbers WW 74, KL 140-1, WW 133, Leiden e 1909/4.24). Numbers 6-8 are fourth-century smooth jugs with painted brown bands (202, 83 no 16). Number 9 is a fourth-century terra sigillata bowl with roller stamp decoration (202, 35, WW 17). Number 10: a terra sigillata bowl is compared to a IIId shape (202, 51 no d, WW 4). Numbers 11-12: two coarseware cooking pots without handle may be fourth-century (202, 144 no 3b, WW 21 & 92, ‘probably to be dated c.AD 300’). Numbers 13-16: four coarse cooking pots with handle are fourth-century (202, 150 no 12b, WW 57 & 90 and two unnamed ones). Numbers 1718: two coarse dented beakers are even of the late fourth century (202, 157-8 no 28, WW 5 & 6). Then the explaining away, with which Brunsting safeguards his early end date of AD 260 for the cemetery (Brunsting 1937, 202). We must keep in mind that hardly any archaeological excavations had taken place in the Ulpia Noviomagus cemetery: both there and in cemetery OO, pothunters had been active in the beginning of the twentiest century, who daily sold their inds to the collector G.M. Kam. Brunsting tells that most of the pieces concerned belong to the less reliable ind groups WW and Leiden B, which comprise both irst-century and fourth-century pieces (1937, 8, 202). Now there is a terrain in cemetery OO, its easternmost point, where it overlaps with the irst-century grave group O, which is part of cemetery CC-E-O-S (see ig. 2 in the present study). The origin of the unreliable ind groups, according to Brunsting, must have been mistaken: what the pothunters reported as inds from the Ulpia Noviomagus cemetery must really have been found in OO. This supposition can however not be reconciled with Brunsting’s own remark, that the harvest of the day was immediately sold to Mr Kam (1937, 6). The pothunters could not have forgoten where the pots came from and had nothing to win from not telling the truth. Brunsting himself sees that something is wrong with his end date of AD 260: his own ind 21 is dated by himself to AD 280 (1937, 182-3); two of his fourth-century Trier beakers come from his ind group KL, which he does ind reliable. For that reason, he publishes drawings of them, as opposed to most other fourth-century potery (1937, Pl. 3, 8c1-2). Literary evidence There even is contemporary literary evidence, admitedly an argumentum e silentio, that a Roman setlement of some acceptable sort was in existence in the Nijmegen area AD 293, when Constantius Chlorus campaigned in Batavia, and AD 306, when his son Constantine held the irst of his two expeditions against the Franks. The literary evidence of these expeditions is found in the Panegyrici Latini (Pan.; all translations from Nixon/Rodgers 1994) and Eusebius’ Life of Constantine (translation Cameron/Hall 1999). Constantius Chlorus’ campaign AD 293 About Constantius Chlorus’ expedition AD 293 we have the following texts, among which a striking description of the sot Dutch soil: ‘He cleared Batavia and expelled the foreign enemy’ (Pan. 12.25.2); ‘he rid of every enemy the land of Batavia, which was occupied by diverse tribes of Franks under the leadership of a former native of the place [Carausius]’ (Pan. 6.5.3); ‘Many thousands of Franks who had invaded Batavia and other lands on this side of the Rhine he slaughtered, drove out, captured or deported.’ (Pan. 7.4.2); ‘During the whole of this period, however, you [Constantius Chlorus] never ceased to destroy those enemies whom terra irma permited you to approach, although that region which was liberated and purged of the enemy by your divine campaigns, Caesar, through which the Scaldis [Scheldt] lows with its meandering channels and which the Rhine embraces with its two arms [the south one being the river Waal], is hardly land at all, if I may hazard the expression. It is so thoroughly soaked and drenched with 394 — waters that not only where it is obviously marshy does it yield to the pressure and engulf the foot which treads it, but even where it seems a litle irmer it shakes when subjected to the tramp of feet and atests by its movement that it feels the weight from afar. Thus the fact that this land swims on what underlies it and, suspended there, trembles so extensively that one might claim with justiication that such terrain existed to give soldiers practice in naval warfare.’ (Pan. 8.7.4-8.3). Kropf/Van der Vin (2003, 82-3) comments on this passage as follows: ‘Reading the panegyric in detail, one gets the impression the soldiers were troubled more by the high water level than by hostilities in the River area, about which the text is not so explicit. This seems strange, for it is in the nature of the Panegyrici Latini to give a detailed description of even relatively insigniicant military victories. The author does mention however, that while preparing for the campaign against the British usurpers, the River delta was cleared of enemies (7.4, 8.1). (...) All this seems to allude to a rather mild kind of paciication, not to a dificult campaign to restore a collapsed border.’ So, Kropf/Van der Vin argues that the border in the Dutch River area was indeed not collapsed under inroads of the Franks (p. 80-1): ‘Taking into account the fact that the Dutch river area does not give quick access to the heart of Gaul and considering that this area did not show a fully developed urbanization or an accumulation of rich villas, it does not seem probable that the River area sufered from inroads of the magnitude seen in Gaul. The main atacks seem to have been aimed at the middle and upper Rhine (Ziegler 1983, 83-4; Cüppers 1990, 125), not at the lower Rhine. (...) With some caution, the conclusion may be drawn that large-scale devastation and disruption as a result of inroads of the Franks around AD 275 is not to be expected on the lower Rhine. There is no compelling reason to assume a signiicant break in continuity as a di- rect result of inroads around this time.’ Constantine’s irst Frankish campaign AD 306 The evidence for Constantine’s own expedition against the Franks AD 306 is the following. ‘Moreover, from the very beginning you followed your father’s brave example’ (Pan. 7.4.2); ‘And so, son of an Emperor (and a very great one at that), and one who has so felicitously obtained command, how have you begun to defend the State? You have visited with punishment for their rashness, I believe, some contemptible band of barbarians who tested the very beginnings of your reign with a sudden attack and unexpected brigandage. You did not hesitate to punish with the ultimate penalty the kings of Francia themselves, who took the opportunity of your father’s absence to violate the peace, and were not at all afraid of the perpetual hatred of that race and their implacable fury’ (Pan. 6.10.1-2); ‘Once he was established in imperial power, he irst atended to the needs of his father’s portion, supervising with loving care all the provinces which had previously been alloted to his father’s government; if any barbarian tribes living beside the River Rhine and the Western Ocean dared to rebel, he subdued them all and turned their savagery to gentleness, while others he repulsed and chased of his territory like wild beasts, when he saw that they were incurably resistant to change to a gentle life’ (Eusebius, Life of Constantine 1.25.1). The orator who held Panegyricus Latinus 12 in Trier AD 313 tells that Constantine, ater beating the Franks AD 306, let three quarters of his army in defence of the entire Rhine (Pan. 12.2.6; 12.3.3). The orator calls it the Praetorian Guard, which since then kept watch over Rhine and Danube (Pan. 12.21.3). Below, it will be made clear that the Nijmegen cemeteries began AD 313 ater Constantine’s second Frankish campaign of that year. Constantine, who took care of the entire Rhine zone, apparently had seen no reason to leave troops in Nijmegen AD 306. The cause must be that Ulpia Noviomagus still existed. 395 — Conclusion To round of: people lived on in Ulpia Noviomagus up to AD 313, certainly bought potery from Trier and probably from the Eifel, and as yet did not need military assistance. There is no ‘gap of Nijmegen’ between AD 270 and AD 313, when the people got a new haven in the fortiied Valkhof setlement, doubtlessly also called Noviomagus (Brunsting 1937, 210-1), and the Late Roman cemeteries began. We shall see below how the irst generation of the Valkhof setlement showed their atachment to their former city in the west. The beginning: AD 313 Still, the relief must have been enormous, also in the sense of money coming in from London and Trier, as was the increase in living standard. Some of the earliest graves are particularly rich and one of the most expensive kinds of potery, that from Trier, helps us to pinpoint the beginning. There are two indications that both Nijmegen Late Roman cemeteries were irst used just before AD 315: irstly, one kind of potery, and secondly, their coin statistics. Firstly, the use of white and some yellow barbotine on only six pieces out of hundreds of ine dark coloured potery from Trier: botle B stray 128, beaker B stray 240, beaker OO stray 181, jug OO 4.1, beaker OO 78.1, beaker OO 130.1. These belong to Künzl’s chronological group IV, dated AD 280-315: see Künzl (1997, 53-77) and the section on chronology of the Trier beakers in Chapter 11 of the present study. Not only cemetery OO had graves with this early potery: the presence of the two intact stray pieces in cemetery B, both found during works on diferent places near the town hall, shows that at least two graves there would have been dated just as early, had they been excavated properly. Secondly, the coin statistics. Table 23, which I owe to Dr Fleur Kemmers and her sharp eyes, shows the distribution of fourth-century coins according to mint and the eight coin periods into which the fourth century has been subdivided ever since the basic study of Carson, Hill and Kent (1960). She drew up this table in 2005. It has been adapted to R.W. Reijnen’s revision and update of the coin identiications of 2011, but her comments remain valid. In an email of 31st March 2005, Fleur Kemmers wrote as a comment on her table: ‘For fourth-century coins, there is the rule of thumb that they were in circulation for a short time. As there are so many periods, it is likely that coins of a period were delivered in Nijmegen in that same period. London appears to have a strong presence in the years 307-318 (fair enough: ater that its mint was closed). (…) In the periods ater that, Trier is absolutely dominant, except in period 7, when Arles takes over. That too was to be expected, as it is the trend in the whole of northwestern Europe. That trend has peaks in periods 4 and 7. The good representation of periods 1-3 in Nijmegen is therefore remarkable, something I have never seen before. Something special must have been going on in Nijmegen. My immediate association is with the fortress on the Valkhof. As it is, coins were delivered to the army; how they got in the hands of the civilian population, was the population’s problem, not that of the authorities. [She repeated this statement in an article (Kemmers 2007, 208); see also Kropf 2008, 11 with further literature.] Bronze currency was strongly regionalized in the fourth century. This means that the supply by the authorities determines the picture, and that hardly any coin slips in from elsewhere. As London is relatively close and its mint was working in that period, supply from London (and Trier) will have been chosen: they were the two nearest mints. The London mint closed down soon aterwards.’ (Transl. D.St.) A closer look at Coin list 3: per coin ater its latest minting date elsewhere in this study shows that the supply from London begins with one coin minted AD 303-305, continues with four coins minted AD 310, one of AD 310-313, one of AD 312-313, and starts in earnest with eight coins minted AD 313-315, ater which it eases of to 396 — Table 23: Coins of the Late Roman Nijmegen cemeteries per known mint and per fourthcentury coin period: see Coin list 3. N=125. Latin names of the mint places: Arelate, Carthago, Londinium, Lugdunum, Roma, Siscia (Pannonia), Ticinum, Augusta Treverorum. Arles Carthage London Lyon Rome Sisak Ticino Trier Totals 1 298-307 Period - 1 1 2 - - 1 3 8 2 307- 318 1 - 19 - - - - 30 50 3 318-330 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 3 4 330-341 4 - - 7 1 - - 25 37 5 341-348 - - - - - - - 3 3 6 348-361 1 - - - - 1 - 4 6 7 364-378 7 - - 5 - 1 - 1 14 8 378-402 - - - 1 - - - 3 4 15 1 21 15 1 3 1 70 125 Totaal three coins of AD 316-317 and one from AD 318, and ends with one coin of AD 323-324. Apart from coin OO 382.8, minted AD 318, all London coins were found in cemetery B. The coin supply from Trier began with a steady trickle of ive coins between AD 295 and 305307, and exploded with no less than 30 coins in the second coin period, AD 307-318. There are ive coins whose last minting year was AD 313, one that was minted only in that year, and nine that began to be minted AD 313. Conclusion: potery and coins together indicate that both Nijmegen cemeteries began to be used just before AD 315, most probably AD 313. It is taken here to be the year in which both cemeteries began to be used. That was a year ater Constantine the Great had defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge outside Rome and had become the sole augustus of the west. Ater his meeting with the augustus of the east, Licinius, in Milan AD 313, where they drew up the document known as the Edict of Milan, Constantine returned to our region in order to reside in Trier and to subdue the Franks, just as he had done AD 306. Now Constantine was a proliic lawgiver (Liebs in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 190-6, esp. 196) and laws were dated and mentioned the place where they had been drawn up, so that we can follow his whereabouts. His second expedition against the Franks took place in June/July 313 (Pan. 12.21.5): on June 15th, he was still in Trier, on July 1st and 27th he 397 — B 298 The miniature set of scales, the shells and the ornaments in grave B 298 show the deceased to be an eccentric lady from Cologne, who worshipped Sabazios. was in Cologne, on July 15 and 20 he held the Ludi Francici for the irst time, and August 3rd he was back in Trier, where Panegyricus 12 was delivered (Seeck 1919, 161; Pan. 12.1.1: hic rursus = on your return here; Pan. 12.24.2: trucem Francum = the grim Frank; Nixon/Rodgers 1994, 289, 294 n. 1, 329 n. 146; Filocalus’ Calendar of AD 354, July 15 and 20). We may assume that he took the initiative to reestablish Nijmegen as a stronghold against the Franks in those months, to be precise: in the second half of June or the irst half of July AD 313. Appendix 4, overview of the dated graves, shows that AD 325 or earlier is the terminus ante quem for graves B 22, B 140, B 176, B 180, B 297, B 298, B 620, OO 4, OO 78, OO 130, OO 149, OO 159, OO 161, OO 176, OO 209, OO 234, and stray inds B stray 128, B stray 240 and OO stray 181. By AD 325, the use of both cemeteries was in full swing. Amongst these graves, there are two rich ones that have drawn atention in the literature be- fore: B 298 is the grave interpreted both here and in earlier articles by the author as that of a female Sabazios worshipper from Cologne (Steures 2004ab). B 620 is the sarcophagus from the Grutberg with its tambourine sticks: see literature in Chapters 5 and 12. Two potery periods There are two potery periods in the Nijmegen cemeteries. The irst one is characterized by abundance and niches for gravegoods, the second by shortage. Potery period 1 comprises the irst two-thirds of the fourth century. Pirling dates the Trier beakers to this time, i.e. up to AD 367. If she is right, which may well be, there was a twelve-year-long retardation, in which beakers already arrived in Nijmegen were still being used as grave goods. For AD 353-355 was the period of disasters. Magnentius had himself hailed as augustus AD 351 and had seized power in Gaul. His brother and caesar Decentius besieged Trier AD 353 398 — (Amm.Marc. 15,6,4). Goethert (in: Demandt/ Engemann 2007, 402) suggests that this siege caused the demolition of the poteries before the city wall on the bank of the Moselle. This sounds more probable to me than Suzanna Künzl’s (1997, 118, 129) opinion that competition by the Argonnes terra sigillata caused the end of the ine dark coated beakers from Trier. In 355, the military commander Silvanus (Amm.Marc. 15,5) rose in Cologne against court intrigues, and the power vacuum ater he was murdered caused a devastating incursion of Frankish and Alamannic hordes. Cologne was devastated and Trier was for a time overrun. For Cologne we have an ancient report: Amm.Marc. 15,8,19. There are no certain ancient reports about devastations in Trier, but it is generally taken for granted that the two devastated cities that Julian saw AD 356 according to Libanius or.18,46 are Cologne and Trier. For the region around Trier, Schwinden (1984) has listed the archaeological reports of devastations of AD 355. The production of the Trier beakers came to an end, and the uncertainty of the times prevented the potters from resuming their work. Suddenly, there was a menace from across the Rhine and the low of products from Cologne and Trier stopped. As for potery and glass vessels, cemetery OO only participates in potery period 1. The possible cause will be treated below in the section The roads: the road from the Valkhof to the east seems to have been closed. Potery period 2 is limsy: just a few graves in cemetery B with terminus post quem of AD 376 and later, half the time covered by the present study (see end of Appendix 4), have Argonnes terra sigillata and the coarse ware from the Eifel, which was now to dominate the market up to the high Middle Ages (Redknap 1999). The reason why people stopped giving grave goods may well have been shortage of potery and food. Van Es (1968, 11) already said and wrote: ‘The abolishing of grave goods, possibly considered a meaningless - but costly! - conven- tion by the population, is noticed also in nonChristian circles.’ (Transl. D.St.) The present study follows Pirling for the date of the undecorated Trier beakers, up to AD 367, and in the same time Künzl’s AD 355 (1997, 69-74) for the decorated ones. The line between potery periods 1 and 2 may be nearer to the earlier date. There are no dated graves between AD 367, the year to which grave B 726 had to be dated because of the presence of two vessels of IVAB and IVC date, and AD 376, the terminus post quem for graves B 114, B 135 and B 480, which all contain artefacts of IVd date. Potery period 1: AD 313-355/367 The vast majority of the graves in both cemeteries is by no means as sharply dated as the ones mentioned above in the section The beginning, as appears from the following statistics. The ind catalogue of cemetery B contains 834 graves, that of cemetery OO, 489. Out of these 1323 graves, 502 (= 38%) are dated in some way. Out of these 502 dated graves, 406 (=81%) have both a terminus post quem (tpq) and a terminus ante quem (taq); 52 (=10%) only have a tpq, and 44 (=9%) only have a taq. 38 graves (=8%) with only an early tpq could not be used in the overview of the dated graves in Appendix 4. So Appendix 4 contains 464 dated graves, which is more than one-third (35%) of the grand total of 1323. In other words, the irst problem is, that almost two-thirds of the graves cannot be dated. Next problem: most of the potery types of the fourth century changed litle, and can be dated no more precisely than to either the irst half or the irst two-thirds of the century: AD 313-350 or AD 313-367. Some types even occurred throughout the fourth century, so many graves get the dates AD 313-400. This shows, by the way, how stable the Late Roman lourishing-period was. As a consequence, however, many graves get one of these three sets of dates. That is not a good starting point for chronological analysis: the number of graves with dates in the years 313, 350, 367 and 400 dwarfs everything else. But we can make a virtue of necessity and use those 399 — years as reference dates. They are used in Appendix 4 to show the minimum density of the cemeteries AD 350, 367 and 400. Two important changes in grave ritual took place in this potery period 1, but they did not coincide and therefore have had diferent reasons. First, most graves were E-W, i.e. with the head to the east; at the end of period 2, most graves were W-E; then, the custom of giving a meal or a drink to the dead died out. We may be sure that burial with head W came irst: Table 24 shows that there are 22 W-E graves in cemetery B with pottery and/or glass vessels, and 14 in cemetery OO. It will be clear that the end of giving grave goods came ater the disasters of AD 355. The vexed question of the E-W and the W-E graves will be treated below in the section Orientations. Potery period 2: AD 355/367-500 Both cemeteries seem to end with isolated dated inhumations, ater decades without any graves with artefacts. But isolated in what sense?: the only graves, or the only graves with artefacts? In cemetery OO, these isolated graves are OO 366, dated to AD 364-408 by a large decorated buckle with associated strap end of type Sommer 1Cb4; OO 29, with its latest coin minted AD 378-383, and dated to AD 378 according to the rules of coin datings set out in Chapter 3, Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue; and OO 345, dated to AD 376-400 because of the brick-red colour of some of its beads. We may safely assume that cemetery OO went out of use in IVd, possibly as early as AD 378. When does the custom of a meal or just a drink for the dead stop? Now when we look at the list of dated graves in Appendix 4, we see that the bulk of graves with grave goods, i.e. with meals and/or drinks, are those with a terminus ante quem up to AD 367, i.e. the irst two-thirds of the fourth century. The latest dated graves in this Appendix, the iteen in cemetery B with a terminus post quem of AD 376-440, comprise no more than ive graves with potery or glass grave goods, the last one dated to AD 400 (B 114, B 135, B 137, B 480, B 143). When the priestess in B 465 was buried between AD 434 and 450, she received a ‘good old Roman’ meal in her grave, the irst one ater more than thirty years. In cemetery B, the present ind catalogue has six graves with a tpq of AD 400 or later: B 61, B 143, B 353, B 365, B 465, and B 798. The latest two of these are B 465, the priestess’ grave, dated AD 434-450, and the warrior’s grave B 61, dated AD 440-450: his type of axe does not occur before AD 440. There ends the Roman period of cemetery B: a lady of completely mixed Germanic-Roman culture, with large Germanic hairpins, a Germanic dish ibula with the Roman motif of an interlaced Star of David, the Germanic preference for old silver Roman coins already noted by Tacitus (Germania 5; year of appearance: AD 98), Preßblech pendants inspired by a barbaric version of a Roman medallion, and good old Roman fashion of Roman potery and glass grave goods, i.e. a meal for the deceased, long ater this had stopped in the two Nijmegen cemeteries. Every inch a Germanic lady, she still may have felt also every inch a Roman one. The military man in grave B 61 and the priestess in B 465 are proudly upholding Roman values, most probably both in the 440’s. They proclaim themselves representants of Rome, and seem to have no idea that Rome’s times were ending. These are the last dated Roman graves of the present study of two cemeteries, where not a single sign of violence can be found. And the Nijmegen peaceful transition from Roman to medieval times is not incidental. This has been argued for the whole of Germania Secunda by Dr Michael Erdrich, in his inaugural speech as professor of provincial Roman archaeology at Nijmegen University (Erdrich 2003). Not for nothing, the Mayen coarse potery, so dominantly present in the Nijmegen cemeteries and on early medieval sites in the Netherlands (and from Basel to Kent), continued to be produced up to the fourteenth century, making it diicult to distinguish between Late Roman and 400 — Table 24: W-E graves (W=2700) with potery or glass grave goods, ordered according to cemetery and orientation. A=jug B=beaker C=plate D=bowl E=cooking-pot F=coarse dish G=botle H=glass bowl or beaker Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem No Grave ° A B 1 B 680 245° 1 2 B 749 247° 3 B 734 249° 4 B 90 258° 5 B 14 259° 6 B 169 262° 7 B 480 264° 8 B 143 265° 9 B 456 266° 1 10 B 227 270° 1? 11 B 180 276° 12 B 697 282° 3 13 B 704 283° 2 14 B 250 286° 15 B 676 286° 16 B 151 289° 1 17 B 13 293° 1 18 B 198 293° 19 B 702 297° 4 20 B 760 297° 1 21 B 465 301° 22 B 220 305° C D E F G H Tpq Taq 1 1 334 400 1 313 350 1 313 367 313 350 350 360 313 350 376 400 400 400 313 350 - - 1 316 318 1 313 350 3 334 367 313 400 313 367 313 367 313 350 313 367 355 360 313 350 434 450 313 350 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 A B C D E F G H 23 OO 231 278° 1 313 367 24 OO 426 279° 1 330 367 25 OO 26 285° 313 367 26 OO 446 285° 1 351 400 27 OO 28 290° 2 313 355 28 OO 76 291° 1 313 367 29 OO 349 294° 1 313 367 1 1 3 1 1 401 — 30 OO 433 296° 1 1 31 OO 20 297° 1 1 32 OO 56 300° 1 33 OO 94 303° 1 34 OO 135 303° 1 35 OO 90 304° 36 OO 12 309° 1 1 1 1 1 1 A B early medieval coarse potery (Redknap 1999). The translatio imperii, the transfer of the empire from Rome to Germanic kingdoms, was actually under way in the ith century. It was pronounced in the prologue of the Lex Salica, c.AD 500: the Imperium remains but the bearer changes (Demandt in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 42). The phrase itself seems to have been coined not earlier than the twelth century, by the historian Oto of Freising, in order to legitimate the Stauian emperors of his time, in his Chronicon, sive Historia de duabus civitatibus 14, 104f and 138f (Wood 1997; Kunst 2002). But, avant la letre, it was already working in the ith century. And so our region quietly slips from late Antiquity into early Middle Ages. As Derek Williams puts it in the last paragraph of his Romans and Barbarians: ‘Perhaps not surprisingly the view of Rome as a noble lame, quenched by barbarism, is no longer in fashion. The ‘Dark Ages’ have been replaced by a creative merger in which Roman and barbarian combine with unexpected ease and ... proceed with relative calm into the ‘post-Roman’ or ‘sub-Roman era’. ... Romanobarbarian mergers of the 5th century made Europe.... (Williams 1999, 212) And therefore, cemetery B kept on being used. Van Enckevort et al. (2000b, 27) shows later inds of recent excavations, to be published by his Archaological Bureau of the municipality of Nijmegen, in two photographs, of the two periods AD 440-485 and AD 485-530. One photograph shows four iron axes of Siegmund’s (1998) phase C D E F G 313 367 313 350 313 367 313 367 313 355 313 367 313 367 H 2, AD 440-485, type FBA 1.1, and an iron lance point of his phase 3, 485-530, type Siegmund Lan 1.5. The other photograph (see also Swinkels/Koster 2005, 82 for a clearer one) shows three grave goods from the same phase 3: a pointed glass beaker of Siegmund’s type Gla 7.1, a glass bowl of type Gla 1.4, and a potery jug of type Kan 1.12 (Siegmund 1998, 204-5, ig. 81). I agree with the dates proposed in the captions of these two photographs: around the year 500, and end of the ith century, respectively. And there, around AD 500, cemetery B ends. It should be repeated here what was said in Chapter 11, Typology of the potery and glass vessels: the presence of complete Frankish carinated vessels in area G is tantalizing. They come from Siegmund’s phases 3 up to 9, the later being dated AD 640-670. There may have been Frankish graves there, but none was found during careful excavation. The alternative is that they come from one or more votive deposits. For these reasons, they cannot be used for the demographic calculation below, which includes the number of years the cemetery was used. It looks as though a group of Franks just setled there, without any continuity with the former setlement or cemetery. Just outside cemetery B, on the Valkhof itself, there is a small seventh-century Frankish cemetery: six skeletons, dated AD 620-680, were excavated by J.J. Weve AD 1910-11 (Bloemers/Thijssen 1990, 143; Thijssen 1983, 13; Ypey 1983). 402 — Ater: continuity between Roman and Carolingian Nijmegen? Finally, B 661 is the only grave to be dated much later, AD 701-750. It may be an accidental late grave, or it may, much less probably, be part of a continuity that we cannot prove. The present list of Siegmund’s types cannot be used on its own to prove continuity between Roman and Carolingian Nijmegen: irstly because all Frankish pieces treated here are stray inds; secondly because Siegmund phase 7, AD 585610, is not represented; thirdly and most importantly, because there is a gap of 130 years between the latest Siegmund phase represented, phase 9, AD 640-670, and Charlemagne’s coronation year AD 800. The question of archaeological continuity is treated by Brunsting (1955) and by Bloemers/Thijssen (1990). The development of the name of the city does suggest such continuity: Noviómagus, Númaga, Níjmegen, with the stress on the syllable before the leter m. Space The fortress The gap between cemeteries B in the west and OO in the east is caused by the setlement itself: the fortress on the Valkhof. Its northern edge is the steep slope of the ice-pushed ridge of Nijmegen, which was also used that way by all preceding Roman fortresses to its east (from east to west and from early to late: Kops Plateau with Drusus’ headquarters and auxiliary units (Peterse 2005; Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 35-43), Hunerberg with the Augustan and Flavian legionary fortresses, and Trajanusplein with an auxiliary fortress: Willems et al. 2005, 55-93 with further literature; Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 41). According to Willems/Van Enckevort (2009, 95) the Constantinian fortress on the Valkhof was built in wood; in the years AD 368-9 under Valentinian, they say (2009, 97), it was rebuilt in stone. As the ice-pushed ridge slopes gently down southwards, the south side of the fourth-century fortress on the Valkhof was defended with two dry moats: see Fig. 22 and the reconstruction drawing in Straten/Swinkels (2004, 7). These have been found on (and are nowadays indicated in the pavement of) the square in front of Museum Het Valkhof, where the more spectacular inds of both cemeteries are exhibited. The position of the moats is nowadays made unclear by the presence of a medieval hollow road, the Voerweg, which was cut between them and the Valkhof in order to allow traic from the low lands near the river Waal to enter the high city and vice versa. Willems/Van Enckevort (2009, 100) describe these lines of defense: “The inner premises were protected by a heavy wall and two parallel ditches, the second line of defense (…). The outer ditch was c.12.5 m wide and at least 4 m deep. The inner ditch was over 10 m wide and over 3.5 m deep. Between the two was a ravelin, a bank of c.15 m. The outer edge of the double ditch was located c.45 m from the demolished castellum wall (a robber trench c.1.5 m wide, illed with mortar and small pieces of tuf). This wall probably formed the outside face of an earthen wall constructed under Constantine I. The outside face was not added to the wall until the reign of Valentinian I. (…) The inner or second line of defence (…) was complemented by a irst line farther out from the fort; it too consisted of a double ditch, parts of which have been excavated on the Eiermarkt and the St. Josephhof.” The fourth and ith-century fortress itself was on such a strategic spot, that, possibly apart from a half-round tower still standing on the steep slope below the St Nicholas chapel (no oficial publications; suggestion in Nijmegen newspapers and in a lealet of a walk through Nijmegen in 2005), nothing was found of it: it was crushed by the success of its own spot. Whoever possesses the Valkhof overlooks (and can shoot at) the bridge(s) over the river Waal. Charlemagne built an imperial palace on top of the remains of the Roman fortress. It was largely 403 — demolished by Barbarossa, who built a new castle, which was inally demolished ater the French Revolution, when no authority was able to pay for its maintenance. In World War II, the German army built a bunker on the edge of the Valkhof. Like almost all German bunkers, it is proof against demolition and its top is now in use as a panoramic platform. The roads Roman cemeteries always align with the main road through the setlement and are outside it. The main direction of the Roman road through Nijmegen is ESE-WNW, following the edge of the ice-pushed ridge on whose northwestern end most of the city is situated. Both cemeteries begin to be used AD 313. We may therefore consider the two Nijmegen Late Roman cemeteries as one, belonging to the same setlement: the Late Roman fortress on the Valkhof. The main direction of the graves, be it generally E-W or W-E (the irst point of the compass indicating the direction of the head of the deceased, as always in this study), aligns with the Roman road parallel to the ridge, nowadays followed by the Barbarossastraat and the Ubbergseveldweg in the east (cemetery OO) and the Burchtstraat in the west (cemetery B). The Roman S-N roads are usually reconstructed as follows (Daniëls 1955, 44-6, 271-83; not described in Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, who do show the roads on maps: 20, ig. 4; 25, ig. 7; 28, ig. 8). Main road: Cuijk on the river Maas watchtower Heumensoord (Daniëls 1955, 296-9; Bechert/Willems 1995, 72) - Driehuizerweg Heyendaalseweg - Hertogstraat (formerly Heersteeg, i.e. militairy road: Daniëls 1955, 44) Valkhof. West branch, partly along erosion valleys: Ziekerstraat (formerly possibly also Hersteeg: Daniëls 1955, 279) - Broerstraat Grotestraat - river Waal. Thus, cemetery B is enclosed by three Roman roads: in the N by the Burchtstraat, in the S and W by the Ziekerstraat - Broerstraat, and in the E by the Hertogstraat. We may even see the paths between diferent quarters of cemetery B. Fig. 4 gives a helicopter view of all graves excavated in cemetery B between 1947 and 1976. In area LN, top right, there is a zone seemingly without graves, running SWNE, joined at its north end by a an area running NW-SE. Comparison with Fig. 11, the detailed map of area LN, shows that the areas do have disturbances of recent or medieval wells and cellars, but that the absence of graves is real in the areas in between where the virgin soil could be reached. The paths separate quarters of cemetery B with diferent densities: in the north, an area of low density with orderly rows of graves with niches; in the west, an area of higher density; in the east, a swarm of high density. In the section on status below it will appear that the north area with its orderly rows has high status, expressed by numbers of grave goods. To its east, there is a group of graves of diferent orientation, separated by a zone with no graves, as appears from Fig. 11. The reason for both the earlier ending of cemetery OO and the change to a north-south direction as followed by the latest dated grave B 61, must be that the S-N road along the river Maas became more important in the later years of the fourth century. The presence of the fortress at Cuijk, some 12 km S of Nijmegen on the let bank of the river Maas, founded by Constantine I and restored by Valentinian I, testiies to its importance (Bechert/Willems 1995, 72-3; Brulet 1995, 108-9; Van der Heijden 2002, 44-5; Van DrielMurray 2006, 44). By then that road, continued by the present-day Hertogstraat and Broerstraat, was the second frontier between the Roman Empire and free Germania, called the Barbaricum on Viatorinus’ tombstone from Deutz (CIL 13, 08274). It is suggested that the road from the Valkhof fortress to the east lost its importance and the east cemetery OO was no longer used for that reason. The zone along the Rhine between Castra Herculis (Arnhem-Meinerswijk near Nijmegen: Bechert/Willems 1995, 77) and Vingo (Bingen near Mainz) was not in Roman hands for a time, as is implied by Ammianus Marcellinus’ remark that Julian recovered the area AD 359 (18,2,3-4). 404 — Growth of the cemeteries Cemetery OO Only the map of cemetery OO betrays immediately how the cemetery grew. Graves from the irst years, dated between AD 313 and 325, are to be found in a zone 70 m wide to the south of and parallel with the Roman road, nowadays followed by the Barbarossastraat (graves OO 4, 78, 130, 149, 159, 161, 176, 209, 234). This zone remained in use between AD 326 and 350 (graves OO 9, 20, 42, 58, 63, 71, 88, 101, 103, 106, 109, 151, 152, 168, 169, 170, 186, 197, 199, 201, 207, 250, and 252). Most graves of that quarter-century, however, are to be found in a next zone with remarkable similar orientation, which is 35 m wide (graves OO 244, 249, 270, 271, 273, 276, 277, 283, 288, 290, 304, 316, 320, 338, 339, 351, 354, 355, 361, 362, 370, 371, 382, 383, 396, 400, 415). A southernmost zone, 15 m wide, contains graves of later terminus ante quem (graves OO 426, 433). Grave OO 447 probably is the southernmost grave of the cemetery OO in the main excavation area. The isolated group to its south, numbered here continuously OO 448-456, may ater all not be part of cemetery OO. These graves yield no data as to date, gender, orientation, grave type, and artefacts; in other words, they remain blank in any analysis. Below, the group will be let outside the calculation of the number of graves in the entire cemetery. Cemetery B The growth of the west cemetery B is much more diicult to follow, probably because it began to be used within the junction of the E-W road near the edge of the ice-pushed ridge, nowadays followed by Ubbergseveldweg, Barbarossastraat and Burchtstraat, with the W branch of the S-N road, nowadays the Broerstraat. The oldest two pieces of potery, with barbotine on them, were found just there; they have been discussed above, in the section Chronology, The beginning. The identiiable graves of the irst quarter century, i.e. AD 313-325, are few and far between, from N via E to S: in area D, graves B 22, 140 and 176; in area LN, graves B 180, 297 and 298; in area G, the sarcophagus of the Grutberg, numbered B 620; and none in area M. These seven oldest graves are widely scattered within a square with sides of some 150 m and its NW corner at the junction BroerstraatBurchtstraat. Graves with later terminus ante quem are to be found in this entire square. Apart from the one late grave B 798, area M only has graves with terminus ante quem between AD 350 and AD 367. Finally, the few identiiable graves of the following 75 years, between AD 376 and 450, seem indeed to follow the N-S road, today the Broerstraat: graves B 61, 91, 114, 135, 137, 143, 353, 365, 465, and 480, are all in the west half of the cemetery. But one grave adds another zone in the east, near the southeast corner of the already enlarged square, grave B 798. But it should be stressed that the easternmost grave, the undated B 800, is even some 20 m further east than B 798, and that new excavations between the years 1998 and 2000, to be published by the Bureau of Archaeology of the municipality of Nijmegen, went 30 m further east and discovered hundreds of graves. All this adds up to a rectangle with sides of some 200x230m. And if southernmost graves B 829 and 830, not shown on any other map, were indeed Late Roman ones, that would add another zone of 40 m in the south. However, their nature is so unclear (see ind catalogue) that they cannot be used in the calculations of the total number of graves, to be performed below. Family plots The growth of cemetery OO (Figure 21) makes it possible to discern three certain and three possible plots where the oldest graves are lying in the middle and the later graves keep a respectful distance. The certain examples are those where OO 159-161, OO 149 and 176, and OO 207 and 209 are the oldest nuclei. The three possible nuclei of such plots are OO 4, OO 78, and OO 129- 405 — 130. Things are diferent around the early grave OO 234, which is part of an isolated cluster. The two rich ladies’ graves OO 250 and 252 are surrounded by empty space. Similar plots can be recognized in cemetery B: around B 176 and around B 40 in area D (Figure 8), around B 297 and 298 in area LN (Figure 11), and around B 620 in area M (Figure 16). It is suggested that all these are family plots. The cuts between graves possibly are due to cramped space in such plots. The other suggested reason for the cuts is: graves can hardly have been visible above ground; no markers whatsoever were found. of this building block. This curved end gives a pear shape to cemetery OO (Fig. 22). The area of virgin soil excavated of the cemetery itself is 4,800 m2 (not counting the empty areas of the excavation south of graves OO 385 an OO 447), to be divided by the 480 graves excavated (not counting the southern group OO 448-456), neatly 10 m2 per grave. The total area of cemetery OO, 15,900 m2, divided by 10, gives a staggering total of 1,590 graves for cemetery OO, assuming the concentration is the same overall. Below, it is calculated that cemetery B has a higher density, of one grave per 7 m2. The obvious reason is, that cemetery B remained in use for another 120 years ater cemetery OO stopped being used. Population size The number of burials Cemetery OO Both Willems (1990, 82) and Van Enckevort et al. (2000a, 107) put the total number of burials in cemetery OO at a maximum of 850. Looking at the map of cemetery OO (Fig. 21), we perform the calculations ourselves. The northern, western and southern boundaries of the cemetery can be discerned. The northern boundary is a curved line between graves OO 15 and OO 6 in the main excavation area and OO 457 in the Hugo de Grootstraat. (Graves OO 5 and 6 are north of the southern ditch of an older Roman road.) The western boundary runs from graves OO 15 to OO 385; and the southern boundary, from OO 385 via OO 447 in the main excavation area to OO 489 in the Hugo de Grootstraat (we leave the group OO 448-456 out for the reasons given above). This southern boundary runs along the southernmost grave in a recent excavation trench of the Nijmegen Municipal Bureau for Archaeology, to be published later. We need an area east of the Hugo de Grootstraat, because that is the eponymous terrain OO, where the irst stray inds turned up in great numbers in the early 1900’s. No fourth-century graves or grave goods have ever come to light to the east Cemetery B How many burials could have taken place in cemetery B? This number can be estimated in two steps: dividing the area investigated by the number of graves found = 1 grave per X m2. Secondly, by dividing the total area of the cemetery by X. Reality is more complicated here. First, we calculate the total surface of the virgin soil that was found with Late Roman graves in it, i.e. by subtracting the surface of the later disturbances from the total area of the excavation trenches. This is the inner city of Nijmegen, with much more later building activity than on cemetery OO. Smetius’ moto of our book discusses just that. In area D, some 822 m2 of virgin soil are visible on the map, in area LN, 3,200 m2, in area G 323 m2, and in area M 1,462 m2, adding up to 5,787 m2. These 5,787 m2 of virgin soil divided by the 833 graves found in it gives 1 grave per almost 7 m2. If the area of the rectangle with sides of 230x200 m = 46,000 m2 was completely and evenly illed with graves, one per almost 7 m2, then there were originally 6,621 graves in cemetery B. As the map of area M shows that the west corner of the rectangle of cemetery B is empty, we round of at 6,500 burials. This is lower than the unex- 406 — plained estimate of 7,500-10,000 given by Van Enckevort et al. (2000b, 26), but considerably higher than the estimate of 1,400-1,500 (Wynia in: Noviomagus 1979, 66; Willems 1990, 82), given before the 1998-99 excavations. The total estimated amount of graves in the two cemeteries of the Valkhof setlement is therefore 1,590 for cemetery OO plus 6,500 for cemetery B = 8,090 graves. Calculations, results and comparisons How large was the community that used the two cemeteries? The formula to calculate this is P = k + ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ D x e00 , t where P is what we are looking for: the average size of the living population, k is a correction factor of 10% of the fraction number in order to compensate for the general under-representation of children (Dollhopf 2002), D is the estimated total number of dead (= 8,090), e00 is the life expectancy at birth, and t is the number of years during which the cemetery was used (AD 313-500 = 188 years; formula from Acsádi/ Nemeskéri 1970, 65-6; amply discussed in Steures 1988, 94-8). Two values for e00 will be used here: the value of 28.03 years for cemetery OO found in Chapter 7, The living poulation, and a theoretical one. The theoretical value of 21.11 years for e00 in the Roman Empire was extrapolated by A.J. Coale (19832) from Ulpian’s life table (Ulpian, cited by Aemilius Macer, Dig. 35,2,68pr). Bruce Frier (1982) has eloquently defended Coale’s value against criticism. More recent literature on this value is found in Scheidel (1996, 117, n. 62). This completes the values to be fed into the formula. So, assuming that the population was stable from beginning to end, the lower estimate, using the value of 21.11 for e00, is 8,090 x 21.11 Population = 91 + ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ = 999 persons, 188 and the higher estimate, using the value of 28.03 for e00 found in Chapter 7, The living population, is 8,090 x 28.03 Population = 121 + ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ = 1,327 persons. 188 The lower estimate agrees perfectly with the educated guess of a maximum of 1,000 in the fourth century, by Straten and Swinkels (2004, 7). Bloemers (1990, 76; cited by Buijtendorp 2003, 207, n.11) calculates a population of 675-1,200 people for the irst-century Early Roman setlement on the same Valkhof. Buijtendorp (pers. comm.) estimates a population of 1,000 people for second-century Forum Hadriani, the Roman town near The Hague. Recent voluminous studies of the limes on Dutch territory (Colenbrander 2005) and of Forum Hadriani (Jonge et al. 2006) are silent on population size. A much higher estimate is the number of 3,000 for the population of Ulpia Noviomagus, the Roman town to the W of the Valkhof, calculated from its cemetery by Brunsting (1937, 17; not 5,000 as in Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 74, n. 35), who assumes its number of graves to be 12,500 and the years of use 170 (AD 70-240; Brunsting 1937, 3). Had he been able to use this formula and Coale’s life expectancy at birth of 21.11, he would have arrived at 1,707. Had he moreover used the lifespan for Ulpia Noviomagus found in the more recent literature, AD 70270 (Noviomagus 1979, 57, 62; Willems 1990, 63, 70; Willems et al. 2005, 104; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 74), the number would have even gone down to 1,451. And now that it has been argued above that Ulpia Noviomagus existed AD 70-313, its population could be estimated between 1.189 (for a life expectancy at birth of 21.11) and 1.580 (for the value of 28.03). However, it has become clear in recent years that 407 — what Brunsting published in 1937 was only the south part of the Ulpia Noviomagus cemetery west of the present-day railway line to Arnhem, and that the cemetery, and so also the living population, was much larger (Brunsting himself was aware of inds farther east: 1937, 11; Willems et al. 2005, 48, ig. 19 no 6; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 25, ig. 7 no 6). Koster (2010, 11) describes the area as follows: ‘.. the cemetery of Noviomagus extended over a length of 450 m between the two roads to the south (...) and along the road to the east, on both sides 150200 m over a length of c.1 km. On that base, the area of the cemetery of Noviomagus may be estimated at c.40 hectares’ (= 400,000 m2). This results in her estimates of 40,000 graves if the density was, as Brunsting estimated, 1 grave per 10 m2; and 30,000 with a density of 1 grave per 13 m2, as was the case in more recently excavated parts. Her values for t, the number of years during which the cemetery was used, are 200 if Ulpia Noviomagus existed AD 70-270, and 245 if it lasted AD 70-315. Her margins for life espectancy at birth being 20 and 40 years, the maximum in every of her four results is twice the minimum, and her population estimates for Ulpia Noviomagus vary as widely as 2,700 up to 8,800. In order to narrow this down to one estimate, I assume the following values for the above formula. D = 30,000; e00 = 28.03, as calculated above for Late Roman times; t = 243, as argued above. This brings my estimate for the population of Ulpia Noviomagus to 4,350. I hasten to add Koster’s reservation (2010, 11): for lack of data, it must be presumed that the population remained more or less constant; this will certainly not have been the case in reality. It has been argued above that some use of settlement and cemetery of Ulpia Noviomagus remained in the fourth century, by people of Roman material culture, at least up to Valentinian times. Their number will not have exceeded some tens. The conclusion is, that the population of Ulpia Noviomagus had shrunk to some 1,100 by AD 313, when the large majority was resetled on the Valkhof on the occasion of Constantine’s second Frankish campaign of June and July that year. This tallies with the estimate in Willems/van Enckevort (2009, 124), that the total population in Late Roman times was only 25% of that in the mid-Roman. Estimates without calculations Estimates not based on demographic calculations give the following numbers for Noviomagus: ‘probably never surpassing 5,000’ (Bogaers, Noviomagus 1979, 61); ‘the total population may have counted some 10,000, half of them soldiers’ (Willems 1990, 71, taking Noviomagus and the legionary fortress of Legio X Gemina (AD 71104) together). Willems et al. (2005, 180) do not mention a number for Noviomagus, but quote estimates for the entire Batavian population, whose capital Noviomagus was: 40,000 up to an improbable 120,000. The same numbers are given by Willems/van Enckevort (2009, 114-5). Finally, the same calculation as above, on the assumption that the only dated eighth-century grave B 661 was part of a continuity (i.e. that the cemetery stayed in use during the 438 years between AD 313 and 750), gives a living population of at least 429 and at most 570 people. These low numbers show how improbable such a continuity is. B 661 must be an isolated eighth-century inhumation in the midst of a cemetery that had been out of use for centuries. Graves and their contents Graves, niches and coins Possible correlations between the shape of the graves and other factors were tested by means of making bar diagrams, but none were found. An exception is the presence of a niche, which is of course correlated with the presence of grave goods, though not in all 137 certain cases. There were seven certainly empty niches in cemetery B, which was excavated by hand, and four possibly so in cemetery OO, where the planes were made by mechanical digger: they may either 408 — have contained completely perishable goods or may have been empty, with a practical or symbolic meaning that escapes us. The certainly empty niches of cemetery B were in graves B 7, B 69, B 564, B 581, B 619, B 643, B 746; the possibly empty niches of cemetery OO were in OO 99, OO 143, OO 395, OO 440. Moreover, there are nine graves where the presence of a niche is uncertain, listed in the section on niches in Chapter 13. It was hoped that the lengths of the grave trenches would correlate with gender and age, and that their bar diagrams would show four peaks correlated with girls, boys, women and men. They did not and are not shown here. Nor is the length of the grave trench a predictor of the presence of grave goods: every length has the same chance. It was expected that the depths of the grave trenches would correlate with the presence of grave goods, but also every depth has the same chance. It must be remarked that the depth of shat grave 217 in Cologne Jacobsstraße, 270 cm, not treated as exceptional by Haberey (1934), is never equalled by the graves in Nijmegen, although the Cologne graves have the same niches, potery and sarcophagi as Nijmegen. The study of a possible relation between the lengths of the coins and gender, which in itself again had a negative result, unexpectedly yielded the positive result for a diferent factor in both cemeteries. Both bar diagrams, shown in Graphs 3 (for cemetery B) and 4 (for cemetery OO), have two distinct curves: a low curve from the smallest coins up to 160 cm, and a high one above 160 cm. We see clearly that the deviding line between coins for children and those for juveniles/adults is at 160 cm. Coin length should not be confused with body length: 160 cm is not much below the average length of adults of the time. So the two positive but unsurprising results are: a niche will contain grave goods in most cases; coins up to 160 cm are for children. Grave goods At irst sight, there seems to be no standard layout within the graves for the combination of grave goods, i.e. vessels, mostly potery and some glass, for food and drink for the dead. Table 25, however, tells a diferent tale for the large-scale layout of grave goods in the cemeteries as a whole. Grave goods are translated there into dishes (in the sense of courses of a meal) and drinks: beakers, botles and jugs (and glass splinters, assumed to be of botles or beakers) into drinks; plates, dishes, jars, bowls and cooking-pots, into dishes, presented either like on a dinner table in ine wares, or as coming directly from the kitchen in coarse ware. Following Pirling, it is assumed that Gellep 57 is a jar not a beaker. Table 25 shows a baling parallellism between cemeteries B and OO both in percentages and numbers. It is as if the numbers of drinks and dishes relect a strict, almost military hierarchy. The Valkhof was ater all a fortiied setlement and not without soldiers with their crossbow ibulae. The implications have been analysed with the use of distribution maps. They lead us to the subject of status within the community. Excursus 1: cemetery OO Frankish?! It has been repeatedly suggested recently that the Roman cemetery OO would belong to a supposed Frankish setlement on the corner of the St Canisiussingel and the Berg en Dalseweg, the evidence being an unpublished building of 4x2.5 m excavated there in 1990 (excavation photo: Enckevort et al. 2000a, 106; Willems et al. 2005, 136, ig. 56; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 101, ig. 34). The barn was declared Frankish because it is a sunken-loored building, the remaining depth being 1 m (cf. for such Germanic buildings Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 127, ig. 27; Carroll 2001, 143-7, ig. 59). It contained pieces of burnt daub, interpreted as remains of an oven for baking bread, and Roman coins, dated either c.330-335 AD or IVbc. It is apparently part of a larger setlement, of which unspeciied building traces and several hundreds of fourth-century 409 — Table 25: The grave goods in the Late Roman cemeteries translated into dishes and drinks. 198 graves in cemetery B (= 24% of 834 in the 2 dishes, 7 drinks 1 - 3 dishes, 1 drink 1 1 3 dishes, 2 drinks 4 3 3 dishes, 3 drinks 3 - 3 dishes, 4 drinks - 1 3 dishes, 6 drinks 1 1 4 dishes, 1 drink 2 - 4 dishes, 2 drinks - 1 4 dishes, 3 drinks 2 - 4 dishes, 4 drinks 1 - 5 dishes, 1 drink 1 - 5 dishes, 2 drinks 2 1 5 dishes, 3 drinks - 2 5 dishes, 7 drinks - 1 6 dishes, 1 drink - 1 6 dishes, 3 drinks 1 - 8 dishes, 2 drinks - 1 Subtotals per cemetery 100 78 Percentages per cemetery 51% 51% 198 152 100% 100% catalogue), 152 in OO (= 31% of 489). Number of Number of graves graves cemetery B cemetery OO Only drinks: 1 drink 48 37 2 drinks 12 7 3 drinks 4 2 4 drinks 2 1 5 drinks 1 - 67 47 34% 31% Subtotals per cemetery Percentages per cemetery Only food: 1 dish 21 16 2 dishes 7 5 3 dishes 3 5 5 dishes - 1 31 27 16% 18% Totals per cemetery Subtotals per cemetery Total percentages per cemetery Percentages per cemetery Food ánd drink: 1 dish, 1 drink 25 13 1 dish, 2 drinks 19 19 1 dish, 3 drinks 3 2 1 dish, 4 drinks 2 - 1 dish, 5 drinks 1 - 2 dishes, 1 drink 20 20 2 dishes, 2 drinks 5 7 2 dishes, 3 drinks 5 2 2 dishes, 4 drinks - 1 2 dishes, 5 drinks 1 1 Roman coins came to light in the Gerard Noodtstraat, likewise unpublished. “It was probably inhabited by Franks, setled here by the Roman authorities in order to defend the northern frontier of the Empire” (van Enckevort et al. 2000a, 103-5, 108). “Just as in the cemetery of the inner city, the bronze belt sets and heavy crossbow ibulae are typical of Frankish soldiers” (Van Enckevort et al. 2005, 137, 218-9; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 100, 126, 146). My arguments against these interpretations are the following. Firstly, a single barn built in a Germanic way does not make an entire unexcavated setlement Frankish. Not a single Frankish sherd was 410 — found, and the barn burnt down long before Frankish times. Secondly, if indeed the users of cemetery OO were indigenous people, they did not take on an indigenous material identity, but they used exclusively things Roman, and so they were Romans to all intents and purposes. An example: bronze belt sets and crossbow ibulae, used along the entire northern frontier of the Late Roman Empire, are deinitely Roman not Frankish (Ypey 1969, Swit 2000). Consular diptychs show crossbow ibulae being proudly worn by the highest oicials in Rome (Buchem 1966). Moreover, the authors assume wrongly, that all crossbow ibulae are to be dated to the second half of the fourth century (Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 126). It has been shown in Chapter 12 that they were present right from the start of both cemeteries: ten out of fourteen can only be dated to the irst half of the century or up to AD 355; the other four are present from AD 330 onward. Thirdly and most importantly, the similarity of the cemeteries B and OO shows that they belong to the same Roman setlement on the Valkhof. They both began to be used AD 313 and everything is identical: the exclusively Roman vessel typology, the dress accessories, the shape of the graves, the food on the plates, and the distribution of food and drink, of Roman coins, and of status, OO overall even being slightly higher in status than B: see below. Last but not least, the idea of Roman soldiers defending the frontier, but living in an unfortiied peasant village, runs counter to everything we know about Roman military history and the ubiquitous fourth-century Roman fortiications. Cemetery OO is deinitely Roman and belongs to the fortress on the Valkhof. Status In a cemetery, status is equal to the amount of capital destroyed during burial. Social control will help to bring aspired status in a cemetery in balance with actual status within the community, which is determined by the percentage of the community ‘equal to’ and ‘below’ one; in other words, by the status percentile score. For the investigation of status, irst three partial analyses will be discussed below: the number of dishes, the number of drinks, and the number of glass vessels. Then the distribution of two obviously expensive ways of burying is discussed: stone sarcophagi and outer coins giving the impression of a chamber tomb. Then, obviously expensive objects are shortly touched: for women, tutulus ibulae and wooden chests; for men, crossbow ibulae. Finally, an overall analysis of all graves was made. The criteria for that analysis are discussed below. For each of these analyses, distribution maps were made of both cemeteries. These maps are not shown here; instead, the images they give are described. Overall status distribution maps are however given in Figs. 23 and 24. Number of dishes In cemetery B, there are 706 graves without any food (85% of 834 graves); 70 graves (8%) with 1 dish each; 38 graves (4.6%) with 2 dishes; 12 graves (1.4%) with 3; 4 graves (0.5%) with 4; 3 graves (0.4%) with 5 dishes; and 1 grave (0.1%) with 6 dishes. Clearly, 1-2 dishes amount to some food, 3-6 dishes to much food. So, some food was found in 12.6% of the graves, and much food in 2.4%. In potery period 1, there are two areas in cemetery B of graves with much food. The irst is the NW corner of the cemetery, i.e. the corner between the present-day W-E Burchtstraat and the N-S Broerstraat, the sites of the former Broerkerk with its cloister and the area just E of the town hall (Figs. 8, 11): 13 graves with much food: B 54 (with 4 dishes), B 86 (with 3), B 90 (3), B 150 (4), B 176 (5), B 177 (3), B 182 (4), B 183 (3), B 184 (3), B 189 (5), B 207 (3), B 216 (4), B 234 (with 3 dishes). The site of the town hall itself belonged to this rich area, as appears from the abundance of stray pieces found there: B stray 77-127. The smaller second area with much food is around the Mariënburg chapel, with 4 graves 411 — (Fig. 18; B 674 (with 3 dishes), B 715 (with 3), B 764 (6), B 779 (with 3 dishes)). There is an area in the middle of the cemetery without any food: the south of area LN, especially trench 142 (Fig. 7) and the entire area G (Fig. 16). The rest of cemetery B shows a homogeneous spread of graves of potery period 1 with some food. In potery period 2, two graves in the same NW area have some food (B 135 with 2 dishes, B 137 with 1). The unique late grave B 465 has no less than 4 dishes and is in the area that had no food at all in potery period 1. In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of potery period 1, there are 395 graves without any food (81% of 489 graves); 50 graves (10%) with 1 dish each; 36 graves (7.4%) with 2 dishes; 11 graves (2.2%) with 3; 1 grave (0.2%) with 4; 5 graves (1.0%) with 5; 1 grave (0.2%) with 6 dishes; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 8 dishes. Here too, 1-2 dishes amount to some food, 3-8 dishes to much food. So, some food was found in 17.4% of the graves, and much food in 2.9%. Here, a large central area has 15 graves with much food: OO 101 (with 6 dishes), OO 133 (with 3), OO 144 (5), OO 161 (3), OO 168 (8), OO 170 (3), OO 176 (5), OO 186 (5), OO 200 (5), OO 249 (3), OO 250 (3), OO 322 (3), OO 339 (3), OO 354 (4), and OO 361 (with 3 dishes). Moreover, there are two outliers in the NW area with much food: OO 26 (with 5 dishes), OO 71 (with 3); and two outliers in the E area of the Hugo de Grootstraat: OO 472 (with 3 dishes), and OO 476 (with 3). The rest of cemetery OO shows a homogeneous spread of graves, all of potery period 1, with some food. Comparison: there is a higher percentage of graves in cemetery OO with some food (17.4%, as against 12.6% in cemetery B) and those with much food (2.9%, as against 2.4%). A slight status diference to the advantage of cemetery OO between the two cemeteries can be detected in the number of dishes in the graves. Number of drinks In cemetery B, there are 673 graves without any drinks (81% of 834 graves); 92 graves (11%) with 1 drink each; 42 graves (5%) with 2 drinks; 17 graves (2%) with 3; 5 graves (0.4%) with 4; 3 graves (0.4%) with 5; 1 grave (0.1%) with 6; and 1 grave with 7 drinks (0.1%). Clearly, 1-2 drinks amount to some drinks, 3-7 drinks to many drinks. So, some drinks were found in 16% of the graves, and many drinks in 3%. In potery period 1, the same two areas in cemetery B of graves with much food also have graves with many drinks: the NW corner and area M around the Mariënburg chapel. The NW corner of the cemetery (Figs. 8, 11) has 10 graves with many drinks: B 16 (with 3 drinks), B 59 (with 5), B 150 (3), B 177 (3), B 182 (4), B 183 (3), B 196 (3), B 197 (4), B 216 (3), and B 218 (with 6 drinks). Again, the site of the town hall belonged to this rich area, as appears from the abundance of stray pieces found there: B stray 77-127. The second area, with no less than sixteen graves with many drinks, is around the Mariënburg chapel: B 674 (with 3 drinks), B 680 (with 4), B 686 (3), B 697 (5), B 701 (3), B 702 (4), B 704 (7), B 705 (3), B 706 (4), B 708 (3), B 723 (3), B 728 (3), B 741 (5), B 742 (3), B 751 (3), and B 764 (with 3 drinks). In between, there is one grave with many drinks: B 512 (with 3 drinks). The rest of cemetery B shows a homogeneous spread of graves of potery period 1 with some drinks. This time, area G does take part in this spread, whereas it does not have any graves with food. It is as if giving food was not done in the part of the community using area G and the south of area LN, whereas giving drinks was done. In potery period 2, four graves in the same NW corner have drinks: B 114 (with 1 drink), B 135 (with 1), B 137 (1), B 143 (with 3 drinks); and two graves in the S of area LN have drinks: B 465 (with 1 drink) and B 480 (with 1). In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of potery 412 — period 1, there are 364 graves without any drinks (74.4% of 489 graves); 72 graves (14.7%) with 1 drink each; 39 graves (8.0%) with 2 drinks; 8 graves (1.6%) with 3; 3 graves (0.6%) with 4; 1 grave (0.2%) with 5; 1 grave (0.2%) with 6 drinks; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 7 drinks. Here too, 1-2 drinks amount to some drinks, 3-8 drinks to many drinks. So, some drinks were found in 22.7% of the graves, and many drinks in 1.2%. Here, the same large central area we saw in the preceding section has nine graves with many drinks: OO 144 (with 3 drinks), OO 151 (with 3), OO 176 (7), OO 200 (3), OO 242 (3), OO 250 (6), OO 252 (4), OO 290 (5), and OO 339 (with 4 drinks). Moreover, there is one outlier in the N area with many drinks: OO 9 (with 3 drinks); and there is a second area of four graves with many drinks in the E area of the Hugo de Grootstraat: OO 463 (with 3 drinks), OO 467 (with 3), OO 478 (4), OO 481 (with 3 drinks). Comparison: there is a higher percentage of graves in cemetery OO with some drinks (22.7%, as against 16% in cemetery B); but cemetery B has a higher percentage of graves with many drinks than cemetery OO (3%, as against 1.2%). These two statistics cancel each other: no status diference between the two cemeteries can be detected in the number of drinks in the graves. Number of glass vessels Glass vessels, being much rarer than potery, must have had a higher price. In cemetery B, there are 780 graves without any glass vessels (93.5% of 834 graves); 40 graves (4.8%) with 1 glass vessel each; 10 graves (1.2%) with 2 vessels; 3 graves (0.4%) with 3; and 1 grave (0.1%) with 5 glass vessels. Clearly, 1 glass vessel amounts to just a glass vessel, 2-5 to many glass vessels. So, just a glass vessel was found in 4.8% of the graves, and many vessels in 1.7%. In potery period 1, the same two areas in cemetery B of graves with many vessels emerge as in the two preceding sections: the NW corner and area M around the Mariënburg chapel. This time, the later one takes the lead. The NW corner of the cemetery (Figs. 8, 11) has 3 graves with many glass vessels: B 150, B 197 and B 218, with 2 glass vessels each. The leading area of (eleven) graves with many glass vessels is around the Mariënburg chapel: B 663 (with 2 glass vessels), B 674 (with 2), B 680 (3), B 697 (3), B 701 (3), B 704 (5), B 705 (2), B 706 (2), B 726 (2), B 728 (2), and B 763 (with 2 glass vessels). The remaining area of cemetery B has a homogeneous spread of graves with just a glass vessel. In potery period 2, only the hard core of the NW area has three graves with one or more glass vessels; and the unique late grave has one: B 135 (with 1 glass vessel), B 137 (with 1), B 143 (with 3); and B 465 (with 1 glass vessel). In cemetery OO, which has only vessels of potery period 1, there are 463 graves without any glass vessels (94.7% of 489 graves); 18 graves (3.7%) with 1 vessel each; 4 graves (0.8%) with 2 vessels; 3 graves (0.6%) with 3; and 1 grave (0.2%) with 4. Here too, 1 glass vessel amounts to just a glass vessel, 2-4 to many glass vessels. So, just a glass vessel was found in 3.7% of the graves, and many in 1.6%. Here, the same large central area we saw in the preceding sections has six graves with many glass vessels: OO 242 (with 2 glass vessels), OO 250 (with 3), OO 252 (3), OO 290 (3), OO 339 (2), OO 400 (with 2 glass vessels). Moreover, there is one outlier in the N area with many glass vessels: OO 9 (with 4); and there is one grave with many glass vessels in the E area of the Hugo de Grootstraat: OO 473 (with 2). The remaining area of cemetery OO has a homogeneous spread of graves with just a glass vessel. Comparison: there is a somewhat higher percentage of graves in cemetery B with just a glass vessel (4.8%, as against 3.7% in cemetery OO); the percentage of graves with many glass vessels is all but the same: 1.7% in B, 1.6% in OO. No status diference between B and OO can be detected. 413 — Complete inventory of grave OO161. The presence of the large crossbow ibula OO 161.6 suggest that it was in the grave of a military oicer. Inventory of grave OO 271. The presence of the large crossbow ibula OO 271.4 and bronze buckle OO 271.5 suggest they were in the grave of a military oicer. Expensive ways of burying Sarcophagi Stone sarcophagi, however crudely made, must represent a great amount of money for material, labour and transport costs. They are only found in the middle area of cemetery B, exactly the zone where it was not done to put food in the graves: the south of area LN and the whole of area G. They are found in no more than six children’s graves: B 458, B 536, B 580, B 601, B 620, B 627. The two stray sarcophagi in the area of cemetery B (B stray 156, B stray 280) probably do not belong to that cemetery and were meant for adults. Expensive objects For women Tutulus ibulae Conspicuous silver tutulus ibulae were found in graves B 620 (1), B 798 (1 or 2), and OO 362 (1). Outer wooden coins Outer coins have the same purpose as niches (Haberey 1934, 278): to give the grave the appearance of a miniature chamber tomb. There is only one grave with outer coin in cemetery B, in area M, which also has much food, many drinks and many glass vessels: B 704. It represents 0.2% of the 834 graves of cemetery B. Cemetery OO, on the other hand, has no less than 7 graves (1.4% of 489) with outer coins: OO 101, OO 103, OO 144, OO 161, OO 231, OO 250, and OO 354. They are all lying in the large central area that has graves with much food, many drinks, and many glass vessels. Wooden chests There are ive ladies’ graves in cemetery B with a wooden chest (0.6% of 834 graves): B 26, B 207, B 293, B 320, and B 701. They were all found in areas we already know as areas with rich graves: the irst ive in the NW area, the last in area M. In cemetery OO, there are nine ladies’ graves with wooden chests (1.8% of 489 graves): OO 24, OO 103, OO 144, OO 250, OO 252, OO 301, OO 305, OO 339 and OO 361. Eight of these graves are in the large central area with rich graves, OO 24 being an outlier in the NW. For men Crossbow ibulae Of the crossbow ibulae found in four graves of cemetery B (0.5% of 834 graves: B 167, B 345, B 409, B 782), two come from the NW area with rich graves, and the other two from otherwise undistinguished areas. Numerically and in percentage, they are in contrast to those from nine graves in cemetery OO (1.8% of 489 graves: OO 161, OO 248, OO 271, OO 283, OO 415, OO 426, OO 437, OO 461, OO 467). Seven are in an 414 — The young girl in the sarcophagus of the Grutberg B 620 belonged to the upper class and may well have been the daughter of the civil administrator of Late Roman Nijmegen. In front: two reconstructed tambourine sticks and two original ones. Skull of the young girl in the sarcophagus B 620 with golden earrings, silver hairpins, amber bead and tutulus ibula. area to the S and W of the central area with rich graves, two from the N of the E area of the Hugo de Grootstraat. Unique pieces Having something that no one else in town has gives status. The unique pieces are not only those that are thus named in Chapter 12, but also all well-known types that occur only in one grave each. OO 250, the richest grave of all, in the more military cemetery OO, may be that of the military commander’s wife. Overall status analysis: calculations and results For the overall analysis, a system of status marks was devised. For every vessel, a grave gets one mark, plus an extra one for every glass vessel. For each object, mostly ornaments, made of bronze, bone, glass or iron, one mark was given, plus two extra ones for a crossbow ibula and for an axe. For a silver or sapropelite object, two marks were given, plus two extra ones for a tu- 415 — B 465 The Germanic priestess in grave B 465 got a good Roman meal in Roman potery, decades ater the last meal had been placed in a grave. Every inch a Germanic lady, she may have felt every inch Roman as well. B 61. The so-called Germanic warrior of grave B 61 wore a Roman belt set, given to him in an un-Roman grave ritual. This Germanic warrior may have felt every inch a Roman. tulus ibula. For a gold ornament, four marks were given (a set of ear-rings gets four marks, one gold ear-ring gets two). For a set of small precious stones, three marks. For each bead ornament, one mark. For a wooden chest, three marks. For a coin, either without or with small money value at the time of burial, 0.2 mark was given. For every other object, one mark apiece. For each unique piece, not only those treated under that name in Chapter 12 but also wellknown types occurring only in one grave, an extra mark per object was given. Potery types occurring once were not counted as unique pieces because of their low value: tomb robbers in antiquity did not deign to take potery away. As for expensive ways of burying, a sarcophagus gets ten marks, an outer coin four, and a niche one. 448 graves in potery period 1 got status marks, and 17 graves in period 2. The outcome of this overall status analysis is shown in Tables 26 and 27: a strongly hierarchical society. These tables do not show the 1323(448+17)=858 graves that did not get any mark. In potery period 1 (Table 26), the distribution of graves with 1 up to 11 marks dwindles from 121 down to 7 graves. Beyond the demarcation line of 11 marks, there are only very low numbers of graves. The highest grave but two, B 298 of the Sabazios worshipper, owes its high position of 31 marks largely to 4 unique pieces, 10 bone hairpins and 55 coins. Way up beyond that, two graves are at the top: the Grutberg sarcophagus B 620 with 44.2 marks and the lady’s grave OO 250 with 45.2. The lady and the girl represent the absolute top of the community. I tend to see the lady in OO 250 as the commander’s wife (the grave of her husband, the praepositus as his title would have been in Constantinian times, probably lying in the small unexcavated area to the immediate west of her grave), and the girl in B 620 as the daughter of the top civil administator. Their families had good reason to compete, as we will see below: they probably came from two quite diferent areas. In potery period 2 (Table 27), only a shadow of this stratiication remains, the warrior in B 61 ending in second place with 25.2 marks and the priestess in B 465 with 35.2 in irst. 416 — Table 26: Status in potery period 1. The system of the status marks, indicated in the let hand column, is explained in the text and is simpliied in this column. 46 stands for 45.2-46 marks, and so on. 46 Upper class OO 250 Commander’s wife? 45 B 620 Daughter of civil administrator? . . . . . . 33 32 31 B 298 Lady with religious bric à brac 30 29 28 27 B 704 Caddish social climber 26 25 24 23 Second class 59 22 OO 339 21 B 701 OO 9 OO 144 20 OO 101 OO 252 19 18 17 Third class B 180 16 B 680 OO 176 15 OO 207 14 B 218 OO 168 OO 290 13 B 197 OO 12 OO 161 12 11 Fourth class B 764 OO 103 OO 186 OO 200 OO 283 OO 354 OO 362 10 B 150 B 196 B 458 B 536 B 580 B 601 B 627 OO 271 OO 361 OO 382 9 B 140 B 176 B 207 B 216 B 293 B 320 B 723 OO 242 OO 473 8 B 182 B 183 B 674 B 687 B 690 B 697 B 706 B 728 B 741 B 834 OO 26 OO 37 OO 413 7 B 14 B 54 B 86 B 177 B 189 B 204 B 219 B 686 B 702 B 705 OO 311 OO 338 OO 400 OO 467 6 B 5 B 67 B 122 B 181 B 198 B 234 B 345 B 512 B 663 B 726 B 742 B 795 B 812 OO 133 OO 170 OO 243 5 B 16 B 172 B 206 B 381 B 410 B 481 B 708 B 743 B 751 B 763 B 766 B 778 OO 19 OO 30 OO 62 OO 63 OO 98 OO 102 OO 129 OO 153 OO 195 OO 231 OO 248 OO 316 OO 349 OO 356 OO 383 OO 426 OO 433 OO 461 OO 463 OO 478 4 B 13 B 57 B 81 B 94 B 151 B 167 B 185 B 191 B 203 B 221 B 227 B 248 B 292 B 319 B 367 B 372 B 383 B 395 B 402 B 409 B 423 B 435 B 451 B 470 B 592 B 676 B 681 B 734 B 760 B 779 B 810 B 818 B 819 B 820 OO 20 OO 24 OO 44 OO 59 OO 71 OO 78 OO 88 OO 109 OO 131 OO 134 OO 152 OO 164 OO 188 OO 196 OO 232 OO 273 OO 322 OO 340 OO 351 OO 373 OO 415 OO 423 OO 472 OO 475 OO 481 OO 483 OO 484 3 B 7 B 26 B 41 B 47 B 58 B 80 B 85 B 88 B 90 B 98 B 139 B 154 B 165 B 184 B 212 B 217 B 387 B 427 B 456 B 471 B 482 B 504 B 606 B 677 B 707 B 715 B 730 B 733 B 744 B 745 B 747 B 782 B 809 B 827 B 828 OO 13 OO 25 OO 40 OO 42 OO 48 OO 56 OO 58 OO 66 OO 94 OO 106 OO 108 OO 145 OO 149 OO 151 OO 169 OO 181 OO 201 OO 203 OO 240 OO 249 OO 277 OO 287 OO 299 OO 301 OO 305 OO 323 OO 437 OO 469 OO 476 2 B 27 B 63 B 105 B 125 B 128 B 132 B 169 B 186 B 199 B 201 B 211 B 215 B 222 B 233 B 236 B 244 B 250 B 257 B 299 B 334 B 344 B 357 B 364 B 392 B 421 B 486 B 581 B 608 B 654 B 661 B 664 B 719 B 722 B 724 B 725 B 740 B 749 B 762 B 773 B 792 B 801 B 803 B 805 B 814 B 815 B 817 B 821 B 824 OO 28 OO 49 OO 60 OO 69 OO 87 OO 90 OO 92 OO 99 OO 122 OO 135 OO 136 OO 171 OO 197 OO 209 OO 223 OO 234 OO 288 OO 302 OO 304 OO 308 OO 317 OO 319 OO 320 OO 321 OO 348 OO 355 OO 371 OO 412 OO 468 OO 479 OO 480 OO 482 1 B 6 B 11 B 22 B 43 B 48 B 62 B 69 B 73 B 87 B 100 B 106 B 108 B 112 B 144 B 162 B 164 B 166 B 171 B 179 B 200 B 208 B 213 B 214 B 220 B 226 B 228 B 231 B 232 B 238 B 241 B 243 B 258 B 281 B 291 B 301 B 316 B 328 B 355 B 414 B 416 B 460 B 520 B 522 B 564 B 619 B 633 B 643 B 659 B 660 B 682 B 683 B 685 B 699 B 714 B 717 B 746 B 754 B 757 B 786 B 787 B 811 B 823 B 829 OO 2 OO 3 OO 4 OO 22 OO 31 OO 43 OO 50 OO 54 OO 65 OO 76 OO 83 OO 96 OO 112 OO 116 OO 130 OO 132 OO 143 OO 147 OO 150 OO 156 OO 167 OO 180 OO 194 OO 198 OO 199 OO 206 OO 212 OO 215 OO 229 OO 230 OO 244 OO 247 OO 274 OO 276 OO 289 OO 307 OO 314 OO 324 OO 332 OO 334 OO 341 OO 347 OO 352 OO 359 OO 368 OO 395 OO 396 OO 402 OO 404 OO 411 OO 424 OO 428 OO 431 OO 438 OO 440 OO 443 OO 446 OO 466 417 — Table 27: Status in potery period 2. The system of the status marks, indicated in the let hand column, is explained in the text and is simpliied in this column. 36 stands for 35.2-36 marks, and so on. 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 B 465 B 61 B 143 OO 29 B 798 OO 366 B 135 B 137 B 288 B 353 B 670 B 114 B 365 B 480 B 651 B 781 OO 345 Pole idol priestess Warrior with belt and axe 418 — B 680 Status and space Cemetery B is divided in three E-W status zones, whereas cemetery OO has a central area of higher status. In cemetery B (Fig. 23), the irst E-W status zone is formed by areas D and the north half of area LN with the following graves of nine marks or more: B 176 (9 marks), B 150 (10), B 59 (22.4), B 180 (16.4), B 196 (10), B 197 (13), B 216 (9), B 218 (13.2), B 293 (9), B 320 (9), and B 298 (31 marks, mainly due to coins and religious bric à brac). The second E-W status zone, to the south of the irst one, is formed by the south half of area LN and the whole of area G. Here, the top grave B 620, the sarcophagus of the Grutberg (44.2 marks) is lying in splendid isolation. The other graves with many marks are all empty sarcophagi: B 458, B 536, B 580, B 610 and B 627. This is the area where no food was given in the graves. The third and southernmost status zone is to the north and west of the Mariënburg chapel in area M with the following graves of nine marks or more: B 680 (16 marks), B 701 (21), B 704 (27), B 723 (9), and B 764 (11). The undisputed centre of cemetery OO (Fig. 24) is the triangle of the rich graves OO 250 (45.2 marks), OO 252 (20) and OO 290 (14 marks). This centre is however not exclusive: it also contains graves OO 251, 291 and 292, each without any mark. Around this centre, the following relatively rich graves are lying in an irregular rectangle, Terra sigillata plate and restored wooden bucket from grave B 704. The grave chamber, the barrel-shaped bucket and the many glass vessels in the grave give a caddish socialclimber impression of a Romanized Germanic man. clockwise: OO 101 (20 marks), OO 103 (11), OO 186 (11), OO 382 (9.2), OO 354 (11), OO 362 (10.2), OO 361 (10), OO 339 (21.2), OO 271 (9.2), OO 161 (13), OO 168 (13.2), and OO 144 (21 marks). This wide central area also contains many graves with fewer marks or none at all. Two groups of graves with no marks at all are conspicuously near the rich centre: to its north OO 224-8, and to its east OO 253-7, 293-8 and 325-8. The conclusion must be that status does not play an exclusive role in the division of space in cemetery OO. What does this all mean? The sarcophagus of the Grutberg shows that the middle status zone of cemetery B, with the sarcophagus of the Grutberg B 620 with its tambourine sticks having top status, was used by a small group of rich people who came from the southeast: the distribution area of the sarcophagi, apart from Nijmegen itself, lies between Bregenz on the Lake of Konstanz and Cologne; the distribution area of tambourine sticks is from northern Italy to Gellep. In the middle status zone, W-E inhumations were the rule right from the start; giving food was not done. Two well-of groups competed with each other in the north and south status zones. They started 419 — with E-W graves, but later on they made W-E graves. In cemetery OO, there was a small rich centre, around which there was a wider, more or less rectangular zone of rich graves. These two concentric areas were, however, also used by people who did not leave a trace of status in the graves they dug. The fact that almost four times as many graves as in cemetery B contained crossbow ibulae suggests that the military felt more atracted to cemetery OO as their place of burial. One more fact points into the same direction: a glance at Table 26, which gives the status distribution in both cemeteries, shows what would happen when one of the two cemeteries were eliminated from it. The status table for cemetery OO would still give the same picture, with four distinct classes or rather ranks, as if it shows a real military hierarchy; whereas that for cemetery B would show gaps in both the second class or rank (at the value of 22 marks) and in the third (at the value of 15 marks). The percentage of wooden chests (1.8% in OO, 0.6% in B), crossbow ibulae (1.8% in OO, 0.5% in B), outer coins (1.4% in OO, 0.2% in B) point to an overall somewhat higher status of cemetery OO, with the exception of course of the posh sarcophagus area in cemetery B. It is suggested that cemetery OO, as long as it lasted, was used by the military, and cemetery B irst by civilians, and, ater OO was closed down, by both civilians and military. Orientations The traditional view The traditional view on orientations in the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen is prudently expressed by J.E. Bogaers in Noviomagus (1979, 66): ‘The part of the cemetery excavated in the Nieuwstraat shows particularly well that the W-E graves are later than the E-W ones. A clear stratigraphical division can be seen here. Many W-E inhumations cut E-W ones; only in a lim- ited number the opposite is the case. It should be said, however, that oten nothing was let of the skeleton, so that the orientation of the inhumation could not be ascertained. Moveover, grave goods are as good as always found in E-W graves; the W-E graves have in general no grave goods.’ (Transl. D.St.) The present Figure 13 shows the stratigraphy discussed here. Ater all that was writen above, it will be clear that even this prudent way of puting it is a simpliication: many E-W graves do not have grave goods, and 36 W-E graves do have them (Table 24). These 36 graves amount to 2.7% of all 1323 graves, and to 7.8% of the 464 datable graves listed in the present Appendix 4, and to 12% of the 299 W-E graves. The facts The bar diagrams of Graphs 5 and 6 show all Nijmegen graves of known orientation, i.e. where we know in which direction the head of the deceased pointed. Both bar diagrams have two clear peaks: E-W graves and W-E ones. They also show considerable variation within these groups. E-W graves cluster around 90° and vary from 53°-143° in cemetery B, and from 87°-147° in cemetery OO. W-E graves cluster around 270° and vary from 242°-320° in cemetery B, and from 260°-319° in cemetery OO. The diference in variation of these two groups in cemeteries B and OO is enough to show that there was not an astronomical, or, for that mater, astrological reason for precise orientation of the graves: the spread in the two cemeteries would have been equal in that case. The variation seems to be due to chance. Relative chronology: cuts between graves An approach to ind an answer to the question of the reason for the opposition between E-W and W-E graves is: drawing up a table of all cases where a grave is cut by another one (called a cut below), and where in both cases the orientation of the deceased is known. 110 cuts between a total of 179 graves fulill these conditions: many 420 — graves cut, or are cut by, more than one grave; otherwise, there would have been 220 graves on 110 cuts. 94 cuts are in cemetery B, 16 in OO. As we are looking for the opposition between E-W and W-E graves, we subdivide Table 28 in ive groups of increasing size. Group 1: in each cut, at least one of the graves neither is E-W nor W-E (11 cuts = 10%). Group 2: cuts in which both graves are E-W (15 cuts = 14%). Group 3: cuts in which an E-W grave cuts, and so is later than, a W-E grave (16 cuts = 15%). Group 4: cuts in which a W-E grave cuts, and so is later than, an E-W grave (30 cuts = 27%). Group 5: cuts in which both graves are W-E (38 cuts = 35%). What is to be deduced from this large Table 28 on orientation? A general increase, as time goes on, in the percentage of graves without grave goods, from 40% in the earlier graves of group 2, to 100% in the later graves of group 5. The results are presented succinctly in Table 29. Table 29: Tendencies in cuts of graves GN % Head points % without Mean number of r cuts ... in goods in grave goods in o early late late early late u graves graves graves graves graves p 1 11 where 2 15 67% 3 16 38% 4 30 90% 5 38 100% 10% 88% 14% 1.6 15% 2.0 27% 2.9 35% 1.0 elsewhere 88% 2.7 east east 1.8 west east 2.9 east west 2.7 west west 0.0 grave early graves else1.0 40% 94% 110 100% Group 1, which does not play a role in the opposition between E-W and W-E graves, shows an equal number of earlier and later graves without and with grave goods, 8 and 3, respectively. The average number of grave goods is lower in the later graves that do have them: 1 as against 2.7 in the earlier graves (in the two columns on the right in Table 29, the graves without grave goods are not taken into account). Group 2 consists entirely of E-W graves. The percentage of graves without grave goods within this group 2 increases from 40% in the earlier graves to 67% in the later ones. The average number of grave goods in those graves that do have them is 1.6 in the earlier graves, as against 1.8 in the later ones. Group 3 shows the irst real opposition between E-W and W-E graves. 94% of the earlier graves there, all W-E, are without grave goods, as against 38% of the later graves, all E-W. The average number of grave goods in the later graves that do have them increases here to 2.9 per grave. We see old-fashioned people reacting to the modernism of the W-E graves without grave goods, stressing their good old habits by giving some extra grave goods in their old-fashioned E-W graves. In group 4, where the earlier graves are E-W and the later ones W-E, the percentage of earlier graves without grave goods rises further to 47%, but the average number of grave goods in those E-W graves that do have them stays at 2.9. Of the later, W-E graves, 90% is without grave goods. Finally, in group 5, entirely consisting of W-E graves, 95% of the earlier graves is without grave goods, as against 100% of the later graves. The old-fashioned people of E-W graves and grave goods have died out. 47% 95% When did the custom of W-E graves start? Right from the start of the cemeteries. Certainly early W-E graves: B 620 and B 180 have a 421 — Table 28: Horizontal stratigraphy of the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Every line represents one of the 110 cases, cuts, where an earlier grave of known orientation (the let-hand group of columns) is cut by a later grave (the right-hand group of columns), also of known orientation. The evidence is presented in ive groups, and per group according to cemetery and orientations of the later graves. Table 28, Group 1: in each cut, at least one of the graves is neither E-W nor W-E (11 cuts = 10%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man Earlier grave Later grave Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga B 248 3270 313 350 3 - B 392 1170 313 367 2 - B 249 910 313 - - - B 390 2110 313 - - - B 669 2810 - 400 - - B 670 390 313 400 - f B 659 2160 313 400 1 - B 660 2170 - - - - B 350 1600 - - - - B 333 2630 - - - - B 350 1600 - - - - B 348 2660 - - - - B 147 30 - - - - B 146 2770 - - - - OO 3 3040 - 367 - - OO 2 200 313 367 1 - OO 223 150 - - - - OO 222 980 - - - - OO 312 1020 - - - - OO 311 1900 313 367 1 F OO 28 2900 313 355 3 - OO 29 3550 375 378 - - Table 28, Group 2: cuts in which both graves are E-W (15 cuts = 14%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man Earlier grave Later grave Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga B 27 1050 313 367 1 - B 28 550 - - - - B 735 1050 313 - - - B 736 670 - - - - B 27 1050 313 367 1 - B 25-6 900 313 367 1 F B 20 1020 - - - - B 21 1020 - - - - B 733 800 313 367 1 - B 735 1050 313 - - - B 747 350 313 367 2 - B 735 1050 313 - - - B 232 1310 313 367 1 - B 231 1090 313 - - - B 67 1150 313 355 4 - B 68 1180 313 - 4 - B 300 610 - 367 - - B 301 1300 313 367 1 - OO 355 940 313 367 1 - OO 356 920 313 367 - - OO 211 1150 313 - - - OO 210 1070 - - - - OO 345 1130 313 400 - f OO 344 1130 313 400 - - OO 58 1140 313 350 2 - OO 60 1170 313 367 1 - OO 132 1200 313 355 1 - OO 131 1180 313 355 2 - OO 388 1320 - - - - OO 389 1300 - - - - 422 — Table 28, Group 3: cuts in which an E-W grave cuts a W-E grave (16 cuts = 15%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man Earlier grave Later grave Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga B 442 2700 - - - - B 443 920 - - - - B 99 2780 - 330 - - B 98 940 334 367 2 - B 162 2550 348 361 - - B 163 980 348 - - - B 734 2490 313 367 2 - B 735 1050 313 - - - B 388 2480 - 355 - - B 387 1130 313 355 - - B 134 2650 - 400 - - B 135 1140 376 400 3 - B 310 2870 - - - - B 316 1170 - - - - B 380 2670 - 350 - - B 381 1200 313 350 3 - B 382 2750 - 350 - - B 381 1200 313 350 3 - B 205 2890 - 350 - - B 206 1230 313 350 4 - B 323 2540 - 350 - - B 319 1280 313 350 3 - B 302 2510 - 450 - - B 299 1280 313 450 1 - B 322 2830 - 350 - - B 319 1280 313 350 3 - OO 166 3000 - 367 - - OO 133 1240 313 367 5 OO 47 3190 - 367 - - OO 48 1350 313 367 2 - OO 370 3040 - 400 - - OO 396 1370 313 400 - f 423 — Table 28, Group 4: cuts in which a W-E grave cuts an E-W grave (30 cuts = 27%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man Earlier grave Later grave Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga B 296 1260 - - - - B 295 2460 - - - - B 427 1170 313 350 3 - B 426 2560 313 - - - B 421 1070 313 - 1 - B 422 2590 313 - - - B 423 1180 313 355 3 - B 422 2590 313 - - - B 165 920 313 348 3 - B 164 2600 348 361 - - B 188 970 - 350 - - B 189 2600 313 350 6 - B 427 1170 313 350 3 - B 428 2610 313 - - - B 342 1250 - - - - B 341 2630 - - - - B 482 1200 334 367 3 - B 480 2640 376 400 1 - B 481 1070 313 350 4 - B 480 2640 376 400 1 - B 395 1150 313 367 4 - B 394 2650 313 - - - B 313 1220 - - - - B 315 2660 - - - - B 313 1220 - - - - B 314 2660 - - - - B 350 1600 - - - - B 351 2770 - - - - B 443 920 - - - - B 444 2680 - - - - B 316 1170 - - - - B 317 2690 - - - - B 423 1180 313 355 3 - B 424 2700 313 - - - B 416 1230 - - - - B 412 2700 - - - - B 334 1180 313 350 2 - B 337 2730 313 - - - B 674 940 334 400 6 - B 675 2740 334 - - - B 334 1180 313 350 2 - B 335 2760 313 - - - B 383 1430 313 350 3 - B 384 2790 313 - - - B 492 980 - - - - B 493 2860 - - - - B 494 1050 - - - - B 495 2870 - - - - B 451 1090 313 367 3 - B 450 2890 313 - - - B 283 1100 - - - - B 285 2900 - - - - B 345 1190 313 350 2 M B 330 2900 313 - - - B 328 1310 313 367 1 - B 329 2950 313 - - - OO 367 1370 - 360 - - OO 368 2760 313 360 - - OO 178 1090 - - - - OO 179 2810 - - - - 424 — Table 28, Group 5: cuts in which both graves are W-E (38 cuts = 35%). °=orientation, i.e. the direction of the head of the deceased Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods (dress accessories and coins not counted) Ga=Gender & age F=woman f=girl M=man Earlier grave Later grave Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Ga B 303 2630 - 450 - - B 302 2510 - 450 - - B 361 2600 - - - - B 360 2610 - - - - B 331 2810 - - - - B 333 2630 - - - - B 304 2630 - 351 - - B 303 2630 - 351 - - B 621 2790 317 - - - B 628 2640 - - - - B 446 2910 - - - - B 447 2640 - - - - B 426 2560 313 - - - B 425 2650 - - - - B 430 2790 - - - - B 431 2650 - - - - B 315 2660 - - - - B 314 2660 - - - - B 349 2660 - - - - B 348 2660 - - - - B 310 2870 - - - - B 315 2660 - - - - B 142 2660 - - - - B 141 2660 - - - - B 417 2660 - - - - B 418 2680 - - - - B 625 2690 - - - - B 624 2690 - - - - B 628 2640 - - - - B 626 2700 - - - - B 488 2910 - - - - B 487 2700 - - - - B 425 2650 - - - - B 424 2700 313 - - - B 343 3030 - - - - B 396 2700 - - - - B 323 2540 - 350 - - B 324 2700 - - - - B 397 2990 - - - - B 396 2700 - - - - B 411 2420 - - - - B 412 2700 - - - - B 560 2980 - - - - B 559 2710 - - - - B 337 2730 313 - - - B 335 2760 313 - - - B 620 2750 317 318 5 f B 621 2790 317 - - B 516 2860 - - - - B 521 2810 - - - - B 331 2810 - - - - B 332 2810 - - - - B 333 2630 - - - - B 332 2810 - - - - B 453 2620 - - - - B 454 2820 - - - - B 560 2980 - - - - B 515 2830 - - - - B 364 2560 313 367 1 - B 365 2830 376 450 - F B 604 2740 - - - - B 603 2850 - - - - B 399 2650 - - - - B 400 2860 - - - - B 309 2870 - - - - B 310 2870 - - - - B 287 2580 - - - - B 286 2900 - - - - B 399 2650 - - - - B 398 2910 - - - - B 343 3030 - - - - B 397 2990 - - - - B 567 2510 - - - - B 566 3010 - - - - OO 110 2950 - - - - OO 111 3000 - - - - 425 — Table 29: Tendencies in cuts of graves Group N % cuts Head points ... in early graves % without grave goods in late graves early graves Mean number of grave goods in late graves early graves late graves 1 11 10% elsewhere elsewhere 88% 88% 2.7 1.0 2 15 14% east east 40% 67% 1.6 1.8 3 16 15% west east 94% 38% 2.0 2.9 4 30 27% east west 47% 90% 2.9 2.7 5 38 35% west west 95% 100% 1.0 0.0 110 100% terminus ante quem (taq) of AD 318; they are at 275° and 276°, respectively. B 99, at 278°, has a taq of AD 330. Probably early W-E graves: It is probable that the undated W-E graves in the same cluster as the early B 620 are early as well (Fig. 16: B 615, B 621, B 628, B 631, B 632; in clusters nearby: B 564, B 566, B 582, B 584, B 588, B 593, B 611). Possibly early W-E graves: Looking at Appendix 4, we see that there are three W-E graves with pottery and/or glass vessels with a terminus post quem (tpq) of AD 330 or 334: B 680, B 704 and OO 426. Eight graves with taq AD 350 (B 13, B 90, B 169, B 220, B 456, B 697, B 749, B 760, and OO 20) and thirteen graves with taq AD 367 (B 151, B 198, B 676, B 734, OO 12, OO 26, OO 56, OO 76, OO 90, OO 94, OO 231, OO 349, and OO 433) give no certainty whatsoever: they may be early; there is no way to tell. The same holds for all W-E graves with taq AD 367, as far as they are not involved in the stratigraphical cuts referred to by Bogaers and shown in Table 28. Possible causes What caused the division of the graves into E-W and W-E ones? Below, we shall investigate status, gender and age as possible causes and come to the conclusion that none of them was the cause. We shall see that religion is a probable factor, but that it is improbable that Christianity had anything to do with it. Origin will be proposed below as the reason for burying people in E-W graves, and pagan religion for the W-E ones. Do status, sex or age explain orientations? A glance at the map of the clearest area, LN, in Figure 13 shows that the W-E graves are generally later. It has already been argued above that some W-E inhumations are early and that others may be so. If the opposition between E-W and W-E graves was caused by a factor like gender/age, status or ideology, which was it? Gender is deduced from dress accessories, age from the length of the coin (up to 160 cm for children; over 160 cm for juveniles/adults). I have chosen sharply dated graves (up to onethird century between terminus post and ante quem) of known orientation, of E-W and W-E orientations. Table 30 gives the data. The irst observation on Table 30 is, that neither the terminus ante quem nor the terminus post quem correlates with the orientation: when a time column has been ordered, the orientation column is in chaos, and vice versa. The reason must be the imprecise nature of dates for fourth-century artefacts, although time does play a role, as will be shown below. The same 426 — Table 30, The orientation, artefact content, and where possible gender and age of the deceased of sharply dated E-W and W-E graves. The table is ordered according to cemetery and terminus ante quem. Tpq=terminus post quem Taq=terminus ante quem Ng=number of grave goods Nd=number of dress accessories Nc=number of coins Grave 0 Tpq Taq Ng Nd Nc Gender/age B 180 2760 316 318 3 6 2 woman B 620 2750 317 318 7 19 6 girl B 298 1350 317 318 7 11 55 woman B 226 2680 320 341 0 0 1 B 122 1170 323 341 2 1 1 B 697 2820 313 350 5 0 0 B 686 1030 313 350 4 0 0 girl B 690 580 350 350 0 3 0 woman B 167 2970 337 360 0 2 0 man B 164 2600 348 361 0 0 1 B 162 2550 348 361 0 0 1 B 743 780 313 367 2 1 0 B 482 1200 334 367 3 0 0 B 480 2640 367 400 1 0 0 B 798 2600 400 401 0 4 0 B 651 3040 388 402 0 0 1 OO 130 1200 313 315 1 0 0 OO 176 1310 313 318 11 0 1 OO 161 1240 313 320 5 1 0 OO 320 1150 316 330 1 0 2 woman woman man OO 250 1220 317 330 11 5 1 woman OO 382 1030 318 330 4 3 1 woman OO 106 1330 313 333 1 0 1 OO 338 1200 341 341 0 1 29 OO 88 1020 317 341 0 3 0 OO 371 2960 337 348 1 1 3 OO 199 1100 347 348 0 0 5 OO 362 1070 334 348 5 3 1 woman OO 9 1000 313 350 8 6 0 woman OO 252 1150 313 350 9 3 0 woman OO 152 1200 313 350 3 0 0 OO 101 1060 313 350 11 1 0 OO 242 1140 352 352 4 1 2 OO 144 1160 300 355 12 0 0 OO 131 1180 313 355 2 0 0 OO 412 3000 334 367 0 1 0 OO 426 2790 330 367 2 1 0 OO 287 1120 334 367 1 1 0 OO 366 3040 364 408 3 1 0 woman man man 427 — holds for number of grave goods, dress accessories and coins: status is no reason for the difference between E-W and W-E graves. Another conclusion to be drawn from this table is again a negative one: gender and age do not explain the orientation. The two girls are at 117° and 275°. The eleven detectable women are lying at 58°, 78°, 100°, 102°, 103°, 107°, 115°, 122°, 135°, 260°, and 276°. Boys are not detectable in these Roman cemeteries, as opposed to contemporaneous Germanic cemeteries (Groot 1991; Böhme 1974, 164). The four men in Table 30 are lying at 124°, 279°, 297° and 304°. It might seem from this small sample that women were preferably buried heading E and men heading W. The complete list, however, of the 58 graves where we know orientation and gender/age on archaeological evidence, shows no such tendency: see Table 31. Final conclusion on gender and age: they do not correlate with orientation. W-E graves: a Christian orientation? A person lying supine with his head to the west is looking towards the east. That is the position of the deceased during a Roman Catholic funeral service: head to the west, feet towards the east, where the altar is. The priest there, with the rising sun in his back, preaches resurrection. It has been oten suggested, always in short remarks not in argumentation, that the Nijmegen W-E graves relect Christian belief of the deceased and those who buried them: the head to the WNW, in order to ‘look’ to the ESE, where the sun of Christ rises, or where Christ is supposed to appear on the clouds at the end of times (VRGK 1947, 72; VRGK 1949, 94-5; VRGK 1950, 104; NKNOB 3 (1950) no 3, p. 9; ROB Annual Report 1950, 29; VRGK 1951, 116; VRGK 1952, 129; Brunsting 1952b, 11-12; Brunsting 19692, 24; Hubrecht 1972, 14; Willems 1990, 83; Van Enckevort 2000b, 25; Van Enckevort et al. in Willems et al. 2005, 196-8; sceptically: Van Es 1972, 202 = Van Es 1982, 261; contra: Wynia in Noviomagus 1979, 68). Similar remarks on late W-E graves in Krefeld were made by Pirling (e.g. 1994, 83). The question in general is elaborately treated in Table 31: Known gender and orientation E-W W-E Other Totals 2 1 4 7 Cemetery B Girls Girls/women 2 2 - 4 Women 11 7 1 19 Men - 2 2 4 Cemetery OO Girls 2 - - 2 Women 11 4 1 16 Men 3 3 - 6 Totals 31 19 8 58 Van Es (1968), partly ater Van Doorselaer (1967) and Nierhaus (1959). Van Es contests the automatic Christian interpretation. There are four arguments, he writes, which are always used to argue that Late Roman W-E graves are Christian ones: 1 inhumation supersedes cremation; 2 W-E inhumation becomes the usual orientation; 3 the custom of giving grave goods dies out; 4 where grave goods remain in use, they may carry Christian symbols. Van Es’ counter-arguments The counter-arguments of Van Es are the following. Against 1: The practice of inhumation comes from the eastern provinces and is part of the orientalisation of Rome and the western provinces. The superseding of cremation by inhumation began in the second century AD and was completed in the third, before Christianity began to take root in the West. Against 2: W-E orientation of graves has no biblical background. There is no place in the bible that predicts that Christ will appear in the east at the end of times. There are W-E inhumations from the beginning of the Roman Empire. In the second and third centuries, inhumations could 428 — be N-S, S-N, W-E and E-W and anything in between: their direction was apparently meaningless. So the start of W-E inhumations is not Christian. We know Christian N-S inhumations from Cologne and Strasbourg. Against Nierhaus (1959, 34), who writes that W-E inhumation is the preeminently Christian burial practice from AD 350 onwards, Van Es writes: ‘It seems to go too far to suppose that the W-E orientation would have been the exclusive right of the Christians in the fourth century. This is certainly the case in Nijmegen, where very diferent directions of the graves are found at the end of the fourth century. So the W-E direction of an individual grave is, even at the end of Roman times, not an absolutely certain criterium of Christianity.’ (Transl. D.St.) Against 3: Long before the fourth century, there are many graves without grave goods. Graves with other directions than W-E are also without grave goods. (Van Es assumes that a majority of the population found the giving of grave goods a useless but costly custom. The ive kiln wasters in Nijmegen grave B 176 do nothing to undermine this assumption.) Against 4: There are unmistakably Christian graves with grave goods, and unmistakably pagan graves with Christian symbols on the grave goods (Haillot graves 7, 12 and 14: Breuer et al. 1957, 300); unmistakably pagan setlements in the Frisian region also used potery with Christian symbols. Van Es (1968, 12) concludes: ‘When we draw up the balance, having arrived at the end of the Roman period, we must conclude that the archaeologist for this period possesses (as yet?) no reliable criteria to identify an individual grave as Christian. Inhumation instead of cremation, W-E orientation, the absence of grave goods, or, the other way round, the presence of grave goods, even if these grave goods show traces of Christian inluence, all these characteristics form neither apart nor in combination watertight proof.’ (Transl. D.St.) More counter-arguments The following paragraphs may be added to Van Es’ arguments. It must be admited that it was indeed believed in the Middle Ages that Christ would appear in the East. The last chapter (182) of Jacobus de Voragine’s Legenda Aurea, published AD 1260, treats the dedication of a church and cites John of Damascus (AD 650-?), Book IV chapter 5, who gives three reasons for orienting a church. The third is: ‘and when he [Christ] ascended, he was borne towards the East, and thus the apostles adored him, and he will come again as they saw him going into heaven. Therefore we too pray to him facing the East, awaiting his coming.’ (Voragine 1995, II 387). But it should again be stressed: there is nothing about the East in the texts on Ascension in the bible (Mathew 16,19; Luke 24,50-2; Acts 1,9-12; cf. Daniel 7,13). And praying toward the East was not a Christian prerogative. It igures also in Roman literature on temples and is mentioned as the habit of a Langobard pagan king. Vitruvius 4,5,1 prescribes the orientation of temples as follows: ‘The quarter toward which temples of the immortal gods ought to face is to be determined on the principle that, if there is no reason to hinder and the choice is free, the temple and the statue placed in the cella should face the western quarter of the sky. This will enable those who approach the altar to face the direction of the sunrise in facing the statue in the temple, and thus those who are undertaking vows look toward the quarter from which the sun comes forth, and likewise the statues themselves appear to be coming forth out of the east to look upon them as they pray and sacriice.’ (Transl. Morris Hickey Morgan; my italics) According to the Legenda Aurea, ch. 181, the Longobard king Alboin (c.AD 560-572), who had sworn he would kill all Christians, was accustomed to pray each morning facing the East (Voragine 1995, II 368-9; cf. Paulus Diaconus Historia Longobardorum II 27). If single W-E graves cannot be identiied as Christian, it will be clear that the same holds for 429 — groups of W-E graves found in contexts where no positive sign of Christianity is present. Nijmegen and Van Es’ counter-arguments There is overwhelming evidence in the Nijmegen cemeteries that Van Es is right: 1 the variation of orientation of the W-E graves, 2 the presence of grave goods according to pagan rite in W-E graves, 3 the scarcity of actual Christian signs, and 4 the orientation of the only recognizable Christian in the Late Roman cemeteries of Nijmegen. Firstly, the variation of orientation of the W-E graves. Cemetery B has its W-E group between 242° and 320°, i.e. between WSW and NW; the W-E group of cemetery OO is between 260° and 319°, i.e. between W by S and NW. In other words: the variation is much larger than just WNW-ESE (292°30’). Especially of the graves between 242° and 260° it must be said that the symbolic eyes of the deceased are facing NE, rather than SE where the sun rises. Secondly, the presence of grave goods according to pagan rite in W-E graves. There are many W-E graves in both cemeteries that do have potery or glass grave goods, i.e. a meal, according to pagan rite: see Table 24. Their numbers amount to the following. In cemetery B, 22 out of 240 W-E graves (= 9%) have grave goods; in cemetery OO, this is 14 out of 59 W-E graves (= 24%). Overall, 36 out of 299 W-E graves (= 12%) have grave goods. Thirdly, the scarcity of actual Christian signs. There is only one person in the Nijmegen cemeteries who proclaims to be a Christian: the lady in grave B 690 with a christogram (the monogram of the Greek leters Chi (X) and Rho (P), the irst leters of the name of Christ) on the agrafe on her forehead. Proclaiming Christianity cannot have been a problem in the fourth century: all fourth-century emperors were Christians, originally even Julian (361-363), who became the Apostate. In Chapter 12 (and in Steures 2004a), the two real parallels for the Nijmegen agrafe are discussed: one was found, and is irmly rooted in, the extreme south of Gaul; the other, with a christogram on it, supposedly even comes from Spain. The Nijmegen lady with the agrafe may have come from there. The south of Gaul knew Christian communities as early as the second century. There are two other Christian symbols in the cemeteries: a chest with Christian pictures of biblical stories, belonging to a pagan lady, and three coins of Magnentius and Decentius with large christograms on their reverses, found in two certainly pagan graves. The Christian pictures on chest 9 in the richly furnished and therefore pagan grave B 701 have a pagan Medusa head between them, meant to forbid anyone else but the owner to open it. It was her personal arca, and its contents were arcana: hidden, concealed, secret, private things. She needed a mythological, i.e. pagan monster to keep other people out. The rich grave goods in grave B 701 make it highly improbable that it contained a Christian person. This was apparently a time when it was thought that Christianity could be incorporated in the polytheistic system (Steures 2007). As a parallel, it may be mentioned that a female follower of the god Sabazios in Cologne had a similar chest with a Christian picture of the Three in the Fiery Furnace (Daniel 3; Fremersdorf 1931, Steures 2004b). Coins of the usurper Magnentius (350-353) and his caesar Decentius (350-353) have large christograms on their reverses. Two were found in grave OO 242, one in OO 480 (Meijers et al. 2005, 131, Fig. 1). The pagan Magnentius had political reasons to put christograms on his coins: he wanted the support of the catholic Christians against his rival Constantius II, who was devoted to Arianism (Engemann in: Demandt/Engemann 2007, 206). The coins were duely thrown in pagan graves, as appears from their grave goods. If the throwers believed in Christ, they believed in Charon at the same time. Fourthly, the grave of the only recognizable Christian, B 690, did not have the supposed Christian orientation: it was at 58°, i.e. with her head to NE by E, so ‘looking’ to SW by W. 430 — Three argumenta e silentio against Christianity Though every university teacher will tell his students that an argumentum e silentio is not decisive, I shall present three here. Firstly, there are no Christian grave inscriptions known in Nijmegen, as opposed to the other Dutch Late Roman cemetery of Maastricht, some 110 km south of Nijmegen, which does have them (Boppert 1986). Although the distribution map published by Boppert (1986, 64; repeated in Steures 2009, 201, Fig. 7) shows an isolated Christian inscription in Xanten, the southernmost city of the Netherlands, Maastricht, clearly is (together with Tongeren and Cologne) the northern boundary of Christendom in late Antiquity. Secondly, no roller-stamps (moletes) with Christian motifs on ith-century terra sigillata are known from Nijmegen (Dijkman 1992). The distribution map of such roller-stamps in graves (Dijkman 1992, 157, Fig. 25) shows about the same area as that of the Christian grave inscriptions mentioned above. The map of all such roller-stamps in NW Europe (Dijkman 1992, 169, Fig. 36; repeated in Steures 2009, 202, Fig. 8) shows seven examples from three places near Nijmegen: one unpublished stamp in Ubbergen, just east of Nijmegen; two from Cuyk, 12 km south of Nijmegen; four from Gennep, 18 km southeast of Nijmegen. That is far less than the 27 northernmost examples from four certainly pagan sites in the province of Friesland (Frisia) in the northeast of the Netherlands (cf. Van Es 1968, 12). The 33 examples from southernmost Maastricht do not come from graves, but from setlement excavations just around the irst church of Maastricht, below the present-day church of the Virgin Mary; similar situations were found in Auxerre, Rouen and Metz (Dijkman 1992, 157). There should have been many around a Late Roman church on the Valkhof (Willems/Van Enckevort 2009, 104). Thirdly, no Christian legends from late Antiquity are connected with Nijmegen. Even nearby Xanten, only 60 km away, where only one Christian gravestone is known, has a name that is derived from the Latin name Ad Sanctos, i.e. Near the Saints: the medieval town developed around the memorial chapel of St Victor, now succeeded by the St Victor cathedral, on one of the Roman cemeteries of Colonia Ulpia Traiana. Excursus 2: Christianity near Late Roman Nijmegen? Apart from the lady in grave B 690 with the christogram on her agrafe, there is hardly a sign of any Christian or Christianity in or near Late Roman Nijmegen. Smetius jr (1678, 63 = 2004, 46) concludes ater many pages of discussion (1678, 33-63 = 2004, 29-46) of two gems with Christian symbols, stray inds allegedly from Nijmegen, that on the island and in the city of the Batavians a pure Christianity had always been confessed from the beginning of the glad tidings of the New Testament. A lamp with christogram from Oosterhout, opposite Nijmegen across the river Waal, has been shown twice recently as an illustration in articles on supposed Christianity in Late Roman Nijmegen (Meijers et al. 2005, 130, Fig. 3; Willems et al. 2005, 197, Fig. 83). The lamp is not discussed in these articles. It is a fourth-century African lamp of a type published by Ennabli (1976). As lamps disappear from the material culture in the Netherlands ater the third century (L. Swinkels, pers. com.) and other African lamps are not known from the Netherlands, it would be highly surprising when a Roman in Oosterhout would have owned it. Moreover, the lamp is a stray ind, mentioned by Willems (1985, 106, site 154, ind f) and cannot be used in any discussion on the question. Stray inds of lamps can lead to strange results. A good warning is Groenendijk (2006). In a discussion ater a lecture by the author in 2006, prof. Michael Erdrich told the following story: Six cases are known of Roman lamps, found near setlements in Germania Libera. All six appeared to come from nineteenthcentury collections of local clergymen. The Late Roman army in the Netherlands, however, did use badges with christograms on their 431 — ‘ridge helmets’ on the front of the crest, as shown on the famous AD 315 silver medallion of Constantine (Demandt/Engemann 2007, 206, Fig. 15; Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.3.120). Three or four of these have turned up as stray inds in recent years: in the Betuwe (ancient Batavia), the area of the Netherlands between the Rhine and Waal river, but no further details are available (Driel-Murray 2000); ‘somewhere in the Meuse valley’ (Dutch Limburg: Driel-Murray 2000, Prins 2000; Altringer et al. 2006, 46-7 with colour photograph; Demandt/Engemann 2007, 235 ig. 6; Grüßinger et al. 2007, I.13.121); Wijchen, to the immediate SW of Nijmegen, and Echteld, some 30 km W of Nijmegen; this one might be identical with the irst one. ‘Taken together with a silver agrafe with Chi-rho symbol found on the skull of a female burial in Nijmegen (Steures 2004, 7, ig. 3) these badges seem to suggest widespread Christian inluence in the second half of the fourth century in the Lower Rhine area.’ (Driel-Murray 2005) However, the Roman army went away, and as far as we know now, Christianity went with it. Apart from southernmost Maastricht, Christianity had to wait to take root in the Netherlands until the advent of the missionaries of the Netherlands, Willibrord (AD 690-739) and Boniface (c.675755), from the British Isles. As Van Es (1968, 7) put it: ‘So broadly speaking there are two periods in which the population of the southern part of our country was brought under Christian inluence: in the fourth century and then, so to say all over again, in the seventh and the beginning of the eight century.’ (Transl. D.St.) The research question for the years to come should therefore not be whether there was a Christian community in Late Roman Nijmegen and what its size or nature was. Had there been such a community, it would have let traces in the 1323 Late Roman graves published in the present study. The question should be: how can it be that Late Roman Nijmegen, so close to christianized Tongeren, Maastricht and the Rhineland, re- mained both staunchly Roman and staunchly pagan? (Tongeren: Creemers 2007; Maastricht: Boppert 1986; Rhineland: Altringer et al. 2006, Ristow 2006) Excursus 3: Recent remarks on Christianity in the northwest This is the place to discuss recent remarks on the role of Christianity in the Late Roman Empire (Willems et al. 2005, 196-8; Willems/van Enckevort 2009, 135-6): ‘That change in orientation was accompanied by an almost total disappearance of grave goods. These changes have been considered the result of a ‘Christian’ habit, though Van Es correctly notes that the lacks of grave goods need not by deinition indicate a religious (Christian) background but might be related to changes in the NW provinces by which religious customs would adapt to what was customary. The preferential orientation for burials was decreed by the Milan Edict of 313, ater which the W-E direction gradually, and from c.350 almost exclusively, became the Christian way. Whether this symbolism goes back to the earliest period of Christianity is rather doubtful, according to Van Es; in his view, this should be seen more as an efect of the central authority, is this case Constantine, who proclaimed Christian belief as the State religion’. These remarks were partly borrowed from Van Es (1968, 10), who implies that other authors think that Christianity had become the State religion ater the Edict of Milan. However, this passage is part of a ive-page-long argumentation by Van Es against automatic Christian interpretation of Late Roman W-E inhumations without grave goods. It should be stressed that the word translated here by ‘state religion’, staatsgodsdienst, means ‘oicially proclaimed religion in any empire that one should profess in order to be able to become a state oicial’ (Dutch dictionary Van Dale 2005, s.v.; transl. D.St.). The facts are the following. In AD 311, the prosecutor Galerius, out of imperial generosity (clem- 432 — entia) allowed the Christians, though he found them stupid (stultitia), the right to exercise their religion (Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum 34,4). Constantine and Licinius renewed this permission in the rescript (answer of the emperor to a governor) known as Edict of Milan of AD 313. There is no oicial law text of the Edict of Milan, but we do have the Latin text in Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum 48,2-12 and the Greek translation of a slightly diferent redaction, as promulgated by Licinius in the east, in Eusebius’ Historia Ecclesiastica 10,5,2-14. There is nothing in this rather short leter (some 530 words of Latin) that refers to inhumation, nor, for that mater, to orientation. Moreover, it is clear that it lays down no more than tolerance for Christian and any other religion: ut daremus Christianis et omnibus liberam potestatem sequendi religionem quam quisque voluisset = ‘so that we might grant both to Christians and to all men freedom to follow whatever religion each one wished’. The two augusti retracted earlier rescripts against the Christians, demanded that former property of the Church be handed back immediately, unconditionally and free of charge, and ordered the governors of the eastern provinces to publish their rescript as an edict, so that everyone would be able to read it. With the Edict of Milan, Christianity became an oicially recognized religion not the state religion (cf. Van Es 1972, 202 = 1981, 261). No earlier than AD 380 Theodosius made Christianity a not the cult of the state: he apparently still permited pagan religion for both the elite and the rustic population, where it was deeply rooted (Cod. Theod. 16,1,2); only AD 392, he forbade the old Roman religion, so that Christianity became the established cult of the Roman Empire (Cod. Theod. 16,10,12). It will be clear that there is not a shred of evidence that the Edict of Milan or Constantine had anything to do with the orientation of graves in the far northwest, or that they proclaimed Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire. The Nijmegen opposition is unique Comparison to the nearest two large Late Roman cemeteries, Maastricht and Krefeld-Gellep, shows the Nijmegen opposition of E-W and W-E graves to be unique. Maastricht knows only W-E graves, the lower stratum being with grave goods, the upper one without (Van Es 1968, 13). In Gellep, 360 out of 1258 inhumations were N-S, 444 W-E, and the rest had orientations somewhere in between. Pirling speciies: where it could be ascertained, 95 of the ‘N-S’ graves were actually S-N, and 65 were N-S; 134 of the ‘W-E’ graves were actually W-E, and 74 were E-W (Pirling/Siepen 2006, 13-5). As Fleur Kemmers already remarked on her Table 23 at the beginning of the present chapter, something very special was going on in Nijmegen. A new look at the orientations Now that it has been established that the preference for burial with the head to the west of the later Nijmegen graves has nothing to do with status, age, gender or Christianity, and that the Nijmegen opposition is unique, it is time for a completely new look on the opposition between the E-W and the W-E Nijmegen graves. Not the turning of the later graves toward the west is the problem. The sun rises in the east and therefore Roman and barbarian pagans and Christians all prayed (and Christians still pray) toward the east. Who lies with his head to the west is looking towards the east. It is therefore only natural that graves should be oriented, i.e. that the dead should be lying with the feet to the east and the head to the west. This is also shown by the Maastricht graves, which are all W-E, both in the deeper stratum with and the upper stratum without grave goods. The question, like the graves, should be turned the other way round: what brought the people who dug the generally earlier Nijmegen E-W graves to bury their beloved with their heads to the east, so that they ‘looked towards the west’? If a group does so collectively, there must be an ideological reason. Ater the argumentation at the beginning of this chapter, that there is no 433 — ‘gap of Nijmegen’ and that Ulpia Noviomagus, to the west of the Valkhof setlement, existed right up to AD 313, the following simple hypothesis will come as no surprise. The people buried in E-W graves are the irst generation of the Valkhof setlers and had grown up in Ulpia Noviomagus. There is one fact to support this hypothesis: the girl in the early (AD 317-8) and richest grave but one B 620, the sarcophagus of the Grutberg, was lying with her head almost due west, at 275°. She and her family did not come from Ulpia Noviomagus, as the distribution areas of the two most conspicuous artefacts in her grave show. Not counting Nijmegen itself, such sarcophagi are found from Bregenz to Cologne; and tambourine sticks, again not counting Nijmegen itself, are found from northern Italy up to Epraves and Samson in Belgium and Gellep in Germany. Not coming from Ulpia Noviomagus they had no reason for an E-W burial and followed the religious reason for W-E burial that was later to become the norm in the cemeteries of Late Roman Nijmegen. Who were they? Local people Anthropologically, they probably were of local origin. Culturally, they were completely Roman. And culture is what maters in the perception of one’s own identity and in archaeology. The contrast to their Germanic neighbours comes out best by two positive facts and a negative one. The negative fact is that boys’ graves cannot be recognized in the Nijmegen cemeteries. In culturally Germanic cemeteries nearby and of the same period, boys are positively marked by their atributes (Groot 1991; Böhme 1974, 164). The irst positive fact is their use of almost exclusively Roman potery and glass vessels, the footed bowls Gellep 273 and 274 being the only case of a mixed Roman-Germanic potery type (Typology plates, Figures 114 and 115). The May- en coarse potery, the Argonnes terra sigillata and the coated Trier beakers, so frequent in Nijmegen, are, with a few exceptions, absent from the area N and E of the Rhine (Erdrich 2003, 10). The second positive fact is their use of crossbow ibulae, which are frequent in the Roman areas south of the Rhine and the Danube, and almost absent from the Germanic areas to the north of those frontier rivers (Böhme 1974, 160; Swit 2000, passim). These were proudly worn in actual life (Demandt/Engemann 2007, Figs. on p. 77 and 95) and in iconography by Roman top oficials and other members of the elite (Buchem 1966). Nijmegen has many more crossbow ibulae than the iteen published in this study (Buchem 1966); these have not been included because their ind spots are unknown. Did they give themselves an ethnic name? We are not to know, because what we have in writing from fourth-century Nijmegen is limited to the one graito OLATENEBIBE on B stray 140. But we may have an educated guess. Nijmegen was a city with many names in Roman times, but all of them mention the Batavians: Batavodurum, Oppidum Batavorum, Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, and, from c.AD 150 onwards, Municipium Batavorum (Bogaers 1960-1; Steures 1995, 16-19; Derks in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 56). Nijmegen was the city of the Civitas Batavorum, which is mentioned only once, on the altar dedicated by Flavus, son of Vihirmas, summus magistratus civitatis Batavorum (= the highest magistate of the district of the Batavians; CIL XIII 8771; Byvanck 1935, 98-9, no 91; Derks in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 68). This altar is dated as early as the irst half of the irst century by Bogaers (1960-1, 268-71). The latest inscriptions in which Batavians igure date to the third century AD (Derks in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 56, 66-69). In literature, the name disappears ater it is mentioned by Cassius Dio, who lived AD 155-235 (55.24.7), but it makes a comeback at the beginning of the fourth century. The area between the rivers Rhine and Waal, now named Betuwe, is called Batavia AD 306 and AD 365 (Panegyrici Latini 7.4.2; 2.5.2). Batavian troops of the fourth 434 — century are mentioned many times by Ammianus Marcellinus, always as staunch allies of the Romans, though with varying success (summed up by Teitler in: Swinkels (ed.) 2004, 36-7). We have seen that the archaeological evidence suggests that the inhabitants of Nijmegen were staunchly Roman up to the latest graves published in the present study, i.e. up to AD 450. So we may surmise that they still called themselves Batavi, i.e. Batavians, as long as their cemeteries remained in use. As for the troops in the Valkhof setlement, we have no evidence about the name of their unit. Late Roman brick stamps known from near the Valkhof mention the Numerus Ursariensium, which is known from Qualburg and elsewhere along the Rhine in the mid-third century, and Legio XXII, which stayed from AD 92/3 in Mainz (Noviomagus 1979, 65, Figs. 72-3; Bogaers/Rüger 1974, 96; Bechert/Willems 1995, 63-4, 106). But we do have a clue where they came from: the irst generation being buried in E-W graves both in the more civilian cemetery B and in the more military cemetery OO, these troops had been recruited in Ulpia Noviomagus itself. Newcomers In the times of Augustus, the tribe of the Batavians was formed by the Romans by importing nobility from the Chati around present-day Frankfurt and giving them the local population as clientela (Roymans 1998). Constantine, it is suggested, did the same: he brought in a civil administrator from Cologne. The civil administrator was, it is suggested, the father of the 7-year-old upper class girl in the sarcophagus of the Grutberg. In view of the rude sarcophagi of the middle status zone of cemetery B, he probably came from Cologne, which has them, rather than from Trier, which doesn’t. He may, in the old-fashioned Roman way, have paid himself for the rebuilding of Nijmegen in the shape of the Valkhof fortress. It is far less probable that he was a burden on the small community of the type Lactantius complains about (de mortibus persecutorum 7,4): in terms of money, the Nijmegen people of the period immediately before the cemeteries had nothing but their emergency money. The third and most probable possibility is that Constantine or the state paid for this stronghold against the Franks because of the security of the Empire. The supposed civil administrator was not the only one from Cologne. An eccentric lady who worshipped Sabazios also came from there. Apart from persons, there was an inluence from Cologne: we saw that the percentage of niches in the Nijmegen cemeteries reminds of that in Cologne rather than that of Gellep. There were a few other newcomers. The only recognizable Christian in Nijmegen, the lady in B 690 with her agrafe with christogram from the south of Gaul or even from Hispania, probably married into the well-of family that had its burial plot on the hillock to the northwest of the Mariënburg chapel. Some Sarmatians with their glitering barbarian sheet ibulae mingled with the population. What was it like to live in Late Roman Nijmegen? Originally, there must have been an enormous relief when the Valkhof fortress was built AD 313. Its cemeteries relect prosperity up to the disaster year AD 355. But already before that year, there must have been some anxiety. The Nijmegen pagans were confronted with emperors who had suddenly switched from pagan to Christian religion. In coin period 4, AD 330-341, they were looded by imperial propaganda with contradictory messages. The legend Urbs Roma told them that Rome remained the only Urbs of the empire, but the Constantinopolis coins made it clear that the real capital had moved away to the east, far out of reach of westerly Nijmegen. Reading the eminent historian of the fourth century, Ammianus Marcellinus, helps us to imagine the anxieties of the times for the inhabitants of Nijmegen. At the same time, we can understand that the pagan cousin of Constantine, Julian (331363, emperor 361-3), must have been their hero. The surviving books 14-31 cover the years AD 353378. 435 — By AD 355, Franks, of all people, were numerous and inluential in the palace (15,5,11). In the same year, Cologne was destroyed (15,8,19). But Julian recovered Cologne from the Franks a year later (16,3,1-3). AD 357-8, Franks plundered Germania Secunda, which comprised Cologne, Tongeren and Nijmegen (17,2,1-2; cf. 15,7). But again, Julian came and rescued the population by starving the Franks into surrender (17,2,3-4). Salian Franks and Chamavi surrendered to him (17,8,3-5). AD 358, he restored three Roman fortresses on the Meuse/ Maas (17,9,1). AD 357-9, many disasters shook neighbouring Belgica Secunda (17,3,6). AD 359, Julian restored town walls along the Rhine and built granaries for corn supplies from Britannia (18,2,3) and recovered the area along the Rhine from Arnhem near Nijmegen to Bingen near Mainz (18,2,4). AD 360, he atacked the Athuarian Franks, crossing the Rhine near Tricensima, the Late Roman fortress of Roman Xanten, some 60 kilometers from Nijmegen (20,10). In these hard times, the Nijmegen population must have taken heart from the visits of other top oicials. AD 365, Theodosius the Elder was active between the rivers Rhine and Waal in the area of Batavia, which was worn out by infantry batles (Panegyrici Latini 2.5.2). Emperor Valentinian’s visit to Nijmegen on 20 September 368 must have made them very proud (Seeck 1919, 234; Stolte 1966). And, if nothing of Valentinian’s fortiications along the Rhine has been found yet in Nijmegen, it has been found as near by as in Cuijk, some 12 km away (see Chapter 12, section Pendants). The anxiety of the Nijmegen population about life comes out in the three cases we have of religion (apart from the proud priestess in grave B 465 and the generally pagan ritual of depositing grave goods) where a major concern was a good personal aterlife: the Dionysiac mask B 197.6 and the Sabazios atributes in grave B 298, both signs of mystery cults; and the Christian lady in B 690 must have hoped for a place in heaven (Steures 2004a; see also the relevant sections in Chapter 12 of the present study). The Nijmegen population saw the upheaval caused by the sack of Cologne and Trier AD 355 and the sudden stop of the import from there of their most popular potery, the ine dark coloured ware. They saw the breach of the Roman frontier by Germanic hordes near Mainz in AD 406 (Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 110). But they remained staunchly Roman, as appears from grave B 61, with its axe and un-Roman grave ritual of giving a Roman belt set (Lamarcq/Rogge 1996, 110), dated AD 440-450. And they remained staunchly pagan, witness the priestess of the pole idol in the other latest dated Roman grave in this study, B 465. 436 — Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers (70 graves, 15 stray, 210 coins) Coins play an important role in dating the graves and the interpretation of the two cemeteries. As there are many diferent aspects, they are discussed in diferent chapters of this study. In chapter 3, Explanatory notes to the ind catalogue, in the section titled First and second-century coins and ibulae: intrusions? (p. 000-000), it is argued that these were put into the graves intentionally; in the section titled Assessing the dates of the graves in real years (p. 000-000), the way the coin periods are used for fairly exact dates is discussed. In chapter 12, Typology of dress accessories, the two eighth-century sceatas are discussed in the section on Beads because of the association with eighth-century beads in grave B 661 (p. 000). Coin periods and mints are discussed in chapter 14, Interpretation, in the section titled Time - The beginning: AD 313. The coin identiications were originally made by H. Enno van Gelder (1876-1960) for cemetery B and by Jeanete Raap (under supervision of prof. J.S. Boersma) for cemetery OO. In 2011, R.W. Reijnen revised and updated the identiications; coins missing then (see column remarks) keep their original identiications. Ater the inal chapter, there are three coin lists: Coin list 1: per grave in the order of the grave numbers; Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins; Coin list 3: per coin ater its latest minting date. In column remarks, missing = not found in museum depot in 2011. Abbreviations in column location: b = body; l = let (of); m = middle; r = right (of). grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? hybrid: plated? in mouth RIC 343f Diva Faustina RIC 64 Anton. Pius B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 l knee countermark m body CAESAR B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus B 61.4 fourth cent. follis/aes III 270/300 Barb. r upper leg decayed; in skull missing B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: VRBS ROMA /GLORIA EXERCITVS 2 standards B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554 B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369 B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543 B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537 B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593 B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11 B 64.8 Helena follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55 disturbed 437 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91 remarks location B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 l waist B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 cremation B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’ B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a ‘loose’ B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) unknown B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? GENIO POP ROM or unknown foot-end l waist SOLI INVICTO COMITI B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b body B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 B 281.1 Domitian as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 for Tiberius feet with hole BRGK 1975, B 298.1-55 Tiberius as 22-37(-64)Barb. RIC2 81type B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 RIC2 1161 Lyon B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 f. B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628 B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K) unknown m trench 399-401: B 298.2 waist for Divus Augustus notched r arm; hand 438 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K) B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K) B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.? Rhineland for Tetricus II remarks B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian. B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian. B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b Herc (?) B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206 B 298.15 Maximin. Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826 B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73 B 298.18 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 B 298.19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 B 298.20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var. B 298.21 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 B 298.22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 RIC 13var. B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London B 298.24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897 B 298.25 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.26 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.27 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.28 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.29 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.30 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.31 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.32 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.33 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277 B 298.36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40 B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10 B 298.38 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 B 298.39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var. B 298.42 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var. B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var. B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76 B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92 B 298.48 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 B 298.49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 location 439 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132 B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99 B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213 B 319.4 Frisian (?) sceata (8) 710-775 remarks location with silver Metcalf 296t. bronze copy illing /BMC 166 B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 unknown B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 unknown B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 illing B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 r r foot B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome RIC 712 for Faustina II in jaw missing B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 halved unknown B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. unknown B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 581.1 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist B 581.2 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 missing r hand B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing feet B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier B 633.1 Const.I & sons follis 335-340 ? missing GLORIA EXERCITVS unknown 1 standard B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier B 660.1 Constans follis 337-360 Barb. RIC 98(c) unknown GLORIA teeth EXERCITVS 1 standard 440 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks B 661.2 Frisian(?) sceata c.690-750 BMC 2b(?) copper top soil? B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles RIC 319/323var. in botle B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 Siscia RIC 198/209 B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA location in beaker with hole with hole ROMANORVM B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole REIPVBLICAE B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier RIC 65(c) unknown B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 unknown B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a) B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var. B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B stray 133 Vespasian sestertius 71 Lyon RIC2 1137 B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82 B stray 138 Domitian denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. for Julia; plated? or Becker-copy? B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a) B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b) B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d) B stray 189 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16 B stray 197 Aduatuci quadrans? Scheers 217 20 BC- Lower 10 AD Rhine B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199 B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59 B stray 297 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) missing 441 — grave+nr denom. date mint reference B stray 298 Gratian period aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III 330-402 ? B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 remarks location countermark VAR OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 illing? OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 256 (K) l foot-end Rome RIC 261 (K) OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var. OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b) OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a) OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a) OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85 OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a) OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 95 f. (obv)/ foot-end unknown (Aug.) 230f. (rev) OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 OO 134.4 irst cent. coin/aes? OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Rome Lyon RIC2 35 RIC 164a missing unknown for Germanic. l femora missing illing for Constantius II unknown OO 167.1 irst cent. coin/aes? missing unknown OO 168.11 irst cent. coin/aes? missing illing OO 171.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing unknown OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b for Galerius r waist Maximian. 442 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 remarks location OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower body OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100 OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 l waist missing missing cremation for Decentius m waist worn l waist OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 319/324 m waist OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 missing r waist OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 missing m waist OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II OO 277.2 Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206type barb.? OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 for Constantius II 60 AD east end r upper b. OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 RIC 529 OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273 OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360? OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360? OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA l shoulder waist clipped c.360? EXERCITVS 2 standards OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 543 OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 368 OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360? 443 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360? OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 for Constantine II OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped location EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 for Constantius II OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 for Constans OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid: l feet head emperor/ PAX PVBLICA OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91 OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.22 Const. I & sons follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340? OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340? Trier, 332-333? OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340? hybrid: head emperor/ VRBS ROMA obverse OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 in chest OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist OO 371.2 Claudius I dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 countermarks PRO/PROB and BON l waist 444 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome RIC 24/26 remarks OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l foot OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 r waist OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 missing location cremation Coin list 2: per grave in the order of their latest coins (italics: date of the latest coin) grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location * The only coin in the grave is from the irst century BC (5 graves, 2 stray, 7 coins) B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 illing B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 r r foot B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 halved unknown feet countermark VAR B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 OO 171.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing unknown * The only coin in the grave is from the irst century AD (13 graves, 4 stray, 17 coins) B stray 197 Aduatuci quadrans? 20 BC- Lower 10 AD Rhine Scheers 217 missing OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 for Tiberius waist B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. unknown OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. l femora B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 95 f. (obv)/ unknown missing cremation (Aug.) 230f. (rev) OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100 OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. B stray 133 Vespasian sestertius 71 Lyon RIC2 1137 B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199 illing? worn 60 AD l waist 445 — 446 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 281.1 Domitian as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. B stray 138 Domitian remarks location m trench for Julia; plated? or Becker-copy? OO 167.1 irst cent. coin/aes? missing unknown OO 168.11 irst cent. coin/aes? missing illing OO 134.4 irst cent. coin/aes? missing illing * The only coin in the grave is from the second century (4 graves, 4 coins) B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? l waist hybrid: plated? RIC 343f Diva Faustina RIC 64 Anton. Pius B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome RIC 712 in mouth foot-end for Faustina II in jaw missing * The latest/only coin is from the second half of the third century (5 graves, 1 stray, 8 coins) B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 unknown countermark m body CAESAR B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270/300 Barb. OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 Rome RIC 256 (K) OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 261 (K) B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59 OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b r upper leg l foot-end missing m waist body * The latest/only coin is from the irst 4th-century coin period, 298-307 (4 graves, 4 coins) B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b l knee 447 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b for Galerius r waist Maximian. OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Lyon RIC 164a for Constantius II unknown OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 missing cremation * The latest/only coin is from the second 4th-century coin period, 307-318 (6 graves, 13 coins) B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 l waist waist OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’ B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a ‘loose’ OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 missing r waist B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 missing B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing RIC 128/167 B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier r waist r hand missing missing * The latest/only coin is from the third 4th-century coin period, 318-330 (5 graves, 59 coins) B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 BRGK 1975, hand 399-401 = B 298.1-55 B 298.2 Tiberius as 22-37(-64)Barb. RIC2 81type B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 RIC2 1161 Lyon B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 f. B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628 B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K) B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K) B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K) B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.? Rhineland for Tetricus II for Divus Augustus notched r arm; 448 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b for Galerius Maximian. B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 London RIC 33 for Galerius Maximian. B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73 B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. follis c.307 Lyon RIC 206 B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var. B 298.42-43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.24 RIC 897 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier B 298.25-34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.35 follis 312-313 London RIC 277 Constantine I B 298.38-39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 B 298.15 follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a Maximin. Daia B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826 B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10 B 298.20 RIC 3var. Licinius I follis 313-314 London B 298.21-22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var. B 298.36 Constantine I RIC 40 follis 313-315 London B 298.18-19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 B 298.44 follis 316 Arles RIC 80var. RIC 76 Constantine I B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99 B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 89var. B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92 B 298.48-49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132 B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213 B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? location Herc (?) with silver GENIO POP ROM or unknown SOLI INVICTO COMITI B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? missing unknown * The latest/only coin is from the fourth 4th-century coin period, 330-341 (9 graves, 2 stray, 52 coins) OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 for Constantius II r upper b. 449 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 remarks location B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist l shoulder in chest feet with hole OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273 OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360? OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360? OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA unknown clipped c.360? EXERCITVS 2 standards OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 543 RIC 368 OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360? OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360? OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 for Constantine II OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 for Constantius II OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 for Constans OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid: head emperor/ PAX PVBLICA OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91 OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard l feet 450 — grave+nr period OO 338.22 Const. I & sons denom. date mint reference follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA remarks location EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340? OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340? OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340? OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. Trier, 332-333? OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. hybrid: head emperor/ VRBS ROMA obverse B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82 OO 371.2 dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 Claudius I countermarks l waist PRO/PROB and BON OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome RIC 24/26 OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l foot B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: disturbed VRBS ROMA /GLORIA EXERCITVS 2 standards B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554 B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369 B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543 B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537 B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593 B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11 B 64.8 Helena follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55 B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91 B stray 189 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16 B 633.1 follis 335-340 ? Const.I & sons GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard unknown 451 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location * The latest/only coin is from the ith 4th-century coin period, 341-348 (3 graves, 1 stray, 9 coins) B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 in beaker OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 l waist OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower body OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II OO 277.2 Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206 barb.? east end * The latest/only coin is from the sixth 4th-century coin period, 348-361 (5 graves, 6 coins) B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw B 660.1 Constans follis 337-360 Barb. GLORIA teeth EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 missing OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 319/324 cremation m waist for Decentius m waist * The latest/only coin is from the seventh 4th-century coin period, 364-378 (2 graves, 4 stray, 13 coins) B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b) B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a) B stray 297 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) B stray 298 Gratian aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a) B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var. unknown 452 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles RIC 319/323var. in botle with hole B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 Siscia RIC 198/209 B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA location with hole ROMANORVM B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole REIPVBLICAE * The latest/only coin is from the eighth 4th-century coin period, 378-402 (3 graves, 1 stray, 12 coins) B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? RIC 65(c) unknown GLORIA unknown EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var. OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b) OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a) OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a) OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85 OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a) B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d) B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier RIC 98(c) B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 foot-end unknown unknown * The only coin is from the fourth century but cannot be identiied (3 graves, 1 stray, 5 coins) B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III B 61.4 follis/aes III fourth cent. 330-402 ? decayed; in skull missing B 581.1 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist B 581.2 fourth cent. fol./aes III missing waist B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 unknown * There is an eighth-century sceata in the grave (2 graves, 2 coins) B 319.4 Frisian (?) sceata (8) 710-775 Metcalf 296t. bronze copy illing copper top soil? /BMC 166 B 661.2 Frisian (?) sceata c.690-750 BMC 2b(?) Coin list 3: per coin ater its latest minting date grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location * First century BC (10 coins) B 257.2 Augustus as 15 BC Rome RIC2 386 with hole unknown B 59.9 Augustus as 7-6 BC Rome RIC 427/441 countermark m body B 298.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 416.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 460.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 486.2 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B 522.1 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B stray 28 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 B stray 316 Augustus as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 countermark OO 171.2 as 7-3 BC Lyon RIC2 230 missing quadrans? 20 BC- Lower Scheers 217 missing 10 AD Rhine CAESAR BRGK 1975 r arm; hand illing r r foot halved unknown feet VAR Augustus unknown * First century AD (22 coins) B stray 197 Aduatuci OO 37.6 Augustus as 8-14 Lyon RIC2 238a/245 unknown B 227.1 Augustus as 12-14 Lyon RIC2 245 for Tiberius B 298.2 Tiberius as 22-37(-64)Barb. RIC2 81type for Divus Augustus B 140.6 Caligula dupondius 37-38 Rome RIC2 34 B 520.1 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. unknown OO 106.2 Caligula as 37-38 Rome RIC2 35 for Germanic. l femora OO 371.2 Claudius I dupondius 41-50 Rome RIC2 92 countermarks l waist waist cremation PRO/PROB and BON OO 243.4 Julio-Claudian as (20) 16 BC - Gall. as 41-64 Barb. worn l waist 60 AD OO 50.1 Claudius I (?) RIC2 95 f. (obv)/ unknown missing (Aug.) 230f. (rev) OO 230.1 Claudius I (?) as 41-64 Barb. RIC2 100type OO 320.3 Nero dupondius 64-65 Lyon cf RIC2 411 missing OO 12.13 Nero as 66-67 Lyon RIC2 543/605 B 298.3 Vespasian as 71 Lyon RIC2 1161 B stray 133 Vespasian RIC2 1137 illing? sestertius 71 Lyon B stray 200 Vespasian as 72-73 Lyon RIC2 1199 B 281.1 as 88-89 Rome RIC2 649 B stray 138 Domitian denarius? 88-89 Rome? RIC2 683var. B 298.4 Trajan sestertius 98-102 Rome RIC 380/445 OO 167.1 irst cent. coin/aes? missing unknown OO 168.11 irst cent. coin/aes? missing illing OO 134.4 irst cent. coin/aes? missing illing Domitian m trench for Julia; plated? or Becker-copy? notched 453 — 454 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location * Second century (6 coins) B 298.5 Trajan sestertius 103-117 Rome RIC 459 f. B 298.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-122 Rome RIC 534/628 B 86.6 Hadrian sestertius 117-125 Rome B 67.5 Antoninus Pius dupondius 152-153 Rome RIC 909a B 14.5 Antoninus Pius denarius 142-161 Rome? hybrid: plated? RIC 343f Diva Faustina RIC 64 Anton. Pius B 465.10 M. Aurelius denarius 161-180 Rome l waist RIC 712 foot-end for Faustina II in mouth in jaw missing * Second half of third century (12 coins) OO 26.7 Gallienus antoninianus 259-268 Rome RIC 256 (K) B 298.7 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 179 (K) B 203.2 Gallienus antoninianus 260-268 Rome RIC 245 (F) B stray 201 Victorinus antoninianus 269 Trier RIC 59 B 298.8 Claudius II antoninianus 268-270 Rome RIC 110 (K) OO 26.8 Claudius II antoninianus 270 Rome RIC 261 (K) B 298.9 Divo Claudio II antoninianus 270/- Rome? RIC 261 (K) OO 271.7 Probus antoninianus 276-282 Lyon cf RIC 36 B 298.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270-290 Gaul/ RIC 227var.? Rhineland for Tetricus II B 59.10 Tetricus I antoninianus 270/300 Barb. B 219.6 Maximian Hercul. follis 295 Trier RIC 158b B 298.11 Diocletian follis c.295 Trier RIC 158b l foot-end unknown missing m waist r upper leg body for Galerius Maximian. * Fourth century, irst 4th-century coin period, 298-307 (9 coins) B 22.1 Maximian Hercul. follis 298-299 Trier RIC 281b OO 176.13 Diocletian follis (20) 299-303 Carth RIC 32b l knee for Galerius r waist Maximian OO 149.3 Constantine I follis (27) 301-303 Lyon RIC 164a for Constantius II unknown OO 234.2 Maximian. Hercul. coin/follis? 302-303 B 298.12 Diocletian follis 303-305 B 180.3 Constantius I follis 303-305 Trier RIC 594a B 298.17 Severus II follis 306 Ticinum RIC 73 B 298.13 Galerius Maximian. follis 305-307 Trier RIC 652b B 298.14 Maximian. Hercul. c.307 Lyon RIC 206 follis missing London RIC 33 cremation for Galerius Maximian. ‘loose’ Herc (?) 455 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks location missing r hand * Fourth century, second 4th-century coin period, 307-318 (50 coins) B 298.40 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.41 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a var. B 298.42 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.43 Constantine I follis 310 London RIC 121a B 298.24 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 897 B 298.25 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.26 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.27 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.28 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.29 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.30 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.31 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.32 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.33 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 298.34 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 899 B 620.1 Constantine I ½ follis 310-311 Trier RIC 898/900 B 98.3 Licinius I follis 310-313 London RIC 121c/276 B 298.15 Maximin. Daia follis 310-313 Trier RIC 845a B 298.38 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 B 298.39 Constantine I follis 310-313 Trier RIC 873 B 298.35 Constantine I follis 312-313 London RIC 277 B 298.16 Maximin. Daia billon 313 Trier RIC 826 B 298.20 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3var. B 298.21 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 B 298.22 Licinius I follis 313-314 London RIC 3 B 298.37 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 10 B 298.23 Constantine I follis 313-314 London RIC 13var. B 620.3 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing B 620.4 Licinius I follis 313-315 London RIC 3/23 missing B 298.36 Constantine I follis 313-315 London RIC 40 B 298.18 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 B 298.19 Licinius I follis 316 Trier RIC 121 B 298.44 Constantine I follis 316 Arles RIC 80var. B 298.46 Constantine I follis 316 London RIC 76 B 298.50 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.52 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.53 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 102 B 298.54 Constantine I follis 316 Trier RIC 99 B 620.6 Licinius I follis 313-317 Trier B 298.45 Constantine I follis 316-317 London l waist with silver missing RIC 89var. B 298.47 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 92 B 180.2 Constantine I follis 316-317 London RIC 93 ‘in grave’ 456 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 298.51 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 132 B 298.48 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 B 298.49 Constantine I follis 317 Trier RIC 135 OO 320.2 Constantine I follis (20) 317 Trier RIC 135 OO 250.15 Constantine I follis (19) 317-318 Trier RIC 162 missing B 620.2 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 missing missing B 620.5 Constantine I follis 317-318 Trier RIC 128/167 OO 382.8 Constantine I follis (19) 318 London RIC 150 remarks location waist r waist r waist * Fourth century, third 4th-century coin period, 318-330 (5 coins) B 218.11 Constantine I follis 307-319 ? GENIO POP ROM or unknown SOLI INVICTO COMITI B 298.55 Constantine I follis 319 Trier RIC 213 B 226.1 Constantine I follis (18) 320 Siscia RIC 109var. belly B 122.4 Constantine I follis 323-324 London RIC 287 r waist OO 88.4 Crispus? follis 317-325? missing unknown * Fourth century, fourth 4th-century coin period, 330-341, with copies up to 360 (58 coins) OO 283.4 Constantine I follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 528 OO 288.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (16) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 288.3 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 OO 338.2 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 330-331 Trier RIC 529 for Constantius II r upper b. l shoulder OO 338.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 330-331 Lyon? RIC 236/238 barb.? c.360? OO 338.4 Constantine I follis (11) 330-333 Trier? RIC 520/545 barb.? c.360? OO 338.7 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Arles RIC 368 clipped OO 338.8 Constantine I follis (15) 332-333 Trier RIC 537var. barb.? c.360? OO 338.9 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (15) 332-333 Trier? RIC 542type barb.? c.360? B 64.3 Constantine I follis 332-333 Arles RIC 369 B 64.4 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 543 B 64.5 Constantine I follis 332-333 Trier RIC 537 OO 338.6 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 543 OO 339.8 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis 332-333 Trier RIC 548 in chest OO 362.6 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (17) 332-333 Trier RIC 547 m waist OO 277.1 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 550 for Constantine II OO 338.11 Constantine I follis (15) 333-334 Trier RIC 552 for Constans for Constantine II OO 338.10 Constantine I follis (18) 333-334 Lyon RIC 263 B 257.1 Constantine II follis (18) 330-335 Arles RIC 345/387 OO 338.5 Constantine I follis (17) 330-335 Barb.? GLORIA EXERCITVS 2 standards feet c.360? 457 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference B 64.2 Constantine I follis 333-335 Trier RIC 554 OO 338.14 Constantine I follis (15) 336 Arles RIC 397 B 64.6 Constantine I follis 335-337 Trier RIC 593 OO 338.13 Constantine I follis (15) 335-337 Trier RIC 592 B 633.1 Const.I & sons follis 335-340 ? GLORIA remarks location for Constans for Constantius II unknown EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 29.3 Const. I & sons follis (13) 335-340 ? GLORIA unknown EXERCITVS 1 standard B 64.7 Constans follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 11 B stray 134 Constantius II follis 337-340 Trier RIC 82 B 64.8 follis 337-340 Trier RIC 55 follis 337-340 Lyon RIC 16 Helena B stray 189 Constans OO 29.4 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 48/91var. OO 199.1 Constantius II follis (14) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 OO 199.2 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 l waist OO 199.3 Constans follis (16) 337-340 Trier RIC 111 r waist OO 338.15 sons of Const. I follis (16) 337-340 Lyon RIC 4/11 OO 338.16 Helena follis (15) 337-340 Trier RIC 63 OO 338.18 Theodora follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 91 RIC 24/26 OO 371.3 sons of Const. I follis (15) 337-340 Rome OO 371.4 Helena follis (14) 337-340 Trier RIC 47/90 B 64.9 Theodora follis 337-341 Trier RIC 91 l waist l feet l foot OO 288.4 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (15) 330-345 Lyon RIC 241/273 OO 199.4 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 192 r waist B 64.1 Const.I & sons follis 330-360 Barb. hybrid: disturbed VRBS ROMA /GLORIA EXERCITVS 2 standards OO 338.23 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (7) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.24 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (8) 330-360 Barb. Trier, 330-340? Trier, 330-340? OO 338.25 ‘Urbs Roma’ follis (9) 330-360 Barb. Arles, 330-340? OO 338.27 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.28 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.29 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (12) 330-360 Barb. OO 338.30 Const. I & sons follis (11) 330-360 Barb. hybrid: head emperor/ VRBS ROMA obverse OO 338.26 ‘Constantinopolis’ follis (10) 332-360 Barb. B 660.1 follis 337-360 Barb. Constans Trier, 332-333? GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard teeth 458 — grave+nr period denom. date mint reference remarks OO 338.12 Const. I & sons follis (12) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA clipped location EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.19 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.20 Const. I & sons follis (8) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.21 Const. I & sons follis (9) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.22 Const. I & sons follis (10) 335-360 Barb. GLORIA EXERCITVS 1 standard OO 338.17 sons of Const. I follis (9) 337-360 Barb. hybrid: head emperor/ PAX PVBLICA * Fourth century, ith 4th-century coin period, 341-348, with copies up to 360 (3 coins) B 663.4 Constans follis 347-348 Trier RIC 206 in beaker OO 199.5 Constans follis (15) 347-348 Trier RIC 210 r lower Constans follis (11) 347-360 Trier? RIC 206type body OO 277.2 barb.? east end * Fourth century, sixth 4th-century coin period, 348-361 (7 coins) B 162.1 Constans aes II 348-350 Trier RIC 213 l jaw B 164.1 Constans aes III 348-350 Trier RIC 226/230 l jaw Siscia RIC 198/209 B 778.4 Constantius II aes II 348-350 OO 480.2 Magnentius aes II (?) 350-351 OO 242.6 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier RIC 320/323 OO 242.7 Magnentius aes II (26) 352-353 Trier B 778.2 Julian aes II 360-363 Arles missing cremation RIC 319/324 for Decentius m waist RIC 319/323var. in botle * Fourth century, seventh 4th-century coin period, 364-378 (16 coins) B 787.3 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Arles RIC 9(a) B stray 158 Valentinian I aes III 364-367 Lyon RIC 10(a) B stray 159 Valens aes III 364-367 Trier RIC 7(b) OO 29.5 Gratian aes III (17) 364-375 Arles RIC 19(b) OO 29.6 Valentinian I aes III (18) 367-375 Arles RIC 17(a) aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) B stray 298 Gratian m waist 459 — grave+nr denom. date mint reference B stray 297 Gratian period aes III 367-375 Lyon RIC 20(c) B 787.1 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 B 787.2 Gratian aes III 367-375 Arles RIC 15 B 778.3 Valentinian I cs. aes III 367-375 Siscia RIC 15(a-b) OO 29.8 Valens aes III (18) 367-375 Lyon? RIC 21(a)var. B 787.4 Valens aes III 364-378 Arles RIC 9(b)/19(a)var. B 778.5 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? GLORIA remarks location unknown with hole foot-end with hole ROMANORVM B 778.6 Valentinian I cs aes III 364-378 ? SECVRITAS with hole REIPVBLICAE OO 29.7 Valentinian I aes III (16) 367-378 Lyon RIC 20(a) OO 29.10 Valens aes III (17) 375-378 Arles RIC 19(a) * Fourth century, eighth 4th-century coin period, 378-402 (5 coins) B 781.1 Theodosius aes II 378-383 Trier RIC 65(c) OO 29.9 Magnus Maximus aes II (18) 383-388 Trier RIC 85 B stray 160 Arcadius aes IV 388-392 Lyon RIC 44(d) B 651.1 Arcadius aes IV 388-395 Trier RIC 98(c) B 364.1 Theodosian aes IV 383-402 unknown unknown unknown * Fourth century, not to be identiied further (5 coins) B stray 299 fourth cent. aes III B 61.4 follis/aes III fourth cent. 330-402 ? decayed; in skull missing B 581.1 fourth cent. follis/aes III missing B 581.2 fourth cent. follis/aes III missing B 402.3 fourth cent. follis/aes IV 330-402 sceata (8) 710-775 waist waist unknown * Eighth century (2 coins) B 319.4 Frisian (?) Metcalf 296t. bronze copy /BMC 166 B 661.2 Frisian(?) sceata c.690-750 BMC type2b? copper top soil? illing 460 — Appendix 1a: from catalogue grave number to excavation grave number Cemetery B in the inner city B 33........................................141/21=XIX (= D27) Legend B 35 ..............................................................D 25 In Brunsting’s excavations: B 36 ............................................................D 26a D .................................... Dominican ‘Broerkerk’ B 37.............................................................D 26b G ........................................................... Grutberg B 38 ............................................................ D 26c LN ........................................ Lange Nieuwstraat B 39 ............................................................D 26d M ......................................................Mariënburg B 40 ..............................................................D 24 B 34 ............................................................D 25a B 41.............................................................D 24a In Bloemers’ excavations: B 42 ............................................................D 24b nn ......................................................no number B 43 ..............................................................D 29 ~ ................................................................... near B 44 ............................................................... D 11 B 45 ............................................................. D 11a B 1 ............................................................... D 179 B 46 .............................................................D 12a B 2 ................................................................ D 32 B 47 ...............................................................D 12 B 3 ................................................................D 30 B 48 ...............................................................D 13 B 4 .................................................................D 31 B 49 .............................................................. D 37 B 5 ...................................................................D 1 B 50 ..............................................................D 38 B 6 .................................................................. D 2 B 51 ...............................................................D 39 B 7 .................................................................. D 3 B 52 .............................................................D 152 B 8 ..................................................................D 6 B 53 ............................................................ D 145 B 9 ..................................................................D 4 B 54 .............................................................D 141 B 10................................................................. D 5 B 55 .............................................................. D 33 B 11 ..............................................................D 147 B 56 .............................................................. D 35 B 12 ............................................................. D 146 B 57 .......................................................... 135/1=I B 13 ............................................................. D 142 B 58 ........................................................ 135/2=II B 14..............................................................D 143 B 59 ........................................................135/3=III B 15 ............................................................... D 19 B 60 ............................................................ D 158 B 16............................................................. D 144 B 61............................................................. D 159 B 17 ...............................................................D 20 B 62 .............................................................D 155 B 18.................................................................D 9 B 63 ............................................................ D 156 B 19................................................................. D 7 B 64 .............................................................D 157 B 20 ................................................ D 14 botom B 65 .............................................................D 153 B 21 .........................................................D 14 top B 66 ............................................................ D 150 B 22 ................................................................D 8 B 67 ............................................................ D 154 B 23 ...............................................................D 21 B 68 ..........................................................D 154A B 24 .............................................................. D 34 B 69 .............................................................D 118 B 25 ...............................................................D 17 B 70 ............................................................ D 162 B 26 .............................................................. D 18 B 71 ..............................................................D 161 B 27 ...............................................................D 15 B 72 ............................................................ D 160 B 28 .............................................................. D 16 B 73..............................................................D 135 B 29 ............................................................D 22a B 74 .............................................................D 139 B 30 ..............................................................D 22 B 75 ............................................................ D 140 B 31 ...............................................................D 28 B 76 .............................................................D 138 B 32 .............................................................. D 23 B 77 .............................................................D 137 B 33............................................................... D 27 B 78 .............................................................D 136 461 — B 79 .............................................................D 132 B 125.............................................................D 64 B 80 .............................................................D 175 B 126.............................................................D 63 B 81............................................................. D 176 B 127 .............................................................D 62 B 82 .............................................................D 177 B 128.............................................................D 60 B 83 ............................................................ D 178 B 129.............................................................D 70 B 84 ....................................................... 135/7=IV B 130.............................................................D 69 B 85 .............................................................D 116 B 131 ............................................................. D 55 B 86 ............................................................. D 117 B 132 ............................................................. D 57 B 87 ............................................................ D 107 B 133 ............................................................. D 61 B 88 ............................................................ D 109 B 134 .............................................................D 59 B 89 ............................................................ D 108 B 135 .............................................................D 58 B 90 ............................................................ D 106 B 136.............................................................D 67 B 91............................................................. D 102 B 137 .............................................................D 66 B 92 .............................................................D 101 B 138.............................................................D 49 B 93 ............................................................ D 100 B 139.............................................................D 56 B 94 .............................................................D 119 B 140 ............................................................D 50 B 95 .............................................................D 114 B 141 ..............................................................D 51 B 96 ............................................................. D 112 B 142.............................................................D 52 B 97 .............................................................. D 73 B 143 .............................................................D 47 B 98 .............................................................D 134 B 144 ............................................................ D 41 B 99 .............................................................D 133 B 145.............................................................D 48 B 100 ........................................................... D 131 B 146 ............................................................D 45 B 101 ............................................................D 130 B 147.............................................................D 46 B 102........................................................... D 129 B 148 ............................................................D 93 B 103........................................................... D 128 B 149 ............................................................ D 43 B 104 .......................................................... D 170 B 150.............................................................D 85 B 105......................................................... D 170A B 151 .............................................................D 87 B 106 ...........................................................D 172 B 152.............................................................D 88 B 107............................................................ D 121 B 153 ............................................................D 163 B 108 ........................................................ D 122B B 154.............................................................D 86 B 109 ........................................................ D 122A B 155.............................................................D 76 B 110 ........................................................... D 120 B 156............................................................. D 75 B 111 .............................................................D 123 B 157 .............................................................D 78 B 112 ............................................................ D 115 B 158............................................................. D 77 B 113 ............................................................D 110 B 159.............................................................D 74 B 114 ............................................................D 103 B 160 ............................................................D 83 B 115 ........................................................... D 104 B 161 .............................................................D 84 B 116 ........................................................... D 105 B 162.............................................................D 79 B 117 .............................................................D 96 B 163.............................................................D 82 B 118 ............................................................ D 113 B 164 ............................................................D 80 B 119 .............................................................D 111 B 165............................................................. D 81 B 120.............................................................D 97 B 166 ............................................................D 92 B 121 .............................................................D 65 B 167.............................................................D 89 B 122............................................................. D 72 B 168 ............................................................ D 91 B 123 ..............................................................D 71 B 169 ............................................................D 36 B 124.............................................................D 68 B 170........................................................... D 164 462 — B 171 ........................................................... D 165 B 217 .................................................. 131/20=XIX B 172 ........................................................... D 167 B 218................................................ 131/38=XXVI B 173 ........................................................... D 166 B 219...............................................131/39=XXVII B 174........................................................... D 169 B 220 ...........................................131/53=XXXVIII B 175 ........................................................... D 168 B 221.............................................131/52=XXXVII B 176....................................................D 17 niche B 222 ...............................................131/46=XXXI B 177 .........................................................134/1=I B 223 ............................................ 131/49=XXXIV B 178....................................................... 134/5=V B 224 ..............................................131/50=XXXV B 179............................................................134/4 B 225 ............................................. 131/51=XXXVI B 180 ........................................................141/3=I B 226 ..................................................131/32=XXI B 181 ......................................................131/7=VII B 227 ...................................................131/23=XX B 182......................................................... 131/21? B 228 .....................................................134/9=IX B 183.................................................... 131/8=VIII B 229 .................................................. 134/15=XV B 184 ......................................................131/6=VI B 230 ................................................. 134/16=XVI B 185........................................................131/5=V B 231 ........................................................... LN 23 B 186 ......................................................131/9=IX B 232 ..........................................................LN 24 B 187.......................................................131/4=IV B 233.................................................. 134/14=XIV B 188 ..................................................... 131/10=X B 234 ...........................................................LN 21 B 189 .....................................................131/11=XI B 235 ..................................................134/13=XIII B 190 ...................................................... 131/3=III B 236 ...................................................... 134/2=II B 191 ................................................... 131/13=XIII B 237 ...............................................134/18=XVIII B 192.................................................... 131/12=XII B 238 ................................................ 134/17=XVII B 193........................................................141/4=II B 239 .......................................................... LN 34 B 194 ..................................................141/nn=XX B 240 ..........................................................LN 44 B 195.......................................................141/5=III B 241...........................................................LN 45 B 196 ................................................. 141/18=XIV B 242 ........................................................LN 45A B 197....................................................134/12=XII B 243 .......................................................... LN 32 B 198 ................................................. 134/19=XIX B 244 ...........................................................LN 33 B 199 .....................................................134/6=VI B 245 .......................................................... LN 27 B 200 ...................................................134/8=VIII B 246 .............................................................LN 1 B 201......................................................134/10=X B 247 ............................................................ LN 2 B 202 .................................................... 134/11=XI B 248 ................................................. LN 7 (child) B 203 .................................................. 131/17=XVI B 249 ................................................LN 6 (adult) B 204 ............................................... 131/36=XXIV B 250 ...........................................................LN 31 B 205 ..............................................131/47=XXXII B 251........................................................... LN 25 B 206 .............................................131/54=XXXIX B 252 ..........................................................LN 26 B 207 .............................................131/40=XXVIII B 253 ....................................131/58=XXIX pl 1&2 B 208 .............................................131/48=XXXIII B 254 ........................................................ LN 327 B 209 ................................................... 131/15=XV B 255 ........................................................ LN 325 B 210...................................................131/14=XIV B 256 ............................................... 131/35=XXIII B 211 ........................................131/1=I plane 1&2 B 257 ................................................ 131/34=XXII B 212..................................................131/37=XXV B 258 ........................................................ LN 330 B 213 ................................................. 131/45=XXX B 259 ......................................................... LN 311 B 214.................................................131/19=XVIII B 260 .........................................................LN 312 B 215........................................................131/2=II B 261..........................................................LN 314 B 216..................................................131/18=XVII B 262 .........................................................LN 313 463 — B 263 ........................................................ LN 322 B 309 ........................................................LN 75A B 264 .........................................................LN 323 B 310........................................................... LN 75 B 265 .........................................................LN 315 B 311 ........................................................... LN 53 B 266 ........................................................ LN 329 B 312 ...........................................................LN 46 B 267 .........................................................LN 321 B 313 .........................................................LN 72B B 268 .........................................................LN 316 B 314 ........................................................... LN 72 B 269 .........................................................LN 317 B 315 .........................................................LN 72A B 270 ........................................................ LN 307 B 316........................................................... LN 77 B 271 .........................................................LN 306 B 317 ........................................................... LN 78 B 272 ........................................................ LN 305 B 318........................................................... LN 74 B 273 ........................................................LN 309 B 319................................................. LN 4 (adult) B 274 ........................................................LN 304 B 320 .................................................LN 5 (child) B 275 ........................................................ LN 303 B 321 ............................................................. LN 3 B 276 ........................................................LN 308 B 322 ...........................................................LN 12 B 277 ........................................................ LN 302 B 323............................................................LN 13 B 278 .........................................................LN 301 B 324 ...........................................................LN 14 B 279 .........................................................LN 310 B 325 ...........................................................LN 15 B 280 .............................................. 133/nn=XXIV B 326 .......................................................... LN 57 B 281......................................................133/11=XI B 327 ...........................................................LN 16 B 282 ..................................................... 133/9=IX B 328 ...........................................................LN 18 B 283 ...................................................133/12=XII B 329 ...........................................................LN 17 B 284 .....................................................133/10=X B 330 ...........................................................LN 10 B 285 ..................................................133/13=XIII B 331 ...........................................................LN 60 B 286 ..................................................... 133/6=VI B 332...........................................................LN 59 B 287 .................................................... 133/7=VII B 333...........................................................LN 58 B 288 .......................................................133/5=V B 334 .......................................................... LN 52 B 289 .............................................. 133/nn=XXVI B 335........................................... LN 51 (botom) B 290 ...................................................133/8=VIII B 336 ..................................................LN 51 (top) B 291........................................................... LN 35 B 337...........................................................LN 50 B 292 ..........................................................LN 66 B 338 .......................................................... LN 47 B 293 ..........................................................LN 65 B 339 ..........................................................LN 48 B 294 ..........................................................LN 68 B 340 ..........................................................LN 49 B 295 ..........................................................LN 69 B 341 ........................................................... LN 55 B 296 .......................................................... LN 70 B 342 ..........................................................LN 56 B 297 ..........................................................LN 98 B 343 ..........................................................LN 82 B 298 ..........................................................LN 88 B 344 ............................................................LN 8 B 299 ...........................................................LN 41 B 345 ........................................................... LN 11 B 300 ..........................................................LN 42 B 346 ............................................................LN 9 B 301........................................................... LN 36 B 347 ..........................................................LN 9a B 302 .......................................................... LN 37 B 348 .................................................LN 19 (NW) B 303 ...............................................LN 39 (west) B 349 ................................................... LN 19 (SE) B 304 ................................................LN 39 (east) B 350 ...........................................................LN 61 B 305 ..........................................................LN 64 B 351 ...........................................................LN 62 B 306 .......................................................... LN 38 B 352 .............................................. 141/nn=XVIII B 307 .......................................................... LN 63 B 353...................................................141/12=VIII B 308 .......................................................... LN 73 B 354 ....................................................141/15=XI 464 — B 355 .................................................141/20=XVI B 401 .......................................................... LN 97 B 356 ...................................................141/16=XII B 402 ........................................................ LN 109 B 357 ..................................................141/17=XIII B 403 ........................................................ LN 108 B 358 ................................................141/nn=XVII B 404.................................................... 141/13=IX B 359 ...................................................141/19=XV B 405 ....................................................141/10=VI B 360 ...................................................133/15=XV B 406.....................................................141/14=X B 361................................................ 133/18=XVIII B 407 ...................................................... 141/9=V B 362 ................................................. 133/16=XVI B 408................................................... 141/11=VII B 363 ..................................................133/19=XIX B 409..................................................... 141/8=IV B 364 ................................................133/nn=XVII B 410 .........................................................LN 233 B 365 ................................................. 133/14=XIV B 411 ......................................................... LN 216 B 366 ...............................................133/nn=XXIII B 412..........................................................LN 215 B 367 ..................................................133/21=XXI B 413 ..........................................................LN 116 B 368 .................................................. 133/20=XX B 414 ......................................................... LN 117 B 369 ................................................133/22=XXII B 415..........................................................LN 118 B 370 ..........................................................LN 111 B 416 .........................................................LN 214 B 371 ..........................................................LN 110 B 417..........................................................LN 213 B 372 .........................................................LN 119 B 418 .........................................................LN 212 B 373.......................................................... LN 113 B 419 ......................................................... LN 211 B 374 ..........................................................LN 89 B 420 ........................................................ LN 234 B 375 ..........................................................LN 90 B 421.......................................................... LN 121 B 376 ...........................................................LN 91 B 422 ......................................................... LN 115 B 377...........................................................LN 99 B 423 ........................................................ LN 120 B 378 ........................................................ LN 100 B 424 ......................................................... LN 131 B 379 ........................................................ LN 102 B 425 .........................................................LN 132 B 380 .........................................................LN 101 B 426 .........................................................LN 133 B 381...........................................................LN 94 B 427 .........................................................LN 136 B 382 .........................................................LN 103 B 428 .........................................................LN 135 B 383 ........................................................ LN 104 B 429 .........................................................LN 134 B 384 ........................................................ LN 105 B 430 ........................................................ LN 210 B 385 ......................................................... LN 112 B 431 .........................................................LN 209 B 386 ........................................................ LN 106 B 432 ........................................................ LN 227 B 387 .........................................................LN 107 B 433 ........................................................LN 229 B 388 .........................................................LN 114 B 434 ........................................................LN 228 B 389 .......................................................... LN 79 B 435 .........................................................LN 125 B 390 ..........................................................LN 80 B 436 .........................................................LN 127 B 391...........................................................LN 92 B 437 ........................................................ LN 128 B 392 ...........................................................LN 81 B 438 ........................................................ LN 126 B 393 .......................................................... LN 93 B 439 .........................................................LN 137 B 394 ..........................................................LN 95 B 440.........................................................LN 130 B 395 ..........................................................LN 96 B 441 ........................................................ LN 129 B 396 ..........................................................LN 84 B 442 .........................................................LN 138 B 397 ..........................................................LN 85 B 443 .........................................................LN 139 B 398 .......................................................... LN 83 B 444........................................................ LN 140 B 399 ..........................................................LN 86 B 445 ........................................................LN 208 B 400.......................................................... LN 87 B 446........................................................LN 207 465 — B 447 ........................................................LN 206 B 493 ........................................................LN 220 B 448........................................................LN 205 B 494........................................................ LN 225 B 449.........................................................LN 122 B 495 ........................................................LN 224 B 450 .........................................................LN 123 B 496........................................................LN 226 B 451..........................................................LN 124 B 497 .................................................142/18=XIV B 452 .........................................................LN 142 B 498........................................................ 142/nn B 453 .........................................................LN 141 B 499........................................................ 142/nn B 454 .........................................................LN 143 B 500 ........................................................ 142/nn B 455 ........................................................LN 204 B 501..........................................................142/10 B 456 ........................................................ LN 203 B 502 .................................... plane 1:142/nn~XV B 457 ........................................................LN 202 B 502 ...........................................pl 2: 142/9=XIII B 458 ........................................................ LN 201 B 503 ..........................................pl 1: 142/nn~XV B 459 ...................................................133/nn=IV B 503 .......................................... pl 2: 142/17=XV B 460.......................................................133/2=II B 504 ....................................................142/7~XV B 461 ................................................133/nn=XXV B 505 ...................................................142/5~XVI B 462 ................................................... 133/nn=III B 506 ................................................. 142/nn~VII B 463 ........................................................ 133/1=I B 507 ................................................. 142/nn~VII B 464........................................................LN 254 B 508 ..................................................142/32~VII B 465 ........................................................LN 246 B 509 .................................................. 142/33=VII B 466........................................................ LN 247 B 510...................................................142/35~VII B 467 ........................................................LN 248 B 511 ..................................................142/14=VIII B 468........................................................ LN 253 B 512..................................................142/43~VIII B 469........................................................LN 249 B 513 ..................................................142/37~VIII B 470 ........................................................ LN 235 B 514.....................................................142/11~IX B 471......................................................... LN 239 B 515.................................................. 142/nn=XII B 472 ........................................................LN 245 B 516.................................................. 142/15=XVI B 473 ........................................................LN 242 B 517 ................................................142/16=XVIII B 474 ........................................................ LN 243 B 518...............................................142/nn~XVIII B 475 .........................................................LN 241 B 519....................................................142/25~IX B 476 ........................................................LN 244 B 520 ................................................142/23~XVII B 477 .........................................................LN 251 B 521.................................................142/19=XVII B 478 ........................................................ LN 252 B 522 ...................................................142/42=IX B 479 ........................................................LN 250 B 523 ...................................................142/nn~IX B 480........................................................ LN 236 B 524 ...................................................142/39~IX B 481 ........................................................ LN 238 B 525 ...................................................142/38~IX B 482 ........................................................ LN 237 B 526 ...................................................142/44=VI B 483 ........................................................LN 240 B 527 ....................................................142/nn=V B 484........................................................ LN 230 B 528 .................................................. 142/nn~IV B 485 .........................................................LN 221 B 529 ...................................................142/40~IV B 486....................................................... LN 218 B 530 .................................................. 142/nn=IV B 487 ........................................................ LN 222 B 531 ................................................... 142/nn~IV B 488........................................................ LN 223 B 532 ........................................................ 142/nn B 489.........................................................LN 217 B 533......................................................... 142/nn B 490.........................................................LN 231 B 534 ..............................................142/nn~XXIII B 491 ........................................................ LN 232 B 535 ..............................................142/nn=XXIII B 492 ........................................................ LN 219 B 536 .............................................. 142/45~XXIII 466 — B 537 .............................................. 142/30~XXIII B 583 ..........................................................G 262 B 538 ...............................................142/nn=XXV B 584 ..........................................................G 260 B 539 ...............................................142/31=XXIV B 585 ..........................................................G 259 B 540 ................................................. 142/nn~XX B 586 ..........................................................G 258 B 541................................................. 142/13=XXII B 587 ..........................................................G 422 B 542 .................................................. 142/12~XX B 588 ...........................................................G 421 B 543 ................................................ 142/nn~XXI B 589 ..........................................................G 420 B 544 ................................................ 142/29=XXI B 590 .......................................................... G 419 B 545 ..................................................142/28~XX B 591............................................................G 130 B 546 ................................................ 142/nn~XIX B 592 ...........................................................G 127 B 547 ....................................................142/6~XX B 593 .......................................................... G 129 B 548 ....................................................142/4=XX B 594 .......................................................... G 128 B 549 ...................................................142/3~XIX B 595 .......................................................... G 126 B 550 ...................................................142/27~IX B 596 ...........................................................G 124 B 551....................................................142/2=XIX B 597 ...........................................................G 123 B 552 ................................................ 142/nn~XIX B 598 ...........................................................G 122 B 553 ...................................................142/nn~III B 599 ........................................................... G 121 B 554 ...................................................142/24~III B 600.......................................................... G 120 B 555 ...................................................142/26=III B 601 ...........................................................G 118 B 556 .................................................... 142/22=II B 602 ............................................................ G 72 B 557 .....................................................142/nn=I B 603 ........................................................... G 113 B 558 .....................................................142/nn~I B 604............................................................ G 63 B 559 ....................................................142/nn=X B 605 .............................................................G 71 B 560 ................................................... 142/21=XI B 606............................................................G 64 B 561...........................................................G 439 B 607 ............................................................G 65 B 562 ..........................................................G 434 B 608........................................................LN 340 B 563 ..........................................................G 438 B 609..........................................................G 265 B 564 .......................................................... G 437 B 610 ..........................................................G 264 B 565 ..........................................................G 436 B 611 ........................................................... G 263 B 566 .......................................................... G 433 B 612...........................................................G 440 B 567 .......................................................... G 432 B 613............................................................G 411 B 568 ...........................................................G 431 B 614 .......................................................... G 410 B 569 ..........................................................G 430 B 615........................................................... G 401 B 570 .......................................................... G 435 B 616 ..........................................................G 402 B 571 ...........................................................G 429 B 617...........................................................G 409 B 572 .......................................................... G 423 B 618 ...........................................................G 133 B 573 ..........................................................G 428 B 619 ..........................................................G 403 B 574 ..........................................................G 424 B 620 ..........................................................G 405 B 575 ..........................................................G 425 B 621...........................................................G 404 B 576 .......................................................... G 427 B 622 ..........................................................G 407 B 577 ..........................................................G 426 B 623 ...........................................................G 417 B 578 .......................................................... G 273 B 624 ...........................................................G 415 B 579 .......................................................... G 272 B 625 .......................................................... G 414 B 580 ..........................................................G 269 B 626 .......................................................... G 416 B 581............................................................G 271 B 627 ..........................................................G 406 B 582 ..........................................................G 267 B 628 .......................................................... G 418 467 — B 629 ..........................................................G 408 B 675 ........................................................... M 34 B 630 ...........................................................G 413 B 676 ............................................................M 33 B 631............................................................G 412 B 677 ........................................................... M 36 B 632 ...........................................................G 132 B 678 ........................................................... M 38 B 633 .........................................................G 131A B 679 ............................................................M 37 B 634 ........................................................... G 131 B 680............................................................M 53 B 635 ...........................................................G 116 B 681 ........................................................... M 52 B 636 ...........................................................G 114 B 682 ............................................................M 61 B 637 ........................................................... G 115 B 683 ........................................................... M 56 B 638 ............................................................ G 70 B 684........................................................... M 55 B 639 ............................................................G 68 B 685 ........................................................... M 43 B 640............................................................ G 67 B 686...........................................................M 44 B 641 ............................................................G 69 B 687 ........................................................... M 45 B 642 ............................................................G 66 B 688...........................................................M 46 B 643 ............................................................ G 73 B 689........................................................... M 50 B 644........................................................... G 112 B 690........................................................... M 58 B 645 ...........................................................G 125 B 691 ........................................................... M 59 B 646............................................................G 111 B 692 ...........................................................M 60 B 647 ............................................................G 24 B 693 ........................................................... M 83 B 648............................................................G 28 B 694...........................................................M 84 B 649............................................................ G 27 B 695 ........................................................... M 82 B 650 ............................................................G 26 B 696...........................................................M 80 B 651............................................................. G 25 B 697 ........................................................... M 76 B 652 .............................................................G 31 B 698........................................................... M 79 B 653 ............................................................G 29 B 699........................................................... M 78 B 654 ............................................................ G 30 B 700 ............................................................M 77 B 655 ............................................................ G 32 B 701.............................................................M 81 B 656 ...............................................................G 1 B 702 ...........................................................M 86 B 657 .............................................................. G 2 B 703 ........................................................... M 85 B 658 .............................................................. G 3 B 704 ...........................................................M 94 B 659 ............................................................G 4A B 705 ........................................................... M 87 B 660..............................................................G 8 B 706 ...........................................................M 88 B 661 .............................................................. G 7 B 707 ........................................................... M 95 B 662 .............................................................G 12 B 708 .......................................................... M 93 B 663 ............................................................. G 11 B 709 ............................................................M 91 B 664...........................................................G 11A B 710............................................................M 89 B 665 .............................................................G 13 B 711 ............................................................ M 92 B 666.............................................................G 14 B 712 ............................................................M 90 B 667 .............................................................G 16 B 713 ............................................................M 96 B 668.............................................................G 15 B 714............................................................ M 97 B 669.............................................................. G 4 B 715 .......................................................... M 258 B 670 .............................................................. G 5 B 716.......................................................... M 109 B 671...............................................................G 6 B 717 ............................................................M 99 B 672 ..............................................................G 9 B 718...........................................................M 105 B 673 .............................................................G 10 B 719............................................................M 98 B 674 ............................................................M 35 B 720 ......................................................... M 104 468 — B 721 ...........................................................M 102 B 767 ..........................................................M 218 B 722 ..........................................................M 103 B 768 ..........................................................M 219 B 723 .......................................................... M 101 B 769 ......................................................... M 220 B 724 ......................................................... M 100 B 770 ..........................................................M 201 B 725 .......................................................... M 110 B 771 .......................................................... M 202 B 726 ......................................................... M 108 B 772 ..........................................................M 221 B 727 ..........................................................M 107 B 773.......................................................... M 223 B 728 ......................................................... M 106 B 774 .................................................................. - B 729 ........................................................... M 75 B 775 ......................................................... M 203 B 730 ........................................................... M 74 B 776 ......................................................... M 228 B 731 .......................................................... M 205 B 777.......................................................... M 227 B 732 ........................................................... M 42 B 778 ......................................................... M 259 B 733.............................................................M 41 B 779 ......................................................... M 254 B 734 ........................................................... M 23 B 780 ......................................................... M 236 B 735 ............................................................M 21 B 781...........................................................M 237 B 736 ........................................................... M 20 B 782 ......................................................... M 242 B 737.............................................................M 19 B 783 ......................................................... M 247 B 738 ............................................................M 18 B 784 ......................................................... M 238 B 739 ........................................................... M 62 B 785 .................................................................. - B 740 ...........................................................M 49 B 786 .........................................................M 240 B 741............................................................ M 47 B 787 ......................................................... M 239 B 742 ............................................................M 51 B 788 ..........................................................M 241 B 743 ...........................................................M 48 B 789 .........................................................M 244 B 744 .........................................................M 204 B 790 ......................................................... M 243 B 745 .........................................................M 206 B 791..........................................................M 248 B 746 ..........................................................M 233 B 792 .........................................................M 246 B 747 ....................................................M 22/234 B 793 ......................................................... M 252 B 748 ......................................................... M 232 B 794 ......................................................... M 250 B 749 ......................................................... M 229 B 795 ......................................................M 245/9 B 750 ..................................................M 235/224 B 796 ......................................................... M 253 B 751 .............................................................M 17 B 797 ......................................................... M 257 B 752 ......................................................... M 256 B 798 ..........................................................M 251 B 753 .........................................................M 208 B 799 ......................................................... M 255 B 754 ......................................................... M 207 B 801 .......................................................... 97/27 B 755 ..........................................................M 213 B 802 ...........................................................97/17 B 756 .........................................................M 209 B 803 ............................................................97/9 B 757 ......................................................... M 225 B 804...........................................................97/19 B 758 ......................................................... M 226 B 805 ...........................................................97/10 B 759 .......................................................... M 211 B 806...........................................................97/13 B 760 ..........................................................M 210 B 807 .......................................................... 97/22 B 761...........................................................M 212 B 808............................................................97/8 B 762 ..........................................................M 214 B 809.......................................................... 97/23 B 763 ..........................................................M 216 B 810 ...........................................................97/18 B 764 ......................................................... M 215 B 811 ............................................................. 97/7 B 765 ......................................................... M 222 B 812............................................................97/15 B 766 ..........................................................M 217 B 813.............................................................97/6 469 — B 814 ..........................................................97/26 OO 18 ................................................................. - B 815...........................................................97/24 OO 19 ............................................................ 242 B 816 ............................................................ 97/3 OO 20 ............................................................ 246 B 817............................................................97/21 OO 21.................................................................. - B 818 ...........................................................97/16 OO 22 ................................................................. - B 819 .............................................................97/1 OO 23 ................................................................. - B 820 ............................................................ 97/5 OO 24 ............................................................ 249 B 821............................................................ 97/11 OO 25 .............................................................189 B 822 ..........................................................97/20 OO 26 ............................................................. 183 B 823 ............................................................ 97/2 OO 27 ................................................................. - B 824 ............................................................97/4 OO 28 .............................................................149 B 825 ...........................................................97/14 OO 29 .............................................................148 B 826 ...........................................................97/12 OO 30 ..............................................................151 B 827 .......................................................... 97/25 OO 31..............................................................180 B 828 ..........................................................M 231 OO 32 ............................................................. 181 B 829 ...........................................................104/1 OO 33 ............................................................. 181 B 830 ..............................................................10B OO 34 .............................................................253 B 831..........................................................M 260 OO 35 ................................................................. - B 832 ......................................................... M 262 OO 36 ............................................................ 250 B 833 .......................................................(M 263) OO 37 ............................................................. 251 B 834 ...............................................Kelkensbos OO 38 ................................................................. OO 39 .............................................................247 Cemetery OO in Nijmegen-East OO 40.............................................................243 OO 41 .............................................................243 OO 42 .............................................................252 Graves without excavation number have been identiied by H. van Enckevort during analysis of the excavation records. OO 44.............................................................182 - ..................................................................... 206 OO 47 ............................................................. 134 OO 1.................................................................... - OO 48.............................................................120 OO 2 ...............................................................169 OO 49............................................................. 119 OO 3 ...............................................................186 OO 50 ..............................................................121 OO 4 ...............................................................166 OO 51.............................................................. 122 OO 5 ............................................................... 167 OO 52 ................................................................. - OO 6 ................................................................... - OO 53 ............................................................. 173 OO 7 ................................................................... - OO 54 ............................................................. 125 OO 8 ................................................................... - OO 55 ................................................................. - OO 9 ...............................................................164 OO 56 ............................................................. 174 OO 10 .............................................................168 OO 57 ............................................................. 127 OO 11 .................................................................. - OO 58 ............................................................. 179 OO 12..............................................................165 OO 59 .............................................................185 OO 13.............................................................. 163 OO 60............................................................. 178 OO 14 ................................................................. - OO 61 ................................................................. - OO 15............................................................. 248 OO 62 ............................................................. 175 OO 16 ................................................................. - OO 63 ............................................................. 172 OO 17.................................................................. - OO 64................................................................. - OO 45 ................................................................. OO 46................................................................. - 470 — OO 65 ............................................................. 152 OO 111............................................................. 143 OO 66.............................................................150 OO 112 ............................................................261 OO 67 ................................................................. - OO 113 ........................................................... 262 OO 68................................................................. - OO 114 ................................................................ - OO 69............................................................. 147 OO 115 ............................................................216 OO 70 ............................................................ 259 OO 116 ............................................................ 217 OO 71..............................................................257 OO 117 ................................................................ - OO 72 ............................................................ 256 OO 118 ............................................................218 OO 73 ................................................................. - OO 119 ................................................................ - OO 74 ............................................................ 258 OO 120 ............................................................... - OO 75 ............................................................ 254 OO 121 ........................................................... 224 OO 76 .............................................................255 OO 122 ...........................................................214 OO 77 ................................................................. - OO 123............................................................223 OO 78 ............................................................ 260 OO 125........................................................... 228 OO 79 ............................................................ 244 OO 126 ...........................................................227 OO 79 ................................................................. - OO 127............................................................232 OO 80............................................................ 244 OO 128 ........................................................... 231 OO 82 ............................................................ 245 OO 129 ...........................................................230 OO 83 .............................................................219 OO 130 .......................................................... 229 OO 84............................................................ 220 OO 131 ................................................................ - OO 85 ............................................................. 221 OO 131 ............................................................234 OO 86................................................................. - OO 132............................................................235 OO 87 .............................................................225 OO 133 ............................................................236 OO 88............................................................ 226 OO 134............................................................239 OO 89.............................................................267 OO 135............................................................241 OO 90............................................................ 266 OO 135................................................................ - OO 91 ............................................................ 264 OO 136 ........................................................... 187 OO 92 ............................................................ 265 OO 137 ............................................................109 OO 93 ................................................................. - OO 138 ...........................................................106 OO 94.............................................................263 OO 139 ............................................................... - OO 95 ................................................................. - OO 140 ...........................................................108 OO 96............................................................. 103 OO 141 ................................................................ - OO 97 ............................................................. 118 OO 142 ............................................................... - OO 98............................................................. 116 OO 143............................................................ 107 OO 99..............................................................117 OO 144 ...........................................................105 OO 100 ........................................................... 123 OO 145 ...........................................................104 OO 101 ............................................................126 OO 146 ............................................................... - OO 102 ...........................................................124 OO 147 ............................................................115 OO 103 ........................................................... 177 OO 148 ...........................................................128 OO 104 ........................................................... 176 OO 149 ............................................................141 OO 105 ............................................................171 OO 150 ........................................................... 136 OO 106 ...........................................................145 OO 151 ............................................................188 OO 107 ........................................................... 170 OO 152.............................................................133 OO 108 ...........................................................146 OO 153............................................................ 132 OO 109 ...........................................................144 OO 154 ............................................................... - OO 110 ............................................................142 OO 155................................................................ - 471 — OO 156 ........................................................... 215 OO 201 ........................................................... 157 OO 157........................................................... 209 OO 202 ............................................................... - OO 158 ............................................................... - OO 203 ...........................................................156 OO 159 ............................................................... - OO 204...........................................................159 OO 160 ............................................................... - OO 205 ...........................................................160 OO 161 ............................................................233 OO 206...........................................................184 OO 162 ...........................................................210 OO 207 ............................................................131 OO 163 ............................................................211 OO 208...........................................................129 OO 164 ........................................................... 213 OO 209........................................................... 130 OO 165 ............................................................... - OO 210 ...........................................................194 OO 165 .......................................................... 240 OO 212 ...........................................................195 OO 166 ...........................................................237 OO 213................................................................ - OO 167 ...........................................................203 OO 214 ............................................................... - OO 168 ...........................................................238 OO 215............................................................196 OO 169 ............................................................ 111 OO 216 ...........................................................199 OO 170 ........................................................... 110 OO 217................................................................ - OO 171 ................................................................ - OO 218 ............................................................... - OO 172................................................................ - OO 219 ...........................................................201 OO 173 .............................................................112 OO 220 ............................................................... - OO 174 ............................................................113 OO 221 ............................................................... - OO 175.............................................................114 OO 222 .......................................................... 286 OO 176 ...........................................................140 OO 223 .......................................................... 285 OO 177............................................................ 139 OO 224 ............................................................... - OO 178 ........................................................... 138 OO 225 ............................................................... - OO 179 ........................................................... 137 OO 226 ............................................................... - OO 180 ...........................................................158 OO 227 ............................................................... - OO 181 ............................................................162 OO 228 ............................................................ 96 OO 182 ............................................................... - OO 229 .............................................................97 OO 183 ............................................................... - OO 230 ............................................................... - OO 184 ............................................................... - OO 231............................................................192 OO 185 ............................................................... - OO 232 ........................................................... 193 OO 186 ........................................................... 197 OO 233 ............................................................... - OO 187 ............................................................... - OO 234 ........................................................... 191 OO 188 .......................................................... 202 OO 235 ............................................................... - OO 189 ........................................................... 212 OO 236 ............................................................... - OO 190 ............................................................... - OO 237 ............................................................... - OO 191 ................................................................ - OO 238 ............................................................... - OO 192 ............................................................... - OO 239 ............................................................... - OO 193 .......................................................... 208 OO 240.......................................................... 200 OO 194 .......................................................... 204 OO 241 ...........................................................287 OO 195 .......................................................... 205 OO 242 .......................................................... 288 OO 196 ...........................................................207 OO 243 ........................................................... 271 OO 197 ...........................................................154 OO 244...........................................................272 OO 198 ........................................................... 155 OO 245 ............................................................... - OO 199 ........................................................... 161 OO 246...........................................................270 OO 200........................................................... 153 OO 247 .......................................................... 269 472 — OO 248.......................................................... 268 OO 294............................................................ 82 OO 249............................................................311 OO 295 ............................................................... - OO 250 ............................................................ 92 OO 296............................................................... - OO 251..............................................................93 OO 297 ............................................................... - OO 252 ............................................................ 98 OO 298............................................................... - OO 253 ............................................................... - OO 299...........................................................102 OO 254 ............................................................... - OO 300 ............................................................... - OO 255 ............................................................ 95 OO 301 ............................................................... - OO 256 ............................................................ 94 OO 302 ........................................................... 101 OO 257 ............................................................... - OO 303 ............................................................... - OO 258 ............................................................... - OO 304 .......................................................... 298 OO 259 ...........................................................198 OO 305 ...........................................................297 OO 260............................................................... - OO 306 .......................................................... 296 OO 261 ............................................................... - OO 307 .......................................................... 284 OO 262 ............................................................... - OO 308 .......................................................... 295 OO 263 ............................................................... - OO 309 ........................................................... 316 OO 264............................................................... - OO 310 ............................................................313 OO 265 ............................................................... - OO 311 ............................................................ 317 OO 266............................................................... - OO 312............................................................ 318 OO 267 ...........................................................293 OO 313 ............................................................ 314 OO 268.......................................................... 292 OO 314..............................................................55 OO 269...........................................................291 OO 315..............................................................57 OO 270 ...........................................................283 OO 316 ............................................................ 58 OO 271........................................................... 282 OO 317 ..............................................................52 OO 272 .......................................................... 290 OO 318 .............................................................74 OO 273 .......................................................... 294 OO 319 ............................................................ 59 OO 274 .......................................................... 289 OO 320 .............................................................73 OO 275 ...........................................................278 OO 321..............................................................78 OO 276 ...........................................................273 OO 322 ............................................................ 80 OO 277 ...........................................................274 OO 323 .............................................................79 OO 278 ...........................................................275 OO 324 .............................................................81 OO 279 ...........................................................276 OO 325 ............................................................ 86 OO 280...........................................................277 OO 326 ............................................................ 84 OO 281 ............................................................... - OO 327 .............................................................83 OO 282 ............................................................... - OO 328 ............................................................... - OO 283 ...........................................................281 OO 329 ...........................................................100 OO 284...........................................................279 OO 330 ............................................................... - OO 285 .......................................................... 280 OO 331 ................................................................ - OO 286........................................................... 315 OO 332 ............................................................... - OO 287 ........................................................... 310 OO 333............................................................. 99 OO 288........................................................... 312 OO 334 ............................................................... - OO 289.............................................................77 OO 335 ........................................................... 301 OO 290.............................................................75 OO 336 ...........................................................302 OO 291 .............................................................76 OO 337 .......................................................... 300 OO 292 .............................................................91 OO 338 .......................................................... 299 OO 293 ............................................................... - OO 339 ...........................................................307 473 — OO 340 .......................................................... 308 OO 386 ...........................................................323 OO 341............................................................ 319 OO 387 ...........................................................305 OO 342 ............................................................ 29 OO 388 ...........................................................324 OO 343 .............................................................30 OO 389 ...........................................................327 OO 344 ............................................................. 31 OO 390 ...........................................................326 OO 345 .............................................................32 OO 391 ...........................................................325 OO 346 .............................................................33 OO 392 ............................................................... - OO 347 .............................................................53 OO 393 .............................................................14 OO 348 ............................................................ 56 OO 394 .............................................................22 OO 349 .............................................................54 OO 395 .............................................................. 9 OO 350 ............................................................ 50 OO 396 .............................................................24 OO 351.............................................................. 51 OO 397 .............................................................38 OO 352 ............................................................ 49 OO 398 ............................................................... - OO 353 ............................................................ 60 OO 399 ............................................................... - OO 354 .............................................................61 OO 400 ........................................................... 40 OO 356 ............................................................ 85 OO 401 .............................................................39 OO 356 ............................................................... - OO 402.............................................................43 OO 357 ............................................................ 88 OO 403 .............................................................47 OO 358 ............................................................ 89 OO 404 ........................................................... 48 OO 359 .......................................................... 304 OO 405............................................................... - OO 360 ...........................................................303 OO 406 ........................................................... 64 OO 361 .......................................................... 306 OO 407............................................................... - OO 362 .......................................................... 309 OO 408 ........................................................... 69 OO 363 ...........................................................320 OO 409 .............................................................. - OO 364 ........................................................... 321 OO 410 ............................................................... - OO 365 ...........................................................322 OO 411 .............................................................. 71 OO 366 .............................................................25 OO 412 ............................................................. 13 OO 367 ............................................................ 26 OO 413................................................................3 OO 368 .............................................................27 OO 414 ............................................................... - OO 369 ............................................................ 28 OO 415 .............................................................10 OO 370 .............................................................23 OO 416 ............................................................... - OO 371 ..............................................................34 OO 417 ............................................................... - OO 372 .............................................................35 OO 418 .............................................................. 8 OO 373 .............................................................37 OO 419 ............................................................ 44 OO 374 ............................................................... - OO 420.............................................................45 OO 375 .............................................................36 OO 421 .............................................................67 OO 376 .............................................................41 OO 422 ............................................................ 68 OO 377 .............................................................42 OO 423 ............................................................ 66 OO 378 ............................................................ 62 OO 424.............................................................70 OO 379 ............................................................ 46 OO 425 ..............................................................11 OO 380 ............................................................... - OO 426...............................................................5 OO 381 .............................................................63 OO 427 ............................................................... - OO 382 .............................................................72 OO 428...............................................................4 OO 383 .............................................................87 OO 429............................................................... - OO 384 ............................................................ 90 OO 430 ...............................................................2 OO 385 ............................................................... - OO 431................................................................ 1 474 — OO 432 ............................................................. 15 OO 476..........................................................909 OO 433 .............................................................. 6 OO 477 ............................................................... - OO 434 ............................................................. 21 OO 478..........................................................909 OO 435 ............................................................ 65 OO 479..........................................................908 OO 436 ............................................................... - OO 480 ......................................................... 907 OO 437 ............................................................. 12 OO 481 ..........................................................906 OO 438 .............................................................18 OO 482.......................................................... 905 OO 439 ............................................................... - OO 483 .......................................................... 904 OO 440 ..............................................................7 OO 484 ......................................................... 903 OO 441 ............................................................ 20 OO 485............................................................... - OO 442............................................................... - OO 486 ......................................................... 902 OO 443 ............................................................. 17 OO 487............................................................... - OO 444.............................................................16 OO 488 .............................................................. - OO 445............................................................... - OO 489 ..........................................................901 OO 446 ............................................................19 OO 447 ............................................................... OO 448 .............................................................. OO 449 .............................................................. OO 450............................................................... OO 451 ............................................................... OO 452 ............................................................... OO 453 ............................................................... OO 454............................................................... OO 455 ............................................................... OO 456............................................................... OO 457 ............................................................... OO 458............................................................... OO 459............................................................... OO 460 .............................................................. OO 461 ...........................................................919 OO 462............................................................... OO 463 ...........................................................918 OO 464 .............................................................. OO 465............................................................... OO 466 ..........................................................916 OO 467........................................................... 917 OO 468 ..........................................................915 OO 469 ..........................................................914 OO 470............................................................... OO 470...........................................................912 OO 471 ............................................................... OO 472 ........................................................... 913 OO 473 ...........................................................910 OO 473 ........................................................... 911 OO 474 ............................................................... OO 475 ............................................................... - Appendix 1b: from excavation grave number to catalogue grave number Cemetery B in the inner city D 22 .............................................................. B 30 D 23 ...............................................................B 32 D 24..............................................................B 40 Excavations 1947-1963 D 24a.............................................................B 41 under the direction of D 24b ........................................................... B 42 H. Brunsting D 25a ............................................................ B 34 D 25 ...............................................................B 35 Legend D 26a............................................................ B 36 D 26b ............................................................B 37 Italics ...............................................location year D 26c ............................................................ B 38 (Italics) ........................................daily supervisor D 26d ........................................................... B 39 D 27 ...............................................................B 33 Areas in cemetery B D 28...............................................................B 31 D ...................................... Dominican Broerkerk D 29.............................................................. B 43 G ........................................................... Grutberg D 30 .................................................................B 3 LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat D 31................................................................. B 4 M ......................................................Mariënburg D 32 ................................................................ B 2 Kerkegasje 1949 Kerkegasje 1950 (H. Brunsting) (H. Brunsting) D 1 .................................................................. B 5 D 33 .............................................................. B 55 D 2 .................................................................. B 6 D 34 .............................................................. B 24 D 3 .................................................................. B 7 D 35 .............................................................. B 56 D 4 .................................................................. B 9 D 36 ............................................................ B 169 D 5 .................................................................B 10 D 6.................................................................. B 8 Town hall 1951 D 7 .................................................................B 19 (H. Brunsting) D 8................................................................ B 22 D 37 ..............................................................B 49 D 9.................................................................B 18 D 38 .............................................................. B 50 D 10 ...................................................B stray 297 D 39 ...............................................................B 51 D 11 ...............................................................B 44 D 11a ............................................................. B 45 Broerkerk 1951 D 12a ............................................................B 46 (G. Plug) D 12 .............................................................. B 47 D 41 .............................................................B 144 D 13...............................................................B 48 D 43 ............................................................ B 149 D 14 botom ................................................ B 20 D 45............................................................ B 146 D 14 top.........................................................B 21 D 46.............................................................B 147 D 15 .............................................................. B 27 D 47 .............................................................B 143 D 16 .............................................................. B 28 D 48.............................................................B 145 D 17............................................................... B 25 D 49.............................................................B 138 D 17 niche....................................................B 176 D 50............................................................ B 140 D 18 .............................................................. B 26 D 51 ............................................................. B 141 D 19 ...............................................................B 15 D 52 .............................................................B 142 D 20...............................................................B 17 D 55 ..............................................................B 131 D 21 ...............................................................B 23 D 56.............................................................B 139 D 22a ............................................................ B 29 D 57 .............................................................B 132 475 — 476 — D 58.............................................................B 135 D 109 ............................................................B 88 D 59.............................................................B 134 D 110.............................................................B 113 D 60.............................................................B 128 D 111 ............................................................ B 119 D 61 ............................................................. B 133 D 112 .............................................................B 96 D 62.............................................................B 127 D 113 ............................................................ B 118 D 63 .............................................................B 126 D 114 ............................................................. B 95 D 64.............................................................B 125 D 115 ............................................................ B 112 D 65............................................................. B 121 D 116............................................................. B 85 D 66............................................................. B 137 D 117 .............................................................B 86 D 67 .............................................................B 136 D 118.............................................................B 69 D 68.............................................................B 124 D 119.............................................................B 94 D 69.............................................................B 130 D 120 ........................................................... B 110 D 70 .............................................................B 129 D 121 ............................................................B 107 D 71..............................................................B 123 D 122B .........................................................B 108 D 72 .............................................................B 122 D 122A .........................................................B 109 D 73 .............................................................. B 97 D 123.............................................................B 111 D 74 .............................................................B 159 D 75 .............................................................B 156 Broerkerk 1952 D 76 .............................................................B 155 (G. Plug) D 77 ............................................................ B 158 D 128 ...........................................................B 103 D 78 .............................................................B 157 D 129 ...........................................................B 102 D 79 .............................................................B 162 D 130 ........................................................... B 101 D 80.............................................................B 164 D 131 ............................................................B 100 D 81 .............................................................B 165 D 132............................................................. B 79 D 82.............................................................B 163 D 133.............................................................B 99 D 83 .............................................................B 160 D 134 ............................................................B 98 D 84............................................................. B 161 D 135..............................................................B 73 D 85.............................................................B 150 D 136 ............................................................ B 78 D 86.............................................................B 154 D 137..............................................................B 77 D 87 ............................................................. B 151 D 138 ............................................................ B 76 D 88.............................................................B 152 D 139 ............................................................ B 74 D 89.............................................................B 167 D 140 ............................................................ B 75 D 91 .............................................................B 168 D 141 ............................................................. B 54 D 92.............................................................B 166 D 142 .............................................................B 13 D 93 .............................................................B 148 D 143 .............................................................B 14 D 96..............................................................B 117 D 144 .............................................................B 16 D 97 .............................................................B 120 D 145 .............................................................B 53 D 100 ............................................................ B 93 D 146 .............................................................B 12 D 101............................................................. B 92 D 147 ............................................................. B 11 D 102 .............................................................B 91 D 150 ............................................................B 66 D 103 ........................................................... B 114 D 152 ............................................................ B 52 D 104 ........................................................... B 115 D 153............................................................. B 65 D 105 ........................................................... B 116 D 154 ............................................................ B 67 D 106 ............................................................B 90 D 154A ..........................................................B 68 D 107 ............................................................ B 87 D 155 ............................................................ B 62 D 108 ............................................................B 89 D 156 ............................................................ B 63 477 — D 157.............................................................B 64 G 12.............................................................B 662 D 158 ............................................................B 60 G 13.............................................................B 665 D 159 .............................................................B 61 G 14 ............................................................B 666 D 160 ............................................................ B 72 G 15.............................................................B 668 D 161..............................................................B 71 G 16 ............................................................B 667 D 162 ............................................................ B 70 D 163 ...........................................................B 153 Houtmarkt 1952 (G. Plug) Broerkerk 1953 G 24 ............................................................ B 647 (G. Plug) G 25 .............................................................B 651 D 164 ...........................................................B 170 G 26 ............................................................B 650 D 165 ........................................................... B 171 G 27 ............................................................B 649 D 166 ........................................................... B 173 G 28 ............................................................B 648 D 167 ...........................................................B 172 G 29 ............................................................ B 653 D 168 ...........................................................B 175 G 30 ............................................................B 654 G 31............................................................. B 652 Kerkegasje 1956 G 32 ............................................................ B 655 (G.J. de Vries) D 169 ...........................................................B 174 Houtmarkt 1952 D 170 .......................................................... B 104 (G. Plug) D 170A .........................................................B 105 G 63 ............................................................B 604 D 172 .......................................................... B 106 G 64............................................................B 606 D 175.............................................................B 80 G 65 ............................................................B 607 D 176 .............................................................B 81 G 66............................................................B 642 D 177............................................................. B 82 G 67 ............................................................B 640 D 178 ............................................................ B 83 G 68............................................................ B 639 G 69............................................................ B 641 Halve Trom 1950 G 70 ............................................................ B 638 (G.J. de Vries) G 71.............................................................B 605 D 179 ...............................................................B 1 G 72 ............................................................B 602 G 73 ............................................................ B 643 Oude Stadsgracht 1952 (G. Plug) Grutberg, Oude Stadsgracht 1952 G 1...............................................................B 656 (G. Plug) G 2 .............................................................. B 657 G 111............................................................B 646 G 3 ..............................................................B 658 G 112 ...........................................................B 644 G 4A............................................................B 659 G 113 ........................................................... B 603 G 4 ..............................................................B 669 G 114 ........................................................... B 636 G 5 ..............................................................B 670 G 115 ........................................................... B 637 G 6 ...............................................................B 671 G 116 ........................................................... B 635 G 7 .............................................................. B 661 G 118 ........................................................... B 601 G 8 ..............................................................B 660 G 120 ..........................................................B 600 G 9 .............................................................. B 672 G 121 ...........................................................B 599 G 10 ............................................................ B 673 G 122 ..........................................................B 598 G 11 ............................................................. B 663 G 123........................................................... B 597 G 11A...........................................................B 664 G 124 ..........................................................B 596 478 — G 125...........................................................B 645 G 416 ..........................................................B 626 G 126 .......................................................... B 595 G 417 .......................................................... B 623 G 127........................................................... B 592 G 418 ..........................................................B 628 G 128 ..........................................................B 594 G 419 ..........................................................B 590 G 129 .......................................................... B 593 G 420..........................................................B 589 G 130 ...........................................................B 591 G 421 ..........................................................B 588 G 131A ..........................................................B 633 G 422 .......................................................... B 587 Pauwelstraat 1952 Grutberg 1955 (G. Plug) (A. van Pernis) G 131 ........................................................... B 634 G 423 .......................................................... B 572 G 132........................................................... B 632 G 424.......................................................... B 574 G 133 ............................................................B 618 G 425 .......................................................... B 575 G 426...........................................................B 577 Grutberg 1955 G 427 .......................................................... B 576 (A. van Pernis) G 428...........................................................B 573 G 258 ..........................................................B 586 G 429...........................................................B 571 G 259 .......................................................... B 585 G 430 ..........................................................B 569 G 260..........................................................B 584 G 431...........................................................B 568 G 262 .......................................................... B 583 G 432 .......................................................... B 567 G 263 ........................................................... B 611 G 433 ..........................................................B 566 G 264...........................................................B 610 G 434 .......................................................... B 562 G 265 ..........................................................B 609 G 435 .......................................................... B 570 G 267 .......................................................... B 582 G 436 .......................................................... B 565 G 269..........................................................B 580 G 437 ..........................................................B 564 G 271............................................................B 581 G 438 .......................................................... B 563 G 272 .......................................................... B 579 G 439 ...........................................................B 561 G 273 .......................................................... B 578 G 440 ..........................................................B 612 Pauwelstraat 1957 St Josephhof 1952 (H.F. Wijnman) (G. Plug) G 401 ...........................................................B 615 Kelkensbos............................................... B 834 G 402...........................................................B 616 G 403 ...........................................................B 619 Lange Nieuwstraat 1957 G 404 ..........................................................B 621 (H.F. Wijnman) G 405..........................................................B 620 LN 1.............................................................B 246 G 406 ......................................................... B 627 LN 2 ............................................................ B 247 G 407.......................................................... B 622 LN 3 .............................................................B 321 G 408 .........................................................B 629 LN 4 (adult) .................................................B 319 G 409 ..........................................................B 617 LN 5 (child) ................................................. B 320 G 410 ...........................................................B 614 LN 6 (adult) ................................................B 249 G 411 ............................................................B 613 LN 7 (child) .................................................B 248 G 412 ...........................................................B 631 LN 8 ............................................................ B 344 G 413........................................................... B 630 LN 9 ............................................................ B 346 G 414 .......................................................... B 625 LN 9a .......................................................... B 347 G 415 ..........................................................B 624 LN 10 .......................................................... B 330 479 — LN 11 ........................................................... B 345 LN 61 .......................................................... B 350 LN 12........................................................... B 322 LN 62 ...........................................................B 351 LN 13............................................................B 323 LN 63 .......................................................... B 307 LN 14 .......................................................... B 324 LN 64.......................................................... B 305 LN 15........................................................... B 325 LN 65 .......................................................... B 293 LN 16 ...........................................................B 327 LN 66.......................................................... B 292 LN 17........................................................... B 329 LN 68..........................................................B 294 LN 18 .......................................................... B 328 LN 69.......................................................... B 295 LN 19 (NW)................................................. B 348 LN 70 ..........................................................B 296 LN 19 (SE) ................................................... B 349 LN 72B......................................................... B 313 LN 21........................................................... B 234 LN 72 ...........................................................B 314 LN 23 ...........................................................B 231 LN 72A.........................................................B 315 LN 24 .......................................................... B 232 LN 73 .......................................................... B 308 LN 25 ...........................................................B 251 LN 74 ...........................................................B 318 LN 26 .......................................................... B 252 LN 75A........................................................ B 309 LN 27 .......................................................... B 245 LN 75 ...........................................................B 310 LN 31........................................................... B 250 LN 77 ...........................................................B 316 LN 32 .......................................................... B 243 LN 78 ........................................................... B 317 LN 33 ..........................................................B 244 LN 79 .......................................................... B 389 LN 34 .......................................................... B 239 LN 80.......................................................... B 390 LN 35 ...........................................................B 291 LN 81 .......................................................... B 392 LN 36 ...........................................................B 301 LN 82 ...........................................................B 343 LN 37 .......................................................... B 302 LN 83 .......................................................... B 398 LN 38 .......................................................... B 306 LN 84.......................................................... B 396 LN 39 (west)............................................... B 303 LN 85 .......................................................... B 397 LN 39 (east)................................................ B 304 LN 86.......................................................... B 399 LN 41 ..........................................................B 299 LN 87 ..........................................................B 400 LN 42 .......................................................... B 300 LN 88..........................................................B 298 LN 44..........................................................B 240 LN 89.......................................................... B 374 LN 45 ...........................................................B 241 LN 90...........................................................B 375 LN 45A ....................................................... B 242 LN 91 .......................................................... B 376 LN 46...........................................................B 312 LN 92 ...........................................................B 391 LN 47 .......................................................... B 338 LN 93 .......................................................... B 393 LN 48.......................................................... B 339 LN 94...........................................................B 381 LN 49.......................................................... B 340 LN 95 .......................................................... B 394 LN 50 ...........................................................B 337 LN 96.......................................................... B 395 LN 51 (botom) ...........................................B 335 LN 97 ...........................................................B 401 LN 51 (top) ................................................. B 336 LN 98.......................................................... B 297 LN 52 ...........................................................B 334 LN 99...........................................................B 377 LN 53 ............................................................B 311 LN 100 ........................................................ B 378 LN 55 ...........................................................B 341 LN 101 ......................................................... B 380 LN 56 .......................................................... B 342 LN 102 ........................................................ B 379 LN 57 .......................................................... B 326 LN 103 ........................................................ B 382 LN 58 ...........................................................B 333 LN 104 .........................................................B 383 LN 59 ...........................................................B 332 LN 105 ........................................................ B 384 LN 60........................................................... B 331 LN 106 ........................................................ B 386 480 — LN 107 ........................................................ B 387 LN 207 ........................................................B 446 LN 108 ........................................................ B 403 LN 208........................................................B 445 LN 109 ........................................................B 402 LN 209.........................................................B 431 LN 110 .......................................................... B 371 LN 210 ........................................................ B 430 LN 111.......................................................... B 370 LN 211 ......................................................... B 419 LN 112 ......................................................... B 385 LN 212 ........................................................ B 418 LN 113 ..........................................................B 373 LN 213..........................................................B 417 LN 114 ......................................................... B 388 LN 214 ........................................................ B 416 LN 115 ......................................................... B 422 LN 215..........................................................B 412 LN 116 ..........................................................B 413 LN 216 ......................................................... B 411 LN 117 ..........................................................B 414 LN 217.........................................................B 489 LN 118 ..........................................................B 415 LN 218 ........................................................B 486 LN 119 ..........................................................B 372 LN 219 ........................................................B 492 LN 120 ........................................................ B 423 LN 220 ........................................................ B 493 LN 121 ..........................................................B 421 LN 221 ........................................................B 485 LN 122 ........................................................B 449 LN 222 ........................................................ B 487 LN 123.........................................................B 450 LN 223 ........................................................B 488 LN 124 .........................................................B 451 LN 224 ........................................................B 495 LN 125......................................................... B 435 LN 225 ........................................................B 494 LN 126 ........................................................ B 438 LN 226 ........................................................B 496 LN 127......................................................... B 436 LN 227 ........................................................ B 432 LN 128 .........................................................B 437 LN 228 ........................................................ B 434 LN 129 .........................................................B 441 LN 229 .........................................................B 433 LN 130 ........................................................B 440 LN 230 ........................................................B 484 LN 131 .........................................................B 424 LN 231.........................................................B 490 LN 132......................................................... B 425 LN 232 ........................................................ B 491 LN 133 .........................................................B 426 LN 233 ........................................................ B 410 LN 134.........................................................B 429 LN 234 ........................................................B 420 LN 135.........................................................B 428 LN 235 ........................................................ B 470 LN 136 ........................................................ B 427 LN 236 ........................................................B 480 LN 137 ......................................................... B 439 LN 237 ........................................................B 482 LN 138 ........................................................B 442 LN 238 ........................................................ B 481 LN 139 ........................................................ B 443 LN 239 .........................................................B 471 LN 140 ........................................................B 444 LN 240........................................................ B 483 LN 141 ......................................................... B 453 LN 241 ........................................................ B 475 LN 142 ........................................................ B 452 LN 242 ........................................................ B 473 LN 143 ........................................................ B 454 LN 243 ........................................................ B 474 LN 244........................................................ B 476 Lange Nieuwstraat 1960-1961 LN 245 ........................................................ B 472 (H.F. Wijnman) LN 246........................................................B 465 LN 201 ........................................................B 458 LN 247 ........................................................B 466 LN 202 ....................................................... B 457 LN 248........................................................ B 467 LN 203 ........................................................B 456 LN 249........................................................B 469 LN 204........................................................ B 455 LN 250 ........................................................ B 479 LN 205 ........................................................B 448 LN 251......................................................... B 477 LN 206........................................................ B 447 LN 252 ........................................................ B 478 481 — LN 253 ........................................................B 468 M 21.............................................................B 735 LN 254 ........................................................B 464 M 22/234.................................................... B 747 M 23 ........................................................... B 734 Burchtstraat ‘St. Louis’ 1947 M 33............................................................B 676 (H. Brunsting) M 34 ........................................................... B 675 LN 301 ........................................................ B 278 M 35 ........................................................... B 674 LN 302 .........................................................B 277 M 36 ........................................................... B 677 LN 303 ........................................................ B 275 M 37 ...........................................................B 679 LN 304 ........................................................ B 274 M 38 ...........................................................B 678 LN 305 ........................................................ B 272 M 41.............................................................B 733 LN 306 .........................................................B 271 M 42 ............................................................B 732 LN 307 ........................................................ B 270 M 43 ...........................................................B 685 LN 308 ........................................................ B 276 M 44 ...........................................................B 686 LN 309 .........................................................B 273 M 45 ...........................................................B 687 LN 310 ........................................................ B 279 M 46 ...........................................................B 688 M 47 ............................................................B 741 Burchtstraat ‘St. Louis’ 1950 M 48 ............................................................B 743 (H. Brunsting) M 49 ........................................................... B 740 LN 311 ......................................................... B 259 M 50 ...........................................................B 689 LN 312.........................................................B 260 M 51............................................................ B 742 LN 313 ......................................................... B 262 M 52 ............................................................B 681 LN 314..........................................................B 261 M 53 ...........................................................B 680 LN 315......................................................... B 265 M 55 ...........................................................B 684 LN 316 ........................................................B 268 M 56 ........................................................... B 683 LN 317 .........................................................B 269 M 58 ...........................................................B 690 M 59 ............................................................B 691 Emaushof 1956 M 60...........................................................B 692 (G.J. de Vries) M 61 ...........................................................B 682 LN 321......................................................... B 267 M 62 ........................................................... B 739 LN 322 ........................................................ B 263 M 74 ........................................................... B 730 LN 323 ........................................................B 264 M 75 ........................................................... B 729 LN 325 ........................................................ B 255 M 76 ........................................................... B 697 LN 327 ........................................................ B 254 M 77 ........................................................... B 700 LN 329 ........................................................B 266 M 78 ...........................................................B 699 LN 330 ........................................................ B 258 M 79 ...........................................................B 698 M 80...........................................................B 696 Oude Stadsgracht 1952 M 81 ............................................................B 701 (G. Plug) M 82 ...........................................................B 695 LN 340 ........................................................B 608 M 83 ........................................................... B 693 M 84 ...........................................................B 694 Mariënburg 1952 M 85 ........................................................... B 703 (G. Plug) M 86........................................................... B 702 M 17 .............................................................B 751 M 87 ........................................................... B 705 M 18 ........................................................... B 738 M 88........................................................... B 706 M 19 ............................................................B 737 M 89............................................................B 710 M 20 ........................................................... B 736 M 90............................................................B 712 482 — M 91 ........................................................... B 709 M 225 ..........................................................B 757 M 92 .............................................................B 711 M 226 ......................................................... B 758 M 93 ........................................................... B 708 M 227 ..........................................................B 777 M 94 ........................................................... B 704 M 228 ......................................................... B 776 M 95 ........................................................... B 707 M 229 ......................................................... B 749 M 96............................................................ B 713 M 231 ..........................................................B 828 M 97 ............................................................B 714 M 232 ......................................................... B 748 M 98............................................................B 719 M 233 ......................................................... B 746 M 99............................................................ B 717 M 235/224.................................................. B 750 M 100 ......................................................... B 724 M 236 .........................................................B 780 M 101 ...........................................................B 723 M 237 ..........................................................B 781 M 102 ..........................................................B 721 M 238 ......................................................... B 784 M 103.......................................................... B 722 M 239 ......................................................... B 787 M 104 ......................................................... B 720 M 240.........................................................B 786 M 105 ..........................................................B 718 M 241 .........................................................B 788 M 106 ......................................................... B 728 M 242 ......................................................... B 782 M 107...........................................................B 727 M 243 .........................................................B 790 M 108 ......................................................... B 726 M 244 .........................................................B 789 M 109 ..........................................................B 716 M 245/9 ..................................................... B 795 M 110 .......................................................... B 725 M 246......................................................... B 792 M 247 ......................................................... B 783 Mariënburg 1963 M 248..........................................................B 791 (A. van Pernis) M 250 ......................................................... B 794 M 201 ......................................................... B 770 M 251..........................................................B 798 M 202 ..........................................................B 771 M 252 ......................................................... B 793 M 203 ..........................................................B 775 M 253 .........................................................B 796 M 204 ......................................................... B 744 M 254 ......................................................... B 779 M 205 .......................................................... B 731 M 255 .........................................................B 799 M 206......................................................... B 745 M 256 ......................................................... B 752 M 207 ......................................................... B 754 M 257 ......................................................... B 797 M 208..........................................................B 753 M 209......................................................... B 756 Observations Mariënburg ‘63 M 210 .........................................................B 760 (S.L. Wynia) M 211 .......................................................... B 759 M 258 ..........................................................B 715 M 212...........................................................B 761 M 259 ......................................................... B 778 M 213 .......................................................... B 755 M 260..........................................................B 831 M 214 ......................................................... B 762 M 262 ......................................................... B 832 M 215.......................................................... B 764 M 263 ......................................................... B 833 M 216 ......................................................... B 763 - .................................................................. B 785 M 217..........................................................B 766 M 218 ......................................................... B 767 M 219 .........................................................B 768 M 220 .........................................................B 769 M 221...........................................................B 772 M 222 ......................................................... B 765 M 223 ..........................................................B 773 483 — Excavations 1976, Excavations 1978, under the direction of under the direction of W.J.H. Willems J.H.F. Bloemers Legend Legend trench/trace trench/trace=grave (trace in Arabic, grave in Roman 97/1............................................................. B 819 numerals) 97/2 ............................................................ B 823 pl ................................................................ plane 97/3 ............................................................ B 816 nn ......................................................no number 97/4 ............................................................B 824 ~ ...................................................................near 97/5 ............................................................B 820 97/6 .............................................................B 813 131/1=I/pl 1................................................... B 211 97/7 ............................................................. B 811 131/1=I/pl 2 .................................................. B 211 97/8 ............................................................B 808 131/2=II ........................................................B 215 97/9 ............................................................ B 803 131/3=III .......................................................B 190 97/10 ..........................................................B 805 131/4=IV ......................................................B 187 97/11 ............................................................B 821 131/5=V........................................................B 185 97/12...........................................................B 826 131/6=VI ......................................................B 184 97/13...........................................................B 806 131/7=VII...................................................... B 181 97/14 .......................................................... B 825 131/8=VIII ....................................................B 183 97/15............................................................B 812 131/9=IX ......................................................B 186 97/16 .......................................................... B 818 131/10=X ......................................................B 188 97/17...........................................................B 802 131/11=XI......................................................B 189 97/18 .......................................................... B 810 131/12=XII ....................................................B 192 97/19 ..........................................................B 804 131/13=XIII ................................................... B 191 97/20 .......................................................... B 822 131/14=XIV...................................................B 210 97/21............................................................B 817 131/15=XV ...................................................B 209 97/22 ..........................................................B 807 131/17=XVI .................................................. B 203 97/23 ..........................................................B 809 131/18=XVII .................................................B 216 97/24 ...........................................................B 815 131/19=XVIII ................................................B 214 97/25 .......................................................... B 827 131/20=XIX ..................................................B 217 97/26 .......................................................... B 814 131/21? .........................................................B 182 97/27 .......................................................... B 801 131/23=XX................................................... B 227 131/32=XXI.................................................. B 226 131/34=XXII ................................................ B 257 131/35=XXIII ............................................... B 256 131/36=XXIV ...............................................B 204 131/37=XXV .................................................B 212 131/38=XXVI ................................................B 218 131/39=XXVII ...............................................B 219 131/40=XXVIII ............................................ B 207 131/44=XXIX/pl 1 .........................................B 253 131/45=XXX ................................................. B 213 131/46=XXXI............................................... B 222 484 — 131/47=XXXII .............................................. B 205 134/13=XIII ................................................. B 235 131/48=XXXIII ............................................B 208 134/14=XIV ..................................................B 233 131/49=XXXIV .............................................B 223 134/15=XV .................................................. B 229 131/50=XXXV.............................................. B 224 134/16=XVI ................................................. B 230 131/51=XXXVI ............................................. B 225 134/17=XVII ................................................ B 238 131/52=XXXVII.............................................B 221 134/18=XVIII................................................B 237 131/53=XXXVIII........................................... B 220 134/19=XIX ................................................. B 198 131/54=XXXIX.............................................B 206 135/1=I .......................................................... B 57 131/58=XXIX/pl 2 ........................................B 253 135/2=II ........................................................ B 58 133/nn=III ...................................................B 462 135/3=III ....................................................... B 59 133/nn=IV ...................................................B 459 141/3=I ........................................................ B 180 133/nn=XVII ............................................... B 364 141/4=II .......................................................B 193 133/nn=XXIII .............................................. B 366 141/5=III ......................................................B 195 133/nn=XXIV ..............................................B 280 141/8=IV .....................................................B 409 133/nn=XXV ................................................B 461 141/9=V ...................................................... B 407 133/nn=XXVI ..............................................B 289 141/10=VI....................................................B 405 133/1=I ........................................................ B 463 141/11=VII ...................................................B 408 133/2=II.......................................................B 460 141/12=VIII...................................................B 353 133/5=V ......................................................B 288 141/13=IX ....................................................B 404 133/6=VI .....................................................B 286 141/14=X .....................................................B 406 133/7=VII .................................................... B 287 141/15=XI .................................................... B 354 133/8=VIII ...................................................B 290 141/16=XII................................................... B 356 133/9=IX ........................................... B 282 141/17=XIII...................................................B 357 133/10=X.....................................................B 284 141/18=XIV ................................................. B 196 133/11=XI .....................................................B 281 141/19=XV .................................................. B 359 133/12=XII................................................... B 283 141/20=XVI................................................. B 355 133/13=XIII .................................................. B 285 141/21=XIX(=D27) .........................................B 33 133/14=XIV ................................................. B 365 141/nn=XVII ............................................... B 358 133/15=XV................................................... B 360 141/nn=XVIII .............................................. B 352 133/16=XVI ................................................. B 362 141/nn=XX.................................................. B 194 133/18=XVIII ................................................B 361 142/nn=I..................................................... B 557 133/19=XIX ................................................. B 363 142/nn~I..................................................... B 558 133/20=XX .................................................. B 368 142/22=II .......................................... 133/21=XXI.................................................. B 367 142/26=III................................................... B 555 133/22=XXII ................................................ B 369 142/nn~III .................................................. B 553 134/1=I .........................................................B 177 142/24~III................................................... B 554 134/2=II ...................................................... B 236 142/nn=IV .................................................. B 530 134/4/ ..........................................................B 179 142/nn~IV ...................................................B 531 134/5=V .......................................................B 178 142/nn~IV .................................................. B 528 134/6=VI..................................................... B 199 142/40~IV .................................................. B 529 135/7=IV .......................................................B 84 142/nn=V ................................................... B 527 134/8=VIII ..................................................B 200 142/44=VI .................................................. B 526 134/9=IX ..................................................... B 228 142/33=VII ..................................................B 509 134/10=X .....................................................B 201 142/32~VII..................................................B 508 134/11=XI .................................................... B 202 142/35~VII...................................................B 510 134/12=XII ...................................................B 197 142/nn~VII .................................................B 506 B 556 485 — 142/nn~VII ................................................. B 507 142/nn ........................................................B 499 142/14=VIII .................................................. B 511 142/nn ........................................................B 500 142/37~VIII..................................................B 513 142/nn .........................................................B 532 142/43~VIII .................................................B 512 142/nn .........................................................B 533 142/42=IX................................................... B 522 - .................................................................. B 774 142/11~IX .....................................................B 514 10B ............................................................. B 830 142/25~IX ....................................................B 519 142/27~IX ................................................... B 550 142/38~IX ................................................... B 525 142/39~IX ................................................... B 524 CEMETERY OO IN NIJMEGEN-EAST 142/nn~IX .................................................. B 523 142/nn=X.................................................... B 559 Excavations 1980-1983, 142/21=XI ...................................................B 560 under the direction of 142/nn=XII ..................................................B 515 J.H.F. Bloemers 142/9=XIII .................................................. B 502 142/18=XIV................................................. B 497 Graves without excavation 142/17=XV .................................................. B 503 numbers have been identiied 142/7~XV....................................................B 504 by H. van Enckevort during analysis of the excavation 142/nn~XV ................................................. B 502 records. 142/nn~XV ................................................. B 503 142/15=XVI ..................................................B 516 - ....................................................................OO 1 142/5~XVI .................................................. B 505 - ...................................................................OO 6 142/19=XVII.................................................B 521 - ................................................................... OO 7 142/23~XVII ............................................... B 520 - ...................................................................OO 8 142/16=XVIII ...............................................B 517 - .................................................................. OO 11 142/nn~XVIII...............................................B 518 - ..................................................................OO 14 142/2=XIX....................................................B 551 - ..................................................................OO 16 142/3~XIX...................................................B 549 - ..................................................................OO 17 142/nn~XIX ................................................B 546 - ..................................................................OO 18 142/nn~XIX ................................................ B 552 - ..................................................................OO 21 142/4=XX ...................................................B 548 - ................................................................. OO 22 142/nn~XX .................................................B 540 - ................................................................. OO 23 142/6~XX ................................................... B 547 - ................................................................. OO 27 142/12~XX .................................................. B 542 - ................................................................. OO 35 142/28~XX ................................................. B 545 - ................................................................. OO 38 142/29=XXI ................................................B 544 - .................................................................OO 45 142/nn~XXI ................................................ B 543 - .................................................................OO 46 142/13=XXII .................................................B 541 - ................................................................. OO 52 142/nn=XXIII .............................................. B 535 - ................................................................. OO 55 142/nn~XXIII .............................................. B 534 - ..................................................................OO 61 142/30~XXIII ...............................................B 537 - .................................................................OO 64 142/45~XXIII .............................................. B 536 - ................................................................. OO 67 142/31=XXIV ..................................... B 539 - .................................................................OO 68 142/nn=XXV ............................................... B 538 - ................................................................. OO 73 142/10 ..........................................................B 501 - ................................................................. OO 77 142/nn ........................................................B 498 - ................................................................. OO 79 486 — - .................................................................OO 86 - ............................................................... OO 239 - ................................................................. OO 93 - ...............................................................OO 245 - .................................................................OO 95 - ............................................................... OO 253 - ................................................................OO 114 - ...............................................................OO 254 - ................................................................ OO 117 - ............................................................... OO 257 - ................................................................OO 119 - ...............................................................OO 258 - ............................................................... OO 120 - ...............................................................OO 260 - ................................................................ OO 131 - ............................................................... OO 261 - ................................................................OO 135 - ...............................................................OO 262 - ................................................................OO 139 - ............................................................... OO 263 - ................................................................OO 141 - ...............................................................OO 264 - ............................................................... OO 142 - ...............................................................OO 265 - ............................................................... OO 146 - ...............................................................OO 266 - ............................................................... OO 154 - ............................................................... OO 281 - ................................................................OO 155 - ...............................................................OO 282 - ............................................................... OO 158 - ............................................................... OO 293 - ............................................................... OO 159 - ...............................................................OO 295 - ............................................................... OO 160 - ...............................................................OO 296 - ............................................................... OO 165 - ...............................................................OO 297 - ................................................................ OO 171 - ...............................................................OO 298 - ................................................................OO 172 - ...............................................................OO 300 - ............................................................... OO 182 - ................................................................OO 301 - ................................................................OO 183 - ............................................................... OO 303 - ............................................................... OO 184 - ............................................................... OO 328 - ............................................................... OO 185 - ............................................................... OO 329 - ................................................................OO 187 - ............................................................... OO 330 - ............................................................... OO 190 - ................................................................OO 331 - ................................................................OO 191 - ............................................................... OO 332 - ............................................................... OO 192 - ............................................................... OO 334 - ...............................................................OO 202 - ............................................................... OO 356 - ................................................................OO 213 - ............................................................... OO 374 - ............................................................... OO 214 - ...............................................................OO 380 - ................................................................OO 217 - ............................................................... OO 385 - ............................................................... OO 218 - ............................................................... OO 392 - ...............................................................OO 220 - ...............................................................OO 398 - ................................................................OO 221 - ...............................................................OO 399 - ...............................................................OO 224 - ...............................................................OO 405 - ............................................................... OO 225 - ...............................................................OO 407 - ...............................................................OO 226 - ...............................................................OO 409 - ............................................................... OO 227 - ............................................................... OO 410 - ............................................................... OO 230 - ............................................................... OO 414 - ............................................................... OO 233 - ............................................................... OO 416 - ............................................................... OO 235 - ................................................................OO 417 - ............................................................... OO 236 - ...............................................................OO 427 - ............................................................... OO 237 - ...............................................................OO 429 - ............................................................... OO 238 - ...............................................................OO 436 487 — - ...............................................................OO 439 19 .............................................................OO 446 - ...............................................................OO 442 20 ............................................................ OO 441 - ...............................................................OO 445 21 .............................................................OO 434 - ...............................................................OO 447 22 ............................................................OO 394 - ...............................................................OO 448 23............................................................. OO 370 - ...............................................................OO 449 24 ............................................................OO 396 - ...............................................................OO 450 25 ............................................................OO 366 - ............................................................... OO 451 26 ............................................................ OO 367 - ...............................................................OO 452 27.............................................................OO 368 - ............................................................... OO 453 28 ............................................................OO 369 - ...............................................................OO 454 29 ............................................................ OO 342 - ...............................................................OO 455 30 ............................................................ OO 343 - ...............................................................OO 456 31 .............................................................OO 344 - ...............................................................OO 457 32............................................................. OO 345 - ...............................................................OO 458 33 .............................................................OO 346 - ...............................................................OO 459 34..............................................................OO 371 - ...............................................................OO 460 35............................................................. OO 372 - ...............................................................OO 462 36 ............................................................ OO 375 - ...............................................................OO 464 37 ..............................................................OO 373 - ...............................................................OO 465 38 ............................................................ OO 397 - ...............................................................OO 470 39 ............................................................ OO 401 - ................................................................OO 471 40 ............................................................OO 400 - ...............................................................OO 474 41 ............................................................. OO 376 - ...............................................................OO 475 42 .............................................................OO 377 - ............................................................... OO 477 43.............................................................OO 402 - ...............................................................OO 485 44 ............................................................ OO 419 - ...............................................................OO 487 45 ............................................................OO 420 - ...............................................................OO 488 46 ............................................................ OO 379 1 ................................................................OO 431 47 ............................................................OO 403 2...............................................................OO 430 48 ............................................................OO 404 3................................................................OO 413 49 ............................................................ OO 352 4 ..............................................................OO 428 50 ............................................................ OO 350 5...............................................................OO 426 51 ..............................................................OO 351 6 .............................................................. OO 433 52 .............................................................OO 317 7...............................................................OO 440 53............................................................. OO 347 8 .............................................................. OO 418 54 ............................................................OO 349 9 .............................................................. OO 395 55 .............................................................OO 314 10 ..............................................................OO 415 56 ............................................................OO 348 11..............................................................OO 425 57..............................................................OO 315 12 ............................................................. OO 437 58 .............................................................OO 316 13 ..............................................................OO 412 59 .............................................................OO 319 14 ............................................................. OO 393 60 ............................................................ OO 353 15 ............................................................. OO 432 61 ............................................................. OO 354 16 .............................................................OO 444 62 ............................................................ OO 378 17 .............................................................OO 443 63 .............................................................OO 381 18 .............................................................OO 438 64 ............................................................OO 406 488 — 65 ............................................................ OO 435 111 ............................................................ OO 169 66 ............................................................ OO 423 112.............................................................OO 173 67 ............................................................ OO 421 113.............................................................OO 174 68 ............................................................OO 422 114 ............................................................OO 175 69 ............................................................OO 408 115.............................................................OO 147 70 ............................................................OO 424 116 .............................................................OO 98 71 ..............................................................OO 411 117..............................................................OO 99 72............................................................. OO 382 118 .............................................................OO 97 73 ............................................................. OO 320 119 .............................................................OO 49 74 .............................................................OO 318 120 .............................................................OO 48 75.............................................................OO 290 121..............................................................OO 50 76 ............................................................ OO 291 122 ..............................................................OO 51 77.............................................................OO 289 123 ........................................................... OO 100 78 .............................................................OO 321 124 ........................................................... OO 102 79 ............................................................ OO 323 125 .............................................................OO 54 80 ............................................................ OO 322 126 ............................................................OO 101 81 ............................................................. OO 324 127 ............................................................. OO 57 82 ............................................................OO 294 128 ........................................................... OO 148 83 ............................................................ OO 327 129 ...........................................................OO 208 84 ............................................................ OO 326 130 ...........................................................OO 209 85 ............................................................ OO 356 131............................................................OO 207 86 ............................................................ OO 325 132 ............................................................OO 153 87 ............................................................ OO 383 133 ............................................................OO 152 88 ............................................................ OO 357 134 ............................................................. OO 47 89 ............................................................ OO 358 136 ........................................................... OO 150 90 ............................................................OO 384 137 ............................................................OO 179 91 .............................................................OO 292 138 ............................................................OO 178 92 ............................................................OO 250 139 ............................................................OO 177 93 .............................................................OO 251 140............................................................OO 176 94 ............................................................OO 256 141 ........................................................... OO 149 95 ............................................................ OO 255 142 ............................................................OO 110 96 ............................................................OO 228 143 .............................................................OO 111 97 ............................................................OO 229 144........................................................... OO 109 98 ............................................................ OO 252 145 ........................................................... OO 106 99 .............................................................OO 333 146........................................................... OO 108 100........................................................... OO 329 147 .............................................................OO 69 101 ........................................................... OO 302 148.............................................................OO 29 102 ...........................................................OO 299 149.............................................................OO 28 103 .............................................................OO 96 150 .............................................................OO 66 104........................................................... OO 145 151.............................................................. OO 30 105 ........................................................... OO 144 152 .............................................................OO 65 106............................................................OO 138 153 ...........................................................OO 200 107 ............................................................OO 143 154 ............................................................OO 197 108........................................................... OO 140 155 ........................................................... OO 198 109............................................................OO 137 156 ........................................................... OO 203 110 ............................................................OO 170 157 ........................................................... OO 201 489 — 158 ........................................................... OO 180 204 .......................................................... OO 194 159 ...........................................................OO 204 205 .......................................................... OO 195 160...........................................................OO 205 206 ..................................................................... - 161 ........................................................... OO 199 207 .......................................................... OO 196 162 ............................................................OO 181 208 ...........................................................OO 193 163 ..............................................................OO 13 209 ...........................................................OO 157 164...............................................................OO 9 210 ........................................................... OO 162 165 ..............................................................OO 12 211.............................................................OO 163 166...............................................................OO 4 212 ........................................................... OO 189 167 ............................................................... OO 5 213 ........................................................... OO 164 168..............................................................OO 10 214 ............................................................OO 122 169............................................................... OO 2 215 ........................................................... OO 156 170 ............................................................OO 107 216 ............................................................ OO 115 171............................................................ OO 105 217 ............................................................OO 116 172 ............................................................. OO 63 218 ............................................................OO 118 173 ............................................................. OO 53 219 ............................................................. OO 83 174 .............................................................OO 56 220 ............................................................OO 84 175 .............................................................OO 62 221 .............................................................OO 85 176 ........................................................... OO 104 223............................................................OO 123 177 ............................................................OO 103 224 ........................................................... OO 121 178 .............................................................OO 60 225 ............................................................OO 87 179 .............................................................OO 58 226 ............................................................OO 88 180..............................................................OO 31 227........................................................... OO 126 181 ............................................................. OO 32 228 ...........................................................OO 125 181 ..............................................................OO 33 229 ...........................................................OO 130 182 .............................................................OO 44 230 .......................................................... OO 129 183 .............................................................OO 26 231 ........................................................... OO 128 184...........................................................OO 206 232............................................................OO 127 185 .............................................................OO 59 233 ............................................................OO 161 186............................................................... OO 3 234 ........................................................... OO 131 187 ............................................................OO 136 235............................................................OO 132 188............................................................ OO 151 236 ...........................................................OO 133 189............................................................. OO 25 237........................................................... OO 166 191 ........................................................... OO 234 238 .......................................................... OO 168 192 ............................................................OO 231 239 ...........................................................OO 134 193 ........................................................... OO 232 240 .......................................................... OO 165 194........................................................... OO 210 241 ............................................................OO 135 195 ............................................................OO 212 242 ............................................................ OO 19 196............................................................OO 215 243 ............................................................OO 40 197 ........................................................... OO 186 243 .............................................................OO 41 198...........................................................OO 259 244 ............................................................OO 79 199........................................................... OO 216 244 ............................................................OO 80 200 ..........................................................OO 240 245 ............................................................OO 82 201 ........................................................... OO 219 246 ............................................................OO 20 202 .......................................................... OO 188 247 ............................................................ OO 39 203 ...........................................................OO 167 248 .............................................................OO 15 490 — 249 ............................................................OO 24 295 ..........................................................OO 308 250 ............................................................ OO 36 296 ..........................................................OO 306 251 ............................................................. OO 37 297 .......................................................... OO 305 252 ............................................................OO 42 298 ..........................................................OO 304 253............................................................. OO 34 299 .......................................................... OO 338 254 ............................................................ OO 75 300 ...........................................................OO 337 255 ............................................................OO 76 301 ........................................................... OO 335 256 ............................................................ OO 72 302 .......................................................... OO 336 257..............................................................OO 71 303...........................................................OO 360 258 ............................................................ OO 74 304 .......................................................... OO 359 259 ............................................................OO 70 305 .......................................................... OO 387 260 ............................................................OO 78 306 ...........................................................OO 361 261 ............................................................ OO 112 307........................................................... OO 339 262 ........................................................... OO 113 308 ..........................................................OO 340 263 ............................................................OO 94 309 .......................................................... OO 362 264 ............................................................ OO 91 310 ...........................................................OO 287 265 ............................................................OO 92 311............................................................OO 249 266 ............................................................OO 90 312 ...........................................................OO 288 267 ............................................................OO 89 313 ............................................................OO 310 268 ..........................................................OO 248 314 ............................................................OO 313 269 ..........................................................OO 247 315 ...........................................................OO 286 270 ..........................................................OO 246 316 ...........................................................OO 309 271 ........................................................... OO 243 317 ............................................................ OO 311 272...........................................................OO 244 318 ............................................................OO 312 273...........................................................OO 276 319 ............................................................OO 341 274 .......................................................... OO 277 320 .......................................................... OO 363 275...........................................................OO 278 321 ...........................................................OO 364 276 ..........................................................OO 279 322........................................................... OO 365 277...........................................................OO 280 323 ...........................................................OO 386 278 .......................................................... OO 275 324 ..........................................................OO 388 279 ..........................................................OO 284 325............................................................OO 391 280 ..........................................................OO 285 326 ..........................................................OO 390 281 ........................................................... OO 283 327...........................................................OO 389 282 ...........................................................OO 271 283 ..........................................................OO 270 284 .......................................................... OO 307 Excavations 1975, 285 .......................................................... OO 223 under the direction of 286 .......................................................... OO 222 J.H.F. Bloemers 287 .......................................................... OO 241 288 ..........................................................OO 242 901...........................................................OO 489 289 ..........................................................OO 274 902 ..........................................................OO 486 290 .......................................................... OO 272 903 ..........................................................OO 484 291 ...........................................................OO 269 904 ..........................................................OO 483 292 ..........................................................OO 268 905 ..........................................................OO 482 293 ..........................................................OO 267 906 .......................................................... OO 481 294 .......................................................... OO 273 907 ..........................................................OO 480 491 — 908 ..........................................................OO 479 909 ..........................................................OO 476 909 ..........................................................OO 478 910........................................................... OO 473 911 ........................................................... OO 473 912 ......................................................... OO 470? 913 ........................................................... OO 472 914...........................................................OO 469 915 ...........................................................OO 468 916...........................................................OO 466 917 ...........................................................OO 467 918...........................................................OO 463 919........................................................... OO 461 492 — Appendix 2a: from catalogue numbers to numbers on the objects Legend B stray 22 .............................................BB.VII.131 B stray 23 ............................................ BB.VII.132 Cemeteries B stray 24 ............................................ BB.VIII.34 B ...........................................................Inner city B stray 25 ............................................ BB.XI.368 OO .............................................. Nijmegen-East B stray 26 ............................................ BB.XI.369 B stray 27 .............................................BE.IV.229 Areas of cemetery B B stray 28 .......................................... BE.XV.1242 Brk .......................................................Broerkerk B stray 29 ............................................. BE.III.145 Broerstr............................................ Broerstraat B stray 30 .............................................BB.III.441 Gr.......................................................... Grutberg B stray 31 .............................................BB.III.442 Grutb.................................................... Grutberg B stray 32 ............................................ BB.III.443 KeBr ...................................Kerkegas/Broerkerk B stray 33 .............................................BB.VII.171 KG......................................................... Kerkegas B stray 34 .............................................. 5.1948.4 LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat B stray 35 .............................................. 5.1948.5 Ma ....................................................Mariënburg B stray 36 .............................................. 5.1948.6 B stray 37 ...............................................5.1948.7 Other abbreviations B stray 38 .............................................. 5.1948.8 cof .............................................................coin B stray 39 .............................................. 5.1948.9 intr........................................................ intrusion B stray 40.............................................5.1948.10 B stray 41 ............................................. 5.1948.11 B stray 42 .............................................5.1948.12 Cemetery B, stray inds B stray 43 ............................................... 7.1949.1 B stray 44...............................................7.1949.2 B stray 1................................................BE.IV.236 B stray 45 ...............................................7.1949.3 B stray 2 ................................................ BB.VI.87 B stray 46.............................................BB.II.448 B stray 3 ...............................................BB.III.461 B stray 47 .............................................. BB.VI.88 B stray 3a ..............................................11.1957.7 B stray 48.............................................BB.III.103 B stray 4 .................................................5.1952.5 B stray 49................................................ BB.VI.4 B stray 5 .................................................5.1952.6 B stray 50 .............................................. BB.XI.82 B stray 6 .................................................5.1952.8 B stray 51.............................................. BB.IV.212 B stray 6a ...............................................5.1952.7 B stray 52 ...............................................BB.VI.33 B stray 7 .................................................5.1952.9 B stray 53 .............................................. BB.XI.83 B stray 8 ................................................BB.IV.211 B stray 54 ............................................... BE.IV.61 B stray 9 ................................................BB.II.355 B stray 55 .............................................. BB.X.115 B stray 10 ............................................. BB.II.356 B stray 56 ...............................................BB.VI.74 B stray 11 ............................................. BB.III.360 B stray 57 ...............................................BB.VI.91 B stray 12..............................................BB.III.361 B stray 58 ............................................ BB.III.455 B stray 13 ............................................. BB.III.362 B stray 59 ............................................BB.III.456 B stray 14 .............................................BB.III.363 B stray 60............................................ BB.VII.177 B stray 15............................................. BB.III.364 B stray 61 ............................................BB.XI.465 B stray 16 ............................................ BB.IV.602 B stray 62 ............................................BB.XI.466 B stray 17............................................. BB.IV.603 B stray 63 ............................................BB.III.454 B stray 18 .............................................. BB.V.109 B stray 64............................................ BB.XI.463 B stray 19 ...............................................BB.V.110 B stray 65 ............................................BB.XI.464 B stray 20 ................................................BB.V.111 B stray 66............................................BB.XI.460 B stray 21............................................... BB.VI.62 B stray 67 ............................................BB.VII.176 493 — B stray 68............................................. BB.II.472 B stray 114 ........................................... BB.VII.157 B stray 69............................................BB.III.462 B stray 115 ...........................................BB.VII.158 B stray 70 ............................................ BB.XI.473 B stray 116 ...........................................BB.VII.159 B stray 71................................................8.1953.8 B stray 117 ...........................................BB.VII.160 B stray 72 ...............................................8.1953.9 B stray 118 ............................................BB.XI.431 B stray 73 ............................................. 8.1953.10 B stray 119 ........................................... BB.XI.432 B stray 74 ..............................................8.1953.11 B stray 120 ...........................................BB.XI.433 B stray 75 ............................................. 8.1953.12 B stray 121 ........................................... BB.XI.434 B stray 76 ............................................. 8.1953.13 B stray 122........................................... BB.XI.435 B stray 77 ............................................. BB.II.439 B stray 123........................................... BB.XI.436 B stray 78 .............................................BB.III.414 B stray 124 .......................................... BB.XI.439 B stray 79 .............................................BB.III.415 B stray 125.............................................. BC.I.134 B stray 80.............................................BB.III.416 B stray 126 ..............................................BC.I.135 B stray 81 .............................................BB.III.417 B stray 127.............................................. BC.I.136 B stray 82 .............................................BB.III.418 B stray 128 ........................................... 12.1984.7 B stray 83 .............................................BB.III.419 B stray 129 ..........................................BB.XI.462 B stray 84............................................BB.III.420 B stray 130............................................BB.XI.461 B stray 85 .............................................BB.III.421 B stray 131 .......................................................... - B stray 86............................................ BB.III.422 B stray 132.......................................................... - B stray 87 ............................................ BB.III.423 B stray 133 ..............................................XXII.637 B stray 88............................................ BB.III.424 B stray 134............................................ XXII.1595 B stray 89............................................ BB.III.425 B stray 135.............................................BB.III.96 B stray 90.............................................BB.IV.728 B stray 136............................................ BB.IV.717 B stray 91 .............................................BB.IV.729 B stray 137 .............................................BB.III.98 B stray 92 .............................................BB.IV.730 B stray 138.........................................BE.XV.194* B stray 93 ..............................................BB.IV.731 B stray 139............................................ BA.VI.13a B stray 94.............................................BB.IV.732 B stray 140 ...........................................BB.III.257 B stray 95 ...............................................BB.V.147 B stray 141 .................................................. I.h.97 B stray 96.............................................. BB.V.148 B stray 142 ......................................................... - B stray 97 .............................................. BB.V.149 B stray 143..........................................................- B stray 98.............................................. BB.V.150 B stray 144 ........................................... BA.VII.86 B stray 99...............................................BB.VI.77 B stray 145 .......................................... BB.IV.568 B stray 100 .............................................BB.VI.78 B stray 146 .......................................... BB.III.436 B stray 101 ..............................................BB.VI.78 B stray 147........................................... BB.III.437 B stray 102 .............................................BB.VI.79 B stray 148 ........................................... BB.II.430 B stray 103............................................. BB.VI.80 B stray 149 .......................................... BB.III.106 B stray 104 .............................................BB.VI.81 B stray 150 ...........................................BB.III.107 B stray 105 ............................................ BB.VI.82 B stray 151 ........................................... BB.III.108 B stray 106 ..........................................BB.VII.149 B stray 152........................................... BB.III.109 B stray 107 ..........................................BB.VII.150 B stray 153........................................... BB.III.439 B stray 108 ...........................................BB.VII.151 B stray 154 .......................................... BB.III.438 B stray 109 ..........................................BB.VII.152 B stray 155...........................................BB.III.440 B stray 110 ........................................... BB.VII.153 B stray 156 ................................................ BA.V.2 B stray 111............................................BB.VII.154 B stray 157.............................................BB.III.99 B stray 112 ...........................................BB.VII.155 B stray 158 ...........................................BE.XV.771 B stray 113 ...........................................BB.VII.156 B stray 159 ..........................................BE.XV.789 494 — B stray 160 ......................................... BE.XV.820 B stray 206........................................... BB.II.443 B stray 161 ............................................. BB.III.97 B stray 207 ..........................................BB.VII.166 B stray 162 .............................................BB.VI.36 B stray 208............................................ BB.VI.84 B stray 163..............................................BB.VI.37 B stray 209.......................................... BB.III.430 B stray 164 .............................................BC.I.47a B stray 210 ..............................................BC.I.137 B stray 165 .............................................BC.I.47b B stray 211 ............................................. BB.VI.85 B stray 166 ............................................. BC.I.47c B stray 212............................................BB.II.444 B stray 167 ...........................................BB.IV.775 B stray 213...........................................BB.XI.444 B stray 168 .......................................... BB.IV.205 B stray 214 ............................................ BB.V.154 B stray 169 ............................................BB.XI.86 B stray 215..............................................BB.V.153 B stray 170 ...............................................BB.VI.5 B stray 216 ........................................... BB.IV.718 B stray 171 ............................................BB.III.377 B stray 217..............................................BB.VI.53 B stray 172............................................. BB.VI.66 B stray 218 ............................................ BB.VI.54 B stray 173 ...........................................BB.VII.144 B stray 219 ...........................................BB.VII.111 B stray 174..........................................................- B stray 220 .......................................... BB.VII.112 B stray 175..........................................................- B stray 221.............................................BB.II.441 B stray 176 ........................................... BB.III.331 B stray 222 ..........................................BB.XI.440 B stray 177 ............................................BB.III.332 B stray 223 ...........................................BB.XI.441 B stray 178 ...........................................BB.III.333 B stray 224 ..........................................BB.XI.442 B stray 179 ...........................................BB.III.334 Tile grave f..............................................BB.I.63 B stray 180 ...........................................BB.III.335 B stray 225 ........................................... 10.1953.3 B stray 181 .............................................BE.IV.118 B stray 226 ............................................10.1953.1 B stray 182 .......................................... BB.IV.204 B stray 227 ........................................... 10.1953.2 B stray 183............................................BB.III.339 B stray 228 ........................................ e 1946/12.1 B stray 184 .............................................BB.VI.55 B stray 229 ........................................e 1946/12.2 B stray 185 ...........................................BB.VII.113 B stray 230 ........................................e 1946/12.3 B stray 186 .......................................... BB.XI.330 B stray 231.........................................e 1946/12.4 B stray 187 ........................................... BB.XI.331 B stray 232 ......................................... e 1947/4.5 B stray 188 .........................................................- B stray 233 ......................................... e 1947/4.6 B stray 189 ..........................................BE.XV.707 B stray 234 ..........................................e 1947/4.7 B stray 190 .......................................... BB.IV.208 B stray 235 .......................................... e 1951/8.1 B stray 191 .............................................BB.XI.84 B stray 236 ..........................................e 1951/8.2 B stray 192 .............................................BC.I.47d B stray 237 .......................................... BB.XI.472 B stray 193..............................................BC.I.47e B stray 238 ..........................................e 1962/6.1 B stray 194 ........................................... BC.II.38b B stray 239 ............................................ 11.1957.1 B stray 195 ...........................................BE.III.54a B stray 240............................................11.1957.2 B stray 196 ...........................................BE.III.54a B stray 241 ............................................11.1957.6 B stray 197 ...........................................BE.III.54a B stray 242 ...........................................5.1958.77 B stray 198 ...........................................BE.III.54a B stray 243 ..........................................e 1946/3.1 B stray 199 ...........................................BE.III.54a B stray 244......................................... e 1946/3.2 B stray 200.............................................XXII.547 B stray 245 ...............................................BC.I.42 B stray 201 ............................................XXII.1361 B stray 246..............................................BB.II.61 B stray 202 ........................................... BB.II.442 B stray 247 ............................................BB.VII.53 B stray 203 .............................................BB.VI.83 B stray 248...........................................12.1948.8 B stray 204..........................................BB.III.429 B stray 249...........................................12.1948.7 B stray 205 .......................................... BB.VII.161 B stray 250 ...........................................5.1948.15 495 — B stray 251............................................5.1948.14 B stray 298......................................................... - B stray 252 ............................................ 6.1947.4 B stray 299......................................................... - B stray 253 .......................................... BB.IV.209 B stray 300 .......................................... BB.IV.784 B stray 254 ........................................... BE.XI.15a B stray 301.......................................................... - B stray 255 ...........................................BA.VI.19b B stray 302 .......................................... BB.XI.529 B stray 256 ........................................... BB.IV.719 B stray 303 ...........................................BE.IV.265 B stray 257 .......................................... BB.XI.520 B stray 304 ...........................................BE.IV.264 B stray 259 .......................................... e 1951/8.3 B stray 305 .......................................Ma 1963/60 B stray 260.............................................BB.V.167 B stray 306 .............................................BA.VI.35 B stray 261 ............................................BE.VII.57 B stray 307 .......................................... BB.III.522 B stray 262 ........................................... BB.IV.781 B stray 309 ........................................... Br.1952/- B stray 263 ...........................................BB.III.100 B stray 310......................................... Grutb 1955 B stray 264........................................... BB.III.101 B stray 311 .................................. Grutb 1955/261 B stray 265 ............................................ BB.XI.85 B stray 312 .................................Grutb 1955/339 B stray 266........................................... BB.VI.114 B stray 313 ......................................... Grutb 1955 B stray 267 ............................................ BB.V.180 B stray 314..................................Grutb 1955/344 B stray 268..........................................BB.XI.498 B stray 315..................................Grutb 1955/344 B stray 269...........................................BB.XI.521 B stray 316................................................. 131/28 B stray 270 ..............................................1.1965.1 B stray 317 ............................................BE.IV.263 B stray 271.............................................. BB.XI.13 B stray 318............................................................ B stray 272 ...........................................BB.IV.216 B stray 319............................................................ B stray 273 ........................................... BB.IV.217 B stray 320 .............................................2008.25 B stray 274 ...........................................BB.IV.218 B stray 321..............................................2008.24 B stray 275 ........................................... BB.IV.213 B stray 276 ...........................................BB.IV.214 B stray 277 ........................................... BB.IV.215 Cemetery OO, stray inds B stray 278 ........................................LN 1957/29 B stray 279 .............................................BB.X.117 OO stray 1 ................................................. IV.d.11 B stray 280................................................BA.V.8 OO stray 2 ...................................................I.h.41 B stray 281 ...............................................BC.I.92 OO stray 3 ...................................................I.h.13 B stray 282 ...............................................BC.I.93 OO stray 4.................................................... I.h.2 B stray 283 ...............................................BC.I.94 OO stray 5 ...................................................I.b.15 B stray 284...............................................BC.I.95 OO stray 6...................................................I.b.16 B stray 285 ...............................................BE.V.61 OO stray 7 ..................................................IX.l.73 B stray 286......................................................... - OO stray 8................................................. XIV.39 B stray 287 ..........................................e 1952/6.1 OO stray 9..................................................VII.f.8 B stray 288......................................... e 1952/6.2 OO stray 10 ...........................................VII.d.149 B stray 289..........................................e 1952/6.3 OO stray 11 ............................................VII.d.150 B stray 290......................................... e 1952/6.4 OO stray 12 ............................................VII.d.151 B stray 291 ......................................... e 1952/6.5 OO stray 13.............................................XX.a.161 B stray 292 ......................................... e 1952/6.6 OO stray 14 .............................................XX.a.58 B stray 293 ..........................................e 1952/6.7 OO stray 15 ...........................................dropped B stray 294......................................... e 1952/6.8 OO stray 16 ........................................ BB.I:X/170 B stray 295 ......................................... e 1952/6.9 OO stray 17 ............................................BB.XI.19 B stray 296........................................... BE.III.172 OO stray 18 ........................................... BB.XI.20 B stray 297 ........................................-(ind D 10) OO stray 19 ............................................BB.XI.18 496 — OO stray 20.......................................... BB.XI.161 OO stray 65.........................................BB.III.460 OO stray 21 ..........................................BB.III.183 OO stray 66 .........................................BB.III.519 OO stray 22 ......................................... BB.XI.325 OO stray 67.......................................... 12.1964.3 OO stray 23 ......................................... BB.III.250 OO stray 68 .........................................9.1964.17 OO stray 24............................................ BB.VI.31 OO stray 69 .........................................9.1964.12 OO stray 25 .............................................BB.V.90 OO stray 70............................................BB.II.211 OO stray 26............................................. BB.V.91 OO stray 71 ..........................................BB.III.184 OO stray 27 ......................................... BB.XI.324 OO stray 72 ............................................BB.XI.14 OO stray 28..........................................BB.III.214 OO stray 73 ................................................I.h.90 OO stray 29..........................................BB.III.215 OO stray 74 .................................................I.h.91 OO stray 30 ..........................................BB.III.216 OO stray 75 ................................................I.h.49 OO stray 31...........................................BB.III.217 OO stray 76.................................................. I.e.5 OO stray 32 ............................................. BB.V.77 OO stray 77 .................................................. I.e.6 OO stray 33 ............................................BB.VI.22 OO stray 78................................................ I.h.79 OO stray 34 ............................................BB.VI.23 OO stray 79................................................I.h.80 OO stray 35 ........................................... BB.VI.24 OO stray 80 ...............................................I.h.82 OO stray 36 ............................................BB.VI.25 OO stray 81 ................................................I.h.89 OO stray 37 ........................................... BB.IX.28 OO stray 82.................................................I.h.16 OO stray 38 ...........................................BB.X.154 OO stray 83 ................................................ I.h.83 OO stray 39 ......................................... BB.XI.306 OO stray 84 ...............................................I.h.84 OO stray 40 ........................................ BB.XI.307 OO stray 85................................................I.h.85 OO stray 41 ......................................... BB.XI.308 OO stray 86 ...............................................I.h.86 OO stray 42......................................... BB.XI.374 OO stray 87................................................ I.h.87 OO stray 43 ..........................................BB.XI.471 OO stray 88 ...............................................I.h.88 OO stray 44......................................... BB.XI.502 OO stray 89 ................................................I.h.81 OO stray 45.............................................BC.I.131 OO stray 90 ..................................................I.h.1 OO stray 46 .............................................BE.I.94 OO stray 91 ................................................ I.h.74 OO stray 47 ..........................................BE.III.105 OO stray 92................................................ I.c.98 OO stray 48 ..................................... BE.III.106 OO stray 93 .................................................. I.b.4 OO stray 49 ..........................................BE.VI.115 OO stray 94 ................................................. I.b.7 OO stray 50...........................................BE.VI.116 OO stray 95.................................................. I.b.9 OO stray 51 ............................................BE.XI.35 OO stray 96 ................................................I.b.10 OO stray 52 ...........................................BE.XII.35 OO stray 97................................................. I.b.11 OO stray 53 ...........................................BE.XII.36 OO stray 98 ................................................I.b.13 OO stray 54........................................BE.XIII.41b OO stray 99 ................................................I.b.14 OO stray 55 ................................................I.h.92 OO stray 100 .............................................. I.b.43 OO stray 56...................................................I.b.1 OO stray 101................................................I.b.12 OO stray 57 .................................................. I.b.2 OO stray 102 ................................................ I.b.6 OO stray 58................................................VII.f.2 OO stray 103 ................................................ I.b.8 OO stray 59........................................... VII.d.138 OO stray 104 .............................................. I.c.99 OO stray 59a............................................. VII.n.1 OO stray 105 ............................................ IV.d.38 OO stray 60 .......................................... XX.a.192 OO stray 106 ............................................ IV.d.20 OO stray 61 ...........................................BB.II.418 OO stray 107 .............................................IV.d.21 OO stray 62.........................................BB.III.459 OO stray 108 ............................................ IV.d.22 OO stray 63 ..........................................BB.IV.756 OO stray 109 .............................................IV.d.23 OO stray 64 ........................................BB.XI.469 OO stray 110............................................. IV.d.62 497 — OO stray 111 ............................................. IV.d.63 OO stray 157 ............................................ IX.l.137 OO stray 112 ...............................................IX.l.18 OO stray 158 ............................................. IX.l.28 OO stray 113 ...............................................IX.l.19 OO stray 159 ............................................. IX.l.31 OO stray 114.............................................. IX.l.47 OO stray 160 ............................................. IX.l.35 OO stray 115 ................................................ IX.l.8 OO stray 161.............................................. IX.l.36 OO stray 116................................................ IX.l.9 OO stray 162 ............................................. IX.l.38 OO stray 117 ...............................................IX.l.17 OO stray 163 .............................................IX.l.46 OO stray 118.............................................. IX.l.20 OO stray 164 ..............................................IX.l.51 OO stray 119............................................... IX.l.11 OO stray 165 .............................................IX.l.56 OO stray 120 ............................................ IV.d.47 OO stray 166 ..............................................IX.l.61 OO stray 121 ...............................................IX.l.14 OO stray 167 .............................................IX.l.40 OO stray 122 ............................................IX.l.122 OO stray 168 ............................................... IX.l.3 OO stray 123.............................................. IX.l.26 OO stray 169 ............................................IX.l.138 OO stray 124 ............................................. IX.l.27 OO stray 170 ..............................................IX.l.13 OO stray 125 ............................................. IX.l.42 OO stray 171 ...............................................IX.l.15 OO stray 126 ............................................. IX.l.43 OO stray 172 ..............................................IX.l.16 OO stray 127 .............................................IX.l.44 OO stray 173..............................................IX.l.68 OO stray 128 .............................................IX.l.49 OO stray 174 .............................................IX.l.69 OO stray 129 ............................................. IX.l.50 OO stray 175 ............................................. IX.l.70 OO stray 130 ............................................. IX.l.53 OO stray 176 .............................................IX.l.85 OO stray 131 .............................................. IX.l.54 OO stray 177...............................................IX.l.12 OO stray 132.............................................. IX.l.55 OO stray 178 .............................................IX.l.64 OO stray 133.............................................. IX.l.57 OO stray 179 .............................................IX.l.65 OO stray 134 ............................................. IX.l.58 OO stray 180 .............................................IX.l.66 OO stray 135.............................................. IX.l.63 OO stray 181.............................................. IX.l.79 OO stray 136 ................................................IX.l.1 OO stray 182 ............................................. IX.l.23 OO stray 137................................................ IX.l.2 OO stray 183 ............................................. IX.l.67 OO stray 138 ............................................... IX.l.4 OO stray 184 ..............................................IX.l.71 OO stray 139 ............................................... IX.l.5 OO stray 185 ............................................. IX.l.72 OO stray 140 ..............................................IX.l.10 OO stray 186 ............................................ IV.d.39 OO stray 141...............................................IX.l.21 OO stray 187 ............................................. IX.l.22 OO stray 142 ............................................. IX.l.24 OO stray 188 .............................................IV.d.18 OO stray 143 ............................................. IX.l.25 OO stray 189 .............................................IV.d.17 OO stray 144 ............................................. IX.l.29 OO stray 190 ...........................................IV.d.159 OO stray 145 ............................................. IX.l.30 OO stray 191..............................................IV.d.12 OO stray 146 ............................................. IX.l.32 OO stray 192 .............................................IV.d.13 OO stray 147 ..............................................IX.l.33 OO stray 193 .............................................IV.d.14 OO stray 148 ............................................. IX.l.34 OO stray 194 .............................................IV.d.10 OO stray 149 ..............................................IX.l.37 OO stray 195 .............................................IV.d.15 OO stray 150 ..............................................IX.l.41 OO stray 196 .............................................IV.d.16 OO stray 151 .............................................. IX.l.45 OO stray 197 .............................................IV.d.19 OO stray 152 .............................................IX.l.48 OO stray 198 ............................................... V.b.4 OO stray 153.............................................. IX.l.52 OO stray 199 ............................................ IV.d.24 OO stray 154 ............................................. IX.l.59 OO stray 200 ..........................................IV.e.103 OO stray 155 .............................................IX.l.60 OO stray 201 ............................................. IV.c.18 OO stray 156 ............................................. IX.l.62 OO stray 202............................................. IV.c.15 498 — OO stray 203 ............................................. IV.c.16 OO stray 249 ........................................VII.d.140 OO stray 204 ............................................ IV.c.19 OO stray 250..........................................VII.d.141 OO stray 205.............................................IV.c.20 OO stray 251 .........................................VII.d.142 OO stray 206 ............................................ IV.c.21 OO stray 252 ......................................... VII.d.143 OO stray 207.............................................IV.c.22 OO stray 253 .........................................VII.d.144 OO stray 208 ........................................... IV.c.69 OO stray 254......................................... VII.d.145 OO stray 209 .......................................... IV.c.122 OO stray 255 .......................................... XVIII.58 OO stray 210 ............................................. IV.c.17 OO stray 256.......................................... XVIII.59 OO stray 211 .................................................. XI.7 OO stray 257 ...............................................XV.12 OO stray 212 ...........................................VII.b.37 OO stray 258...............................................XV.13 OO stray 213.............................................IX.p.28 OO stray 259............................................VII.n.11 OO stray 214 ............................................IX.p.27 OO stray 260 ........................................ XX.a.136 OO stray 215 ............................................ VII.h.2 OO stray 261 ..........................................XX.a.135 OO stray 216 .........................................dropped OO stray 262......................................... XX.a.201 OO stray 217 .............................................VII.k.5 OO stray 263 .........................................XX.a.202 OO stray 218 ............................................... XIV.5 OO stray 264 ........................................XX.a.203 OO stray 219 .............................................XIV.29 OO stray 265.........................................XX.a.204 OO stray 220............................................. XIV.30 OO stray 266 ........................................XX.a.205 OO stray 221 ............................................. XIV.32 OO stray 267.........................................XX.a.220 OO stray 222 ..............................................XIV.37 OO stray 268 ........................................XX.a.225 OO stray 223 ..............................................XIV.31 OO stray 269 ..........................................XX.a.88 OO stray 224..............................................XIV.33 OO stray 270.............................................XX.a.4 OO stray 225 ............................................. XIV.34 OO stray 271 ............................................... X.a.6 OO stray 226............................................. XIV.35 OO stray 272 ............................................XX.a.13 OO stray 227 ............................................. XIV.36 OO stray 273 ........................................... XX.a.14 OO stray 228............................................. XIV.38 OO stray 274......................................... XX.a.148 OO stray 229.............................................VII.g.4 OO stray 275 .........................................XX.a.247 OO stray 230 ...............................................XIII.9 OO stray 276.........................................XX.a.282 OO stray 231.............................................. XIII.10 OO stray 277 .........................................XX.a.287 OO stray 232 ..............................................VII.f.4 OO stray 278........................................... XX.b.41 OO stray 233 ..............................................VII.f.5 OO stray 279........................................ XX.a.404 OO stray 234 ..............................................VII.f.6 OO stray 280 ........................................XX.a.427 OO stray 235 .............................................. VII.f.7 OO stray 281 ......................................... XX.a.179 OO stray 236 .............................................. VII.f.3 OO stray 282......................................... XX.a.180 OO stray 237 .......................................... VII.f.107 OO stray 283 ..........................................XX.a.181 OO stray 238 .........................................dropped OO stray 284 ........................................ XX.a.106 OO stray 239 .........................................dropped OO stray 285..........................................XX.a.101 OO stray 240 ............................................VII.n.2 OO stray 286 ..........................................XX.a.40 OO stray 241 .............................................VII.n.4 OO stray 287...........................................XX.a.47 OO stray 242.............................................VII.n.5 OO stray 288 ........................................XX.a.296 OO stray 243 .............................................VII.n.6 OO stray 289 ........................................XX.a.348 OO stray 244 ............................................VII.n.7 OO stray 290 .........................................XX.a.134 OO stray 245.............................................VII.n.8 OO stray 291 ....................................... XXXI.a.24 OO stray 246 ............................................VII.n.9 OO stray 292............................................IX.l.132 OO stray 247........................................... VII.n.10 OO stray 293 ....................................... BB.III.205 OO stray 248 ........................................ VII.d.139 OO stray 294 ..........................................BC.II.52 499 — OO stray 295........................................BE.III.100 Rem. stray 14 ............................................IX.l.84 OO stray 296 ........................................BE.III.101 Rem. stray 15 .........................................IX.l.143? OO stray 297........................................ BE.IV.237 Rem. stray 16 ............................................IV.d.10 OO stray 298 ....................................... BE.IV.72a Rem. stray 17 ........................................... BA.V.11 OO stray 299 .......................................BE.IV.255 Rem. str 17.bones....................................BD.IV.1 OO stray 300.........................................11.1956.3 Rem. stray 18 ...................................... BB.III.457 OO stray 301 .........................................11.1956.4 Rem. stray 19 ........................................ BB.VI.92 OO stray 302 .........................................11.1956.5 Rem. stray 20 ........................................ BC.I.142 OO stray 303 ........................................ 11.1956.6 Rem. stray 21 ........................................ BB.V.169 OO stray 304........................................ 11.1956.8 OO stray 305 ........................................ 11.1956.9 OO stray 306.......................................11.1956.10 Cemetery B, OO stray 307 ........................................11.1956.11 excavation inds OO stray 308....................................... 11.1956.12 OO stray 309....................................... 11.1956.13 B 5.1 .....................................................BB.III.444 OO stray 310 ....................................... 11.1956.17 B 5.2 ....................................................BB.III.445 OO stray 311 ........................................11.1956.18 B 5.3 .......................................................BB.V.161 OO stray 312........................................ 11.1956.21 B 5.bones .........................................KeBr 1949/1 OO stray 313................................................203/1 B 6.1....................................................................- OO stray 314 ............................................BC.I.49 B 6.2 ...................................................... BB.VI.90 OO stray 315................................................198/- B 7.1 ........................................................ BC.I.139 OO stray 316 .......................................... 196/199 B 11.1. .................................................... BB.II.467 OO stray 317.......................................................? B 13.1. .................................................. BB.IV.764 OO stray 318 ......................................................? B 13.2. ..............................................Brk 1951/142 OO stray 319 ...............................................71/57 B 13.3. ..............................................Brk 1951/142 OO stray 320 ......................................... 215-2-12 B 13.bones ......................................Brk 1951/142 OO stray 321..........................................XX.a.200 B 14.1. ..................................................BB.XI.484 OO stray 322 ......................................... XX.a.218 B 14.2.......................................................BC.I.153 OO stray 323 ............................................BC.I.90 B 14.3-4 ...........................................Brk 1951/143 B 14.5..................................................................B 16.1. ..................................................BB.XI.485 B 16.2...................................................BB.XI.486 Remainder, stray inds B 16.3................................................... BB.III.479 VII.h.1 B 16.4. .................................................... BC.I.154 Rem. stray 2..............................................VII.h.7 B 16.bones ......................................Brk 1951/144 Rem. stray 3 ............................................ VII.h.10 B 24.bones....................................KeBr 1949/30 Rem. stray 4 ..............................................IX.f.14 B 26.1......................................Kerkegas 1949/18 Rem. stray 5............................................ IX.l.108 B 27.1 ......................................................BC.I.140 Rem. stray 6 ............................................IX.l.110 B 29.1....................................Kerkegas 1949/22a Rem. stray 7..............................................IX.l.111 B 41.1 ...................................................BB.XI.450 Rem. stray 8 ............................................ IX.l.112 B 41.2....................................................BB.XI.451 Rem. stray 9 ............................................IX.l.120 B 41.3 ...................................................BB.III.448 Rem. stray 10 ............................................. VI.d.1 B 43.1 ...................................................BB.III.446 Rem. stray 11.............................................. VI.d.1 B 47.1................................................... BB.III.447 Rem. stray 12 ........................................... IV.c.49 B 47.2 ..................................................BB.VII.172 Rem. stray 13 ........................................11.1956.2 B 47.3 .................................................... BB.V.162 Rem. stray 1 ...................................... 500 — B 48.1 .................................................. BB.IV.744 B 80.1. .................................................BB.XI.500 B 48.2 .............................................KeBr 1949/13 B 80.2. ..................................................BB.III.515 B 54.1................................................... BB.XI.483 B 80.3. ..................................................BB.III.516 B 54.2. ................................................. BB.III.478 B 81.1. ...................................................BB.XI.501 B 54.3. .................................................BB.VII.186 B 81.2....................................................BB.III.517 B 54.4. .................................................BB.VII.187 B 81.3....................................................BB.III.518 B 54.5. ................................................... BB.VI.98 B 81.4. .................................................. BB.II.476 B 54.6. ............................................. Brk 1951/141 B 85.1................................................... BB.III.473 B 57.1. .......................................................... 135/1 B 85.2. .................................................BB.VII.183 B 57.2. ......................................................... 135/1 B 86.1. ..................................................BB.XI.481 B 57.3. ......................................................... 135/1 B 86.2. ..................................................BB.IV.763 B 57.4. ................................................................- B 86.3. .................................................BB.VII.184 B 58.1...........................................................135/2 B 86.4..................................................BB.VII.185 B 58.2. .........................................................135/2 B 86.5. ..................................................BB.IV.762 B 59.1........................................................... 135/3 B 86.6................................................................. - B 59.2 .......................................................... 135/3 B 86.bones ......................................Brk 1951/117 B 59.3 .......................................................... 135/3 B 87.1................................................... BB.III.470 B 59.4 .......................................................... 135/3 B 87.bones......................................Brk 1951/107 B 59.5 .......................................................... 135/3 B 88.1. .................................................BB.XI.480 B 59.6 .......................................................... 135/3 B 88.2. ..................................................BB.III.471 B 59.7 .......................................................... 135/3 B 88.3. ....................................................BB.VI.97 B 59.8 .......................................................... 135/3 B 90.1-3 ...........................................Brk 1951/106 B 59.9 ........................................................ 135/3a B 90.bones .....................................Brk 1951/106 B 59.10 ......................................................135/3b B 92.bones...................................... Brk 1951/101 B 59.11 ......................................................... 135/3 B 94.1.. ................................................BB.XI.482 B 59.12. ..............................................................- B 94.2. .................................................. BB.II.465 B 59.13......................................................... 135/3 B 94.3. ................................................................ - B 59.14 ........................................................ 135/3 B 94.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/119 B 59.15 ........................................................ 135/3 B 95.bones...................................... Brk 1951/114 B 59.intr ...................................................... 135/3 B 97.bones........................................Brk 1951/73 B 61.1. ............................................ BE.VI.160-171 B 98.1. ................................................. BB.III.476 B 61.2.................................................BC.II.69-70 B 98.2. ..................................................BB.II.466 B 61.2.................................................... BE.III.155 B 98.3. ................................................................ - B 61.2.................................................... BE.XIV.31 B 100.1 ................................................. BB.III.475 B 61.3....................................................BE.VI.168 B 103.bones ....................................Brk 1951/128 B 61.4. ................................................................- B 104.bones ........................................KG 1956/2 B 62.1...............................................Brk 1951/155 B 105.1 .................................................. BB.III.513 B 64.1-9. ............................................................- B 105.2 .................................................BB.III.514 B 67.1...................................................BB.III.480 B 105.bones ........................................ KG 1956/1 B 67.2. ..................................................BB.III.481 B 106.1 ................................................ KG 1956/4 B 67.3. ..................................................BB.II.468 B 107.bones .................................... Brk 1951/121 B 67.4. .................................................BB.VII.188 B 108.1 ................................................. BB.III.474 B 67.5. ................................................................- B 112.1.................................................. BB.III.472 B 73.1. .................................................. BB.III.477 B 113.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/110 B 74.bones......................................Brk 1951/139 B 114.1..................................................BB.III.469 B 76.bones......................................Brk 1951/138 B 121.bones ...................................... Brk 1951/65 501 — B 122.1 .................................................. BB.IV.761 B 151.2 .................................................BB.III.468 B 122.2.................................................BB.III.465 B 151.3 ..................................................BB.II.464 B 122.3 ...................................................BE.III.151 B 151.bones ...................................... Brk 1951/87 B 122.4................................................................ - B 154.1 .................................................. BE.III.152 B 122.bones ......................................Brk 1951/72 B 154.2.................................................. BE.III.153 B 125.1 .....................................................BC.I.151 B 154.bones .....................................Brk 1951/86 B 126.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/63 B 160.intr ......................................... Brk 1951/83 B 128.1 .................................................... BC.I.150 B 160.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/83 B 132.1 .................................................. BE.IV.261 B 162.1 ................................................................- B 132.2 .................................................. BE.III.150 B 162.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/79 B 135.1 .................................................BB.III.464 B 164.1 ................................................................- B 135.2 ....................................................BB.V.176 B 164.bones .....................................Brk 1951/80 B 135.3 ....................................................BC.I.149 B 165.1 .................................................BB.III.466 B 137.1.................................................. BB.XI.478 B 165.2 .................................................. BB.VI.94 B 137.2 .................................................. BC.I.152a B 165.3.................................................BB.VII.180 B 137.intr .............................................. BC.I.152b B 165.bones ......................................Brk 1951/81 B 138.coin ...................................... Brk 1951/49 B 166.1 .................................................BB.VII.182 B 139.1 ....................................................BB.V.175 B 167.1 .................................................. BE.III.154 B 139.2............................................. Brk 1951/56 B 167.2..................................................BE.IV.262 B 139.3 ................................................................- B 167.bones .....................................Brk 1951/89 B 140.1 .............................................. Brk 1951/50 B 168.bones ......................................Brk 1951/91 B 140.2 ............................................. Brk 1951/50 B 169.1 ..................................................BB.IV.745 B 140.3..................................................BE.III.148 B 169.2 .......................................... KeBr 1950/36 B 140.4 ............................................. Brk 1951/50 B 171.1 ..................................................BB.III.482 B 140.5 .................................................BE.IV.260 B 172.1 ................................................................- B 140.6 ...............................................................- B 172.2 .................................................... BC.I.155 B 140.7 ............................................. Brk 1951/50 B 172.3 ...................................................BE.III.173 B 142.bones ..................................... Brk 1951/52 B 176.1 ................................................. BB.XI.447 B 143.1 .................................................... BC.I.147 B 176.2.................................................BB.XI.448 B 143.2.............................................. Brk 1951/47 B 176.3 .................................................BB.XI.449 B 143.3 ....................................................BC.I.148 B 176.4 .................................................. BB.VI.89 B 143.4..................................................BE.IV.259 B 176.5................................................... BB.V.159 B 143.5.................................................. BE.III.147 B 176.6 .................................................. BB.V.160 B 143.6.............................................. Brk 1951/47 B 176.7.................................................... BC.I.138 B 143.7 .............................................. Brk 1951/47 B 177.1 ......................................................... 134/1 B 143.8.............................................. Brk 1951/47 B 177.2 ......................................................... 134/1 B 144.1 ................................................. BB.III.463 B 177.3 ......................................................... 134/1 B 144.bones ......................................Brk 1951/41 B 177.4 ......................................................... 134/1 B 150.1 ................................................. BB.III.467 B 177.5 ......................................................... 134/1 B 150.2 .................................................. BB.VI.96 B 177.6......................................................... 134/1 B 150.3................................................. BB.VII.181 B 179.1 .........................................................134/4 B 150.4 ...................................................BB.V.177 B 180.cof.................................................... 141/3 B 150.5 .................................................. BB.VI.95 B 180.1 ......................................................... 141/3 B 150.6 ....................................................BE.II.30 B 180.2 ...................................................... 141/3a B 150.7.............................................Brk 1951/21a B 180.3 ......................................................141/3b B 151.1..................................................BB.XI.479 B 180.4 ........................................................ 141/3 502 — B 180.5 ........................................................ 141/3 B 191.2 ........................................................ 131/13 B 180.6 ........................................................ 141/3 B 191.3 ........................................................ 131/13 B 180.7 ........................................................ 141/3 B 196.1 ....................................................... 141/18 B 180.8.9 ..................................................... 141/3 B 196.2 ...................................................... 141/18 B 180.10....................................................... 141/3 B 196.3 ...................................................... 141/18 B 180.11 ....................................................... 141/3 B 196.4 ...................................................... 141/18 B 180.12 ....................................................... 141/3 B 196.5 ...................................................... 141/18 B 180.intr .................................................... 141/3 B 196.6 ...................................................... 141/18 B 181.1...........................................................131/7 B 196.7 ...................................................... 141/18 B 181.2 ..........................................................131/7 B 196.8 ...................................................... 141/18 B 181.3 ..........................................................131/7 B 197.1 ....................................................... 134/12 B 181.4 ..........................................................131/7 B 197.2....................................................... 134/12 B 182.1. ...............................................................- B 197.3 ....................................................... 134/12 B 182.2 ...............................................................- B 197.4 ...................................................... 134/12 B 182.3................................................................- B 197.5....................................................... 134/12 B 182.4 ...............................................................- B 197.6 ...................................................... 134/12 B 182.5. ..............................................................- B 197.7....................................................... 134/12 B 182.6 ...............................................................- B 197.8 ...................................................... 134/12 B 182.7................................................................- B 198.1 ....................................................... 134/19 B 182.8 ...............................................................- B 198.2 ...................................................... 134/19 B 182.9.. .............................................................- B 198.3 ...................................................... 134/19 B 182.intr............................................................- B 198.4 ...................................................... 134/19 B 183.1 ......................................................... 131/8 B 198.5 ...................................................... 134/19 B 183.2......................................................... 131/8 B 199.1 .........................................................134/6 B 183.3 ......................................................... 131/8 B 199.2 ........................................................134/6 B 183.4......................................................... 131/8 B 200.1 ........................................................134/8 B 183.5......................................................... 131/8 B 201.1 ....................................................... 134/10 B 183.6 ........................................................ 131/8 B 201.2 ...................................................... 134/10 B 183.7 ......................................................... 131/8 B 203.1........................................................ 131/17 B 184.1 ......................................................... 131/6 B 203.2 ....................................................... 131/17 B 184.2 ........................................................ 131/6 B 203.3 ....................................................... 131/17 B 184.3......................................................... 131/6 B 203.4 ....................................................... 131/17 B 185.1 ......................................................... 131/5 B 204.1 ...................................................... 131/36 B 185.2 ........................................................ 131/5 B 204.2 ...................................................... 131/36 B 185.3................................................................- B 204.3 ...................................................... 131/36 B 185.4 ........................................................ 131/5 B 204.4...................................................... 131/36 B 185.5 ........................................................ 131/5 B 204.5 ...................................................... 131/36 B 185.6 ........................................................ 131/5 B 205.intr .................................................. 131/47 B 186.1 ......................................................... 131/9 B 206.1 ...................................................... 131/54 B 189.1 .........................................................131/11 B 206.2...................................................... 131/54 B 189.2 ........................................................131/11 B 206.3 ...................................................... 131/54 B 189.3 ........................................................131/11 B 206.4...................................................... 131/54 B 189.4 ........................................................131/11 B 207.1....................................................... 131/40 B 189.5 ........................................................131/11 B 207.2 ...................................................... 131/40 B 189.6 ........................................................131/11 B 207.3 ...................................................... 131/40 B 191.1......................................................... 131/13 B 207.4 ...................................................... 131/40 503 — B 207.5 ...................................................... 131/40 B 228.1 ........................................................134/9 B 207.6 ...................................................... 131/40 B 231.intr ..............................................BE.IV.266 B 208.1 ......................................................131/48 B 231.bones ...................................... LN 1957/23 B 211.1.................................................................- B 232.1 ................................................. BB.XI.507 B 212.2........................................................131/37 B 234.1................................................. BB.XI.505 B 212.3 ........................................................131/37 B 234.2 ................................................BB.XI.506 B 213.1 ....................................................... 131/45 B 234.3 ................................................ BB.III.526 B 214.1 ........................................................131/19 B 234.4 ................................................ BB.III.525 B 215.1 ......................................................... 131/2 B 234.5 ................................................. BB.II.482 B 215.2......................................................... 131/2 B 236.1.........................................................134/2 B 216.1 ........................................................131/18 B 238.1....................................................... 134/17 B 216.2 .......................................................131/18 B 241.1 .................................................BB.VII.219 B 216.3........................................................131/18 B 241.bones .................................... LN 1957/45 B 216.4 .......................................................131/18 B 243.1................................................. BB.III.527 B 216.5 .......................................................131/18 B 244.1 ...............................................................- B 216.6 .......................................................131/18 B 245.bones...................................... LN 1957/27 B 216.7........................................................131/18 B 246.bones ........................................LN 1957/1 B 217.1 ....................................................... 131/20 B 247.bones........................................ LN 1957/2 B 217.2 ....................................................... 131/20 B 248.1 .................................................. BB.V.186 B 218.1 ....................................................... 131/38 B 248.2 ................................................ BB.III.524 B 218.2 ...................................................... 131/38 B 248.3 .................................................. BB.V.185 B 218.3....................................................... 131/38 B 249.bones .......................................LN 1957/6 B 218.4 ...................................................... 131/38 B 248-9.bones ................................LN 1957.6-7 B 218.5 ...................................................... 131/38 B 250.1 ................................................BB.XI.508 B 218.6 ...................................................... 131/38 B 250.2 ................................................. BB.II.483 B 218.7....................................................... 131/38 B 250.bones.......................................LN 1957/31 B 218.8. ..................................................... 131/38 B 251.bones ...................................... LN 1957/25 B 218.9 ...................................................... 131/38 B 255.bones........................................KG 1956/5 B 218.10 ..................................................... 131/38 B 256.intr ...........................................................- B 218.11...................................................... 131/38 B 256.intr ...........................................................- B 219.1 ....................................................... 131/39 B 257.1 ..................................................... 131/34a B 219.2 ...................................................... 131/39 B 257.2 .................................................... 131/34b B 219.3....................................................... 131/39 B 258.1 ..................................................BB.II.481 B 219.4 ...................................................... 131/39 B 281.1 ........................................................ 133/11 B 219.5 ...................................................... 131/39 B 288.1 ........................................................ 133/5 B 219.6 ...................................................... 131/39 B 291.1 ................................................. BB.III.528 B 220.1 .......................................................131/53 B 292.1 .................................................BB.III.531 B 221.1 ....................................................... 131/52 B 292.2 ................................................ BB.III.530 B 221.2....................................................... 131/52 B 292.3 ............................................... BB.VII.220 B 222.1.......................................................131/46 B 293.1.................................................BB.XI.509 B 222.2 ......................................................131/46 B 293.2 ................................................ BB.III.529 B 226.1 .......................................................131/32 B 293.3 ................................................. BB.II.485 B 227.1 ........................................................131/23 B 293.4 ...............................................................- B 227.2 .......................................................131/23 B 293.5 ................................................. BE.III.174 B 227.3 .......................................................131/23 B 293.6 ................................................. BE.III.175 B 227.4 .......................................................131/23 B 293.bones......................................LN 1957/65 504 — B 298.1-55..........................................................- B 346.bones........................................LN 1957/9 B 298.56.............................................. BB.III.534 B 348-9.bones.................................. LN 1957/19 B 298.57 ...............................................BB.III.535 B 350.bones...................................... LN 1957/61 B 298.58-70......................................LN 1957/88 B 353.1 ........................................................141/12 B 298.71-73 ........................................................- B 355.1 .......................................................141/20 B 299.intr ...........................................................- B 357.1 ........................................................141/17 B 299.1 .................................................. BB.V.188 B 364.1........................................................133/17 B 300.bones......................................LN 1957/42 B 364.2 .......................................................133/17 B 301.1 ..................................................BB.II.484 B 365.1........................................................133/14 B 302.bones...................................... LN 1957/37 B 367.1 ........................................................133/21 B 303/4.bones .................................. LN 1957/39 B 367.2 .......................................................133/21 B 310.bones ...................................... LN 1957/75 B 367.3 .......................................................133/21 B 312.intr ...........................................LN 1957/46 B 367.4 .......................................................133/21 B 312.bones ......................................LN 1957/46 B 372.1 ..................................................BB.XI.512 B 316.1 ............................................... LN 1957/77 B 372.2 .................................................BB.XI.513 B 319.1 ..................................................BB.III.523 B 372.3................................................. BB.III.543 B 319.2................................................... BB.V.184 B 372.4 ................................................. BB.VI.118 B 319.3 .................................................. BB.II.479 B 381.1 ..................................................BB.XI.510 B 319.intr ............................................................- B 381.2................................................. BB.III.536 B 320.1................................................................- B 381.3 ....................................................BC.I.184 B 320.2-6 ............................................ LN 1957/5 B 383.1 .................................................. BB.XI.511 B 322.bones ..................................... LN 1957/12 B 383.2 ................................................ BB.III.538 B 323.bones .......................................LN 1957/13 B 383.3................................................. BB.III.539 B 327.bones ...................................... LN 1957/16 B 386.teeth ..................................... LN 1957/106 B 328.1..................................................BB.III.533 B 387.1 ..................................................BB.III.541 B 328.bones...................................... LN 1957/18 B 387.2 ................................................BB.III.540 B 329.bones.......................................LN 1957/17 B 391.teeth ........................................LN 1957/92 B 330.bones ...................................... LN 1957/10 B 392.1..................................................BB.III.532 B 331.bones.......................................LN 1957/60 B 392.2 ................................................BB.VII.221 B 332.bones ......................................LN 1957/59 B 395.1..................................................BB.III.537 B 333.bones ......................................LN 1957/58 B 395.2 ..................................................BB.VI.117 B 334.1 .................................................. BB.VI.116 B 395.3 ............................................... BB.VII.222 B 334.2 .................................................. BB.V.189 B 395.4-5 ......................................... BA.VI.37-38 B 334.bones ...................................... LN 1957/52 B 401.teeth .......................................LN 1957/97 B 335.bones .......................................LN 1957/51 B 402.1-5......................................... LN 1957/109 B 337.bones ......................................LN 1957/50 B 403.teeth ..................................... LN 1957/108 B 339.bones ......................................LN 1957/48 B 409.1 ........................................................141/8 B 341.bones ...................................... LN 1957/55 B 409.2........................................................141/8 B 343.teeth .......................................LN 1957/82 B 410.1 ..................................................BB.XI.515 B 344.1..................................................BB.II.486 B 410.2 ............................................... BB.VII.226 B 344.2 ...................................................BB.V.187 B 410.3................................................ BB.VII.225 B 344.bones........................................LN 1957/8 B 410.4 ...............................................................- B 345.1.................................................BB.VII.218 B 414.1 ................................................. BB.III.542 B 345.2 ............................................................... - B 416.1 ................................................................- B 345.3 ............................................... LN 1957/11 B 421.1 ..................................................BB.II.480 B 345.bones....................................... LN 1957/11 B 421.2....................................................BA.VI.39 505 — B 423.1.................................................BB.III.544 B 470.3 .................................................BB.XI.516 B 423.2 ................................................ BB.III.545 B 471.1 ...............................................LN 1960/39 B 423.3 ................................................BB.VII.223 B 480.1 ...............................................................- B 427.1.................................................BB.XI.499 B 481.1 ..................................................BB.XI.519 B 427.2 .................................................BB.IV.783 B 481.2 ................................................ BB.III.550 B 427.3 ................................................ BB.VII.211 B 481.3...............................................LN 1960/38 B 435.1..................................................BB.XI.514 B 481.4 ..............................................LN 1960/38 B 435.2 ................................................ BB.III.547 B 482.1 ................................................BB.III.549 B 435.3 .................................................BB.IV.782 B 482.2 .................................................BB.II.488 B 435.4-5 .........................................BA.VI.40-41 B 482.3 ................................................. BB.II.487 B 449.teeth......................................LN 1957/122 B 484.intr ..........................................LN 1960/30 B 451.1 .................................................BB.III.546 B 486.1 ...............................................................- B 451.2................................................... BB.V.190 B 486.2...............................................................- B 451.3................................................ BB.VII.224 B 496.intr...........................................................- B 456.1 ................................................BB.III.548 B 497.intr ...........................................................- B 456.2 ................................................. BB.VI.119 B 497.intr ..................................................142/18 B 456.3 ...................................................BB.V.191 B 503.intr .................................................. 142/17 B 458.1 ................................................ LN 1960/1 B 504.1 ...............................................................- B 460.1 ........................................................ 133/2 B 504.2 ...............................................................- B 465.1. .....................................LN1960-1/46/25 B 504.3 ........................................................142/7 B 465.2. ....................................LN 1960-1/46/23 B 504.intr ....................................................142/7 B 465.3. ....................................LN 1960-1/46/24 B 505.intr ....................................................142/5 B 465.4.....................................LN 1960-1/46/22 B 512.1 .......................................................142/43 B 465.5. ....................................... LN 1960/46/18 B 512.2.......................................................142/43 B 465.6....................................... LN 1960-1/46/1 B 512.3 .......................................................142/43 B 465.7 .......................................LN 1960-1/46/2 B 517.1 .......................................................142/16 B 465.8.......................................LN 1960-1/46/3 B 520.1 ......................................................142/23 B 465.9.......................................LN 1960-1/46/4 B 522.1...................................................... 142/42 B 465.10 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/5 B 536.1................................................................- B 465.11 ......................................LN 1960-1/46/6 B 536.2 ..................................................... 142/45 B 465.12 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/7 B 537.intr...................................................142/30 B 465.13 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/8 B 547.intr ................................................... 142/6 B 465.14 .....................................LN 1960-1/46/9 B 580.1 .....................................................BA.V.15 B 465.15 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/10 B 592.1 ....................................................BC.I.171 B 465.16 ....................................LN 1960-1/46/11 B 592.2 ................................................. BE.III.163 B 465.17 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/12 B 592.3 .................................................BE.III.164 B 465.18 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/13 B 601.1 ......................................................BA.V.12 B 465.19 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/14 B 606.1 .............................................Ma 1952/64 B 465.20................................... LN 1960-1/46/15 B 606.2.............................................Ma 1952/64 B 465.21 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/16 B 608.1 .............................................Ma 1952/40 B 465.22 .................................. LN 1960-1/46/17 B 608.2................................................BB.VII.217 B 465.23 ...................................LN 1960-1/46/19 B 612.1 .................................................. BB.IV.781 B 465.24.................................. LN 1960-1/46/20 B 620.0.....................................................BA.V.13 B 465.25 ................................... LN 1960-1/46/21 B 620.0.....................................................BD.IV.3 B 470.1 .................................................BB.XI.518 B 620.1 .............................................. BE.XV.2201 B 470.2 .................................................BB.XI.517 B 620.2.5.......................................BE.XV.2202-4 506 — B 620.3.4.6................................... BE.XV.2206-8 B 677.2 .................................................BB.VI.100 B 620.7 ...............................................................- B 680.1 .................................................BB.VI.105 B 620.8...............................................................- B 680.2................................................... BC.I.162 B 620.9...............................................................- B 680.3............................................ Ma 1952/53 B 620.10 ..................................................BC.II.72 B 680.4 .................................................. BC.I.176 B 620.11 ................................................ BE.III.176 B 680.5-6......................................BE.III.157-158 B 620.12 ................................................BE.III.177 B 680.7................................................. BE.III.159 B 620.13 ........................................BE.III.178-179 B 681.1 ................................................. BB.III.497 B 620.14 ...............................................BE.IV.267 B 681.2 .................................................BB.VI.104 B 620.15 ........................................BE.VI.178-180 B 681.teeth ...................................... Ma 1952/52 B 620.16 .................................................... BD.I.6 B 682.1 ................................................ BB.IV.768 B 620.17 ................................................. BC.I.185 B 682.teeth ...................................... Ma 1952/61 B 620.18 ............................................................. - B 683.1 .............................................Ma 1952/56 B 620.19 ................................................BE.III.181 B 685.1 ................................................BB.III.490 B 620.20................................................BE.III.181 B 686.1 ............................................... BB.XI.491 B 620.bones ..................................Grutb 1957/5 B 686.2................................................BB.XI.492 B 625.bones................................. Grutb 1957/14 B 686.3................................................. BB.VI.101 B 627.1......................................................BA.V.14 B 686.4 ...............................................BB.VII.195 B 628.bones ................................ Grutb 1957/18 B 686.5...............................................................- B 633.1 ................................................................ - B 687.1 .................................................BB.III.491 B 633.bones ............................Pauwelst 1952/1a B 687.2 .................................................BB.VI.102 B 651.1 ................................................................ - B 687.3 ....................................................BC.I.161 B 654.1 ................................................ BB.XI.487 B 687.4.............................................Ma 1952/45 B 654.2 ............................................. Ma 1952/30 B 687.5 .............................................Ma 1952/45 B 659.1 ........................................Ma/Gr 1952/4a B 690.1 .............................................Ma 1952/58 B 660.1 ............................................................... - B 690.2.............................................Ma 1952/58 B 661.1 ................................................ Ma 1952/7 B 690.3.............................................Ma 1952/58 B 661.intr ........................................................... - B 690.4 ............................................Ma 1952/58 B 663.1 ................................................... BC.I.156 B 690.bones ....................................Ma 1952/58 B 663.2 ....................................................BC.I.157 B 692.intr ...........................................................- B 663.3 .............................................. Ma 1952/11 B 696.bones ....................................Ma 1952/80 B 663.4 ............................................................... - B 697.1 ................................................BB.III.498 B 664.1 ....................................................BC.I.175 B 697.2 ................................................ BB.IV.769 B 670.1 ............................................... Ma 1952/5 B 697.3 ...................................................BC.I.164 B 670.2 ............................................... Ma 1952/5 B 697.4................................................... BC.I.163 B 670.cof .......................................................... - B 697.5 ....................................................BC.I.177 B 674.1 ................................................BB.XI.488 B 697.teeth ......................................Ma 1952/76 B 674.2 ................................................BB.XI.489 B 699.0 ................................................. BA.VIII.6 B 674.3 ................................................BB.XI.490 B 699.1 ..........................................BE.III.167-168 B 674.4 .................................................BB.II.469 B 699.teeth......................................Ma 1952/78 B 674.5 ...................................................BC.I.160 B 700.intr ............................................... BC.I.178 B 674.6................................................... BC.I.159 B 701.1 .................................................BB.III.499 B 676.1 ................................................BB.III.488 B 701.2..................................................BB.IV.770 B 676.2 .................................................. BB.VI.99 B 701.3 .................................................BB.VII.197 B 676.3 ................................................BB.VII.194 B 701.4 ................................................... BC.I.179 B 677.1..................................................BB.IV.765 B 701.5....................................................BC.I.166 507 — B 701.6.. ................................................. BC.I.167 B 715.1 ..................................................BB.XI.533 B 701.7....................................................BA.VI.32 B 715.2 ..................................................BB.II.496 B 701.8 ................................................... BC.I.165 B 715.3 ................................................... BB.V.195 B 701.9 ..................................................BE.VI.157 B 717.1 ................................................. BB.III.520 B 701.9 ................................................. BE.VI.176 B 719.1 ..............................................Ma 1952/98 B 701.10 .................................................BE.III.161 B 721.bones ................................... Ma 1952/102 B 701.11.................................................BE.III.160 B 722.1 .................................................BB.XI.504 B 701.12 ................................................BE.III.169 B 722.2 .................................................BB.III.510 B 701.13 .................................................. BD.II.19 B 723.1 ................................................. BB.III.507 B 701.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/81 B 723.2 .......................................................... lost B 702.1................................................... BB.VI.111 B 723.3..................................................BB.IV.772 B 702.2 .................................................BB.VI.109 B 723.4 ...............................................BB.VII.200 B 702.3 .................................................BB.VI.107 B 723.5 ................................................BB.VII.162 B 702.4 ................................................. BB.VI.110 B 723.6 .................................................BE.III.162 B 702.5 .................................................BB.VI.108 B 723.intr...............................................BB.II.471 B 702.6 .............................................Ma 1952/86 B 723.bones ....................................Ma 1952/101 B 702.7 ...................................................BA.VI.33 B 724.1.................................................BB.III.506 B 702.bones.....................................Ma 1952/86 B 724.2 ................................................BB.VII.199 B 704.1 ................................................BB.XI.495 B 725.1 ..................................................BB.III.521 B 704.2 ................................................BB.III.504 B 725.2 ................................................BB.VII.216 B 704.3 ................................................. BB.IV.771 B 726.1................................................ BB.VII.203 B 704.4 ....................................................BC.I.181 B 726.2 ................................................... BC.I.170 B 704.5 ...............................................................- B 726.3 ........................................... BC.I.169+183 B 704.6...............................................................- B 728.1...................................................BB.VI.115 B 704.7 ...............................................................- B 728.2 ................................................BB.VII.201 B 704.8................................................... BC.I.172 B 728.3 ............................................... BB.VII.202 B 704.9................................................. BE.VI.158 B 728.4 ...............................................Ma 1952/6 B 704.9................................................. BE.VI.159 B 728.5 ...............................................................- B 704.9.................................................BF.1; BH.1 B 730.1 ..................................................BB.VI.106 B 704.10 .........................................BE.III.170-171 B 730.2 ................................................. BB.II.470 B 705.1.................................................BB.III.500 B 730.3 ...................................................BB.V.179 B 705.2 ................................................BB.VII.198 B 733.1 .................................................BB.III.489 B 705.3 ...............................................................- B 733.2................................................................- B 705.4 ...............................................................- B 734.1 .................................................BB.VII.193 B 705.intr (5x) ..................................Ma 1952/87 B 734.2 ...............................................................- B 706.1 .................................................BB.III.501 B 734.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/23 B 706.2 ................................................ BB.III.502 B 735.bones ......................................Ma 1952/21 B 706.3 ...............................................................- B 737.teeth....................................... Ma 1952/19 B 706.4...................................................BC.I.168 B 739.bones ..................................... Ma 1952/63 B 706.5 .............................................Ma 1952/88 B 740.1 ......................................... BE.III.165-166 B 707.1................................................. BB.III.505 B 740.2 .................................................... BC.II.71 B 707.2 ................................................... BC.I.182 B 741.1 ................................................. BB.XI.493 B 708.1 ................................................ BB.III.503 B 741.2.................................................BB.III.494 B 708.2 ..................................................BB.VI.112 B 741.3 .................................................BB.III.492 B 708.3 ...................................................BC.I.180 B 741.4................................................. BB.III.493 B 714.1 ...................................................BE.VI.177 B 741.5.................................................. BB.VI.103 508 — B 741.6 ................................................ BB.IV.766 B 766.3 ..............................................Ma 1963/17 B 741.7 ................................................................ - B 773.1 ................................................. BB.XI.528 B 742.1.................................................BB.XI.494 B 773.2...................................................BB.II.491 B 742.2 ................................................BB.III.496 B 776.bones.....................................Ma 1963/28 B 742.3 .................................................BB.IV.767 B 778.1..................................................BB.VI.122 B 742.4 ............................................................... - B 778.2 ...............................................................- B 743.1 .................................................BB.III.495 B 778.3 ...............................................................- B 743.2 ................................................BB.VII.196 B 778.4 ...............................................................- B 743.3 ................................................. BE.III.156 B 778.5 ...............................................................- B 744.1................................................. BB.XI.522 B 778.6 ...............................................................- B 744.2 ................................................ BB.III.552 B 778.7-10 ........................................Ma 1963/59 B 744.3 .................................................BB.III.551 B 779.1................................................. BB.XI.532 B 745.1..................................................BB.XI.523 B 779.2 .................................................BB.XI.531 B 745.2 ............................................................... - B 779.3 .................................................. BB.V.194 B 747.1 ................................................. BB.III.555 B 779.4 ................................................. BB.II.495 B 747.2 ................................................... BC.I.158 B 781.1 ................................................................- B 749.1 .............................................Ma 1963/29 B 782.1..............................................Ma 1963/42 B 749.teeth ......................................Ma 1963/29 B 786.1 ................................................. BB.II.493 B 751.1 .................................................BB.III.486 B 787.1................................................................- B 751.2 .................................................BB.III.485 B 787.2 ...............................................................- B 751.3 ................................................. BB.III.487 B 787.3 ...............................................................- B 751.4...............................................Ma 1952/17 B 787.4 ...............................................................- B 754.1..................................................BB.IV.785 B 788.bones .................................... Ma 1963/41 B 754.bones.................................Ma 1963/(20)7 B 789.bones ....................................Ma 1963/44 B 757.1 .................................................. BB.II.492 B 792.1................................................. BB.XI.530 B 757.bones ..................................... Ma 1963/25 B 792.2 .................................................BB.II.494 B 758.bones.....................................Ma 1963/26 B 795.1...................................................... AA.152 B 760.1 .................................................BB.VI.120 B 795.2-6 ...........................................................- B 760.2 .................................................BB.II.489 B 798.1-4...........................................Ma 1963/51 B 760.3 ................................................BB.VII.227 B 798.bones .....................................Ma 1963/51 B 762.1................................................................ - B 801.1 ........................................................ 97/27 B 762.intr(2x) ....................................Ma 1963/14 B 801.2 ....................................................... 97/27 B 763.1 ................................................ BB.VII.229 B 803.1 .........................................................97/9 B 763.2 ...................................................BC.I.186 B 805.1 ....................................................... 97/10 B 763.3 ............................................................... - B 809.1 ....................................................... 97/23 B 764.1 ................................................ BB.XI.525 B 809.2....................................................... 97/23 B 764.2 ................................................ BB.XI.524 B 810.1 ........................................................ 97/18 B 764.3 ................................................ BB.XI.526 B 810.2 ....................................................... 97/18 B 764.4 .................................................BB.III.553 B 810.3 ....................................................... 97/18 B 764.5 ..................................................BB.VI.121 B 811.1........................................................... 97/7 B 764.6.................................................BB.II.490 B 812.1 .........................................................97/15 B 764.7 .................................................. BB.V.192 B 812.2 ........................................................97/15 B 764.8............................................... BB.VII.228 B 812.3.........................................................97/15 B 764.9............................................................... - B 812.4 ........................................................97/15 B 766.1 ................................................ BB.XI.527 B 814.1 ........................................................97/26 B 766.2 ................................................ BB.III.554 B 815.1 ........................................................97/24 509 — B 817.1 .........................................................97/21 OO 9.10 .................................................... 209/15 B 818.1 ........................................................ 97/16 OO 9.11 ..................................................... 209/12 B 818.2 ....................................................... 97/16 OO 9.12 ..............................................................- B 819.1 ...........................................................97/1 OO 9.13 .....................................................209/11 B 819.2 ..........................................................97/1 OO 9.14 .................................................... 209/17 B 820.1 ......................................................... 97/5 OO 9.15 ..............................................................- B 820.2......................................................... 97/5 OO 9.16 .....................................................209/11 B 820.3 ......................................................... 97/5 OO 9.17 ......................................................209/4 B 821.1 ......................................................... 97/11 OO 9.bones ............................... 209/8+48-48A B 823.1.......................................................... 97/2 OO 10.bones ......................................209/57-58 B 824.1 .........................................................97/4 OO 12.1 ..................................................... 209/16 B 827.1........................................................ 97/25 OO 12.2 ....................................................209/24 B 827.2 ....................................................... 97/25 OO 12.2 .................................................... 209/21 B 828.1 ...................................................BB.V.193 OO 12.3.....................................................209/24 B 828.2...............................................................- OO 12.4-9 ................................................209/22 B 829.1 ...............................................................- OO 12.10 ...................................................209/23 B 829.2...............................................................- OO 12.11....................................................209/26 B 834.1................................................. BB.III.483 OO 12.12 ...................................................209/27 B 834.2 ................................................BB.III.484 OO 12.13 ...................................................209/25 B 834.3 ...................................................BB.V.178 OO 12.bones ......................................209/19+29 B 834.4 ................................................BB.VII.189 OO 13.1 ....................................................... 209/1 B 834.5 ................................................BB.VII.190 OO 13.2.......................................................209/2 B 834.6 ................................................ BB.VII.191 OO 19.1. ...................................................... 242-1 B 834.7 ...............................................................- OO 19.2. .....................................................242-6 B 834.8 ................................................BB.VII.192 OO 19.3. .....................................................242-2 OO 20.1. .................................................... 246-4 OO 20.2. .....................................................246-5 Cemetery OO, OO 20.3. .....................................................246-3 excavation inds OO 24.1. .................................................... 249-9 OO 24.2. ................................................... 249-12 OO 2.1....................................................... 209/61 OO 25.1........................................................210/3 OO 2.bones..............................................209/62 OO 25.2 ...................................................... 210/4 OO 3.1...................................................... 209/64 OO 25.3 .......................................................210/5 OO 3.bones....................................... 209/64-65 OO 26.1 .................................................... 210/44 OO 4.1 ......................................................209/32 OO 26.2 .................................................... 210/48 OO 5.bones........................................209/46-47 OO 26.3 .................................................... 210/45 OO 5.bones........................................ 209/49-51 OO 26.4.................................................... 210/46 OO 9.1 ...................................................... 209/10 OO 26.5 .....................................................210/47 OO 9.2 ........................................................209/5 OO 26.6.................................................... 210/56 OO 9.3 ........................................................209/9 OO 26.7.8..................................................210/57 OO 9.4...................................................... 209/18 OO 26.bones ........................................... 210/54 OO 9.5. .....................................................209/53 OO 28.1 ......................................................204/9 OO 9.6................................................................- OO 28.2 .................................................... 204/10 OO 9.7 ................................................................- OO 28.bones ...................................... 204/11+15 OO 9.8.......................................................209/11 OO 29.1 ...................................................... 204/3 OO 9.9...................................................... 209/14 OO 29.2a.................................................... 204/3 510 — OO 29.2b....................................................204/5 OO 58.2 .....................................................210/41 OO 29.2c .................................................... 204/3 OO 58.bones ............................................210/41 OO 29.2d....................................................204/5 OO 59.1 .......................................................210/1 OO 29.2e-f .................................................204/5 OO 59.2 .......................................................210/2 OO 29.3. .....................................................204/6 OO 59.3 ...................................................... 210/6 OO 29.4-10 .......................................... 204/2a-g OO 59.bones ........................................... 210/52 OO 29.9......................................................204/6 OO 60.1 .................................................... 210/38 OO 29.11 .....................................................204/5 OO 60.2.....................................................210/33 OO 29.12 ............................................................ - OO 60.bones ........................................... 210/39 OO 29.bones .............................................204/7 OO 62.1 .....................................................210/27 OO 30.1 .................................................... 204/18 OO 62.2 .................................................... 210/25 OO 30.2 .................................................... 204/16 OO 62.3 .................................................... 210/26 OO 30.3 .....................................................204/17 OO 62.4.5................................................. 210/26 OO 30.4 ....................................................204/24 OO 62.bones ........................................... 210/24 OO 30.bones............................................204/23 OO 63.1 .....................................................210/16 OO 31.1 .....................................................209/70 OO 63.2 ..................................................... 210/17 OO 31.bones ........................................... 209/69 OO 63.3 .....................................................210/18 OO 34.bones....................................... 216/253-3 OO 63.4 .....................................................210/14 OO 37.1. .......................................................251-3 OO 63.5 .....................................................210/14 OO 37.2. ......................................................251-1 OO 65.1 ....................................................204/22 OO 37.3. ..................................................... 251-2 OO 65.bones ...........................................204/20 OO 37.4. ....................................................251-14 OO 66.1 ......................................................204/8 OO 37.5. ....................................................251-19 OO 66.2......................................................204/8 OO 37.6. ....................................................251-18 OO 66.bones ........................................... 204/12 OO 40.1. ................................................... 243-10 OO 69.1 ....................................................204/25 OO 40.2...................................................... 243-7 OO 69.2....................................................204/25 OO 40.3. .....................................................243-8 OO 71.1. .................................................... 257-16 OO 42.1 ......................................................252-2 OO 71.2..................................................... 257-15 OO 42.2. ..................................................... 252-3 OO 71.3. .....................................................257-17 OO 42.3. .................................................... 252-1 OO 71.4. .....................................................257-5 OO 44.1 .................................................... 210/49 OO 72.bones...................................... 216/256-8 OO 44.2.................................................... 210/50 OO 76.1. ..................................................... 255-1 OO 44.3 .....................................................210/51 OO 78.1. ................................................... 260-17 OO 47.bones ........................................... 202/19 OO 78.2. ...................................................260-18 OO 48.1 ....................................................202/20 OO 78.3. ...................................................260-19 OO 48.2.................................................... 202/21 OO 83.1. ......................................................214/7 OO 48.3 ......................................................202/8 OO 83.bones........................................214/219-1 OO 48.bones ...........................................202/22 OO 85.bones .......................................214/221-1 OO 49.1 .................................................... 202/12 OO 87.1. ..................................................... 225-1 OO 49.bones ......................................202/13+15 OO 87.2. .................................................... 225-2 OO 50.1 .................................................... 202/14 OO 88.1. .................................................... 226-6 OO 54.1 ....................................................202/49 OO 88.2..................................................... 226-6 OO 56.1 .................................................... 210/20 OO 88.3 ..............................................................- OO 56.2 .....................................................210/21 OO 88.4. ............................................................- OO 56.3 .................................................... 210/22 OO 88.5..................................................... 226-8 OO 58.1 .................................................... 210/42 OO 90.1 .................................................... 266-13 511 — OO 90.2..............................................................- OO 109.3 ..................................................203/28 OO 92.1 ...................................................... 265-1 OO 109.bones................................. 203/36A+25 OO 92.2 ......................................................265-2 OO 110.bones ...........................................203/31 OO 94.1 .................................................... 263-19 OO 111.bones ........................................... 203/38 OO 94.2.................................................... 263-18 OO 112.1.....................................................261-10 OO 96.1 .....................................................201/21 OO 112.bones.....................................216/261-12 OO 96.bones ........................................... 201/22 OO 116.1 ...................................................... 217-1 OO 97.bones ........................................202/9+11 OO 118.bones .....................................214/218-4 OO 98.1 .....................................................202/17 OO 121.bones...................................... 214/224-1 OO 98.2.................................................... 202/16 OO 122.1 ..................................................... 214-7 OO 98.3 .................................................... 202/18 OO 122.2 .................................................... 214-4 OO 98.4 ......................................................202/1 OO 122.bones ....................................214/214-15 OO 98.bones ......................................202/32-33 OO 122.bones ....................................214/215-12 OO 99.1 ....................................................202/29 OO 127.bones ................................... 214/232-77 OO 99.bones .....................................202/25-28 OO 129.1 .....................................................230-4 OO 100.bones................................... 202/38+44 OO 129.2 ................................................ 230-5/8 OO 101.1 ...................................................202/56 OO 129.3 .................................................... 230-3 OO 101.2 ...................................................202/50 OO 130.1 ..................................................... 229-1 OO 101.3 ................................................... 202/51 OO 130.bones ................................. 214/229-2-3 OO 101.4...................................................202/52 OO 131.1...................................................... 234-3 OO 101.5 ................................................... 202/53 OO 131.2 .....................................................234-2 OO 101.6...................................................202/54 OO 131.3 ..................................................... 234-1 OO 101.7 ...................................................202/55 OO 131.bones......................................214/234-6 OO 101.8...................................................202/59 OO 132.1 ..................................................... 235-7 OO 101.9.10 ..............................................202/56 OO 132.bones ................................214/235-2+11 OO 101.11 ..................................................202/45 OO 133.1 ..................................................... 236-1 OO 101.12 .................................................202/59 OO 133.2 .....................................................236-4 OO 102.1 ...................................................202/42 OO 133.3 ..................................................... 236-3 OO 102.2 ..................................................202/40 OO 133.4.....................................................236-2 OO 102.3 .................................................. 202/41 OO 133.5 .....................................................236-5 OO 102.4 ..................................................202/48 OO 134.1 .....................................................239-4 OO 103.1 ....................................................210/35 OO 134.2..............................................214/239-4 OO 103.2 ................................................... 210/31 OO 134.3..............................................214/239-4 OO 103.3....................................................210/32 OO 134.4 .................................................... 239-1 OO 103.4 ...................................................210/34 OO 135.1 ......................................................241-1 OO 103.bones ...........................................210/37 OO 135.bones .....................................214/241-6 OO 105.bones ............................................210/11 OO 136.1 ................................................... 210/64 OO 106.1...................................................203/46 OO 136.2 .................................................. 210/62 OO 106.2 ...................................................203/41 OO 140.bones.....................................201/27-28 OO 106.bones................................... 203/44+46 OO 144.1..................................................... 201/6 OO 107.1 ....................................................210/15 OO 144.2 .....................................................201/3 OO 108.1................................................... 203/47 OO 144.3 .................................................... 201/4 OO 108.2 ..................................................203/49 OO 144.4 .....................................................201/5 OO 108.3 ..................................................203/48 OO 144.5 .....................................................201/7 OO 109.1................................................... 203/34 OO 144.6 .................................................... 201/9 OO 109.2 ..................................................203/29 OO 144.7 .................................................... 201/8 512 — OO 144.8 ...................................................201/10 OO 168.2 .................................................... 190-3 OO 144.10 ..................................................201/11 OO 168.3 .....................................................190-1 OO 144.11 ...................................................201/11 OO 168.4 ....................................................190-4 OO 144.13 ........................................................... - OO 168.5 ....................................................190-9 OO 144.14........................................................... - OO 168.6 ....................................................190-5 OO 144.bones......................................201/12-15 OO 168.7 ....................................................190-6 OO 145.1 ....................................................201/23 OO 168.8 .................................................... 190-7 OO 145.2 .................................................. 201/24 OO 168.9 ....................................................190-8 OO 145.bones .......................................... 201/29 OO 168.10 ................................................ 190-10 OO 147.1 .................................................... 201/51 OO 168.11 ...................................................238-9 OO 147.bones ...........................................201/52 OO 168.12................................................... 238-1 OO 149.1.................................................201A/29 OO 168.bones.....................................214/238-8 OO 149.2 ................................................201A/28 OO 169.1....................................................201/33 OO 149.3 ............................................... 201A/30 OO 169.2 ...................................................201/34 OO 150.1 .............................................................- OO 169.3 ...................................................201/35 OO 150.bones ...................................201A/21-24 OO 170.1 ....................................................201/37 OO 151.1...................................................201A/31 OO 170.2 ...................................................201/32 OO 151.2 ..................................................201A/31 OO 170.3................................................... 201/36 OO 151.3 ................................................. 201A/32 OO 170.4 .................................................. 201/44 OO 152.1 ....................................................203/15 OO 170.5 .................................................. 201/36 OO 152.2 .................................................. 203/16 OO 170.bones .......................................... 201/38 OO 152.3....................................................203/14 OO 174.bones .......................................... 201/48 OO 152.bones ..........................................203/20 OO 175.bones .................................... 201/49-50 OO 153.1 ....................................................203/21 OO 176.1 ........................................... OO 153.2................................................... 203/22 OO 176.2 .................................................201A/17 OO 153.3 ................................................... 203/23 OO 176.3................................................. 201A/18 OO 153.4....................................................203/17 OO 176.4 ................................................. 201A/11 OO 153.bones .......................................... 203/27 OO 176.5 .................................................201A/12 OO 156.1 ..................................................... 215-4 OO 176.6 ..................................................201A/6 OO 156.bones ....................................214/215-13 OO 176.7 .................................................. 201A/5 OO 157.bones .................................... 214/209-4 OO 176.8 ................................................ 201A/10 OO 161.1 ..................................................... 233-4 OO 176.9 .................................................201A/13 OO 161.2 ......................................................233-1 OO 176.10.................................................201A/9 OO 161.3 ..................................................... 233-2 OO 176.11 ................................................. 201A/7 OO 161.4..................................................... 233-3 OO 176.12 ............................................... 201A/16 OO 161.5 ..................................................... 233-5 OO 176.13 ...............................................201A/20 OO 161.6...................................................233-40 OO 176.14...............................................201A/20 OO 161.bones ................................... 214/233-52 OO 179.bones .......................................201A/2-3 OO 164.1......................................................213-3 OO 180.1...................................................206/27 OO 164.2 ..................................................... 213-1 OO 181.1 ................................................... 206/33 OO 164.3 .....................................................213-2 OO 181.2 ...................................................206/34 OO 164.bones...............................214/213-19-21 OO 186.1......................................................197-3 OO 165.bones .....................................214/240-1 OO 186.2 ...................................................197-33 OO 166.bones......................................214/237-1 OO 186.3 .................................................... 197-2 OO 167.1 .............................................. 214/203-1 OO 186.4 .................................................... 197-7 OO 168.1.....................................................190-2 OO 186.5 .................................................... 197-4 201A/8 513 — OO 186.6 .................................................... 197-5 OO 206.1 ................................................. 209/66 OO 186.7 .................................................... 197-6 OO 207.1 ....................................................203/6 OO 186.8 ............................................................- OO 207.2 .................................................... 203/4 OO 186.9 .....................................................197-1 OO 207.3 .................................................... 203/5 OO 186.10 .................................................. 197-8 OO 207.4....................................................203/8 OO 186.bones..............................211/197-34+38 OO 207.5 ....................................................203/8 OO 188.1..................................................... 202-1 OO 207.6....................................................203/8 OO 188.2 ....................................................202-2 OO 207.7 ....................................................203/8 OO 188.3 ............................................................- OO 207.8....................................................203/8 OO 193.bones ................................... 214/208-11 OO 207.9-11 ...............................................203/8 OO 194.1.....................................................204-7 OO 207.12 ..................................................203/8 OO 194.bones.................................... 214/204-6 OO 207.13...................................................203/8 OO 195.1 .....................................................205-4 OO 207.14 .................................................203/10 OO 195.2 ....................................................205-5 OO 207.bones .......................................... 203/11 OO 195.3-4................................................ 205-8 OO 208.1 ............................................................ - OO 195.5 .................................................... 205-1 OO 208.bones ................................... 203/25-26 OO 195.bones .................................214/205-4-7 OO 209.1 ....................................................203/9 OO 196.1..................................................... 207-1 OO 209.bones ........................................... 203/2 OO 196.2 ....................................................207-2 OO 210.bones ....................................211/194-16 OO 196.3 ....................................................207-3 OO 212.1 .....................................................211/18 OO 196.bones...................................214/207-18 OO 215.1 ......................................................196-1 OO 197.1 .....................................................206/5 OO 216.bones ..................................... 211/199-9 OO 197.2 ....................................................206/4 OO 219.bones ...................................211/201-1-3 OO 198.1...................................................206/20 OO 222.bones ..................................219/286-16 OO 199.1................................................. 206/21a OO 223.1............................................................. - OO 199.2 ............................................... 206/22b OO 223.2 ....................................................285-2 OO 199.3 ................................................206/21b OO 223.bones...................................219/285-18 OO 199.4 ................................................206/22a OO 229.bones ..........................................197/35 OO 199.5 ..................................................206/23 OO 231.1 ..................................................... 192-5 OO 199.bones....................................206/24-26 OO 231.bones .................................... 211/192-16 OO 200.1 .................................................... 206/1 OO 232.1......................................................193-3 OO 200.2............................................................- OO 232.2 .....................................................193-1 OO 200.3.................................................. 206/19 OO 232.3 .................................................... 193-2 OO 200.4 ........................................ 206/9 OO 234.1...................................................... 191-1 OO 200.5....................................................206/3 OO 234.2 ...............................................211/191-1 OO 200.6 ...................................................206/2 OO 240.1 .................................................... 200-1 OO 200.7....................................................206/6 OO 240.2....................................................200-2 OO 200.8 .................................................206/32 OO 240.3 ....................................................200-3 OO 200.9 ........................................................... - OO 240.bones ...............................211/200-7-10 OO 200.bones ......................................... 206/14 OO 242.1 ..................................................288-19 OO 209.bones ......................................... 206/14 OO 242.2 ..................................................288-23 OO 201.1 ...................................................206/44 OO 242.3 ................................................. 288-24 OO 201.2 ..................................................206/43 OO 242.4..................................................288-19 OO 203.1 ...................................................206/11 OO 242.5 ................................................. 288-21 OO 203.2 .................................................. 206/10 OO 242.6................................................. 288-22 OO 203.3 ............................................................ - OO 242.7 ................................................. 288-20 514 — OO 242.bones ................................. 219/288-25 OO 252.6.................................................. 197/50 OO 243.1......................................................271-7 OO 252.7. ..................................................197/55 OO 243.2 .................................................... 271-8 OO 252.8.................................................. 197/49 OO 243.3 .................................................... 271-9 OO 252.9................................................... 197/51 OO 243.4 ............................................219/271-16 OO 252.10 ................................................ 197/49 OO 243.bones..............................219/271-20-21 OO 252.11a-d ........................................... 197/44 OO 244.1 .................................................. 272-15 OO 252.11e ............................................... 197/44 OO 246.bones ................................... 219/270-8 OO 252.12 ................................................ 197/45 OO 247.1 ....................................................269-3 OO 255.bones ..........................................198/13 OO 248.1 ..................................................268-12 OO 256.bones ..........................................198/12 OO 248.2....................................................268-1 OO 269.bones .................................... 219/291-3 OO 248.bones ..............................219/268-2+13 OO 271.1 ................................................... 282-21 OO 249.1 ................................................... 311-16 OO 271.2...................................................282-22 OO 249.2................................................... 311-18 OO 271.3 ...................................................282-23 OO 249.3 ....................................................311-17 OO 271.4 ................................................. 282-20 OO 249.4 .....................................................311-1 OO 271.5.................................................. 282-24 OO 249.5................................................... 311-10 OO 271.6 ..................................................282-19 OO 250.1 .................................................... 197/9 OO 271.7.................................................. 282-24 OO 250.2....................................................197/11 OO 271.8+11 .........................................282-3+18 OO 250.3 ...................................................197/14 OO 271.9. .................................................282-25 OO 250.4................................................... 197/12 OO 271.10 ................................................ 282-24 OO 250.5...................................................197/16 OO 271.12. ..................................................282-7 OO 250.6................................................... 197/13 OO 272.bones...................................219/290-18 OO 250.7 ................................................... 197/15 OO 273.1 .................................................... 294-8 OO 250.8...................................................197/10 OO 273.2 ................................................... 294-9 OO 250.9............................................................- OO 273.3 ..................................................294-12 OO 250.10 ..........................................................- OO 273.4 ....................................................294-2 OO 250.11 ................................................. 197/20 OO 274.1 ..................................................289-10 OO 250.12 ................................................ 197/24 OO 274.bones ............................... 219/289-8-9 OO 250.13 .................................................197/25 OO 276.1 .....................................................273-1 OO 250.14 .................................................197/22 OO 277.1.....................................................274-7 OO 250.15 .................................................197/23 OO 277.2 ....................................................274-5 OO 250.16 ..........................................................- OO 277.3-4.............................................274-1+6 OO 250.17 ................................................. 197/21 OO 278.1 ....................................................275-9 OO 250.18a .............................................. 197/24 OO 278.bones ....................................219/275-9 OO 250.18b-e .......................................... 197/24 OO 283.1 ...................................................281-14 OO 250.18f-i ............................................ 197/24 OO 283.2 ................................................... 281-11 OO 250.19 ..........................................................- OO 283.3 .................................................... 281-7 OO 250.20..........................................................- OO 283.4 ....................................................281-8 OO 250.bones ..........................................197/19 OO 283.5 ...................................................281-15 OO 251.bones .......................................... 197/28 OO 283.6-8 ............................................ 281-1+6 OO 252.1 .................................................. 197/42 OO 284.bones ....................................219/279-4 OO 252.2 ...................................................197/41 OO 287.1 .....................................................310-1 OO 252.3 .................................................. 197/40 OO 287.2 ...................................................310-17 OO 252.4 ...................................................197/43 OO 288.1 ..................................................... 312-1 OO 252.5. ..................................................197/57 OO 288.2-4.................................................312-2 515 — OO 289.1 .................................................. 194/20 OO 316.bones .......................................... 192/85 OO 290.1 ...................................................194/12 OO 317.1 ..................................................... 192/4 OO 290.2...................................................194/13 OO 317.bones ............................................192/11 OO 290.3...................................................194/16 OO 319.1 ................................................... 192/48 OO 290.4 ..................................................194/17 OO 319.2 ............................................................ - OO 290.5...................................................194/14 OO 319.bones ...........................................192/53 OO 290.6 ..................................................194/15 OO 320.1 .................................................... 194/2 OO 290.7...................................................194/18 OO 320.2 .....................................................194/7 OO 290.8 ..................................................194/16 OO 321.1 ....................................................195/14 OO 290.9a ............................................... 194/25 OO 321.2....................................................195/18 OO 290.9b ............................................... 194/26 OO 321.bones ..................................... 195/15+17 OO 290.bones ......................................... 194/24 OO 322.1.................................................... 195/12 OO 294.bones ........................................195/4-6 OO 322.2 ...................................................195/10 OO 299.1 .................................................. 198/30 OO 322.3 ....................................................195/11 OO 299.2.................................................. 198/32 OO 322.bones...........................................195/16 OO 299.3...................................................198/31 OO 323.1 ....................................................195/22 OO 299.bones ..........................................198/33 OO 323.bones ..................................... 195/19+21 OO 302.1 ......................................... 198/43 OO 324.1......................................................195/3 OO 302.2 .................................................. 198/34 OO 326.bones ..........................................195/35 OO 302.bones ..........................................198/35 OO 327.bones .......................................... 195/40 OO 304.1 ................................................... 298-6 OO 329.bones ......................................... 198/27 OO 304.2 ................................................... 298-6 OO 333.bones .............................................199/1 OO 304.bones ................................219/298-5-6 OO 338.1....................................................299-11 OO 305.1 ...............................................219/297- OO 338.2-30 ...................................219/299-17a OO 305.bones ....................................219/297-3 OO 338.bones............................. 219/299-14+17 OO 306.bones ....................................219/296-1 OO 339.1...................................................307-30 OO 307.1.....................................................284-2 OO 339.2 .................................................. 307-35 OO 307.bones.....................................219/284-7 OO 339.3 .......................................... OO 308.1 .................................................... 295-1 OO 339.4 .................................................. 307-32 OO 308.2.................................................... 295-1 OO 339.5 ..................................................307-40 OO 308.bones .................................... 219/295-1 OO 339.6 ..................................................307-36 OO 311.1.......................................................317-4 OO 339.7 ............................................ 307-42-43 OO 311.2 ......................................................317-5 OO 339.7 ............................................ 307-37-39 OO 311.3 ......................................................317-3 OO 339.8. .................................................307-42 OO 311.4 ...................................................... 317-1 OO 339.9 .................................................. 307-41 OO 311.5 ......................................................317-2 OO 339.11a .................................................307-9 OO 311.6 ......................................................317-2 OO 339.11b-g .............................................307-9 OO 311.7 ......................................................317-2 OO 340.1 ................................................... 308-8 OO 314.1 ....................................................192/35 OO 340.2 ....................................................308-7 OO 314.bones .................................... 192/34+36 OO 340.3 ................................................... 308-9 OO 315.bones .....................................192/39-42 OO 341.1 ......................................................319-7 OO 315.bones .....................................192/45-47 OO 342.bones.......................................... 189/28 OO 316.1 ....................................................192/83 OO 343.bones...........................................189/37 OO 316.2 .................................................. 192/86 OO 345.1................................................... 189/54 OO 316.3................................................... 192/82 OO 345.bones.......................................... 189/53 OO 316.4 .................................................. 192/84 OO 346.bones .........................................189/46 307-31 516 — OO 347.1................................................... 192/30 OO 366.7 .................................................. 189/26 OO 347.bones.....................................192/29+31 OO 366.bones ......................................... 189/24 OO 348.1 .................................................... 192/8 OO 367.bones...........................................189/16 OO 349.1 ...................................................192/19 OO 368.1 ...................................................189/15 OO 349.2 .................................................. 192/20 OO 368.bones .................................... 189/13+15 OO 349.3 .................................................. 192/20 OO 369.bones ....................................189/34-35 OO 350.bones ..........................................192/15 OO 370.bones............................................ 189/8 OO 351.1 ....................................................192/23 OO 371.1 ................................................... 189/42 OO 351.2....................................................192/21 OO 371.2 ................................................... 189/38 OO 351.3 ................................................... 192/22 OO 371.3 .................................................189/39b OO 351.bones .....................................192/26-27 OO 371.4................................................. 189/39a OO 352.1..................................................... 192/6 OO 371.5 ................................................... 189/39 OO 354.1....................................................192/61 OO 371.bones ..........................................189/40 OO 354.2 .................................................. 192/63 OO 372.bones ...........................................189/51 OO 354.3 ...................................................192/73 OO 373.1 ...................................................189/68 OO 354.4 .................................................. 192/58 OO 373.2a ................................................189/64 OO 354.5 .................................................. 192/60 OO 373.2b ................................................189/64 OO 354.6 .................................................. 192/62 OO 375.bones .......................................... 189/56 OO 354.bones...........................................192/72 OO 377.bones ...........................................191/28 OO 355.1....................................................195/41 OO 378.bones.....................................192/52-57 OO 356.1 ...................................................195/27 OO 379.bones........................................... 191/35 OO 356.2 .................................................. 195/30 OO 381.1 ................................................... 192/74 OO 356.3 .................................................. 195/29 OO 382.1 ...................................................193/30 OO 356.4 .................................................. 195/28 OO 382.2 .................................................. 193/28 OO 356.bones ....................................195/37-38 OO 382.3 .................................................. 193/29 OO 359.1 .................................................... 304-1 OO 382.4 ................................................... 193/31 OO 360.bones .................................. 219/303-14 OO 382.5 ...................................................193/38 OO 361.1 ....................................................306-11 OO 382.6...................................................193/38 OO 361.2 ..................................................306-10 OO 382.7 ...................................................193/38 OO 361.3................................................... 306-12 OO 382.8...................................................193/38 OO 361.4 .................................................. 306-13 OO 382.9...................................................193/39 OO 361.5 ..................................................306-16 OO 382.bones ..................................193/36-37A OO 361.6 ............................................................- OO 383.1......................................................196/3 OO 362.1 ....................................................309-2 OO 383.2 .................................................... 196/2 OO 362.2 .................................................... 309-1 OO 383.3 .....................................................196/1 OO 362.3 .................................................. 309-21 OO 383.4 .................................................... 196/6 OO 362.4 ................................................. 309-28 OO 383.bones............................................ 196/5 OO 362.5 ..................................................309-27 OO 394.bones ........................................... 189/7 OO 362.6................................................. 309-20 OO 395.bones ..........................................184/32 OO 362.7 ............................................................- OO 396.1 .................................................... 189/6 OO 366.1 ............................................ 189/26, 22 OO 397.bones.......................................... 189/76 OO 366.2.................................................. 189/25 OO 400.1 ................................................ 189/72d OO 366.3 .................................................. 189/22 OO 400.2 ............................................... 189/72b OO 366.4.................................................. 189/25 OO 400.3.................................................189/72c OO 366.5............................................................- OO 400.4 ............................................... 189/72a OO 366.6............................................................- OO 400.5 ................................................. 189/79 517 — OO 400.bones ....................................189/77-78 OO 433.3 ...................................................184/19 OO 402.1 ....................................................191/13 OO 433.4 ...................................................184/21 OO 402.2............................................................ - OO 434.bones ......................................... 184B/7 OO 402.bones ........................................... 191/11 OO 437.1................................................... 184/50 OO 404.1 ................................................... 191/19 OO 438.bones ........................................ 184A/11 OO 404.bones ..........................................191/20 OO 440.bones ......................................... 184/25 OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/22 OO 441.bones..........................................184B/6 OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/27 OO 443.bones ......................................... 184A/7 OO 404.bones .......................................... 191/30 OO 444.bones .........................................184A/8 OO 406.bones ............................................193/4 OO 446.1 .................................................184A/13 OO 411.1 ....................................................193/25 OO 446.bones ....................................... 184A/14 OO 411.bones ...........................................193/26 OO 461.1................................................... 71/71-1 OO 412.1 ....................................................184/41 OO 461.2 ..................................................71/71-2 OO 412.bones .......................................... 184/42 OO 461.3 ..................................................71/71-3 OO 413.1 ..................................................... 184/5 OO 463.1 ...................................................71/66- OO 413.2..................................................... 184/4 OO 463.2 .................................................71/66-2 OO 413.3..................................................... 184/4 OO 463.3 .................................................71/66-3 OO 413.4 .................................................... 184/4 OO 463.4.................................................71/66-4 OO 413.5..................................................... 184/4 OO 463.5 .................................................71/66-5 OO 413.6 .................................................... 184/4 OO 466.1 .................................................... 71/68 OO 415.1 ................................................... 184/34 OO 467.1 ................................................. 71/62-1 OO 415.2 ............................................................ - OO 467.2...................................................71/62- OO 415.3............................................................. - OO 467.3 .....................................................71/62 OO 415.bones ...........................................184/35 OO 467.4...................................................71/62- OO 418.bones.......................................... 184/26 OO 467.5.....................................................71/62 OO 419.bones.............................................191/8 OO 468.1 ..................................................71/61-1 OO 420?.bones ........................................ 191/23 OO 468.2 .................................................71/61-1 OO 420.bones .......................................... 191/25 OO 469.1 .................................................... 71/60 OO 421.bones ........................................... 193/18 OO 469.2 ................................................71/60-2 OO 422.bones .......................................... 193/17 OO 469.3.................................................71/60-3 OO 423.1.................................................... 193/10 OO 472.1 ................................................. 71/56-1 OO 423.2 ....................................................193/11 OO 472.2 .................................................71/56-2 OO 423.3 .....................................................193/9 OO 472.3 ................................................. 71/56-3 OO 423.bones...........................................193/43 OO 473.1...................................................71/54-1 OO 424.1 ...................................................193/22 OO 473.2 .................................................71/54-2 OO 426.1 ................................................... 184/13 OO 473.3 .................................................71/54-2 OO 426.2...................................................184/12 OO 473.4 .................................................71/54-4 OO 426.3 ...................................................184/15 OO 473.5 ...................................................71/54- OO 426.bones ..........................................184/14 OO 473.6 .................................................71/54-4 OO 428.1 .................................................... 184/6 OO 475.1 ............................................................- OO 428.bones ........................................... 184/8 OO 475.2 .....................................................71/52 OO 431.1 ..................................................... 184/9 OO 475.3 .....................................................71/52 OO 431.bones .............................................184/7 OO 475.4.................................................71/52-4 OO 432.bones.......................................... 184/47 OO 476.1 ................................................. 71/50-1 OO 433.1....................................................184/17 OO 476.2.................................................71/50-2 OO 433.2 ...................................................184/16 OO 476.3 ................................................. 71/50-3 518 — OO 478.1 .................................................71/45-2 OO 478.2..................................................71/45-1 OO 478.3 ................................................. 71/45-3 OO 478.4.................................................71/45-4 OO 478.5.............................................71/45-5+6 OO 479.1 ................................................. 71/46-1 OO 479.2.................................................71/46-2 OO 480.1 ................................................. 71/40-1 OO 480.2 ...........................................................OO 481.1...................................................71/33-1 OO 481.2 ................................................. 71/33-4 OO 481.3 ..................................................71/33-3 OO 481.4 ..................................................71/33-2 OO 482.1 ................................................. 71/27-2 OO 482.2..................................................71/27-1 OO 483.1 ................................................. 71/28-3 OO 483.2 .................................................71/28-4 OO 483.3 .................................................71/28-2 OO 483.4................................................. 71/28-1 OO 484.1 ................................................. 71/23-2 OO 484.2 .................................................71/23-3 OO 484.3..................................................71/23-1 Unsolved problems ? ...................................................................71/57 OO stray 313.......................................................? OO stray 317.......................................................? Appendix 2b: from numbers on the objects to catalogue numbers Objects without number writen on have been let out. They may 12.1948.7 ...........................................B stray 249 be found via Appendix 2a. 12.1948.8...........................................B stray 248 7.1949.1 ............................................... B stray 43 Legend 7.1949.2 ..............................................B stray 44 7.1949.3...............................................B stray 45 Cemeteries 5.1952.5.................................................B stray 4 B .......................................................... Inner City 5.1952.6 ................................................ B stray 5 OO .............................................. Nijmegen-East 5.1952.7 ...............................................B stray 6a 5.1952.8 ................................................B stray 6 Areas of cemetery B 5.1952.9 ................................................ B stray 7 Brk .......................................................Broerkerk 8.1953.8 ...............................................B stray 71 Broerstr............................................ Broerstraat 8.1953.9 .............................................. B stray 72 Gr.......................................................... Grutberg 8.1953.10 ............................................. B stray 73 Grutb.................................................... Grutberg 8.1953.11.............................................. B stray 74 KeBr ...................................Kerkegas/Broerkerk 8.1953.12 ............................................. B stray 75 KG......................................................... Kerkegas 8.1953.13 ............................................. B stray 76 LN .........................................Lange Nieuwstraat 10.1953.1............................................B stray 226 Ma ....................................................Mariënburg 10.1953.2 ........................................... B stray 227 10.1953.3 ........................................... B stray 225 Other abbreviations 11.1956.2 ....................................... Rem. stray 13 intr........................................................ intrusion 11.1956.3.........................................OO stray 300 cof .............................................................coin 11.1956.4 ........................................ OO stray 301 11.1956.5.........................................OO stray 302 11.1956.6 ........................................ OO stray 303 NIJMEGEN, MUSEUM HET VALKHOF 11.1956.8 ........................................OO stray 304 11.1956.9 ........................................OO stray 305 Collection Kingdom of the Netherlands, acquired stray inds 11.1956.10 .......................................OO stray 306 11.1956.11........................................OO stray 307 11.1956.12 .......................................OO stray 308 Legend 11.1956.13 .......................................OO stray 309 11.1956.17 ....................................... OO stray 310 month.year.number 11.1956.18 ........................................ OO stray 311 11.1956.21 ........................................OO stray 312 6.1947.4 ............................................ B stray 252 5.1948.4 .............................................. B stray 34 5.1948.5 .............................................. B stray 35 5.1948.6 .............................................. B stray 36 5.1948.7 .............................................. B stray 37 5.1948.8 .............................................. B stray 38 5.1948.9 .............................................. B stray 39 5.1948.10.............................................B stray 40 5.1948.11 ..............................................B stray 41 5.1948.12 .............................................B stray 42 5.1948.14............................................B stray 251 5.1948.15 ...........................................B stray 250 11.1957.1 ............................................ B stray 239 11.1957.2 ............................................B stray 240 11.1957.6.............................................B stray 241 11.1957.7 .............................................. B stray 3a 5.1958.77...........................................B stray 242 9.1964.12..........................................OO stray 69 9.1964.17..........................................OO stray 68 12.1964.3 ..........................................OO stray 67 1.1965.1..............................................B stray 270 12.1984.7 ........................................... B stray 128 519 — 520 — ROB excavation numbers Grutb 1955 ......................................... B stray 313 Grutb 1955/261 .................................. B stray 311 Legend Grutb 1955/339 ..................................B stray 312 Grutb 1955/344..................................B stray 314 area year/ind Grutb 1955/344..................................B stray 315 Grutb 1957/5 .................................. B 620.bones Brk 1951/21a.............................................B 150.7 Grutb 1957/14 .................................B 625.bones Brk 1951/41......................................B 144.bones Grutb 1957/18 ................................ B 628.bones Brk 1951/47 ......................................B 143.2, 6-8 KeBr 1949/1.........................................B 5.bones Brk 1951/49 ......................................B 138.coin KeBr 1949/13.............................................B 48.2 Brk 1951/50 .......................................... B 140.1-7 KeBr 1949/30 ....................................B 24.bones Brk 1951/52 ..................................... B 142.bones KeBr 1950/36 .......................................... B 169.2 Brk 1951/56 ..............................................B 139.2 Kerkegas 1949/18 ......................................B 26.1 Brk 1951/63 ..................................... B 126.bones Kerkegas 1949/22a....................................B 29.1 Brk 1951/65 ......................................B 121.bones KG 1956/1 ........................................ B 105.bones Brk 1951/72 ..................................... B 122.bones KG 1956/2 ....................................... B 104.bones Brk 1951/73........................................B 97.bones KG 1956/4 ................................................B 106.1 Brk 1951/79 ..................................... B 162.bones KG 1956/5 .......................................B 255.bones Brk 1951/80 ..................................... B 164.bones LN 1957/1.........................................B 246.bones Brk 1951/81...................................... B 165.bones LN 1957/2 ........................................B 247.bones Brk 1951/83 ..........................................B 160.intr LN 1957/5 (5x) ..................................... B 320.2-6 Brk 1951/83 .....................................B 160.bones LN 1957/6 ........................................B 249.bones Brk 1951/86 ..................................... B 154.bones LN 1957/6-7 ................................B 248-9.bones Brk 1951/87 ......................................B 151.bones LN 1957/8 ........................................B 344.bones Brk 1951/89 ..................................... B 167.bones LN 1957/9 ........................................B 346.bones Brk 1951/91......................................B 168.bones LN 1957/10 ......................................B 330.bones Brk 1951/101 ......................................B 92.bones LN 1957/11 ............................................... B 345.3 Brk 1951/106 ..........................................B 90.1-3 LN 1957/11 .......................................B 345.bones Brk 1951/106 .....................................B 90.bones LN 1957/12.......................................B 322.bones Brk 1951/107......................................B 87.bones LN 1957/13....................................... B 323.bones Brk 1951/110 ..................................... B 113.bones LN 1957/16 ...................................... B 327.bones Brk 1951/114 ......................................B 95.bones LN 1957/17.......................................B 329.bones Brk 1951/117 ......................................B 86.bones LN 1957/18 ......................................B 328.bones Brk 1951/119 ......................................B 94.bones LN 1957/23 .......................................B 231.bones Brk 1951/121 .................................... B 107.bones LN 1957/27 ......................................B 245.bones Brk 1951/128.................................... B 103.bones LN 1957/29 ........................................B stray 278 Brk 1951/138......................................B 76.bones LN 1957/31.......................................B 250.bones Brk 1951/139......................................B 74.bones LN 1957/37 ......................................B 302.bones Brk 1951/141 ..............................................B 54.6 LN 1957/39 .................................. B 303/4.bones Brk 1951/142............................................B 13.2-3 LN 1957/42 ......................................B 300.bones Brk 1951/143 ........................................... B 14.3-4 LN 1957/45 ...................................... B 241.bones Brk 1951/143 ...................................... B 14.bones LN 1957/46........................................... B 321.intr Brk 1951/144 ..................................... B 16.bones LN 1957/46.......................................B 312.bones Brk 1951/155...............................................B 62.1 LN 1957/48......................................B 339.bones Br. 1952/- ..........................................B stray 309 LN 1957/50 ...................................... B 337.bones Grutb 1955 .........................................B stray 310 LN 1957/51....................................... B 335.bones 521 — LN 1957/52 ......................................B 334.bones Ma 1952/5 ................................................B 670.1 LN 1957/55 ...................................... B 341.bones Ma 1952/5 ...............................................B 670.2 LN 1957/58 ...................................... B 333.bones Ma 1952/6 ...............................................B 728.4 LN 1957/59 ...................................... B 332.bones Ma 1952/7 ................................................B 661.1 LN 1957/60.......................................B 331.bones Ma 1952/11 .............................................. B 663.3 LN 1957/61 ......................................B 350.bones Ma 1952/17...............................................B 751.4 LN 1957/65 ......................................B 293.bones Ma 1952/19 .......................................B 737.teeth LN 1957/75 ...................................... B 310.bones Ma 1952/21 ..................................... B 735.bones LN 1957/77 ............................................... B 316.1 Ma 1952/30 .............................................B 654.2 LN 1957/82 ........................................B 343.teeth Ma 1952/40............................................. B 608.1 LN 1957/88......................................B 298.58-70 Ma 1952/45 .............................................B 687.4 LN 1957/92 ........................................B 391.teeth Ma 1952/45 .............................................B 687.5 LN 1957/97 ........................................B 401.teeth Ma 1952/52 ...................................... B 681.teeth LN 1957/106 ..................................... B 386.teeth Ma 1952/53 .............................................B 680.3 LN 1957/108 ..................................... B 403.teeth Ma 1952/56 ..............................................B 683.1 LN 1957/109 .........................................B 402.1-5 Ma 1952/58 ......................................... B 690.1-4 LN 1957/122 .....................................B 449.teeth Ma 1952/58 .................................... B 690.bones LN 1960/30 .........................................B 484.intr Ma 1952/61 ......................................B 682.teeth LN 1960/1 ................................................ B 458.1 Ma 1952/63 .....................................B 739.bones LN 1960/38 ..............................................B 481.3 Ma 1952/64 (2x) .....................................B 606.2 LN 1960/38 ............................................. B 481.4 Ma 1952/76 ...................................... B 697.teeth LN 1960/39 .............................................. B 471.1 Ma 1952/78 ......................................B 699.teeth LN 1960-1/46/1 .......................................B 465.6 Ma 1952/80.................................... B 696.bones LN 1960-1/46/2.......................................B 465.7 Ma 1952/81 ..................................... B 701.bones LN 1960-1/46/3 .......................................B 465.8 Ma 1952/86.............................................B 702.6 LN 1960-1/46/4 ......................................B 465.9 Ma 1952/86...................................... B 702.teeth LN 1960-1/46/5..................................... B 465.10 Ma 1952/87 (5x).................................. B 705.intr LN 1960-1/46/6 .....................................B 465.11 Ma 1952/88.............................................B 706.5 LN 1960-1/46/7..................................... B 465.12 Ma 1952/98.............................................. B 719.1 LN 1960-1/46/8 .....................................B 465.13 Ma 1952/101 .................................... B 723.bones LN 1960-1/46/9 .................................... B 465.14 Ma 1952/102 ................................... B 721.bones LN 1960-1/46/10 ................................... B 465.15 Ma 1963/7 .......................................B 754.bones LN 1960-1/46/11.................................... B 465.16 Ma 1963/14 (2x) .................................. B 762.intr LN 1960-1/46/12 ....................................B 465.17 Ma 1963/17.............................................. B 766.3 LN 1960-1/46/13 ................................... B 465.18 Ma 1963/25 .....................................B 757.bones LN 1960-1/46/15 ...................................B 465.20 Ma 1963/26.....................................B 758.bones LN 1960-1/46/16 ................................... B 465.21 Ma 1963/28.....................................B 776.bones LN 1960-1/46/17 .....................................B 465.5 Ma 1963/29...................................... B 749.teeth LN 1960-1/46/18 ...................................B 465.22 Ma 1963/29 ..............................................B 749.1 LN 1960-1/46/19 .................................. B 465.23 Ma 1963/41 .....................................B 788.bones LN 1960-1/46/20 ..................................B 465.25 Ma 1963/42 ..............................................B 782.1 LN 1960-1/46/21 .....................................B 465.9 Ma 1963/44.....................................B 789.bones LN 1960-1/46/22.....................................B 465.4 Ma 1963/51 ..........................................B 798.1-4 LN 1960-1/46/23.....................................B 465.2 Ma 1963/51 .....................................B 798.bones LN 1960-1/46/24 .................................... B 465.3 Ma 1963/59 ........................................B 778.7-10 LN 1960-1/46/25..................................... B 465.1 Ma 1963/60....................................... B stray 305 522 — Ma/Gr 1952/4a ....................................... B 659.1 71/57 ............................................... OO stray 319 Pauwelst 1952/1a............................B 633.bones 71/60 .................................................... OO 469.1 71/60-2.................................................OO 469.2 71/60-3 .................................................OO 469.3 ROB excavation numbers 71/61-1 .................................................. OO 468.1 71/61-1 ..................................................OO 468.2 Legend 71/62- ...................................................OO 467.2 71/62.....................................................OO 467.3 trench/grave-ind 71/62- ...................................................OO 467.4 71/62.....................................................OO 467.5 71/23-1..................................................OO 484.3 71/62-1 ................................................. OO 467.1 71/23-2 ................................................. OO 484.1 71/66-................................................... OO 463.1 71/23-3 .................................................OO 484.2 71/66-2.................................................OO 463.2 71/27-1..................................................OO 482.2 71/66-3 ................................................. OO 463.3 71/27-2 ................................................. OO 482.1 71/66-4.................................................OO 463.4 71/28-1 .................................................OO 483.4 71/66-5.................................................OO 463.5 71/28-2 ................................................. OO 483.3 71/68 .................................................... OO 466.1 71/28-3 ................................................. OO 483.1 71/71-1 ...................................................OO 461.1 71/28-4.................................................OO 483.2 71/71-2.................................................. OO 461.2 71/33-1 ...................................................OO 481.1 71/71-3 .................................................. OO 461.3 71/33-2 ................................................. OO 481.4 71/33-3.................................................. OO 481.3 71/33-4 ................................................. OO 481.2 ROB excavation numbers 71/40-1 ................................................. OO 480.1 71/45-1 .................................................OO 478.2 Legend 71/45-2 ................................................. OO 478.1 71/45-3 .................................................OO 478.3 trench/ind 71/45-4.................................................OO 478.4 71/45-5+6 ............................................OO 478.5 97/1...........................................................B 819.1 71/46-1 ................................................. OO 479.1 97/1.......................................................... B 819.2 71/46-2.................................................OO 479.2 97/2 ..........................................................B 823.1 71/50-1 ................................................. OO 476.1 97/4 ......................................................... B 824.1 71/50-2 .................................................OO 476.2 97/5 ......................................................... B 820.1 71/50-3 .................................................OO 476.3 97/5 .........................................................B 820.2 71/52..................................................... OO 475.2 97/5 .........................................................B 820.3 71/52..................................................... OO 475.3 97/7 ...........................................................B 811.1 71/52-4 .................................................OO 475.4 97/9 ..........................................................B 803.1 71/54- ................................................... OO 473.5 97/10 ....................................................... B 805.1 71/54-1 ..................................................OO 473.1 97/11 ......................................................... B 821.1 71/54-2 ................................................. OO 473.2 97/15......................................................... B 812.1 71/54-2 ................................................. OO 473.3 97/15.........................................................B 812.2 71/54-4................................................. OO 473.4 97/15.........................................................B 812.3 71/54-4.................................................OO 473.6 97/15........................................................ B 812.4 71/56-1 ..................................................OO 472.1 97/16 ........................................................B 818.1 71/56-2 .................................................OO 472.2 97/16 ....................................................... B 818.2 71/56-3 ................................................. OO 472.3 97/18 ........................................................B 810.1 523 — 97/18 ....................................................... B 810.2 131/18........................................................ B 216.1 97/18 ........................................................B 810.3 131/18........................................................B 216.2 97/21......................................................... B 817.1 131/18........................................................B 216.3 97/23 ....................................................... B 809.1 131/18....................................................... B 216.4 97/23 .......................................................B 809.2 131/18........................................................B 216.5 97/24 ........................................................ B 815.1 131/18....................................................... B 216.6 97/25 ........................................................B 827.1 131/18........................................................B 216.7 97/25 ....................................................... B 827.2 131/19........................................................ B 214.1 97/26 ........................................................B 814.1 131/20 ....................................................... B 217.1 97/27 ........................................................B 801.1 131/20 .......................................................B 217.2 97/27 ....................................................... B 801.2 131/23 .......................................................B 227.1 131/2 ......................................................... B 215.1 131/23 ...................................................... B 227.2 131/2 .........................................................B 215.2 131/23 .......................................................B 227.3 131/5 ......................................................... B 185.1 131/23 ...................................................... B 227.4 131/5 .........................................................B 185.2 131/28 .................................................B stray 316 131/5 ........................................................ B 185.4 131/32 .......................................................B 226.1 131/5 .........................................................B 185.5 131/34a .....................................................B 257.1 131/5 ........................................................ B 185.6 131/34b .................................................... B 257.2 131/6 .........................................................B 184.1 131/36 ...................................................... B 204.1 131/6 ........................................................ B 184.2 131/36 ......................................................B 204.2 131/6 .........................................................B 184.3 131/36 ...................................................... B 204.3 131/7 ..........................................................B 181.1 131/36 ......................................................B 204.4 131/7 ......................................................... B 181.2 131/36 ......................................................B 204.5 131/7 ......................................................... B 181.3 131/37........................................................B 212.2 131/7 .........................................................B 181.4 131/37........................................................B 212.3 131/8 ......................................................... B 183.1 131/38 ....................................................... B 218.1 131/8 .........................................................B 183.2 131/38 .......................................................B 218.2 131/8 .........................................................B 183.3 131/38 .......................................................B 218.3 131/8 .........................................................B 183.4 131/38 ...................................................... B 218.4 131/8 .........................................................B 183.5 131/38 .......................................................B 218.5 131/8 .........................................................B 183.6 131/38 ...................................................... B 218.6 131/8 .........................................................B 183.7 131/38 .......................................................B 218.7 131/9 .........................................................B 186.1 131/38 ...................................................... B 218.8 131/11 ........................................................B 189.1 131/38 ...................................................... B 218.9 131/11 ....................................................... B 189.2 131/38 .....................................................B 218.10 131/11 ........................................................B 189.3 131/38 ......................................................B 218.11 131/11 ....................................................... B 189.4 131/39 ....................................................... B 219.1 131/11 ....................................................... B 189.5 131/39 .......................................................B 219.2 131/11 ....................................................... B 189.6 131/39 ..................................................... B 219.3 131/13 .........................................................B 191.1 131/39 .......................................................B 219.4 131/13 ........................................................ B 191.2 131/39 .......................................................B 219.5 131/13 ........................................................ B 191.3 131/39 ...................................................... B 219.6 131/17 ........................................................B 203.1 131/40 .......................................................B 207.1 131/17 ....................................................... B 203.2 131/40 ...................................................... B 207.2 131/17 ....................................................... B 203.3 131/40 ...................................................... B 207.3 131/17 ....................................................... B 203.4 131/40 ...................................................... B 207.4 524 — 131/40 ...................................................... B 207.5 134/17 .......................................................B 238.1 131/40 ......................................................B 207.6 134/19 .......................................................B 198.1 131/45 ........................................................B 213.1 134/19 ...................................................... B 198.2 131/46 .......................................................B 222.1 134/19 .......................................................B 198.3 131/46 ...................................................... B 222.2 134/19 ...................................................... B 198.4 131/47 .................................................. B 205.intr 134/19 ...................................................... B 198.5 131/48 ...................................................... B 208.1 135/1 ...........................................................B 57.1 131/52 ....................................................... B 221.1 135/1 .......................................................... B 57.2 131/52 .......................................................B 221.2 135/1 ...........................................................B 57.3 131/53 .......................................................B 220.1 135/2 ...........................................................B 58.1 131/54 ...................................................... B 206.1 135/2 .......................................................... B 58.2 131/54 ......................................................B 206.2 135/3 ...................................................... B 59.intr 131/54 ...................................................... B 206.3 135/3 ...........................................................B 59.1 131/54 ......................................................B 206.4 135/3 .......................................................... B 59.2 133/2 ........................................................ B 460.1 135/3 .......................................................... B 59.3 133/5 ........................................................ B 288.1 135/3 ..........................................................B 59.4 133/11 ........................................................ B 281.1 135/3 .......................................................... B 59.5 133/14 .......................................................B 365.1 135/3 ..........................................................B 59.6 133/17........................................................B 364.1 135/3 .......................................................... B 59.7 133/17....................................................... B 364.2 135/3 ..........................................................B 59.8 133/21 .......................................................B 367.1 135/3 ......................................................... B 59.11 133/21 ...................................................... B 367.2 135/3 .........................................................B 59.13 133/21 .......................................................B 367.3 135/3 ........................................................ B 59.14 133/21 ...................................................... B 367.4 135/3 .........................................................B 59.15 134/1 ..........................................................B 177.1 135/3a ........................................................B 59.9 134/1 ......................................................... B 177.2 135/3b...................................................... B 59.10 134/1 ......................................................... B 177.3 141/3 .....................................................B 180.intr 134/1 .........................................................B 177.4 141/3 ....................................................B 180.cof 134/1 ......................................................... B 177.5 141/3 .........................................................B 180.1 134/1 .........................................................B 177.6 141/3 ........................................................ B 180.4 134/2.........................................................B 236.1 141/3 ........................................................ B 180.5 134/4......................................................... B 179.1 141/3 ........................................................ B 180.6 134/6 ........................................................B 199.1 141/3 .........................................................B 180.7 134/6 ....................................................... B 199.2 141/3 .......................................................B 180.10 134/8 ....................................................... B 200.1 141/3 ....................................................... B 180.11 134/9 ........................................................B 228.1 141/3 .......................................................B 180.12 134/10 ....................................................... B 201.1 141/3 .....................................................B 180.8.9 134/10 .......................................................B 201.2 141/3a ...................................................... B 180.2 134/12 ....................................................... B 197.1 141/3b .......................................................B 180.3 134/12 .......................................................B 197.2 141/8 ........................................................ B 409.1 134/12 .......................................................B 197.3 141/8 ........................................................B 409.2 134/12 .......................................................B 197.4 141/12 ....................................................... B 353.1 134/12 .......................................................B 197.5 141/17........................................................ B 357.1 134/12 .......................................................B 197.6 141/18 .......................................................B 196.1 134/12 .......................................................B 197.7 141/18 ...................................................... B 196.2 134/12 .......................................................B 197.8 141/18 .......................................................B 196.3 525 — 141/18 ...................................................... B 196.4 184/50 ...................................................OO 437.1 141/18 ...................................................... B 196.5 184A/7 ......................................... OO 443.bones 141/18 ...................................................... B 196.6 184A/8......................................... OO 444.bones 141/18 .......................................................B 196.7 184A/11 ........................................ OO 438.bones 141/18 ...................................................... B 196.8 184A/13................................................. OO 446.1 141/20 .......................................................B 355.1 184A/14 ....................................... OO 446.bones 142/5 ................................................... B 505.intr 184B/6..........................................OO 441.bones 142/6 ................................................... B 547.intr 184B/7 ......................................... OO 434.bones 142/7....................................................B 504.intr 189/77-78.................................... OO 400.bones 142/7........................................................ B 504.3 189/6 .................................................... OO 396.1 142/16 ....................................................... B 517.1 189/7 ........................................... OO 394.bones 142/17 .................................................. B 503.intr 189/8 ............................................OO 370.bones 142/18 ................................................. B 497.intr 189/13 .......................................... OO 368.bones 142/23.......................................................B 520.1 189/15................................................... OO 368.1 142/30 ..................................................B 537.intr 189/15.......................................... OO 368.bones 142/42 ......................................................B 522.1 189/16...........................................OO 367.bones 142/43 ...................................................... B 512.1 189/22 ..................................................OO 366.3 142/43 ......................................................B 512.2 189/24 ......................................... OO 366.bones 142/43 ......................................................B 512.3 189/25 ..................................................OO 366.2 142/45 ..................................................... B 536.2 189/25 ..................................................OO 366.4 184/4 .....................................................OO 413.2 189/26 ..................................................OO 366.7 184/4 .....................................................OO 413.3 189/26, 22 ............................................ OO 366.1 184/4 .................................................... OO 413.4 189/28 ........................................ OO 342.bones 184/4 .....................................................OO 413.5 189/34-35.................................... OO 369.bones 184/4 .................................................... OO 413.6 189/37 ..........................................OO 343.bones 184/5 ..................................................... OO 413.1 189/38 ...................................................OO 371.2 184/6 .................................................... OO 428.1 189/39 ...................................................OO 371.5 184/7 ............................................ OO 431.bones 189/39a .................................................OO 371.4 184/8 ........................................... OO 428.bones 189/39b ................................................. OO 371.3 184/9 ..................................................... OO 431.1 189/40 .......................................... OO 371.bones 184/12 ...................................................OO 426.2 189/42 ................................................... OO 371.1 184/13 ................................................... OO 426.1 189/46 ..........................................OO 346.bones 184/14.......................................... OO 426.bones 189/51...........................................OO 372.bones 184/15 ...................................................OO 426.3 189/53 ..........................................OO 345.bones 184/16................................................... OO 433.2 189/54 ...................................................OO 345.1 184/17 ....................................................OO 433.1 189/56 ..........................................OO 375.bones 184/19................................................... OO 433.3 189/64 .................................................OO 373.2a 184/21 ................................................... OO 433.4 189/64 ................................................ OO 373.2b 184/25 ......................................... OO 440.bones 189/68 ................................................... OO 373.1 184/26 ..........................................OO 418.bones 189/72a ............................................... OO 400.4 184/32 ..........................................OO 395.bones 189/72b ................................................OO 400.2 184/34 ...................................................OO 415.1 189/72c.................................................OO 400.3 184/35 ..........................................OO 415.bones 189/72d ................................................ OO 400.1 184/41....................................................OO 412.1 189/76 ..........................................OO 397.bones 184/42 ..........................................OO 412.bones 189/79 ..................................................OO 400.5 184/47 ..........................................OO 432.bones 191/8.............................................OO 419.bones 526 — 191/11 ........................................... OO 402.bones 193/9 .................................................... OO 423.3 191/13.................................................... OO 402.1 193/10 ....................................................OO 423.1 191/19 ................................................... OO 404.1 193/11.................................................... OO 423.2 191/20.......................................... OO 404.bones 193/17 .......................................... OO 422.bones 191/22 .......................................... OO 404.bones 193/18 ...........................................OO 421.bones 191/23 .........................................OO 420?.bones 193/22................................................... OO 424.1 191/25 .......................................... OO 420.bones 193/25.................................................... OO 411.1 191/27 .......................................... OO 404.bones 193/26 ...........................................OO 411.bones 191/28........................................... OO 377.bones 193/28 ..................................................OO 382.2 191/30 .......................................... OO 404.bones 193/29 .................................................. OO 382.3 191/35 ...........................................OO 379.bones 193/30....................................................OO 382.1 192/4 ..................................................... OO 317.1 193/31 ...................................................OO 382.4 192/6 .....................................................OO 352.1 193/36-37A...................................OO 382.bones 192/8 .................................................... OO 348.1 193/38...................................................OO 382.5 192/11 ........................................... OO 317.bones 193/38...................................................OO 382.6 192/15 ...........................................OO 350.bones 193/38................................................... OO 382.7 192/19................................................... OO 349.1 193/38...................................................OO 382.8 192/20 ..................................................OO 349.2 193/39...................................................OO 382.9 192/20 .................................................. OO 349.3 193/43...........................................OO 423.bones 192/21 ....................................................OO 351.2 194/2 .....................................................OO 320.1 192/22 ...................................................OO 351.3 194/7 ....................................................OO 320.2 192/23.................................................... OO 351.1 194/12 ................................................... OO 290.1 192/26-27..................................... OO 351.bones 194/13 ...................................................OO 290.2 192/29-31 .....................................OO 347.bones 194/14...................................................OO 290.5 192/30 ...................................................OO 347.1 194/15 .................................................. OO 290.6 192/34-36..................................... OO 314.bones 194/16...................................................OO 290.3 192/35.................................................... OO 314.1 194/16.................................................. OO 290.8 192/39-42 .................................... OO 315.bones 194/17 ...................................................OO 290.4 192/45-47 .................................... OO 315.bones 194/18...................................................OO 290.7 192/48 ................................................... OO 319.1 194/20 .................................................. OO 289.1 192/52-57 .....................................OO 378.bones 194/24 ......................................... OO 290.bones 192/53........................................... OO 319.bones 194/25 ............................................... OO 290.9a 192/58 ..................................................OO 354.4 194/26 ............................................... OO 290.9b 192/60 .................................................. OO 354.5 195/3......................................................OO 324.1 192/61....................................................OO 354.1 195/4-6 ....................................... OO 294.bones 192/62 ..................................................OO 354.6 195/10................................................... OO 322.2 192/63 .................................................. OO 354.2 195/11 ................................................... OO 322.3 192/72 ..........................................OO 354.bones 195/12 ....................................................OO 322.1 192/73................................................... OO 354.3 195/14 .................................................... OO 321.1 192/74 ................................................... OO 381.1 195/15+17 ..................................... OO 321.bones 192/82 ...................................................OO 316.3 195/16...........................................OO 322.bones 192/83 ................................................... OO 316.1 195/18....................................................OO 321.2 192/84 .................................................. OO 316.4 195//19+21 ...................................OO 323.bones 192/85 .......................................... OO 316.bones 195/22 ...................................................OO 323.1 192/86 ...................................................OO 316.2 195/27 ...................................................OO 356.1 193/4 ........................................... OO 406.bones 195/28 ..................................................OO 356.4 527 — 195/29 .................................................. OO 356.3 198/12.......................................... OO 256.bones 195/30 ..................................................OO 356.2 198/13 ...........................................OO 255.bones 195/35...........................................OO 326.bones 198/27 ..........................................OO 329.bones 195/37-38 .....................................OO 356.bones 198/30 .................................................. OO 299.1 195/40 ..........................................OO 327.bones 198/31 ...................................................OO 299.3 195/41 ....................................................OO 355.1 198/32 ..................................................OO 299.2 196/1..................................................... OO 383.3 198/33................................ 196/2 .................................................... OO 383.2 198/34 .................................................. OO 302.2 196/3 .....................................................OO 383.1 198/35 ..........................................OO 302.bones 196/5 ............................................OO 383.bones 198/43 ...................................................OO 302.1 196/6 .................................................... OO 383.4 199/1 ............................................. OO 333.bones 196/199 .......................................... OO stray 316 201/3..................................................... OO 144.2 197/9 .................................................... OO 250.1 201/4 .....................................................OO 144.3 197/10 ...................................................OO 250.8 201/5 .................................................... OO 144.4 197/11....................................................OO 250.2 201/6 .....................................................OO 144.1 197/12 ...................................................OO 250.4 201/7..................................................... OO 144.5 197/13 ...................................................OO 250.6 201/8 .................................................... OO 144.7 197/14 ...................................................OO 250.3 201/9 .................................................... OO 144.6 197/15 ...................................................OO 250.7 201/10................................................... OO 144.8 197/16 ...................................................OO 250.5 201/11 ..................................................OO 144.10 197/19 .......................................... OO 250.bones 201/11 .................................................. OO 144.11 197/20 .................................................OO 250.11 201/12-15......................................OO 144.bones 197/21 ................................................. OO 250.17 201/21 ..................................................... OO 96.1 197/22 ................................................ OO 250.14 201/22 ........................................... OO 96.bones 197/23................................................. OO 250.15 201/23....................................................OO 145.1 197/24 ................................................ OO 250.12 201/24 .................................................. OO 145.2 197/24 .............................................. OO 250.18a 201/27-28.....................................OO 140.bones 197/24 .......................................... OO 250.18b-e 201/29 ..........................................OO 145.bones 197/24 ............................................ OO 250.18f-i 201/32....................................................OO 170.2 197/25 .................................................OO 250.13 201/33....................................................OO 169.1 197/28 .......................................... OO 251.bones 201/34 .................................................. OO 169.2 197/35.......................................... OO 229.bones 201/35................................................... OO 169.3 197/40 .................................................. OO 252.3 201/36 ...................................................OO 170.3 197/41 ...................................................OO 252.2 201/36 ...................................................OO 170.5 197/42 ...................................................OO 252.1 201/37.................................................... OO 170.1 197/43...................................................OO 252.4 201/38 .......................................... OO 170.bones 197/44 ........................................... OO 252.11a-d 201/44 .................................................. OO 170.4 197/44 ...............................................OO 252.11e 201/48 .......................................... OO 174.bones 197/45 .................................................OO 252.12 201/49-50 .................................... OO 175.bones 197/49 ..................................................OO 252.8 201/51 .................................................... OO 147.1 197/49 ................................................ OO 252.10 201/52 .......................................... OO 147.bones 197/50 ..................................................OO 252.6 201A/2-3....................................... OO 179.bones 197/51 ...................................................OO 252.9 201A/5 ...................................................OO 176.7 197/55................................................... OO 252.7 201A/6 .................................................. OO 176.6 197/57...................................................OO 252.5 201A/7 ..................................................OO 176.11 198/-................................................OO stray 315 201A/8 ................................................... OO 176.1 OO 299.bones 528 — 201A/9 .................................................OO 176.10 202/56................................................... OO 101.1 201A/10 ................................................ OO 176.8 202/56..............................................OO 101.9.10 201A/11 ................................................. OO 176.4 202/59...................................................OO 101.8 201A/12..................................................OO 176.5 202/59................................................. OO 101.12 201A/13................................................. OO 176.9 203/1................................................OO stray 313 201A/16 ...............................................OO 176.12 203/2 ........................................... OO 209.bones 201A/17..................................................OO 176.2 203/4 ....................................................OO 207.2 201A/18 .................................................OO 176.3 203/5 .................................................... OO 207.3 201A/20 ............................................... OO 176.13 203/6 .................................................... OO 207.1 201A/20 ...............................................OO 176.14 203/8 ....................................................OO 207.4 201A/21-24...................................OO 150.bones 203/8 ....................................................OO 207.5 201A/28 ................................................ OO 149.2 203/8 ....................................................OO 207.6 201A/29 .................................................OO 149.1 203/8 .................................................... OO 207.7 201A/30 ................................................ OO 149.3 203/8 ....................................................OO 207.8 201A/31...................................................OO 151.1 203/8 ............................................... OO 207.9-11 201A/31.................................................. OO 151.2 203/8 .................................................. OO 207.12 201A/32 ................................................. OO 151.3 203/8 ...................................................OO 207.13 202/1 ......................................................OO 98.4 203/9 .................................................... OO 209.1 202/8......................................................OO 48.3 203/10 ................................................ OO 207.14 202/9+11 ........................................OO 97.bones 203/11 ...........................................OO 207.bones 202/12 .................................................... OO 49.1 203/14 ...................................................OO 152.3 202/13+15 ...................................... OO 49.bones 203/15.................................................... OO 152.1 202/14 .................................................... OO 50.1 203/16 ...................................................OO 152.2 202/16 ....................................................OO 98.2 203/17....................................................OO 153.4 202/17 .................................................... OO 98.1 203/20 .......................................... OO 152.bones 202/18 ....................................................OO 98.3 203/21.................................................... OO 153.1 202/19 ............................................OO 47.bones 203/22 .................................................. OO 153.2 202/20.................................................... OO 48.1 203/23 ...................................................OO 153.3 202/21 ....................................................OO 48.2 203/25-26 ................................... OO 208.bones 202/22 ........................................... OO 48.bones 203/27 .......................................... OO 153.bones 202/25-28 ..................................... OO 99.bones 203/28 .................................................. OO 109.3 202/29.................................................... OO 99.1 203/29 .................................................. OO 109.2 202/32-33...................................... OO 98.bones 203/31........................................... OO 110.bones 202/38+44 ...................................OO 100.bones 203/34 ...................................................OO 109.1 202/40 ................................................. OO 102.2 203/36A+25 .................................OO 109.bones 202/41 ...................................................OO 102.3 203/38 ........................................... OO 111.bones 202/42...................................................OO 102.1 203/41 .................................................. OO 106.2 202/45..................................................OO 101.11 203/44+46 ...................................OO 106.bones 202/48 ................................................. OO 102.4 203/46...................................................OO 106.1 202/49 ................................................... OO 54.1 203/47 ...................................................OO 108.1 202/50...................................................OO 101.2 203/48.................................................. OO 108.3 202/51 ................................................... OO 101.3 203/49.................................................. OO 108.2 202/52 ...................................................OO 101.4 204/2a-g .......................................... OO 29.4-10 202/53 ...................................................OO 101.5 204/3 ...................................................... OO 29.1 202/54...................................................OO 101.6 204/3 ....................................................OO 29.2a 202/55 ...................................................OO 101.7 204/5....................................................OO 29.2b 529 — 204/3 .................................................... OO 29.2c 209/1 ....................................................... OO 13.1 204/5....................................................OO 29.2d 209/2.......................................................OO 13.2 204/5.................................................OO 29.2e-f 209/4.......................................................OO 9.17 204/5.....................................................OO 29.11 209/5........................................................OO 9.2 204/6...................................................... OO 29.3 209/8 ...............................................OO 9.bones 204/6......................................................OO 29.9 209/9 ....................................................... OO 9.3 204/7 ............................................. OO 29.bones 209/10 .......................................................OO 9.1 204/8...................................................... OO 66.1 209/11.......................................................OO 9.8 204/8......................................................OO 66.2 209/11......................................................OO 9.13 204/9...................................................... OO 28.1 209/11..................................................... OO 9.16 204/10 ....................................................OO 28.2 209/12 .....................................................OO 9.11 204/11+15 ...................................... OO 28.bones 209/14 ......................................................OO 9.9 204/12 ........................................... OO 66.bones 209/15 .................................................... OO 9.10 204/16 .................................................... OO 30.2 209/16 ..................................................... OO 12.1 204/17 .................................................... OO 30.3 209/17 .................................................... OO 9.14 204/18 .....................................................OO 30.1 209/18 ......................................................OO 9.4 204/20 .......................................... OO 65.bones 209/19 ............................................ OO 12.bones 204/22.................................................... OO 65.1 209/21 .....................................................OO 12.2 204/23 ............................................OO 30.bones 209/22.................................................OO 12.4-9 204/24....................................................OO 30.4 209/23 ...................................................OO 12.10 204/25.................................................... OO 69.1 209/24 ....................................................OO 12.2 204/25....................................................OO 69.2 209/24 ....................................................OO 12.3 206/1 .................................................... OO 200.1 209/25................................................... OO 12.13 206/2................................................... OO 200.6 209/26 ...................................................OO 12.11 206/3 ....................................................OO 200.5 209/27................................................... OO 12.12 206/4.................................................... OO 197.2 209/29 ........................................... OO 12.bones 206/5.....................................................OO 197.1 209/32 .......................................................OO 4.1 206/6 ...................................................OO 200.7 209/46-47........................................OO 5.bones 206/9 ...................................................OO 200.4 209/48-48A .....................................OO 9.bones 206/10 ..................................................OO 203.2 209/49-51 ........................................OO 5.bones 206/11....................................................OO 203.1 209/53 ......................................................OO 9.5 206/14 ......................................... OO 200.bones 209/57-58 ......................................OO 10.bones 206/19 ..................................................OO 200.3 209/61 .......................................................OO 2.1 206/20 ..................................................OO 198.1 209/62 .............................................OO 2.bones 206/21a .................................................OO 199.1 209/64 ......................................................OO 3.1 206/21b ................................................ OO 199.3 209/64-65 .......................................OO 3.bones 206/22a................................................ OO 199.4 209/66 ................................................. OO 206.1 206/22b ............................................... OO 199.2 209/69 ........................................... OO 31.bones 206/23 .................................................. OO 199.5 209/70..................................................... OO 31.1 206/24-26....................................OO 199.bones 210/1 ....................................................... OO 59.1 206/27 ...................................................OO 180.1 210/2 ......................................................OO 59.2 206/32 ..................................................OO 200.8 210/3........................................................OO 25.1 206/33 ....................................................OO 181.1 210/4 ...................................................... OO 25.2 206/34...................................................OO 181.2 210/5 ...................................................... OO 25.3 206/43.................................................. OO 201.2 210/6 ...................................................... OO 59.3 206/44 ..................................................OO 201.1 210/11 ...........................................OO 105.bones 530 — 210/14 .................................................... OO 63.4 211/201-1-3...................................OO 219.bones 210/14 ..................................................... OO 63.5 214/7........................................................OO 83.1 210/15 ....................................................OO 107.1 214/203-1 ..............................................OO 167.1 210/16......................................................OO 63.1 214/204-6 ....................................OO 194.bones 210/17 ..................................................... OO 63.2 214/205-4-7 .................................OO 195.bones 210/18..................................................... OO 63.3 214/207-18 ...................................OO 196.bones 210/20 .................................................... OO 56.1 214/208-11 ................................... OO 193.bones 210/21 .....................................................OO 56.2 214/209-4 .................................... OO 157.bones 210/22 .................................................... OO 56.3 214/213-19-21...............................OO 164.bones 210/24 ........................................... OO 62.bones 214/214-15.................................... OO 122.bones 210/25 ....................................................OO 62.2 214/215-12.................................... OO 122.bones 210/26 .................................................... OO 62.3 214/215-13 ....................................OO 156.bones 210/26 .................................................OO 62.4.5 214/218-4 ..................................... OO 118.bones 210/27 .................................................... OO 62.1 214/219-1........................................OO 83.bones 210/31 ....................................................OO 103.2 214/221-1....................................... OO 85.bones 210/32....................................................OO 103.3 214/224-1 ......................................OO 121.bones 210/33.....................................................OO 60.2 214/229-1-2 ................................. OO 130.bones 210/34 .................................................. OO 103.4 214/232-77 ................................... OO 127.bones 210/35.................................................... OO 103.1 214/233-52 ................................... OO 161.bones 210/37........................................... OO 103.bones 214/234-6......................................OO 131.bones 210/38 .................................................... OO 60.1 214/235-2+11................................ OO 132.bones 210/39 ........................................... OO 60.bones 214/237-1......................................OO 166.bones 210/41 .....................................................OO 58.2 214/238-8 ....................................OO 168.bones 210/41 ............................................ OO 58.bones 214/239-4..............................................OO 134.2 210/42 .................................................... OO 58.1 214/240-1 .....................................OO 165.bones 210/44 .................................................... OO 26.1 214/241-6 ..................................... OO 135.bones 210/45 .................................................... OO 26.3 214/239-4..............................................OO 134.3 210/46 ....................................................OO 26.4 215-2-12 .........................................OO stray 320 210/47 ....................................................OO 26.5 216/253-3 .......................................OO 34.bones 210/48 ....................................................OO 26.2 216/256-8 ......................................OO 72.bones 210/49 .................................................... OO 44.1 216/261-12 ....................................OO 112.bones 210/50 ....................................................OO 44.2 219/268-2+13.............................. OO 248.bones 210/51 .....................................................OO 44.3 219/270-8 ................................... OO 246.bones 210/52 ........................................... OO 59.bones 219/271-20-21 ..............................OO 243.bones 210/54 ........................................... OO 26.bones 219/271-16............................................OO 243.4 210/56 ....................................................OO 26.6 219/275-9.....................................OO 278.bones 210/57 .................................................OO 26.7.8 219/279-4 ................................... OO 284.bones 210/62 ...................................................OO 136.2 219/284-7 ....................................OO 307.bones 210/64 ................................................... OO 136.1 219/285-18...................................OO 223.bones 211/18 .................................................... OO 212.1 219/286-16...................................OO 222.bones 211/191-1 ............................................... OO 234.2 219/288-25 ................................. OO 242.bones 211/192-16 .................................... OO 231.bones 219/289-8-9 ................................OO 274.bones 211/194-16 ....................................OO 210.bones 219/290-18...................................OO 272.bones 211/197-34+38..............................OO 186.bones 219/291-3 .................................... OO 269.bones 211/199-9 .....................................OO 216.bones 219/295-1 .................................... OO 308.bones 211/200-7-10............................... OO 240.bones 219/296-1 .................................... OO 306.bones 531 — 219/297-................................................OO 305.1 205-4 ....................................................OO 195.1 219/297-3.....................................OO 305.bones 205-5.................................................... OO 195.2 219/298-5-6 ............................... OO 304.bones 205-8 ................................................OO 195.3-4 219/299-14+17 .............................OO 338.bones 207-1 .....................................................OO 196.1 219/299-17a-z ............................... OO 338.2-30 207-2.................................................... OO 196.2 219/303-14 .................................. OO 360.bones 207-3 .................................................... OO 196.3 213-1 ..................................................... OO 164.2 213-2 .................................................... OO 164.3 ROB grave numbers 213-3......................................................OO 164.1 214-4 .....................................................OO 122.2 Legend 214-7 ..................................................... OO 122.1 215-4 .....................................................OO 156.1 grave-ind 217-1 .......................................................OO 116.1 225-1 .......................................................OO 87.1 190-1 .................................................... OO 168.3 225-2......................................................OO 87.2 190-2 .....................................................OO 168.1 226-6 ..................................................... OO 88.1 190-3 .................................................... OO 168.2 226-6 .....................................................OO 88.2 190-4....................................................OO 168.4 226-8 .....................................................OO 88.5 190-5 ....................................................OO 168.6 229-1 ..................................................... OO 130.1 190-6.................................................... OO 168.7 230-3 .....................................................OO 129.3 190-7 ....................................................OO 168.8 230-4.....................................................OO 129.1 190-8....................................................OO 168.9 230-5/8 ................................................ OO 129.2 190-9.................................................... OO 168.5 233-1......................................................OO 161.2 190-10 .................................................OO 168.10 233-2 ..................................................... OO 161.3 191-1 ......................................................OO 234.1 233-3 .....................................................OO 161.4 192-5 ..................................................... OO 231.1 233-4 ......................................................OO 161.1 193-1 ..................................................... OO 232.2 233-5 .....................................................OO 161.5 193-2 .................................................... OO 232.3 233-40...................................................OO 161.6 193-3 .....................................................OO 232.1 234-1 ......................................................OO 131.3 196-1 ..................................................... OO 215.1 234-2 ..................................................... OO 131.2 197-1.....................................................OO 186.9 234-3 ......................................................OO 131.1 197-2 .................................................... OO 186.3 235-7 ..................................................... OO 132.1 197-3 .....................................................OO 186.1 236-1 ..................................................... OO 133.1 197-4 .................................................... OO 186.5 236-2.....................................................OO 133.4 197-5 ....................................................OO 186.6 236-3 ..................................................... OO 133.3 197-6 .................................................... OO 186.7 236-4.....................................................OO 133.2 197-7 .................................................... OO 186.4 236-5.....................................................OO 133.5 197-8 ...................................................OO 186.10 238-1 ...................................................OO 168.12 197-33................................................... OO 186.2 238-9................................................... OO 168.11 200-1 .................................................... OO 240.1 239-1 .................................................... OO 134.4 200-2 ...................................................OO 240.2 239-4..................................................... OO 134.1 200-3....................................................OO 240.3 241-1...................................................... OO 135.1 202-1 .....................................................OO 188.1 242-1 .......................................................OO 19.1 202-2.................................................... OO 188.2 242-2.......................................................OO 19.3 204-7.....................................................OO 194.1 242-6 ..................................................... OO 19.2 205-1 .................................................... OO 195.5 243-7 ......................................................OO 40.2 532 — 243-8......................................................OO 40.3 281-14 ...................................................OO 283.1 243-10 .................................................... OO 40.1 281-15...................................................OO 283.5 246-3...................................................... OO 20.3 282-3+18 ......................................... OO 271.8+11 246-4 ..................................................... OO 20.1 282-7................................................... OO 271.12 246-5 .....................................................OO 20.2 282-19 .................................................. OO 271.6 249-9 ..................................................... OO 24.1 282-20 ..................................................OO 271.4 249-12 ....................................................OO 24.2 282-21 ................................................... OO 271.1 251-1 ....................................................... OO 37.2 282-22...................................................OO 271.2 251-2 .......................................................OO 37.3 282-23...................................................OO 271.3 251-3 .......................................................OO 37.1 282-24 ..................................................OO 271.5 251-14..................................................... OO 37.4 282-24 ..................................................OO 271.7 251-18..................................................... OO 37.6 282-24 ................................................OO 271.10 251-19..................................................... OO 37.5 282-25.................................................. OO 271.9 252-1 ...................................................... OO 42.3 284-2 ....................................................OO 307.1 252-2...................................................... OO 42.1 285-2.................................................... OO 223.2 252-3 ......................................................OO 42.2 288-19.................................................. OO 242.1 255-1 .......................................................OO 76.1 288-19..................................................OO 242.4 257-5 .......................................................OO 71.4 288-20 .................................................OO 242.7 257-15 .....................................................OO 71.2 288-21 ..................................................OO 242.5 257-16 ..................................................... OO 71.1 288-22 .................................................OO 242.6 257-17 .....................................................OO 71.3 288-23..................................................OO 242.2 260-17 .....................................................OO 78.1 288-24 ................................................. OO 242.3 260-18....................................................OO 78.2 289-10...................................................OO 274.1 260-19.................................................... OO 78.3 294-2 ................................................... OO 273.4 261-10 ....................................................OO 112.1 294-8 ....................................................OO 273.1 263-18 ....................................................OO 94.2 294-9 ................................................... OO 273.2 263-19 .................................................... OO 94.1 294-12 ...................................................OO 273.3 265-1 ...................................................... OO 92.1 295-1 .................................................... OO 308.1 265-2......................................................OO 92.2 295-1 ....................................................OO 308.2 266-13 .................................................... OO 90.1 298-6 ................................................... OO 304.1 268-1 ....................................................OO 248.2 298-6 ...................................................OO 304.2 268-12 .................................................. OO 248.1 299-11 ...................................................OO 338.1 269-3.....................................................OO 247.1 304-1 .....................................................OO 359.1 271-7......................................................OO 243.1 306-10 ...................................................OO 361.2 271-8 .................................................... OO 243.2 306-11.................................................... OO 361.1 271-9 .................................................... OO 243.3 306-12 ...................................................OO 361.3 272-15 .................................................. OO 244.1 306-13 .................................................. OO 361.4 273-1..................................................... OO 276.1 306-16 ...................................................OO 361.5 274-1+6 .............................................OO 277.3-4 307-9................................................. OO 339.11a 274-5.................................................... OO 277.2 307-9............................................. OO 339.11b-g 274-7 .....................................................OO 277.1 307-30 ...................................................OO 339.1 275-9.....................................................OO 278.1 307-31................................................... OO 339.3 281-1+6 ............................................OO 283.6-8 307-32 .................................................. OO 339.4 281-7 .................................................... OO 283.3 307-35 .................................................. OO 339.2 281-8 ....................................................OO 283.4 307-36 ..................................................OO 339.6 281-11 ...................................................OO 283.2 307-37-39 ............................................ OO 339.7 533 — 307-40 ................................................. OO 339.5 Stone objects 307-41 ..................................................OO 339.9 BA.VI.13a ............................................B stray 139 307-42..................................................OO 339.8 BA.VI.19b........................................... B stray 255 307-42-43 ............................................ OO 339.7 BA.VI.32....................................................B 701.7 308-7....................................................OO 340.2 BA.VI.33 ................................................... B 702.7 308-8 ................................................... OO 340.1 BA.VI.35.............................................B stray 306 308-9 ................................................... OO 340.3 BA.VI.39 ...................................................B 421.2 309-1 .................................................... OO 362.2 BA.VI.37-38 ......................................... B 395.4-5 309-2.....................................................OO 362.1 BA.VI.40-41 ..........................................B 435.4-5 309-20 .................................................OO 362.6 309-21 .................................................. OO 362.3 Gem 309-27.................................................. OO 362.5 BA.VII.86 ........................................... B stray 144 309-28 .................................................OO 362.4 310-1 ......................................................OO 287.1 Stone building fragment 310-17 ...................................................OO 287.2 BA.VIII.6 B 699.0 311-1......................................................OO 249.4 311-10 ...................................................OO 249.5 Tile grave f (mentioned ater B stray 224) 311-16 ................................................... OO 249.1 311-17....................................................OO 249.3 BB.I.63 ..............................................................f 311-18 ...................................................OO 249.2 312-1 ..................................................... OO 288.1 Brick stamp 312-2 ................................................OO 288.2-4 BB.I:X/170 ........................................ OO stray 16 317-1 ...................................................... OO 311.4 317-2...................................................... OO 311.5 Roman potery: pots 317-2...................................................... OO 311.6 BB.II.61..............................................B stray 246 317-2...................................................... OO 311.7 BB.II.211 ...........................................OO stray 70 317-3 .......................................................OO 311.3 BB.II.355................................................B stray 9 317-4 ......................................................OO 311.1 BB.II.356 ............................................. B stray 10 317-5...................................................... OO 311.2 BB.II.418........................................... OO stray 61 319-7 ..................................................... OO 341.1 BB.II.430 ........................................... B stray 148 BB.II.439 ............................................. B stray 77 BB.II.441.............................................B stray 221 Collection Municipality of Nijmegen BB.II.442 ...........................................B stray 202 BB.II.443 ...........................................B stray 206 BB.II.444 ............................................B stray 212 Handmade potery BB.II.448 .............................................B stray 46 AA.152 ......................................................B 795.1 BB.II.464 ...................................................B 151.3 BB.II.465 ...................................................B 94.2 Stone sarcophagi BB.II.466 ...................................................B 98.2 BA.V.2 .................................................B stray 156 BB.II.467 .....................................................B 11.1 BA.V.8 ................................................B stray 280 BB.II.468 ................................................... B 67.3 BA.V.11 ........................................... Rem. stray 17 BB.II.469 .................................................B 674.4 BA.V.12......................................................B 601.1 BB.II.470 ................................................. B 730.2 BA.V.13.....................................................B 620.0 BB.II.471 ...............................................B 723.intr BA.V.14 .....................................................B 627.1 BB.II.472 .............................................B stray 68 BA.V.15..................................................... B 580.1 BB.II.476 ................................................... B 81.4 534 — BB.II.479 ..................................................B 319.3 BB.III.360 ............................................. B stray 11 BB.II.480 .................................................. B 421.1 BB.III.361..............................................B stray 12 BB.II.481...................................................B 258.1 BB.III.362 .............................................B stray 13 BB.II.482 ................................................. B 234.5 BB.III.363 .............................................B stray 14 BB.II.483 .................................................B 250.2 BB.III.364 .............................................B stray 15 BB.II.484 .................................................. B 301.1 BB.III.377............................................ B stray 171 BB.II.485 ................................................. B 293.3 BB.III.414 ............................................ B stray 78 BB.II.486 ..................................................B 344.1 BB.III.415............................................. B stray 79 BB.II.487 ................................................. B 482.3 BB.III.416 ............................................B stray 80 BB.II.488 .................................................B 482.2 BB.III.417............................................. B stray 81 BB.II.489 .................................................B 760.2 BB.III.418 ............................................B stray 82 BB.II.490 .................................................B 764.6 BB.III.419 ............................................ B stray 83 BB.II.491...................................................B 773.2 BB.III.420 ............................................B stray 84 BB.II.492 ..................................................B 757.1 BB.III.421.............................................B stray 85 BB.II.493 ..................................................B 786.1 BB.III.422 ............................................B stray 86 BB.II.494 ................................................. B 792.2 BB.III.423 ............................................ B stray 87 BB.II.495 ................................................. B 779.4 BB.III.424 ............................................B stray 88 BB.II.496 ..................................................B 715.2 BB.III.425 ............................................B stray 89 BB.III.429 ..........................................B stray 204 Roman potery: beakers BB.III.430 ..........................................B stray 209 BB.III.96 .............................................B stray 135 BB.III.436 .......................................... B stray 146 BB.III.97 .............................................B stray 161 BB.III.437 ...........................................B stray 147 BB.III.98 .............................................B stray 137 BB.III.438 ...........................................B stray 154 BB.III.99 .............................................B stray 157 BB.III.439 ...........................................B stray 153 BB.III.100 ....................................... B stray 263 BB.III.440...........................................B stray 155 BB.III.101 ...........................................B stray 264 BB.III.441 ............................................ B stray 30 BB.III.103.............................................B stray 48 BB.III.442 .............................................B stray 31 BB.III.106 .......................................... B stray 149 BB.III.443 ............................................ B stray 32 BB.III.107........................................... B stray 150 BB.III.444 .....................................................B 5.1 BB.III.108 ........................................... B stray 151 BB.III.445 .................................................... B 5.2 BB.III.109 ...........................................B stray 152 BB.III.446...................................................B 43.1 BB.III.183.......................................... OO stray 21 BB.III.447 ...................................................B 47.1 BB.III.184 ..........................................OO stray 71 BB.III.448...................................................B 41.3 BB.III.205 .......................................OO stray 293 BB.III.454 ............................................ B stray 63 BB.III.214..........................................OO stray 28 BB.III.455 ............................................B stray 58 BB.III.215..........................................OO stray 29 BB.III.456 ............................................B stray 59 BB.III.216..........................................OO stray 30 BB.III.457 ...................................... Rem. stray 18 BB.III.217 ...........................................OO stray 31 BB.III.459 .........................................OO stray 62 BB.III.250 ......................................... OO stray 23 BB.III.460.........................................OO stray 65 BB.III.257 .......................................... B stray 140 BB.III.461 .............................................. B stray 3 BB.III.331 ............................................B stray 176 BB.III.462 ............................................B stray 69 BB.III.332............................................B stray 177 BB.III.463 ................................................. B 144.1 BB.III.333 ............................................B stray 178 BB.III.464..................................................B 135.1 BB.III.334 ...........................................B stray 179 BB.III.465 .................................................B 122.2 BB.III.335........................................... B stray 180 BB.III.466................................................. B 165.1 BB.III.339 ...........................................B stray 183 BB.III.467 ................................................. B 150.1 535 — BB.III.468................................................. B 151.2 BB.III.518....................................................B 81.3 BB.III.469..................................................B 114.1 BB.III.519..........................................OO stray 66 BB.III.470 ...................................................B 87.1 BB.III.520 ..................................................B 717.1 BB.III.471...................................................B 88.2 BB.III.521..................................................B 725.1 BB.III.472 ..................................................B 112.1 BB.III.522 .......................................... B stray 307 BB.III.473 ...................................................B 85.1 BB.III.523 ................................................. B 319.1 BB.III.474 .................................................B 108.1 BB.III.524 ................................................B 248.2 BB.III.475 .................................................B 100.1 BB.III.525 ................................................ B 234.4 BB.III.476 ...................................................B 98.1 BB.III.526 ................................................ B 234.3 BB.III.477 ................................................... B 73.1 BB.III.527 .................................................B 243.1 BB.III.478 .................................................. B 54.2 BB.III.528 ................................................. B 291.1 BB.III.479 ...................................................B 16.3 BB.III.529 ................................................ B 293.2 BB.III.480...................................................B 67.1 BB.III.530 ................................................B 292.2 BB.III.481 .................................................. B 67.2 BB.III.531 ..................................................B 292.1 BB.III.482 ..................................................B 171.1 BB.III.532 .................................................B 392.1 BB.III.483 .................................................B 834.1 BB.III.533..................................................B 328.1 BB.III.484................................................ B 834.2 BB.III.534 ..............................................B 298.56 BB.III.485 .................................................B 751.2 BB.III.535 ..............................................B 298.57 BB.III.486..................................................B 751.1 BB.III.536 .................................................B 381.2 BB.III.487 ................................................. B 751.3 BB.III.537..................................................B 395.1 BB.III.488.................................................B 676.1 BB.III.538 ................................................ B 383.2 BB.III.489................................................. B 733.1 BB.III.539 .................................................B 383.3 BB.III.490................................................ B 685.1 BB.III.540 ................................................ B 387.2 BB.III.491 .................................................B 687.1 BB.III.541..................................................B 387.1 BB.III.492 .................................................B 741.3 BB.III.542 .................................................B 414.1 BB.III.493 .................................................B 741.4 BB.III.543 .................................................B 372.3 BB.III.494.................................................B 741.2 BB.III.544 .................................................B 423.1 BB.III.495 .................................................B 743.1 BB.III.545 ................................................ B 423.2 BB.III.496................................................ B 742.2 BB.III.546 ................................................. B 451.1 BB.III.497 .................................................B 681.1 BB.III.547 ................................................ B 435.2 BB.III.498.................................................B 697.1 BB.III.548 ................................................ B 456.1 BB.III.499................................................. B 701.1 BB.III.549 ................................................ B 482.1 BB.III.500 .................................................B 705.1 BB.III.550 ................................................ B 481.2 BB.III.501..................................................B 706.1 BB.III.551 ................................................. B 744.3 BB.III.502 ................................................B 706.2 BB.III.552 ................................................ B 744.2 BB.III.503 .................................................B 708.1 BB.III.553 ................................................B 764.4 BB.III.504 ................................................ B 704.2 BB.III.554 ................................................B 766.2 BB.III.505 .................................................B 707.1 BB.III.555 .................................................B 747.1 BB.III.506 .................................................B 724.1 BB.III.507 ................................................. B 723.1 Roman potery: BB.III.510................................................. B 722.2 double-handled jugs BB.III.513 .................................................. B 105.1 BB.IV.204 .......................................... B stray 182 BB.III.514..................................................B 105.2 BB.IV.205 .......................................... B stray 168 BB.III.515 .......................................... B 80.2 BB.IV.208 .......................................... B stray 190 BB.III.516................................................... B 80.3 BB.IV.209 .......................................... B stray 253 BB.III.517 ....................................................B 81.2 BB.IV.211................................................B stray 8 536 — BB.IV.212 ..............................................B stray 51 BB.V.110 ............................................... B stray 19 BB.IV.213 ........................................... B stray 275 BB.V.111................................................B stray 20 BB.IV.214 ...........................................B stray 276 BB.V.147 ..............................................B stray 95 BB.IV.215 ........................................... B stray 277 BB.V.148 ..............................................B stray 96 BB.IV.216 ........................................... B stray 272 BB.V.149 .............................................. B stray 97 BB.IV.217 ........................................... B stray 273 BB.V.150 ..............................................B stray 98 BB.IV.218 ........................................... B stray 274 BB.V.153..............................................B stray 215 BB.IV.568 ....................................... B stray 145 BB.V.154 .............................................B stray 214 BB.IV.602 ............................................ B stray 16 BB.V.159 ...................................................B 176.5 BB.IV.603 .............................................B stray 17 BB.V.160 ...................................................B 176.6 BB.IV.717 ............................................B stray 136 BB.V.161 ........................................................B 5.3 BB.IV.718 ........................................... B stray 216 BB.V.162 .................................................... B 47.3 BB.IV.719 ...........................................B stray 256 BB.V.167 ............................................B stray 260 BB.IV.728 ............................................B stray 90 BB.V.169 ........................................ Rem. stray 21 BB.IV.729 ............................................ B stray 91 BB.V.175.................................................... B 139.1 BB.IV.730.............................................B stray 92 BB.V.176 ...................................................B 135.2 BB.IV.731 ............................................. B stray 93 BB.V.177................................................... B 150.4 BB.IV.732 .............................................B stray 94 BB.V.178 ........................................... BB.IV.744 .................................................. B 48.1 BB.V.179 ...................................................B 730.3 BB.IV.745 .................................................B 169.1 BB.V.180 ............................................ B stray 267 BB.IV.756 .........................................OO stray 63 BB.V.184 ...................................................B 319.2 BB.IV.761 .................................................. B 122.1 BB.V.185 .................................................. B 248.3 BB.IV.762 ..................................................B 86.5 BB.V.186 ...................................................B 248.1 BB.IV.763...................................................B 86.2 BB.V.187 .................................................. B 344.2 BB.IV.764 ....................................................B 13.1 BB.V.188 .................................................. B 299.1 BB.IV.765 .................................................B 677.1 BB.V.189 ...................................................B 334.2 BB.IV.766 .................................................B 741.6 BB.V.190 ...................................................B 451.2 BB.IV.767................................................. B 742.3 BB.V.191 ................................................... B 456.3 BB.IV.768 ................................................ B 682.1 BB.V.192 .................................................. B 764.7 BB.IV.769 ................................................B 697.2 BB.V.193 .................................................. B 828.1 BB.IV.770..................................................B 701.2 BB.V.194 ...................................................B 779.3 BB.IV.771 ................................................. B 704.3 BB.V.195 ................................................... B 715.3 B 834.3 BB.IV.772..................................................B 723.3 BB.IV.775............................................B stray 167 Roman potery: jugs BB.IV.781 ...........................................B stray 262 BB.VI.4 ................................................B stray 49 BB.IV.781 .................................................. B 612.1 BB.VI.5 ...............................................B stray 170 BB.IV.782 ................................................ B 435.3 BB.VI.22 ........................................... OO stray 33 BB.IV.783................................................. B 427.2 BB.VI.23............................................OO stray 34 BB.IV.784 ..........................................B stray 300 BB.VI.24 ........................................... OO stray 35 BB.IV.785 .................................................B 754.1 BB.VI.25 ...........................................OO stray 36 BB.VI.31 ............................................OO stray 24 Roman potery: bowls BB.VI.33 ............................................... B stray 52 BB.V.77 ............................................. OO stray 32 BB.VI.36 .............................................B stray 162 BB.V.90.............................................OO stray 25 BB.VI.37..............................................B stray 163 BB.V.91 .............................................OO stray 26 BB.VI.53..............................................B stray 217 BB.V.109 .............................................. B stray 18 BB.VI.54 .............................................B stray 218 537 — BB.VI.55 ............................................ B stray 184 BB.VI.121 .................................................B 764.5 BB.VI.62 ...............................................B stray 21 BB.VI.122 ..................................................B 778.1 BB.VI.66 .............................................B stray 172 BB.VI.74 ..............................................B stray 56 Roman potery: BB.VI.77...............................................B stray 99 plates and dishes BB.VI.78 ............................................ B stray 100 BB.VII.53............................................ B stray 247 BB.VI.78 .............................................B stray 101 BB.VII.111 ........................................... B stray 219 BB.VI.79 .............................................B stray 102 BB.VII.112 ..........................................B stray 220 BB.VI.80 .............................................B stray 103 BB.VII.113........................................... B stray 185 BB.VI.81 ............................................. B stray 104 BB.VII.131............................................. B stray 22 BB.VI.82 .............................................B stray 105 BB.VII.132 ............................................ B stray 23 BB.VI.83 ............................................ B stray 203 BB.VII.144...........................................B stray 173 BB.VI.84 ............................................B stray 208 BB.VII.149 ......................................... B stray 106 BB.VI.85 ............................................. B stray 211 BB.VII.150...........................................B stray 107 BB.VI.87 ................................................ B stray 2 BB.VII.151 .......................................... B stray 108 BB.VI.88 .............................................. B stray 47 BB.VII.152 .......................................... B stray 109 BB.VI.89 ...................................................B 176.4 BB.VII.153 ...........................................B stray 110 BB.VI.90 ...................................................... B 6.2 BB.VII.154............................................B stray 111 BB.VI.91 ............................................... B stray 57 BB.VII.155 ........................................... B stray 112 BB.VI.92 ........................................ Rem. stray 19 BB.VII.156........................................... B stray 113 BB.VI.94 ...................................................B 165.2 BB.VII.157 ...........................................B stray 114 BB.VI.95 ...................................................B 150.5 BB.VII.158........................................... B stray 115 BB.VI.96 ...................................................B 150.2 BB.VII.159...........................................B stray 116 BB.VI.97 .................................................... B 88.3 BB.VII.160 .......................................... B stray 117 BB.VI.98 .................................................... B 54.5 BB.VII.161 ..........................................B stray 205 BB.VI.99 ..................................................B 676.2 BB.VII.162.................................................B 723.5 BB.VI.100................................................. B 677.2 BB.VII.166 .........................................B stray 207 BB.VI.101 .................................................B 686.3 BB.VII.171 .............................................B stray 33 BB.VI.102.................................................B 687.2 BB.VII.172 .................................................. B 47.2 BB.VI.103 ..................................................B 741.5 BB.VII.176............................................ B stray 67 BB.VI.104................................................. B 681.2 BB.VII.177 ............................................B stray 60 BB.VI.105................................................. B 680.1 BB.VII.180 ................................................B 165.3 BB.VI.106..................................................B 730.1 BB.VII.181 .................................................B 150.3 BB.VI.107 ................................................. B 702.3 BB.VII.182.................................................B 166.1 BB.VI.108................................................. B 702.5 BB.VII.183 .................................................. B 85.2 BB.VI.109................................................. B 702.2 BB.VII.184 ................................................. B 86.3 BB.VI.110 .................................................B 702.4 BB.VII.185..................................................B 86.4 BB.VI.111 ...................................................B 702.1 BB.VII.186 ................................................. B 54.3 BB.VI.112 .................................................B 708.2 BB.VII.187..................................................B 54.4 BB.VI.114 ...........................................B stray 266 BB.VII.188 ................................................. B 67.4 BB.VI.115 ..................................................B 728.1 BB.VII.189 ...............................................B 834.4 BB.VI.116 ..................................................B 334.1 BB.VII.190 ............................................... B 834.5 BB.VI.117.................................................. B 395.2 BB.VII.191 ................................................B 834.6 BB.VI.118 ................................................. B 372.4 BB.VII.192................................................B 834.8 BB.VI.119 .................................................B 456.2 BB.VII.193 .................................................B 734.1 BB.VI.120..................................................B 760.1 BB.VII.194 ............................................... B 676.3 538 — BB.VII.195................................................B 686.4 BB.XI.85 ............................................B stray 265 BB.VII.196 ............................................... B 743.2 BB.XI.86 ............................................ B stray 169 BB.VII.197.................................................B 701.3 BB.XI.161 ..........................................OO stray 20 BB.VII.198 ............................................... B 705.2 BB.XI.306 .........................................OO stray 39 BB.VII.199 ............................................... B 724.2 BB.XI.307 .........................................OO stray 40 BB.VII.200 ............................................... B 723.4 BB.XI.308 ......................................... OO stray 41 BB.VII.201................................................ B 728.2 BB.XI.324 ......................................... OO stray 27 BB.VII.202 ............................................... B 728.3 BB.XI.325 .........................................OO stray 22 BB.VII.203 ................................................B 726.1 BB.XI.330 .......................................... B stray 186 BB.VII.211 ................................................ B 427.3 BB.XI.331 ............................................B stray 187 BB.VII.216................................................ B 725.2 BB.XI.368 ............................................ B stray 25 BB.VII.217 ................................................B 608.2 BB.XI.369 ............................................B stray 26 BB.VII.218.................................................B 345.1 BB.XI.374 .........................................OO stray 42 BB.VII.219................................................. B 241.1 BB.XI.431............................................B stray 118 BB.VII.220 ............................................... B 292.3 BB.XI.432 ...........................................B stray 119 BB.VII.221 ................................................ B 392.2 BB.XI.433 ...........................................B stray 120 BB.VII.222 ............................................... B 395.3 BB.XI.434 ........................................... B stray 121 BB.VII.223 ............................................... B 423.3 BB.XI.435 ...........................................B stray 122 BB.VII.224 ................................................B 451.3 BB.XI.436 ...........................................B stray 123 BB.VII.225 ................................................B 410.3 BB.XI.439 ...........................................B stray 124 BB.VII.226 ............................................... B 410.2 BB.XI.440.......................................... B stray 222 BB.VII.227 ............................................... B 760.3 BB.XI.441 .......................................... B stray 223 BB.VII.228 ...............................................B 764.8 BB.XI.442 ..........................................B stray 224 BB.VII.229 ................................................B 763.1 BB.XI.444...........................................B stray 213 BB.XI.447 ................................................. B 176.1 Roman potery: mortarium BB.XI.448.................................................B 176.2 BB.VIII.34 ............................................B stray 24 BB.XI.449.................................................B 176.3 BB.XI.450 ................................................... B 41.1 Roman potery: varia BB.XI.451....................................................B 41.2 BB.IX.28 ........................................... OO stray 37 BB.XI.460............................................B stray 66 BB.XI.461 ...........................................B stray 130 Roman potery: lamps BB.XI.462 ...........................................B stray 129 BB.X.115 .............................................. B stray 55 BB.XI.463 ............................................B stray 64 BB.X.117 ............................................B stray 279 BB.XI.464............................................B stray 65 BB.X.154...........................................OO stray 38 BB.XI.465 .............................................B stray 61 BB.XI.466............................................B stray 62 Roman potery: BB.XI.469.........................................OO stray 64 terra sigillata BB.XI.471..........................................OO stray 43 BB.XI.13 ..............................................B stray 271 BB.XI.472 .......................................... B stray 237 BB.XI.14............................................OO stray 72 BB.XI.473 ............................................ B stray 70 BB.XI.18............................................ OO stray 19 BB.XI.478 ..................................................B 137.1 BB.XI.19.............................................OO stray 17 BB.XI.479 ..................................................B 151.1 BB.XI.20 ........................................... OO stray 18 BB.XI.480...................................................B 88.1 BB.XI.82 ..............................................B stray 50 BB.XI.481 ...................................................B 86.1 BB.XI.83 .............................................. B stray 53 BB.XI.482 ...................................................B 94.1 BB.XI.84 .............................................B stray 191 BB.XI.483 ...................................................B 54.1 539 — BB.XI.484................................................... B 14.1 BB.XI.533.................................................. B 715.1 BB.XI.485 ................................................... B 16.1 BB.XI.486...................................................B 16.2 Roman glass BB.XI.487 .................................................B 654.1 BC.I.42...............................................B stray 245 BB.XI.488.................................................B 674.1 BC.I.47a............................................. B stray 164 BB.XI.489................................................ B 674.2 BC.I.47b ............................................ B stray 165 BB.XI.490................................................ B 674.3 BC.I.47c ............................................. B stray 166 BB.XI.491 ................................................ B 686.1 BC.I.47d ............................................ B stray 192 BB.XI.492 ................................................B 686.2 BC.I.47e..............................................B stray 193 BB.XI.493 ................................................. B 741.1 BC I 49............................................ OO stray 314 BB.XI.494.................................................B 742.1 BC.I.90 ........................................... OO stray 323 BB.XI.495 ......................................... B 704.1 BC.I.92............................................... B stray 281 BB.XI.498..........................................B stray 268 BC.I.93...............................................B stray 282 BB.XI.499.................................................B 427.1 BC.I.94 .............................................. B stray 283 BB.XI.500 .................................................. B 80.1 BC.I.95...............................................B stray 284 BB.XI.501.................................................... B 81.1 BC.I.131 .............................................OO stray 45 BB.XI.502 .........................................OO stray 44 BC.I.134 ..............................................B stray 125 BB.XI.504 .................................................B 722.1 BC.I.135 ............................................. B stray 126 BB.XI.505 .................................................B 234.1 BC.I.136 ..............................................B stray 127 BB.XI.506 ................................................ B 234.2 BC.I.137.............................................. B stray 210 BB.XI.507 .................................................B 232.1 BC.I.138 ....................................................B 176.7 BB.XI.508 .................................................B 250.1 BC.I.139 ....................................................... B 7.1 BB.XI.509 .................................................B 293.1 BC.I.140 ......................................................B 27.1 BB.XI.510.................................................. B 381.1 BC.I.142 ........................................ Rem. stray 20 BB.XI.511 ..................................................B 383.1 BC.I.147 .................................................... B 143.1 BB.XI.512.................................................. B 372.1 BC.I.148 ....................................................B 143.3 BB.XI.513 ..................................................B 372.2 BC.I.149 .................................................... B 135.3 BB.XI.514..................................................B 435.1 BC.I.150 .................................................... B 128.1 BB.XI.515..................................................B 410.1 BC.I.151..................................................... B 125.1 BB.XI.516................................................. B 470.3 BC.I.152a .................................................. B 137.2 BB.XI.517 .................................................B 470.2 BC.I.152b .............................................. B 137.intr BB.XI.518..................................................B 470.1 BC.I.153 ......................................................B 14.2 BB.XI.519..................................................B 481.1 BC.I.154 ..................................................... B 16.4 BB.XI.520 .......................................... B stray 257 BC.I.155 ....................................................B 172.2 BB.XI.521...........................................B stray 269 BC.I.156 ....................................................B 663.1 BB.XI.522 .................................................B 744.1 BC.I.157 ...................................................B 663.2 BB.XI.523 .................................................B 745.1 BC.I.158 ................................................... B 747.2 BB.XI.524 ................................................B 764.2 BC.I.159 ...................................................B 674.6 BB.XI.525 .................................................B 764.1 BC.I.160 ...................................................B 674.5 BB.XI.526 ................................................ B 764.3 BC.I.161.................................................... B 687.3 BB.XI.527 .................................................B 766.1 BC.I.162 ...................................................B 680.2 BB.XI.528 ................................................. B 773.1 BC.I.163 ...................................................B 697.4 BB.XI.529 .......................................... B stray 302 BC.I.164 ................................................... B 697.3 BB.XI.530 .................................................B 792.1 BC.I.165 ....................................................B 701.8 BB.XI.531 ................................................. B 779.2 BC.I.166 ....................................................B 701.5 BB.XI.532 .................................................B 779.1 BC.I.167 ....................................................B 701.6 540 — BC.I.168 ...................................................B 706.4 BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 199 BC.I.169 ................................................... B 726.3 BE.III.100........................................OO stray 295 BC.I.170 ................................................... B 726.2 BE.III.101 ........................................OO stray 296 BC.I.171 .....................................................B 592.1 BE.III.105 ..........................................OO stray 47 BC.I.172 ...................................................B 704.8 BE.III.106..........................................OO stray 48 BC.I.175 ................................................... B 664.1 BE.III.145 .............................................B stray 29 BC.I.176 ...................................................B 680.4 BE.III.147 ..................................................B 143.5 BC.I.177 ...................................................B 697.5 BE.III.148 ..................................................B 140.3 BC.I.178 ............................................... B 700.intr BE.III.150 ..................................................B 132.2 BC.I.179 ....................................................B 701.4 BE.III.151...................................................B 122.3 BC.I.180 ................................................... B 708.3 BE.III.152 .................................................. B 154.1 BC.I.181....................................................B 704.4 BE.III.153 ..................................................B 154.2 BC.I.182 ................................................... B 707.2 BE.III.154 .................................................. B 167.1 BC.I.183 ................................................... B 726.3 BE.III.155 ....................................................B 61.2 BC.I.184 ....................................................B 381.3 BE.III.156 ..................................................B 743.3 BC.I.185 ................................................. B 620.17 BE.III.157 .................................................B 680.5 BC.I.186 ................................................... B 763.2 BE.III.158 .................................................B 680.6 BE.III.159 .................................................B 680.7 Glass and amber beads BE.III.160.................................................B 701.11 BC.II.38b ........................................... B stray 194 BE.III.161 ................................................ B 701.10 BC.II.52...........................................OO stray 294 BE.III.162 ................................................. B 723.6 BC.II.71 ....................................................B 740.2 BE.III.163 ................................................. B 592.2 BC.II.72.................................................. B 620.10 BE.III.164 ................................................. B 592.3 BC.II.69-70 ................................................B 61.2 BE.III.165 ..................................................B 740.1 BE.III.166..................................................B 740.1 Bone object BE.III.167 ................................................. B 699.1 BD.I.6 .................................................... B 620.16 BE.III.168................................................. B 699.1 BE.III.169................................................ B 701.12 Bone dress accessory BE.III.170 ............................................... B 704.10 BD.II.19 .................................................. B 701.13 BE.III.171 ................................................ B 704.10 BE.III.172 ...........................................B stray 296 Human skeletal material BE.III.173. ................................................. B 172.3 BD.IV.1 ....................................Rem. str 17.bones BE.III.174 ................................................. B 293.5 BD.IV.3 ....................................................B 620.0 BE.III.175 ................................................. B 293.6 BE.III.176 ................................................B 620.11 Figurative metal object BE.III.177 ............................................... B 620.12 BE.I.94..............................................OO stray 46 BE.III.178 ................................................B 620.13 BE.III.179 ................................................B 620.13 Flatened glass bowl, mistaken for a bronze mirror BE.III.181 ............................................... B 620.19 BE.II.30.................................................... B 150.6 BE.III.181 ...............................................B 620.20 Metal jewelry Metal ibulae, accessories BE.III.54a ...........................................B stray 195 BE.IV.61 ...............................................B stray 54 BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 196 BE.IV.72a ........................................OO stray 298 BE.III.54a ...........................................B stray 197 BE.IV.118.............................................B stray 181 BE.III.54a .......................................... B stray 198 BE.IV.229............................................. B stray 27 541 — BE.IV.236 ................................................B stray 1 BE.XV.194*.........................................B stray 138 BE.IV.237 ........................................OO stray 297 BE.XV.707.......................................... B stray 189 BE.IV.255 ........................................OO stray 299 BE.XV.771 .......................................... B stray 158 BE.IV.259..................................................B 143.4 BE.XV.789 ......................................... B stray 159 BE.IV.260 ................................................ B 140.5 BE.XV.820 ......................................... B stray 160 BE.IV.261 ...................................................B 132.1 BE.XV.2201 .............................................. B 620.1 BE.IV.262..................................................B 167.2 BE.XV.2202-4.......................................B 620.2.5 BE.IV.263 ............................................B stray 317 BE.XV.2206-8 ...................................B 620.3.4.6 BE.IV.264...........................................B stray 304 BE.XV.1242 ..........................................B stray 28 BE.IV.265........................................... B stray 303 BE.IV.266 ............................................. B 231.intr Wood BE.IV.267 ............................................... B 620.14 BF.1; BH.1.................................................B 704.9 Metal instr. domesticum BE.V.61...............................................B stray 285 Collection State of the Netherlands: former collection G.M. Kam Metal decoration pieces BE.VI.115 ...........................................OO stray 49 Terra sigillata: BE.VI.116...........................................OO stray 50 rimmed plates BE.VI.157 ..................................................B 701.9 I.b.1...................................................OO stray 56 BE.VI.158 .................................................B 704.9 I.b.2 ..................................................OO stray 57 BE.VI.159 .................................................B 704.9 I.b.4 ..................................................OO stray 93 BE.VI.168 ....................................................B 61.3 I.b.6 ................................................ OO stray 102 BE.VI.160-171 ............................................. B 61.1 I.b.7 ..................................................OO stray 94 BE.VI.176 ..................................................B 701.9 I.b.8 ................................................ OO stray 103 BE.VI.177................................................... B 714.1 I.b.9 ..................................................OO stray 95 BE.VI.178-180........................................ B 620.15 I.b.10 ................................................OO stray 96 I.b.11 .................................................OO stray 97 Metal key I.b.12................................................OO stray 101 BE.VII.57 ............................................ B stray 261 I.b.13 .................................................OO stray 98 I.b.14 ................................................OO stray 99 Metal toilet gear I.b.15...................................................OO stray 5 BE.XI.15a ...........................................B stray 254 I.b.16 ..................................................OO stray 6 BE.XI.35 ............................................ OO stray 51 I.b.43 ..............................................OO stray 100 Metal medical instruments Terra sigillata: lat plates BE.XII.35...........................................OO stray 52 I.c.98 ................................................OO stray 92 BE.XII.36 .......................................... OO stray 53 I.c.99 .............................................. OO stray 104 Metal weights and scales Terra sigillata: conical bowls BE.XIII.41b .......................................OO stray 54 I.e.5 ..................................................OO stray 76 I.e.6 .................................................. OO stray 77 Metal weapons BE.XIV.31 ....................................................B 61.2 Late terra sigillata I.h.1...................................................OO stray 90 Coins I.h.2 ....................................................OO stray 4 542 — I.h.13 ................................................... OO stray 3 IV.d.20 ............................................ OO stray 106 I.h.16 ................................................OO stray 82 IV.d.21............................................. OO stray 107 I.h.41...................................................OO stray 2 IV.d.22 ............................................ OO stray 108 I.h.49 ................................................OO stray 75 IV.d.23 ............................................ OO stray 109 I.h.74 ................................................ OO stray 91 IV.d.24 ............................................ OO stray 199 I.h.79 ................................................OO stray 78 IV.d.38 ............................................ OO stray 105 I.h.80................................................OO stray 79 IV.d.39 ............................................ OO stray 186 I.h.81 ................................................OO stray 89 IV.d.47 ............................................ OO stray 120 I.h.82 ................................................OO stray 80 IV.d.62 .............................................OO stray 110 I.h.83 ................................................OO stray 83 IV.d.63 ..............................................OO stray 111 I.h.84 ................................................OO stray 84 IV.d.159 .......................................... OO stray 190 I.h.85 ................................................OO stray 85 I.h.86................................................OO stray 86 Jug I.h.87 ................................................OO stray 87 IV.e.103 ...........................................OO stray 200 I.h.88................................................OO stray 88 I.h.89................................................ OO stray 81 Smooth beaker I.h.90................................................ OO stray 73 V.b.4 ............................................... OO stray 198 I.h.91 ................................................OO stray 74 I.h.92 ................................................OO stray 55 Jug with stopper I.h.97 .................................................. B stray 141 VI.d.1 ............................................. Rem. stray 10 VI.d.1 ..............................................Rem. stray 11 Double-handled jugs IV.c.15 .............................................OO stray 202 Coarse pots IV.c.16 .............................................OO stray 203 VII.b.37 ........................................... OO stray 212 IV.c.17 ............................................. OO stray 210 IV.c.18 ............................................. OO stray 201 Coarse plates and dishes IV.c.19 .............................................OO stray 204 VII.d.138 ...........................................OO stray 59 IV.c.20.............................................OO stray 205 VII.d.139 .........................................OO stray 248 IV.c.21 .............................................OO stray 206 VII.d.140.........................................OO stray 249 IV.c.22.............................................OO stray 207 VII.d.141 .........................................OO stray 250 IV.c.49 ........................................... Rem. stray 12 VII.d.142 ......................................... OO stray 251 IV.c.69 ............................................OO stray 208 VII.d.143 .........................................OO stray 252 IV.c.122 ...........................................OO stray 209 VII.d.144 ......................................... OO stray 253 VII.d.145 .........................................OO stray 254 Late Roman jugs VII.d.149........................................... OO stray 10 IV.d.10 ........................................... Rem. stray 16 VII.d.150 ............................................OO stray 11 IV.d.10 ............................................ OO stray 194 VII.d.151............................................ OO stray 12 IV.d.11 ..................................................OO stray 1 IV.d.12..............................................OO stray 191 Coarse bowls IV.d.13 ............................................. OO stray 192 VII.f.2 ................................................OO stray 58 IV.d.14............................................. OO stray 193 VII.f.3 ..............................................OO stray 236 IV.d.15............................................. OO stray 195 VII.f.4.............................................. OO stray 232 IV.d.16 ............................................ OO stray 196 VII.f.5 .............................................. OO stray 233 IV.d.17 ............................................. OO stray 189 VII.f.6..............................................OO stray 234 IV.d.18 ............................................ OO stray 188 VII.f.7 .............................................. OO stray 235 IV.d.19 ............................................ OO stray 197 VII.f.8..................................................OO stray 9 543 — VII.f.107 .......................................... OO stray 237 IX.l.19 .............................................. OO stray 113 IX.l.20 ..............................................OO stray 118 Coarse lid IX.l.21...............................................OO stray 141 VII.g.4.............................................OO stray 229 IX.l.22 ............................................. OO stray 187 IX.l.23 ............................................. OO stray 182 Coarse red potery IX.l.24 ............................................. OO stray 142 VII.h.1 .............................................. Rem. stray 1 IX.l.25 ............................................. OO stray 143 VII.h.2............................................. OO stray 215 IX.l.26 ..............................................OO stray 123 VII.h.7 ..............................................Rem. stray 2 IX.l.27 ............................................. OO stray 124 VII.h.10 ............................................Rem. stray 3 IX.l.28 ............................................. OO stray 158 IX.l.29 ............................................. OO stray 144 Coarse pot IX.l.30 ............................................. OO stray 145 VII.k.5 ..............................................OO stray 217 IX.l.31 .............................................. OO stray 159 IX.l.32 ............................................. OO stray 146 Coarse bowls with inturned lip IX.l.33 ............................................. OO stray 147 VII.n.1 .............................................OO stray 59a IX.l.34 ............................................. OO stray 148 VII.n.2.............................................OO stray 240 IX.l.35 .............................................OO stray 160 VII.n.4............................................. OO stray 241 IX.l.36 ..............................................OO stray 161 VII.n.5.............................................OO stray 242 IX.l.37 ............................................. OO stray 149 VII.n.6 ............................................OO stray 243 IX.l.38 ............................................. OO stray 162 VII.n.7 .............................................OO stray 244 IX.l.40 ............................................. OO stray 167 VII.n.8 ............................................OO stray 245 IX.l.41 ............................................. OO stray 150 VII.n.9 ............................................OO stray 246 IX.l.42 ............................................. OO stray 125 VII.n.10 ...........................................OO stray 247 IX.l.43 ............................................. OO stray 126 VII.n.11............................................OO stray 259 IX.l.44 ..............................................OO stray 127 IX.l.45 ..............................................OO stray 151 Colour coated potery IX.l.46 ............................................. OO stray 163 IX.f.14 ..............................................Rem. stray 4 IX.l.47 ..............................................OO stray 114 IX.l.48 ............................................. OO stray 152 Colour coated beakers IX.l.49 ............................................. OO stray 128 IX.l.1................................................ OO stray 136 IX.l.50 ............................................. OO stray 129 IX.l.2 ................................................OO stray 137 IX.l.51.............................................. OO stray 164 IX.l.3 ...............................................OO stray 168 IX.l.52 ..............................................OO stray 153 IX.l.4 ............................................... OO stray 138 IX.l.53 ............................................. OO stray 130 IX.l.5 ............................................... OO stray 139 IX.l.54 .............................................. OO stray 131 IX.l.8 ................................................OO stray 115 IX.l.55 ..............................................OO stray 132 IX.l.9 ................................................OO stray 116 IX.l.56 ............................................. OO stray 165 IX.l.10 ............................................. OO stray 140 IX.l.57 ..............................................OO stray 133 IX.l.11 ...............................................OO stray 119 IX.l.58 ............................................. OO stray 134 IX.l.12...............................................OO stray 177 IX.l.59 ............................................. OO stray 154 IX.l.13 .............................................. OO stray 170 IX.l.60............................................. OO stray 155 IX.l.14 ..............................................OO stray 121 IX.l.61 ............................................. OO stray 166 IX.l.15............................................... OO stray 171 IX.l.62 ............................................. OO stray 156 IX.l.16 ..............................................OO stray 172 IX.l.63 ..............................................OO stray 135 IX.l.17............................................... OO stray 117 IX.l.64 ............................................. OO stray 178 IX.l.18 ..............................................OO stray 112 IX.l.65 ............................................. OO stray 179 544 — IX.l.66............................................. OO stray 180 Mortaria IX.l.67 ............................................. OO stray 183 XV.12...............................................OO stray 257 IX.l.68..............................................OO stray 173 XV.13 ...............................................OO stray 258 IX.l.69............................................. OO stray 174 IX.l.70 ..............................................OO stray 175 Various potery IX.l.71.............................................. OO stray 184 XVIII.58 ..........................................OO stray 255 IX.l.72 ............................................. OO stray 185 XVIII.59 ..........................................OO stray 256 IX.l.73 ................................................. OO stray 7 IX.l.79 ..............................................OO stray 181 Glass vessels IX.l.84 ............................................ Rem. stray 14 XX.a.4.............................................OO stray 270 IX.l.85 ............................................. OO stray 176 XX.a.6..............................................OO stray 271 IX.l.108 ............................................Rem. stray 5 XX.a.13............................................OO stray 272 IX.l.110 .............................................Rem. stray 6 XX.a.14 ........................................... OO stray 273 IX.l.111..............................................Rem. stray 7 XX.a.40...........................................OO stray 286 IX.l.112 .............................................Rem. stray 8 XX.a.47 ...........................................OO stray 287 IX.l.120 ............................................Rem. stray 9 XX.a.58............................................. OO stray 14 IX.l.122............................................ OO stray 122 XX.a.88 ..........................................OO stray 269 IX.l.132 ............................................OO stray 292 XX.a.101..........................................OO stray 285 IX.l.137 .............................................OO stray 157 XX.a.106 .........................................OO stray 284 IX.l.138............................................ OO stray 169 XX.a.134 .........................................OO stray 290 IX.l.143? ......................................... Rem. stray 15 XX.a.135.......................................... OO stray 261 XX.a.136 .........................................OO stray 260 Colour coated indented beakers XX.a.148 .........................................OO stray 274 IX.p.27 ............................................ OO stray 214 XX.a.161.............................................OO stray 13 IX.p.28.............................................OO stray 213 XX.a.179 ......................................... OO stray 281 XX.a.180 .........................................OO stray 282 Candle-stick XX.a.181..........................................OO stray 283 XI.7 ..................................................OO stray 211 XX.a.192 ...........................................OO stray 60 XX.a.200 .........................................OO stray 321 Potery botles XX.a.201 .........................................OO stray 262 XIII.9...............................................OO stray 230 XX.a.202.........................................OO stray 263 XIII.10 ..............................................OO stray 231 XX.a.203 .........................................OO stray 264 XX.a.204 ........................................OO stray 265 Pots with handles XX.a.205.........................................OO stray 266 XIV.5 ............................................... OO stray 218 XX.a.218 ......................................... OO stray 322 XIV.29 ............................................. OO stray 219 XX.a.220.........................................OO stray 267 XIV.30 .............................................OO stray 220 XX.a.225 .........................................OO stray 268 XIV.31 .............................................. OO stray 223 XX.a.247 .........................................OO stray 275 XIV.32 ............................................. OO stray 221 XX.a.282.........................................OO stray 276 XIV.33 .............................................OO stray 224 XX.a.287......................................... OO stray 277 XIV.34 .............................................OO stray 225 XX.a.296 ........................................OO stray 288 XIV.35 .............................................OO stray 226 XX.a.348.........................................OO stray 289 XIV.36 ............................................. OO stray 227 XX.a.404 ........................................OO stray 279 XIV.37 .............................................OO stray 222 XX.a.427 .........................................OO stray 280 XIV.38 .............................................OO stray 228 XIV.39 .................................................OO stray 8 545 — Glass balsamarium XX.b.41 ...........................................OO stray 278 Coins XXII.547.............................................B stray 200 XXII.637..............................................B stray 133 XXII.1361............................................ B stray 201 XXII.1595 ............................................B stray 134 Frankish potery XXXI.a.24 ....................................... OO stray 291 Unsolved problems ? .......................................................OO stray 317 ? ...................................................... OO stray 318 LEIDEN, RIJKSMUSEUM VAN OUDHEDEN (NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTIQUITIES) e 1946/3.1 .......................................... B stray 243 e 1946/3.2 .........................................B stray 244 e 1946/12.1 ........................................B stray 228 e 1946/12.2........................................B stray 229 e 1946/12.3 ........................................ B stray 230 e 1946/12.4 ........................................B stray 231 e 1947/4.5 ......................................... B stray 232 e 1947/4.6 ......................................... B stray 233 e 1947/4.7 ......................................... B stray 234 e 1951/8.3 ..........................................B stray 259 e 1951/8.1 .......................................... B stray 235 e 1951/8.2 .......................................... B stray 236 e 1952/6.1 ..........................................B stray 287 e 1952/6.2 .........................................B stray 288 e 1952/6.3 .........................................B stray 289 e 1952/6.4 .........................................B stray 290 e 1952/6.5 ......................................... B stray 291 e 1952/6.6 .........................................B stray 292 e 1952/6.7 ......................................... B stray 293 e 1952/6.8 .........................................B stray 294 e 1952/6.9 .........................................B stray 295 e 1962/6.1.......................................... B stray 238 546 — Appendix 3: index to vessel types & short typochronology Figures will be found on the typology plates; dis- Type cussion of the types in Ch. 11, Typology of the pot- igure Name No. From Ia IId tery and glass vessels, under the igure number. To 15 Drag. 27 Centuries AD are indicated in Roman numerals, 35 Drag. 32 IId their parts in leters: quarter-centuries are indi- 14 Drag. 33 IIaIVb 23 Drag. 40 III IVB 2 Gellep 14 IVAB turies are indicated with capitals A-C. Legend: 3 Gellep 15 IV - ( ) = This earlier type from the Oude Graafseweg 5 Gellep 16 IVAB - 6 Gellep 17 IVBC - 9 Gellep 20 IIId IVa the potery and glass vessels, but at the end of Ch. 4, 16 Gellep 24 IIId - Catalogue of the stray inds; for legend of the ad- 17 Gellep 25 IVAB - 18 Gellep 26 IVab - 20 Gellep 27 IVa Va 21 Gellep 29 IVAB - 22 Gellep 30 IV Va cated with lower case leters a-d, thirds of cen- sarcophagus is not discussed in Ch. 11, Typology of ditions to Symonds’ groups, see the end of this appendix. Type igure Name No. From 124 Alzei 26 IVd 109 Brunsting 36b IB Vb 37 Chenet 301 IVc 23 Chenet 302 III IVB 32 Chenet 304b IVa To Vab - IIIB - 23 Gellep 31 III IVB 24 Gellep 32 IIId 25 Gellep 34 IVa Va 26 Gellep 35 IVAB - 27 Gellep 36 IVAB - 29 Gellep 37 IB IIC IVb 30 Gellep 38 IIId IVB VB 31 Gellep 39 IVAB - 31 Chenet 306 IVAB - 32 Gellep 40 IVa VB 33 Chenet 313 IVAB - 33 Gellep 41 IVAB - 34 Chenet 313i IVAB - 39 Gellep 42 IVAB 20 Chenet 314b IVa Va 40 Gellep 43 IVa IVd 22 Chenet 319a IV Va 41 Gellep 45 355 360 25 Chenet 320 IVa Va 116 Gellep 52-53 IVd Va 17 Chenet 324c small IVAB - 46 Gellep 56 IIIcd IVab - 26 Chenet 324c large IVAB - 47 Gellep 57 IVab 6 Chenet 333 IVBC - 70 Gellep 65 IVab - 38 Chenet 333h IVd - 146 Gellep 66 IVAB - 117 Chenet 333j IVcd Va 72 Gellep 67 IVAB - 1 Chenet 334c IVc - 73 Gellep 68 IVab - 5 Chenet 335a IVAB - 74 Gellep 69 IIIcd IVab 7 Chenet 337 IVAB - 76 Gellep 70 IVab - 10 Chenet 343a III IVB 79 Gellep 71 IVab - 11 Chenet 343c III IVB 80 Gellep 72 IVab - 12 Chenet 345b III IVB 86 Gellep 75 IVab - 13 Chenet 348 real ts IVab - 87 Gellep 77 IIIcd IVd IVd 90 Gellep 79 IVab - 91 Gellep 80 IVab - 40 Chenet 348 imitat IVa 29 Drag. 18/31 IB IIC 547 — Type Type igure Name No. 92 Gellep 81/82 94 Gellep 83a 95 Gellep 83b 97 Gellep 84a 98 Gellep 84b From To igure Name No. IVab - 188 Gellep IVab - 190 Gellep IVab - 191 IIId IVB 197 IIId IVB 194 From To 197 IVAB - 198 III Va Gellep 199 IVa-d - Gellep 202 IVab - Gellep 203? III IVB 99 Gellep 85a IVAB - 213 Gellep 212 IVad - 102 Gellep 87 IVcd - 211 Gellep 213 IVBC - 103 Gellep 89 IVab - 205 Gellep 217 III Va 100 Gellep 91 IVAB - 206 Gellep 218 IIId IVB 110 Gellep 96 IVab - 196 Gellep 219 IVab - - 216 Gellep 221 IVc 440 217 Gellep 222 IVB - - 219 Gellep 224 IV Va 111 Gellep 97 IVcd 113 Gellep 98 IV - 125 Gellep 100 IVBC 126 Gellep 101 IVBC - 174 Gellep 236 IVd Vcd 127 Gellep 102 IVAB - 173 Gellep 238 IVcd Vab 128 Gellep 103 IVBC - 7 Gellep 246 IVAB - 129 Gellep 104 IVd V 15 Gellep 248 Ia IId 130 Gellep 105 IIId IVB 28 Gellep 249 IVAB 131 Gellep 106 IVAB - 78 Gellep 261 IVab - 135 Gellep 108 330 V 93 Gellep 263 IVAB - 136 Gellep 109 IV - 114 Gellep 273 IVcd - 137 Gellep 110 IVcd - 115 Gellep 274 IVa VId 138 Gellep 111 IVd - 184 Gellep 294 IVAB - 144 Gellep 115 IVa Va 176 Gellep 296 IV - 149 Gellep 120 II IVB 189 Gellep 298 IVC 150 Gellep 121 IVAB - 209 Gellep 301 Ib IVa 151 Gellep 122 IVab - 200 Gellep 302 Ib IV 153 Gellep 126 IVAB - 210 Gellep 333 IV - 156 Gellep 128 IVAB - 121 Gellep 378 IV - - - 167 Gellep 178 IIIc Vb 84 Gellep 408 I IVB 168 Gellep 179 IIIc Vb 85 Gellep 411 IVab - 169 Gellep 180 IIIc Vb 88 Gellep 422 IIIcd IVd 170 Gellep 181 IVab Vb 89 Gellep 423 IIcd IIIab 171 Gellep 182 III Va - 177 Gellep 183 IVAB 178 Gellep 184 179 Gellep 185 180 Gellep 187 172 Gellep 174 Gellep 181 108 Gellep 438 IIIab - 101 Gellep 441 Ic IId IIId IVab 134 Gellep 483 ? - IVBC - 141 Gellep 496 IIIA IVC II IVa 157 Gellep 497 IVab - 189 IIIC IVab 155 Gellep 513 IIaIIIB 190 IVd Vcd 187 Gellep 521 IVab Gellep 193? IVab - 195 Gellep 523 IVab - 183 Gellep 194 IVab - 214 Gellep 538 IVAB - 185 Gellep 195 IVAB - 218 Gellep 541 IIIcd IVb - 548 — Type Type igure Name No. From To 14 Gellep 550 IIaIVb 36 Gellep 563 IId IIIb 105 Gellep 637 IVa igure Name No. From 219 Isings 113 IV Va 187 Isings 114b IVab - - 217 Isings 116ab IVB - 216 Isings 117 IVc 440 158 Gellep 666 IVAB - 142 Gellep 673 IId IIIa - 193 Gellep 698 IIIB 166 Gellep 700 Ic IV 201 Gellep 708 IIIab 204 Gellep 713 78 Gellep 107 165 To 205 Isings 120b III Va 202 Isings 121a IV - - 207 Isings 122 IVb II Va 208 Isings 124a IIId IV 742 IVab - 211 Isings 128 IVBC - Gellep 766 IVab - 213 Isings 129 IVad - Gellep 802 IB III 176 Isings 131 IV - 185 Gellep 845 Ic IIId 143 (Gose 512 190 Va 54 (Künzl 1.3.1 270 280) 260) 55 Künzl 1.4.1m 300 355 355 145 Gose 516-7 IId IVB - Künzl 1.4.2 300 139 Gose 545 IVA - 56 Künzl 1.4.1d 300 355 133 Gose 564 IVAB - 57 Künzl 1.6.1 300 355 159-64 Handmade - IVa Va 58 Künzl 1.6.2 300 355 184 Isings 35 IVAB - 68 Künzl 7.4 IVAB - - - 214 Isings 42b IVAB 69 Künzl 7.5 IVAB 200 Isings 50a Ib IV 64 Künzl 12.1.3 300 355 200 Isings 50b Ic IIId 65 Künzl 12.2.1 300 355 209 Isings 51a Ib IVa 66 Künzl 12.3.1 300 355 212 Isings 61 Ib IVab 59 Künzl 14.1.1 280 315 165 Isings 67a I IIIB 60 Künzl 14.2.2 300 355 166 Isings 68 I IIIB 61 Künzl 14.3.1 300 355 199 Isings 78a IVab - 62 Künzl 14.4.1 300 355 195 Isings 83 IVab - 63 Künzl 14.5 300 355 203 Isings 88c IIcd IV 35 Ludowici Ta IId IIIB 210 Isings 89 IV - 36 Niederb 5b IId IIIb 167-9 Isings 96 IIIc 171 Isings 96a III Va 172 Isings 96b IIIC IVab 46 173 Isings 96b IVcd Vab 45 218 Isings 97 IIIcd IVb 71 204 Isings 99 II Va 190 Isings 101 III Va 198 Isings 102a IId 189 Isings 104a 188 Isings 196 Isings Vb 16 Niederb 8a IIId - 9 Niederb 27 IIId IVa Niederb 32c IIIcd IVab Niederb 33c IIIa IIId (Niederb 38 190 260) 108 Niederb 69a IIIab - 143 (Niederb 98 190 260) IVab 152 Niederb 103 IVab - IVC - 4 Nijmegen 4 IVAB - 104b IVAB - 8 Nijmegen 8 IIId IVab 105 IVab - 19 Nijmegen 19 ? - 179 Isings 106b1-c2 IVBC - 42 Nijmegen 42 355 360 177 Isings 106b2 IVAB - 67 Nijmegen 67 300 355 549 — Type Type igure Name No. From To igure Name No. From To 75 Nijmegen 75 IVab - 49 Symonds 61i IVAB - 77 Nijmegen 77 IVab - 51 Symonds 61ig IVAB - 81 Nijmegen 81 IVab - 52 Symonds 61i&g IVAB - 82 Nijmegen 82 IVab - 44 Symonds 61s or 32? IVAB - 83 Nijmegen 83 IVab - 48 Symonds 61s IVAB - 96 Nijmegen 96 III IVab 118 Symonds 61tn IV 104 Nijmegen 104 IIIcd IVab 53 Symonds 62 IVAB - 106 Nijmegen 106 IVab - 119 Symonds 62tn IVd Va 112 Nijmegen 112 IIIcd IVab 120 Symonds 65tn IV - 122 Nijmegen 122 300 355 216 Trier 28 IVc 440 167-9 Trier 49a IIIc Vb - 123 Nijmegen 123 ? - 177-8 Trier 52b IVAB 132 Nijmegen 132 ? - 179 Trier 53a IVBC - 140 Nijmegen 140 IVAB - 181 Trier 58a IVab - 147 Nijmegen 147 IVab - 176 Trier 62a IVab - 148 Nijmegen 148 IVa VId 197 Trier 71 IVab - III Va 154 Nijmegen 154 IVAB - 190 Trier 79a 175 Nijmegen 175 ? - 187 Trier 96 IVab - 182 Nijmegen 182 IVab - 189 Trier 101a IVC - 186 Nijmegen 186 IVa - 188 Trier 101b IVAB - 192 Nijmegen 192 IIIC IVab 198 Trier 109a IId IVab 215 Nijmegen 215 ? - 208 Trier 117a IIId IV 223 Nijmegen 223 530 555 203 Trier 117b IIcd IV 232 Nijmegen 232 ? - 210 Trier 121 IV - 233 Nijmegen 233 ? - 204 Trier 123b II 234 Nijmegen 234 ? - 202 Trier 123c IV - Va 220 Siegmund KWT 1.11 485 530 207 Trier 128 IVb Va 221 Siegmund KWT 1.22 530 555 211 Trier 142 IVBC - 222 Siegmund KWT 2.21 530 555 213 Trier 144 IVad - 226 Siegmund KWT 2.22 610 640 235 ‘Ubbergen’ - ? - 236 ‘Ubbergen’ - ? - 224 Siegmund KWT 2.31 555 570 227 Siegmund KWT 2.43 610 640 225 Siegmund KWT 3.11 570 585 225 Siegmund KWT 3.12 570 585 Legend of the additions to Symonds’ groups 228 Siegmund KWT 3.21 610 640 g 231 Siegmund KWT 4.3 640 670 i incised 229 Siegmund KWT 4.11 610 640 ig incised grooves 230 Siegmund WWT 2.1 610 640 i&g incised and grooved 101 Stuart 151A Ic IId s smooth tn in terra nigra 43 Symonds 14 IIIcd - 44 Symonds 32 or 61s? IVAB - 45 Symonds 35 IIIa IIId 50 Symonds 61g IVAB - grooved 550 — Appendix 4: overview of dated graves Legend: Beginning: taq AD 315-325 taq = terminus ante quem tpq = terminus post quem Cemetery B Cemetery OO Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq Bstray128 313 315 OOstray181 313 315 Bstray240 313 315 OO 4 313 315 1323 graves, 502 (= 38%) are dated in some way. B 297 ? 318 OO 78 313 315 Out of these 502 dated graves, 406 (= 81%) have B 22 313 318 OO 130 313 315 B 180 313 318 OO 149 313 318 The ind catalogue of cemetery B contains 834 graves; that of cemetery OO, 489. Out of these both tpq and taq; 52 (= 10%) only have only a B 620 317 318 OO 176 313 318 tpq, and 44 (= 9%) only have a taq. 38 graves (= B 298 319 320 OO 234 313 318 8%) with only an early tpq could not be used in B 176 313 325 OO 159 ? 320 B 140 313 325 OO 161 313 320 OO 209 313 325 this overview. So this overview contains 464 dated graves, which is more than one-third (35%) of the grand total of 1323. Moreover, three stray inds with the earliest available taq of AD 315 Growth: taq AD 330-348 Cemetery B Cemetery OO have been added at the beginning: ine dark coated potery from Trier with barbotine decoration. The tpq of both cemeteries having been estab- Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq 330 B 218 313 330 OO 88 317 lished (in Chapter 14, Interpretation) at AD 313, the B 98 330 330 OO 320 317 330 lowest tpq for every grave is AD 313 here. This B 99 ? 330 OO 250 317 330 B 345 313 340 OO 382 318 330 B 226 320 341 OO 106 313 333 on the base of the artefacts, most fourth-centu- B 122 323 341 OO 207 333 334 ry types being dated from AD 301 onward. Strati- B 63-64 337 341 OO 415 313 340 B 165 313 348 OO 461 313 340 B 257 330 348 OO 467 313 340 difers from the dates given in the ind catalogue graphically dated graves, however, remain visible here by the presence of a question mark, OO 338 337 341 which takes the place of the missing tpq or taq. OO 371 337 341 OO 288 330 348 OO 283 332 348 cording to 1. their cemeteries, 2. their taq’s, 3. OO 339 332 348 their tpq’s, and 4. their grave numbers. OO 362 334 348 OO 199 347 348 OO 277 347 348 The graves and three stray inds are given ac- At the end of the appendix, however, the latest dated graves are identiied by puting them the other way round: according to 2. their tpq’s (running from AD 375 to 440 in cemetery B, and from AD 364 to 383 in cemetery OO), and 3. their taq’s. 551 — Minimum density AD 350: taq AD 350 Cemetery B Cemetery B Cemetery OO Cemetery OO tpq taq Grave tpq taq Grave B 188 ? 350 OO 270 ? 350 B 334 313 350 B 205 ? 350 OO 9 313 350 B 344 313 350 B 322 ? 350 OO 20 313 350 B 367 313 350 B 323 ? 350 OO 42 313 350 B 381 313 350 B 380 ? 350 OO 58 313 350 B 383 313 350 B 382 ? 350 OO 71 313 350 B 410 313 350 B 457 ? 350 OO 101 313 350 B 427 313 350 B 691 ? 350 OO 103 313 350 B 435 313 350 B5 313 350 OO 109 313 350 B 456 313 350 B 13 313 350 OO 151 313 350 B 481 313 350 B 48 313 350 OO 152 313 350 B 608 313 350 B 54 313 350 OO 168 313 350 B 612 313 350 B 86 313 350 OO 169 313 350 B 677 313 350 B 88 313 350 OO 170 313 350 B 681 313 350 B 90 313 350 OO 186 313 350 B 682 313 350 B 139 313 350 OO 197 313 350 B 686 313 350 B 150 313 350 OO 201 313 350 B 687 313 350 B 169 313 350 OO 243 313 350 B 697 313 350 B 171 313 350 OO 244 313 350 B 708 313 350 B 172 313 350 OO 249 313 350 B 715 313 350 B 177 313 350 OO 252 313 350 B 723 313 350 B 183 313 350 OO 290 313 350 B 730 313 350 B 184 313 350 OO 316 313 350 B 741 313 350 B 189 313 350 OO 351 313 350 B 749 313 350 B 191 313 350 OO 354 313 350 B 754 313 350 Grave tpq taq B 196 313 350 OO 355 313 350 B 760 313 350 B 197 313 350 OO 361 313 350 B 764 313 350 B 201 313 350 OO 383 313 350 B 779 313 350 B 206 313 350 OO 400 313 350 B 803 313 350 B 207 313 350 OO 475 313 350 B 809 313 350 B 212 313 350 OO 479 313 350 B 810 313 350 B 215 313 350 OO 63 320 350 B 812 313 350 B 216 313 350 OO 271 325 350 B 821 313 350 B 219 313 350 OO 482 334 350 B 834 313 350 B 220 313 350 B 701 334 350 B 222 313 350 B 690 350 350 B 248 313 350 B 292 313 350 B 319 313 350 B 320 313 350 Grave tpq taq 552 — Minimum density AD 364: taq AD 355-364 Minimum density AD 367: taq AD 367 Cemetery B Cemetery B Grave Cemetery OO tpq taq Grave tpq taq Grave Cemetery OO tpq taq Grave tpq taq B 388 ? 355 OO 32 ? 355 B 40 ? 367 OO 3 ? 367 B 57 313 355 OO 33 ? 355 B 42 ? 367 OO 36 ? 367 B 67 313 355 OO 138 ? 355 B 45 ? 367 OO 47 ? 367 B 73 313 355 OO 13 313 355 B 178 ? 367 OO 77 ? 367 B 106 313 355 OO 28 313 355 B 300 ? 367 OO 166 ? 367 B 199 313 355 OO 31 313 355 B 415 ? 367 OO 300 ? 367 B 234 313 355 OO 40 313 355 B 739 ? 367 OO 312 ? 367 B 236 313 355 OO 69 313 355 B7 313 367 OO 410 ? 367 B 387 313 355 OO 92 313 355 B 11 313 367 OO 470 ? 367 B 423 313 355 OO 98 313 355 B 26 313 367 OO 2 313 367 B 706 313 355 OO 102 313 355 B 27 313 367 OO 12 313 367 367 B 722 313 355 OO 108 313 355 B 41 313 367 OO 24 313 B 751 313 355 OO 131 313 355 B 43 313 367 OO 25 313 367 B 167 325 355 OO 132 313 355 B 47 313 367 OO 26 313 367 B 409 325 355 OO 134 313 355 B 58 313 367 OO 30 313 367 B 81 330 355 OO 135 313 355 B 59 313 367 OO 37 313 367 367 B 512 334 355 OO 143 313 355 B 80 313 367 OO 48 313 B 132 313 360 OO 144 313 355 B 85 313 367 OO 54 313 367 B 654 313 360 OO 147 313 355 B 87 313 367 OO 56 313 367 B 14 350 360 OO 171 313 355 B 94 313 367 OO 59 313 367 B 702 355 360 OO 188 313 355 B 105 313 367 OO 60 313 367 B 664 ? 361 OO 215 313 355 B 108 313 367 OO 62 313 367 B 660 337 360 OO 240 313 355 B 112 313 367 OO 65 313 367 B 663 347 364 OO 289 313 355 B 144 313 367 OO 66 313 367 OO 314 313 355 B 151 313 367 OO 76 313 367 OO 324 313 355 B 154 313 367 OO 87 313 367 367 OO 478 313 355 B 166 313 367 OO 90 313 OO 481 313 355 B 179 313 367 OO 94 313 367 OO 248 325 355 B 181 313 367 OO 96 313 367 OO 44 350 355 B 182 313 367 OO 112 313 367 OO 480 350 355 B 185 313 367 OO 116 313 367 OO 367 ? 360 B 186 313 367 OO 129 313 367 OO 399 ? 360 B 198 313 367 OO 133 313 367 OO 368 313 360 B 200 313 367 OO 136 313 367 OO 373 313 360 B 203 313 367 OO 145 313 367 OO 402 313 360 B 208 313 367 OO 153 313 367 OO 242 352 364 B 211 313 367 OO 156 313 367 B 213 313 367 OO 164 313 367 B 214 313 367 OO 180 313 367 B 217 313 367 OO 181 313 367 553 — B 221 313 367 OO 194 313 367 B 402 330 367 B 228 313 367 OO 195 313 367 B 482 334 367 367 B 232 313 367 OO 196 313 367 B 592 334 B 241 313 367 OO 198 313 367 B 704 334 367 B 243 313 367 OO 200 313 367 B 726 367 367 B 291 313 367 OO 203 313 367 B 293 313 367 OO 212 313 367 B 301 313 367 OO 231 313 367 B 328 313 367 OO 232 313 367 B 355 313 367 OO 274 313 367 B 372 313 367 OO 299 313 367 B 392 313 367 OO 301 313 367 B 395 313 367 OO 302 313 367 Minimum density AD 500: taq AD 375-500 Cemetery B Cemetery OO Grave tpq taq Grave tpq taq 375 B 414 313 367 OO 308 313 367 B 162 348 378 OO 304 313 B 421 313 367 OO 311 313 367 B 164 348 378 OO 370 ? 400 B 451 313 367 OO 317 313 367 B 778 367 378 OO 19 313 400 400 B 470 313 367 OO 319 313 367 B 787 367 378 OO 83 313 B 471 313 367 OO 321 313 367 B 134 ? 400 OO 122 313 400 B 676 313 367 OO 322 313 367 B 669 ? 400 OO 273 313 400 B 683 313 367 OO 348 313 367 B 671 ? 400 OO 276 313 400 B 685 313 367 OO 349 313 367 B 793 ? 400 OO 341 313 400 B 699 313 367 OO 356 313 367 B 204 313 400 OO 341 313 400 B 705 313 367 OO 411 313 367 B 250 313 400 OO 344 313 400 B 707 313 367 OO 413 313 367 B 659 313 400 OO 396 313 400 B 717 313 367 OO 423 313 367 B 757 313 400 OO 473 325 400 B 719 313 367 OO 424 313 367 B 773 313 400 OO 466 334 400 B 724 313 367 OO 433 313 367 B 786 313 400 OO 446 351 400 B 725 313 367 OO 468 313 367 B 792 313 400 OO 437 330 410 B 728 313 367 OO 469 313 367 B 817 313 400 OO 340 325 425 OO 412 334 467 B 733 313 367 OO 476 313 367 B 125 334 400 B 734 313 367 OO 483 313 367 B 674 334 400 400 B 740 313 367 OO 484 313 367 B 680 334 B 742 313 367 OO 426 330 367 B 824 334 400 B 743 313 367 OO 472 330 367 B 16 351 400 B 744 313 367 OO 287 334 367 B 100 351 400 B 747 313 367 OO 463 351 367 B 782 330 410 B 763 313 367 B 136 ? 425 B 766 313 367 B6 313 425 425 B 801 313 367 B 815 313 B 811 313 367 B 606 351 425 B 814 313 367 B 302 ? 450 B 818 313 367 B 303 ? 450 B 819 313 367 B 304 ? 450 B 820 313 367 B 128 313 450 B 823 313 367 B 299 313 450 B 827 313 367 B 497 313 450 554 — Cemetery B Grave Cemetery OO tpq taq B 805 313 450 B 828 313 450 B 745 330 450 B 258 330 500 Grave tpq taq tpq taq Latest dated graves: tpq AD 375-440 & 364-383, respectively Cemetery B Grave Cemetery OO tpq taq Grave B 137 375 450 OO 366 364 408 B 91 376 ? OO 345 376 400 B 114 376 400 OO 29 383 402 B 135 376 400 B 480 376 400 B 670 376 450 B 781 378 402 B 288 383 408? B 364 383 450 B 651 388 402 B 353 400 ? B 143 400 400 B 798 400 401 B 365 401 450 B 465 434 450 B 61 440 450 Isolated eighth-century grave: tpq AD 690 Cemetery B Grave tpq taq B 661 690 750 555 — References Type numbers Type numbers consist of a name or abbreviation followed by a number. In the case of site publications, the name is that of the site. In the case of studies of categories of archaeological material, it is that of the author. In the later kind of studies, the authors’ names are in some cases replaced by an abbreviation. The number that follows is that of the type in the study cited. The names and abbreviations refer to the following studies, to be found in the bibliographical references. Alzei BMC BMCJ Böhme Brunsting Buchem C Chenet CK Cohen Gellep Gose Haltern HK Hübener Isings K Keller Kent Koch Künzl Nijmegen Unverzagt 1916 Matingly/Carson 1923b Marshall 1911 Böhme 1974 Brunsting 1937 Buchem 1941 Cohen 1880-1892 Chenet 1941 Carson/Hill/Kent 1960 Vol. II Cohen 1880-1892 In typological & numerical order: Pirling 1966: types 1-239 Pirling 1974: types 240-311 Pirling 1979: types 312-340 Pirling 1989: types 341-543 Pirling 1997: types 544-717 Pirling 2003: types 718-869 In typological order: Pirling/Siepen 2006: all types Gose 1950 Loeschcke 1909 Carson/Hill/Kent 1960 Vol. I Hübener 1968 Isings 1957 Künzl 1997 Keller 1971 Kent 1957 Koch 1997 Künzl 1997 New types in present study (see ch. 11, section Nijmegen types not in Gellep) PE Prötel RIC Riha Siegmund Sommer Swit Symonds TM Weerd Siegmann 1997, 2002-2005 Prötel 1988 Matingly et al. 1923Riha 1990 Siegmund 1998 Sommer 1984 Swit 2000 Symonds 1992 Tempelmann-Maczynska 1985 Weerd 1944 Dutch bibliographical abbreviations BROB JROB NKNOB OMRO Verslag VRGK Berichten Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek Nieuwsbulletin van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Oudheidkundige Bond Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden Verslag van de Commissie ter verzekering eener goede bewaring van gedenkstukken van geschiedenis en kunst te Nijmegen Verslagen Rijksmusea Geschiedenis en Kunst Other bibliographical abbreviations RAC Realenzyklopädie für Antike und Christentum 556 — Bibliographical references Aarts, J.G., 2002: Coins or money? 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Berlin-Mainz. Bakker, L., 2007: “Argonnen-Terra-sigillata”: die spätrömische Feinkeramik. In: Grüßinger 2007, IV.1.53. Barate, Fr./L. Bonnamour/J.-P. Guillaumet/S. Tassinari, 1984 : Vases antiques de métal au Musée de Châlon-sur-Saône. Dijon. Barkóczy, L., 1972: Spätrömische Glasbecher mit aufgelegten Nuppen aus Pannonien, FolA 32, 6994. Barrière-Flavy, M.C., 1901: Les arts industriels des peuples de la Gaule du V au VIIIme siècle. ParisToulouse. Baudon, Th., 1910: Étude sur le cimetière gallo-romain de Villers-sous-Erquerie. Bechert, T., 1982: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania Inferior. München. Bechert, T./W.J.H. Willems (eds.), 1995: De Romeinse rijksgrens tussen Moezel en Noordzeekust = Die römische Reichsgrenze zwischen Mosel und Nordseeküste. Utrecht/Stutgart. Beck, H., 1965: Das Ebersignum im Germanischen. Ein Beitrag zur germanischen Tier-Symbolik. 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